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Khi di chuyin ra phd thj, mac du dien ti'ch dat dai bj thu hep, nhQng ve cP ban, mdi gia dinh van sd hQu mdt ngdi nha dang hinh ong dQng lien ke nhau; hoat ddng mua ban san xuat diin[r]
(1)s u bung phat loai hinh nha nhiifng nam gan day dUdc xem la mot hien tUdng cd tinh thdi sU, va la chu de cua nhieu cudc thao luan lien quan den tham my kien true cua cac dd thi Viet Nam hien
ITHS-KTS NGUYEN SONG HOAN NGUYEN V ^ h6a tru/^in thdng
TRONG KIEN TRUC NHA Phd d VIET NAM Dieu dd cd ve nhu dang di ngupe
lai vdi xu hQdng phat triln nha d tai da sd cac qude gia khac tren t h l gidi Td'c dp dd thj hda nhanh chdng dat nhQng thach thQc khdng nhd viee giai quylt nhu elu nha d eho nhan dan, nha't la cac dd thj Idn nhQ Ha Npi va TP HCM T h l nhung, bat chap nhOng han c h l v l kha nang thdng thpang, mat dp xay dung day dac, he sc sQ dung da't tha'p, Ipai hinh nha phd vin khdng ngQng phat triln Idn manh Nha phd xuat hien tQ kha lau va gin lien vdi sU hinh cac dd thj Viet Nam Khi dd, nd da mang mpt sd sic thai rieng dc chiu tae ddng bdi nhQng dac thu ve van hda Day chinh la he qua cua qua trinh chuyin dieh true tiep tQ kilu cQ tru mang tinh chat lang xa sang phe thj; va thUe su, viec xay dung mdi trudng d vin ehUa thcat khdi anh hudng cua Idi sd'ng ndng thdn Hinh anh 36 phd phudng Ha Ndi la mpt minh chUng cd tinh thuylt phtJc TQ nhQng tU lieu cdn IUu lai cho thay phd phudng vin mang dang dap cua lang vdi nhQng cong rao ngan each giQa phd vdi phd khae; tren mdi day phd, ngudi dan cung td chQc kinh doanh met loai mat hang ddng nhat va bay ban ca mat dQdng phia trQdc
Tran Ngpc Them eho rang lang xa eua ngQdi Viet ed hai dac tinh van hoa cd ban la tinh edng ddng va ti'nh tQ trj Trong mpt thdi gian dai, ehung da chi phd'i din each thQc xay dung cae to chQc quan cu truyin thdng Ngay nay, nhQng dac tinh ndi tren vin tri mpt each bin vQng; dd la vi, ban than ylu to van hoa cd mang thupc tinh Ijch sQ Cc Thu tQdng Pham Van Ddng da tQng vi van hda nhQ spi chi dd xuyen sudt toan bd qua trinh phat triln eua dan toe Cho nen, khdng phai ngiu nhien ma kiln true nha phd d Viet Nam lai phat triln thee hQdng di rieng cila nd Trong phan tim hieu ve ITnh vQc nay, chung tdi cho rang ed kha nhieu bieu hien cua kiln true nha phd ed thl dQpc ly giai tQ gdc dp van hda truyen thd'ng Tuy nhien, dilu quan tam hPn hit la yeu td then chdt nae da din din eae hien tUpng tieu cQc di kem vdi nd nhU: su phat triln vUpt mQc kilm seat, tinh trang manh mun, ipn xdn dang lam mat di sle thai rieng eua kiln true dd thj Viet Nam Xuat phat tQ muc tieu tren, ehung tdi nhan dien dae tinh then chot: tinh tU hQu va tinh sinh Ipi, la nguyen nhan trQc tilp cua nhung van d l ban luan Tilp can theo phUPng phap Ijch sQ se dem de'n cai nhin bao quat sQ biln doi cua cac hien tupng kie'n true nha phd tQ gdc r i cua nd
Tinh tUhUu
Tinh tu hQu phan anh y thQc chilm hQu, tU chu cua mdt hay mpt nhdm ca thl, qua dd thl hien "cai toi" cua dci tupng Thee Trin Ngpc Them, nd la san pham trUc tilp cua tinh tutrj ndng thdn truyin thong, mdi hp gia dinh eu tru trcng mpt khdng gian dpc lap gem vudn cay, ae ca va ngdi nha Su khep kin thl hien d hinh thQc tc chQc cupc sd'ng tQ cung tu cap, tQ dd dan hinh thdi quen coi trpng su rieng tu, dac biet la phUPng thQc xay dung nha va tao lap kinh t l gia dinh Khi di chuyin phd thj, mac du dien ti'ch dat dai bj thu hep, nhQng ve cP ban, mdi gia dinh van sd hQu mdt ngdi nha dang hinh ong dQng lien ke nhau; hoat ddng mua ban san xuat diin thep ldi phudng hpi va dp cac gia dinh tQ tc chQc thQc hien, sQ gin kit treng kinh t l rat Idng leo Trai qua hang thl ky, lei cQ tru va lam an dd da hinh d ngQdi Viet ti'nh tu hQu kha sau sic Dieu gdp phan giai thieh vi kinh t l Viet Nam phat triln ehu ylu theo md hinh ca thl mang tinh gia dinh, va nha phd van la loai hinh nha d dupe Qa chudng hien
Tuy nhien, day cung chinh la nguyen nhan sinh nhieu hien tupng tieu cUc cho bp mat kiln true cua eae dd thj Luong BQu Hoang cho ring "bit'c tranh thj trd nen hdn don nhu mgt bang pallete lam mau, he qua la
(2)T2 l-*-^^^^^^
van de ctia tinh tU hQu S u d a dang kien tmc khong lam nen m(
tham my ciia kien triic thi bi pha vd keo theo nhdng bit cap ve moi trudng van hoa xa hoi" Nha cQa mpc len nhu tram hca dua nd nhQng "mdi cay mdi hoa, mdi nha mdi kieu" Chay dua thee hinh thQc hay cdn gpi la "benh chai fro/" la bilu hien thudng thay cua tinh tu hQu; cac ngdi nha k l can nhung thudng khdng thd'ng nhat v l giai phap kiln true Cd nha dQpc xay dQng thep xu hudng cc dlln phQdng Tay, nha ben canh lai khai thac yeu tc hinh hpc ky thuat hien dai, nha k l tilp khai thac kiln true truyin thong, Cung cd nha cd tang IQng nhQng nha ben canh chi cd ting lau; cao dp eua cac ting nha gan nhQ khdng bang nhau, mac du da cd nhQng quy djnh eu the giay phep xay dQng Tham chi, mdt day phd dQpc xay dQng ddng bp theo dQ an nhQng rdi cung bj ngUdi sQ diing son lai, moi nha mpt mau nhu d l khing dinh eai rieng eua chinh minh Ngeai ra, hien tQpng cPi ndi, nang tang, xay them d l tang dien tich sQ dung sai phep dien nhieu npi, k l ca khu vUc trung tam phd Khdng i't trUdng hpp ngQdi dan xay dQng xpng de hpan ccng theo gia'y phep rdi lai xay tie'p phan nam ngeai quy djnh; dieu dd cung bdi le tu ca nhan, y thQc chiem hQu da an sau vao gd'c r i nhQ mdt tinh each co hQu cua ngQdi Viet DQdi gdc dp phat trien dd thi theo hQdng hien dai thi day la can benh nan y ma hien ehung ta v i n chQa cd phQPng thud'c hQu hieu d l chQa trj
Nhin sang loai hinh nha d ehung cQ, mpt hinh thQc cQ tru tap t h l , t h l nhQng cung khdng tranh khdi anh hudng cQa tQ ndi tren Hien tQdng chilm dung khdng gian thee kilu che chin, xay phdng tren ban cdng diin kha biln Tham ehi mdt SP hd gia dinh cdn sdn lai b l mat ben ngpai theo mdt kilu mau khac Viec lam dd gay anh hQdng nghiem trpng d i n tham my chung cQ, va tat nhien kee thep nhQng anh hQdng ve my quan ddthj
V l phan minh, chung tci che rang van d l cd t h l dQpc giai quyet thea dang chi vdi hai dilu kien: thQ nhat, chu dau tQ la don vj cd du tilm lUc v l tai chinh d l xay dUng
hang loat nhu khu dd thj Phu My HQng d TP HCM; thQ hai, thilt k l dd thi phai dQpc phe cap rdng rai va cd sQ quan ly chat ehe eua cO quan chuyen trach nha nUdc de ngudi d i u tU tuan thu theo dd thQc hien
Tinh sinh lai (chiiC nang sinh lai ciia nha d) Ngdi nha truyen thdng Viet Nam thudng mang chQc nang: cQ tru va san xuat Cd t h l ndi, tinh sinh lpi da len Idi va gan bd b i n bl vdi ndi eua ngUdi Viet Hoat dpng san xuat ndng nghiep va nhu cau phat triln kinh t l phij gia dinh khu vuc ndng thdn da san sinh nha dan gian vdi phan eO ban la vQdn eay - ae ea - ngdi nha, tao mpt kilu cu tru - san xuat khep kin Hinh thQc phan anh net dac thu v l each xay dUng mci trudng d cua cae lang que Viet Nam tQ bae ddi Tai dd thi, ngoai nhQng han che v l da't dai thi vai trd chu dao cQa hoat dpng thuong nghiep da thuc day sQ hinh va phat trien kieu nha hinh dng Md hinh nha d dam bao tinh rieng tQ nhung cung dong thdi giai quye't nhu cau mua ban - san xuat tai chd Chinh vi vay, thee nhQng khao sat gan day thi nguyen vpng cua ngudi dan ve Icai hinh nha d-thuong mai v i n chilm nhilu Qu t h l ; tQ dd gdp phan gia tang vQpt mQc sd IQpng nha phd tai eae dd thj Viet Nam
Ngoai nhQng bat cap nhQ mat dp xay dQng day dac, hieu qua sQ dung dat tha'p, bd mat dd thj manh mun, ldn xpn, thi phai ndi rang, day la loai nha phu hpp vdi hinh thQc kinh doanh ca the nho le eua ngQdi Viet Dang ehu y la cung vdi nd, nha phd va via he da hinh mdi quan he khang khit, cpng sinh de ten tai Via he vd'n la khdng gian cdng cdng danh cho ngudi di bp nhQng thQc t l da chuyin hca khdng gian ban cdng cpng - noi danh d l gdi xe di mua sam hpac d l bay bien mpt vai mat hang kinh dpanh nap dd Dilu edn dUa d i n hien tupng bung phat cua xe hai banh, bdi vi dd la loai phuong tien d i sQ dung va cat giQ d khdng gian ben va ben ngoai nha TQ nhQng sQ k i t hpp ndi tren, cac dd thj Viet Nam hien dang phai doi phd vdi nhieu van nan: kiln true nha bam nat bd mat
pho phudng va lam phi ban s i c dd thi; xe hai banh dan tdl tinh trang ket xe, d nhiim moi trudng va tai nan giao thdng tang cao Day la nhQng thach thQc rat Idn che sQ phat trien cua cac dd thj tuong lai
Khdng gian thUOng mai cQa nha phd thudng dupe bd tri d tang tret tilp giap vdi via he, la nOi mpi ngQdi cd t h l tilp can tU ben ngeai Cach bo CIJC day lui khdng gian sinh hoat gia dinh phat triln sau vao phia trong, hoac len cac tang lau; dong thdi cho phep each ly vdi cac hoat dpng nao nhiet ctja dudng phd SU g i n ket giQa khong gian thuong mai va via he la nguyen nhan sau xa d i n d i n tinh trang chiem diJng Id gldl, xay chen, xay them, bat chap nhQng quy dinh cua Nha nUde ve chi gidi xay dUng Khu vUc kinh t l tU nhan phat trien ldn manh nhQng nam qua da gian tiep lam gia tang gia tri sinh Ipi eua nha d, tQ dd hinh tam ly de cao "tinh dat lpi" cila dia
Hoat dong thuong mai g i n lign v(5i chtjfc nang c u t r u
d i l m Vi vay, nhQng ngdi nha g i n lien vdi dudng trung tam bao gid cung cd gia trj cao hPn cac khu vQc khac D i l u dQpc xem la nguyen d i n de'n mpt hien tQpng di biet - "nha sieu mong" Hien tupng dd xay trien khai cdng tae quy hoach md rdng dUdng phd, ngUdi dan bing mpi each giQ phan dien tich chat hep cdn lai cua ngdi
(3)Khu nha d thUOng mai P Khu nha thuong mai Thuan Viet
nha sau giai tda nhim tan dtjng lam nOi kinh doanh mua ban, tien nghi khdng gian sinh hoat bj day xudng mQc rat thap heac biln mat han Cho nen, kiln true ngdi nha cd nhQng hinh dang kha "ky khdi", vdi dien tich ehl vai met vudng nhUng cung du de xay nha ba, bdn tang llu; cdn ve hinh dang mat bing thi ed thl la chQ nhat, tam giac, tQ giac hay bat cQ hinh nao khac Ngay nay, nha khdng chi d l 6, tham chi khdng cdn mang chQc nang cU tru vd'n ed ma nd da phat triln them nhilu chQc nang khac, Chung tdi tam gpi la nhQng biln thl nha phd Cac ngdi nha dQpc xay cao d l trd van phdng che thue, khach san mini, cQa hang an ud'ng, tij diem karaoke, shewrppm Hien tUpng dd kha bien, tQ khu vUc trung tam phd cho tdi cae quan, huyen vung ven va la met minh chQng sinh dpng cho sQ kit hpp giQa nha phi vdi md hinh kinh te nhd le dang thjnh hanh d nQdc ta
Bien the nha - Mot he qua cOa tinh sinh loi
Tinh sinh Ipi cdn lan sang ca loai hinh nha d chung cQ chung lam sinh hien tupng chia Id eae can hp tang tret gid'ng kieu nha phe d l phat trien chQc nang thQdng mai Chung cQ dang tQng bQde tiln sat mat dQdng lam "hoi
chdng chung cU mat phd" Chinh vi vay ma
tieu chi danh gia eua ngudi dan v l chung
cu d cac dd thj Viet Nam cd phan khac so vdl eae nude; dd la gia trj cua nhQng can hp d ting thap, dac biet la ting tret, cao hPn nhilu SP vdi cac ting ben tren Khdng gian sinh hoat cdng cdng thQdng bj day lui phi'a sau de danh phin trUdc che eae hoat ddng thuong mai kilu nha phd; vi thl, nhQng hien tQpng nhU lan chilm via he, coi ndi xung quanh cung lai xuat hien leal hinh nha d
TQ nhQng phan tich tren cho thay, tinh tQ hQu va tinh sinh Ipi la hai nhan td quylt djnh sQ lUa chpn nha d cua cU dan dd thj Viet Nam Cd the ndi, nen kinh t l phat trien theo hUdng thj trQdng dang tao dilu kien thue day manh me nhu elu v l loai hinh nha d ed kha nang sinh Ipi Va, vdi nhQng tilm nang cua minh, nha phd trd dd'i tupng dQpc ngQdi dan quan tam Chung ta khdng the phu nhan hean toan nhQng hieu qua kinh t l ma loai hinh nha d mang lai nhOng nam qua; nhien, cung can lUu y din nhQng han che ve tham my ma ne gay che cac dd thj Tong quan van de, chung tdi cho rang mQc dp chi phdi cua van hda truyin thd'ng kiln true nha d phij thupe rat Idn vao vai trd cua chu the heat ddng xay dung NhQng Ipai hinh nha d dp dan tQ xay nhu nha phd va biet thu thi cac hien tupng va bilu hien sinh tQ tae nhan van hda truyin thd'ng ludn cao hOn chung cQ, mdt md hinh nha xay dQng sin Cac hien tQpng va bilu hien ben ngoai la dang quan tam nhat, bdi nd lien quan din tong the kiln true va quy hoach dd thj Bd mat cua kiln true nha d phan anh mdt phin khdng nhd trinh dp phat triln kinh t l cung nhu van hda xa hdi cua mpt phd', met qud'c gia Do dd, phat triln xay dUng nha d phai dupe thuc hien mdt each dong bp, thd'ng nha't tQ quy hoach cho din hinh thQc kie'n true Lam dupe dieu can ed vai trd chu dae cua nhQng td chQc dau tQ quy md Idn de thUc thi cac nguyen tic xay dung mang tinh thd'ng nha't Tuy nhien, nd eung ein cd sU phu hpp vdi ldi sd'ng
truyen thing cua ngUdi Viet ma dd, ylu td quan trpng nha't la khlc phtjc nhQng tieu cQc sinh tQ tinh tQ hQu va sQ d l cap chQc nang sinh Ipi cua nha d hien Dd'i vdi viec to chQc khdng gian ben ngdi nha thi cin IQu y tap tinh, thdi quen, 111 sd'ng cua ngUdi d d l xip dat ca'u true mpt each hpp ly; phat huy nhOng truyin thd'ng van hda tdt dep cua dan tdc ben canh nhiem VIJ xay dUng khdng gian cU tru van minh, hien dai
DITIONAL CULTURE IN S T — IITECTURE AT URBAN AREAS
VIET NAM
M.Sc Arch Nguyen Song -n Hoan Nguyen i
Street houses had appeared for rather long time and closely connecting to the formulation of Vietnam urban areas They had specific aspects due to impacts of cultural characteristics This is the result of changing process from villages to urban areas Living styles are not escaped from rural villages Affecting level of traditional culture in housing architecture belongs very much on the roles of subjects in construction activities Housing types built by the community such as street houses and villas showed that traditional culture factors higher department buildings -the model of available construction
Housing construction and development should be implemented comprehensively and systematically from planning to architecture form It requires major role of investment organization of big scale to implement
systematically construction regulations However, it should be
relevant with traditional living style of Vietnamese, especially overcoming negative characteristics of private own and heightening the profitable functions of houses