va khuyen dng Cha'n thinh Hoa thfldng Khanh Hda, mdt ngfldi dflc cao vgng trgng, lam tru tri de td chflc Tflng lam. Thang 7/1929, Hoa thfldng Khanh Hda da thfldng tru tai chua Linh Sd[r]
(1)Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd7 - 2008 49
• M/;-* ^y.' Y\ I'V;"
.•t I
VQ boo Phot hoQ ton thonh nien
: -rid ••,' ; • ; ' - ; n ' f i ' l ' , f ; - •
NGUYEN DAI DONG'"'
T hang nam Dinh Mao (1927), tai
chua Long Khanh da dien cudc gap gd gifla Hda thfldng Khanh Hda, Hoa thfldng Hue Quang vdi sfl Thien Chieu ban chuyen chan hflng Phat giao d Nam Ky Nghe tin sfl Tam Lai tru tri chua Hang (Tien Lfl Deng tfl), huyen Dong Hy, tinh Thai Nguyen khdi xfldng viee lap Tdng hdi Phat giao nham thd'ng nha't Phat giao Viet Nam, Hoa thfldng Khanh Hda cii giao thu Thien Chie'u Bdc lien lac vdi sfl Tam Lai Do nhieu li do, chuyen Bac cua sfl Thien Chie'u khdng dat ket qua nhfl mong mud'n Khi trd ve Nam, dng mang mgt sd'bad Hai Trieu Am cua Hoa thfldng Thai Hfl (cd chfldng trinh Hgi Phat giao Trung Hoa) ghe qua trfldng Ha d Quy Nhdn, Binh Dinh dfla che Hoa thfldng Khanh Hda xem va thuc giuc dng mau tien hanh chan hflng Phat giao It lau sau, Hoa thfldng Khanh Hda cflng cac nha sfl Hue Quang (chfla Long Hda, Tra Vinh), Tfl Nhdn (chfla Thdi Binh, My Tho), Thien Chieu (chfla Linh Sdn, Sai Gdn) lap Phat hgc Thfl xa va Phat hgc vien (1928) tai chfla Linh Sdn vdi sfl giup dd tai chinh ciia cae dng Tran Nguyen Cha'n, Ngd Van Chfldng, cac nha sfl Thien Niem (chfla Vien Giac), Tfl Pheng (chfla Lien Tri),
Ngay 31/8/1929, td Phdp Am, ed quan ngdn luan ciia Phat hgc Thfl xa sd' dau
tien, m tai Nha in Thanh Thi Mau, 186 Rue d'Espague, Sai Gdn va phat hanh tai chua Sdc tfl Lmh Thflu, lang Thanh Phu - Xoai Hot, tinh My Tho (nay la xa Thanh Phu, huyen Chau Thanh, tinh Tien Giang) Chu nhiem td bad la Hoa thfldng Khanh Hda Nha sfl Thien Chie'u khdng nhflng la trd thu dac lflc giflp Hda thfldng Khanh Hda viec xua't ban td Phap Am ma cdn la cay but chinh, dam nhan yeu muc cua td bad Phat giad ndy*" Tuy nhien, vi nhieu li do, td Phap Am phai dinh ban, sau chi dfldc mdt so' nha't De tiep sflc cho Phat hgc Thfl xa, sfl Thien Chieu da lap td Phdt
hda Tdn Thanh nien^^\
Ngi dung eiia td Phat hda Tan Thanh nien cd cac yeu muc sau:
1 Ai Id ngUdi lo ddi, thUctng ddi, mud'n ldm viec cho ddi?
* Nha nghien ciru Ha Ndi
1 Ndi dung Phdp Am cd yeu muc: Mdy ldi bay td Ban ve Phdt hoc Phdt gid Tu trdn, Nhung dieu cdn lluet cho ngifdi tai gia tin ngifdng Phdt gido Phdt gido ludn li hoc Ai tn dm dd biet cho ai!, Vdn uyen Hdnh trinh nhdt ki di cd ddng cudc sdng lap Tdng ldm Phdt gido hdi Trong dd, su Thidn Chieu li tic gia ciia cic yeu muc sd
1,3,7
(2)Thien Chie'u cho rang, eac nfldc van minh cung can phai cd chinh tin neu khdng ed chinh tin thoat li dfldc than quyen nhflng me tin vat chat thi cung khd mong dat dflde hanh phuc hda binh Cdn nhflng nfldc yeu hen khdng nhflng da me tin ve than quyen ma lai eon hi nd le ve vat chat, hi chinh sach xam Ifldc cua bgn de qud'c ve vfl lflc, ve kinh te, treng dd dgc nha't la sfl xam Ifldc van hda, tflc la dem tdn giao de chinh phuc tfl tfldng tfl dd, tinh thdn ddc lap, "Vi le ay, chd nen Phat hda Tan Thanh nien ddi de gay cai nen chinh tin cho dan tgc nao fla cai chu nghia hda binh va mud'n cai hanh phflc sinh ton tren the gidi" Tfl dd dng keu ggi nhflng bae quan tii, nhflng ngfldi cd long bac va cae nha Phat hgc tan trd cho td bad
2 Nudc ta ngdy cdn phdi chdn hUng Phdt gido
Md dau bai bad dai 12 trang, sfl Thien Chieu trinh bay cac va'n de ve Khdi "Bien khd menh mdng, sdng me bat ngat, xfla chung smh sa chan Id bfldc, lac ldi lam dfldng ma phai phieu lflu tha't sd, phai dien dao, phai tram luan; neu khdng thuyen tfl te do, dud'c tue sang soi thi biet bao gid mdi khdi bien kho ay, sdng me ay'? Chiu cai khd a'y la "Than" Than khd khdng gi hdn la d'm dau ddi ret eac phfldng phap chfla cho Than khd la phfldng phap cua nha khoa hgc Tao cai me ay la "Tam" Tam me mdi sinh gian ta tgi ac, cac hgc thuyet chfla cho Tam me la hgc thuyet ciia cac nha tdn giao Pham cai gi cd nhan thi at phai cd qua, bdi Tam da tad me nhan thi Than phai chiu lay khd qua, de la le tfl nhien"
Sfl Thien Chie'u cho rdng, tren the gidi, cac phfldng phap, cac hgc thuyet ddi deu de long yeu eau hanh phuc cua nhan
loai phat minh ra, sang lap de chfla cho Than dfldng khd khdi khd, Tam dfldng me khdi me
Trfldc cau hoi; "Khoa hgc va ton giao cd the lam cho vien man dfldc long yeu cau hanh phuc eiia nhan loai khdng?" Sfl Thien Chie'u tra ldi; Bdi Tam tao me nhan thi Than phai chiu lay khd qua Khd qua hien tai nhfl tai trdi, va ngfldi, d'm dau, ddi ret deu sfl dgc ac cua nhan loai Cho nen, khoa hge mang lai nhieu ich ldi che nhan loai, nhflng cung lam thiet hai cho nhan loai khdng it Bdi long ngfldi me mudi, ldi dung khoa hgc ma gay nhieu tdi ac thi tranh khdi vd Ifldng khd qua sau nay? Dieu dd cho tha'y, nha khoa hgc chi cflu dfldc cai "Qua" ma khdng cflu dfldc cai "Nhan", chi chfla dfldc eai nggn ma khdng chfla dfldc cai gd'c
Ve sfl khac biet gifla Phat giao va cac tdn giao khac, sfl Thien Chie'u viet: Cac nha tdn giao trfl Phat giao deu chii trfldng thuyet "Thfldng De tao vat" Thuyet Thfldng De tae vat eua mgt sd tdn giao cd quyen vd ban: Ai thd phung Thfldng De se dflde thfldng chd ve Thien qud'c, nghich lai vdi Thfldng De se bi phat vinh kiep d Dia ngue
Sfl Thien Chie'u che rang, kiep sdng ciia ngfldi chi khoang may chuc ndm ma cdn chiu khdng xiet nhflng noi bat binh sdi gan tim rudt vdi che cfldng quyen chuyen che cua bgn quan chii, bon tfl ban, bgn de qud'c; ludn mong mud'n dflde tfl do, binh dang, hudng hd la d dfldi quyen chuyen che cua Thfldng De kiep kiep ddi ddi! Vay nen, nhieu ngudi da ndi len lam phong trao each mang tflc la phong trao dan chii va xa hgi
(3)Nguyen Dai Dong Su Thien Chieu 51
qudc ldi dung tdn giao de di xam Ifldc, nen hgc thuyet eua nha tdn giae da chdng nhflng khdng vien man dfldc sfl yeu cau ve tri thflc ciia nhan loai, ma lai cdn lam thiet hai cho nhan loai nfla
Hud'ng chi, tfl "Tien hda luan" va "Vd than luan" ddi, thuyet "Thfldng De tad vat" dflng khdng vflng, ma the lflc cua nha tdn giao cung khdng cdn gifl dfldc nhfl xfla Cd le rdi day, nhan tri khai thdng, dan quyen phat trien, nen thdn quyen se khdng cdn tren dia eau nfla Vi khda hgc phat dat thi tdn giac phai
t i e u d i e t ! V ' > i , , ,; •),'<.^,, ••_•;,
Khi Than, Tam da quan he vdi thi dfl la khda hgc, dfl la tdn giao, danh tfl khac nhau, nhflng deu long yeu cdu hanh phflc cua nhan loai ma sinh ra, thi can phai dieu hda vdi mdi mong Than khdi khd, Tam khdi me Cfl xem cai thuyet tren thi khoa hgc vdi tdn giao lai khdng the tfldng dung! Ma tfldng dung sad dfldc? Vi nha tdn giao lap thuyet nhfl the khdng du le cho ngfldi ta tin Ndi rang Thfldng De tao nhan loai, vay tao Thfldng De Neu khdng tad Thfldng De, thi nhan loai ta't phai cd Thflgng De tao ra? Nha tdn giao cung la ngfldi nhfl mgi ngfldi tren the gidi Da la loai ngfldi thi cflng cd tfl tfldng, cd tri giac, khdng du li le thi lam tin dfldc? Ma ed tin dflde chang nfla, thi cung chi la hang ngfldi me tin ma thdi
Sfl Thien Chie'u danh gia vi tri cua Phat giao vdi khoa hgc nhfl sau; Khoa hgc cflu cai "Qua", cai "nggn", nghia la chi cflu cai "Than khd"; cdn tdn giao thi cflu cai "Nhan", cai "gd'c", nghia la cflu cai "Tam me" Neu tdn giao khdng the sd'ng ndi vdl the gidi khoa hgc thi long ngfldi cdn biet tin dau cd chd an than lap mang? Neu khoa hgc da phat trien
mdt each phi thfldng, mdt mat cu giet ngfldi cang cang tinh xae, mat khac giai ca'p nghee giau cang cang each xa, thfla dip long ngfldi dang chfla ddy nhflng phan ua't, ba't binh, ta't cd nhflng ngfldi chu trfldng cflc dean, mflu pha the gidi ma lap mgt the gidi khac Cai ay dang mflng hay dang lo, cdng hay that bai? Sfl Thien Chieu e rang, cai "Tam" chfla cflu" dfldc thi cai "Ddi" chdc gi da cflu xong Cho nen, mud'n cflu lay cai Than, cdn phai cflu lay cai Tam trfldc, ma bai thud'c cflu Tam khdng phai tim dau xa Tfl gan ba nghin nam da xua't hien mgt hgc thuyet hien dfldng chi phdi ca the gidi, mgt hgc thuyet vfla cd tinh thdn khoa hgc, vfla thich hdp vdi hien dai tfl trao chinh la thuyen tfl dud'c tue d gifla chd'n bien khd sdng me! Hgc thuyet ay la eua Thich Ca Mau Ni, giao chii ciia Phat giao Hgc thuyet ay chinh la Phat giao vay
Ldi ban ciia Thien Chie'u ve Phat giao vdi khoa hgc, ve Phat giao vdi tdn giao kha khuc triet Ong dan chflng nhflng dieu kinh Phat viet vdi tflu khoa hgc; "Trong kinh Phat ndi rang; "Than la d trflng" va "trong mgt nhieu nfldc cd nhieu vi trflng", khoa hgc nhd kinh hien vi da chflng minh dieu dd Nhfl kinh ndi rang: "Bd'n chau chi cd mgt mat trdi soi " va "tren khdng gian cd vd Ifldng the gidi", nhd cd nha thien van hgc ma mdi tin ldi Phat khdng phai ddi Va cai thuyet "Sdc than sinh la cd loai trung khdi than can" cua Phat, dem so vdi cai thuyet "tinh trflng" cua nha sinh li hgc nay, thi mdi biet la sfl that hien nhien"
(4)cai can ban nghia eua Phat giao, lai giup cho cang td cang rang them len, ma vat khoa hgc lai nhd Phat giad cflu chd khdi phai cai nguy "tot loi cflng dfldng vay"
Ve sfl khac biet gifla Phat giao vdi tdn giao, Thien Chie'u viet; "Tdn giad sd di khdng thich hdp vdi hien dai tfl trao la bdi cai thuyet "Oai quyen thfldng phat" nd phan ddi vdi cai nghia "tfl binh ddng" cho nen mdi cd ngfldi phan nan tdn giao la "thud'c phien" cua nhan loai
Phat giao thi khdng the khdng cd cai thuyet "tao vat" khdng ed chi ggi la thfldng phat oai quyen, ndi rdng; "Tam gidi tam", nghia la cai hien tfldng nhfl cac the gidi, cac leai hflu tinh la bdi long me vgng sinh ra, nhfl sdng d nfldc sinh vay Sdng thi ed thien hinh van trang, ma nfldc thi chi cd mgt mau Ldng me mudi ggi la chflng sinh, long sang sud't ggi la Phat Phat vdi chung smh chang khac, nhfl nfldc vdi sdng khdng hai Bdi cai ldng cd me mudi va sang sudt chdng ddng, nen mdi cd cai: gia danh" chflng smh va Phat vay thdi Chung sinh thi hi rang huge khd sd, Phat thi giai thoat tieu dieu, ma Phat va chung smh deu tfl long ta tao ra, khdng thfldng ma cflng khdng phat dfldc Cai hfl khdng menh mdng vd ban dflng chfla cae the gidi, ma d cai ldng "sang sud't" cflng nhfl mgt bgt nfldc ndi tren mat bien, thi cd cai gi "nhd't"
dfldc long ta? ' Phat ndi rdng: "Het thay chflng smh la
Phat vi lai" va "chung smh cdn tram luan thi chfla chiu Phat", xem the du biet tinh thdn "tfl do, binh ddng, bae ai" ciia Phat la dfldng nao!
Tfl do, binh ddng, bac ai, ma'y tieng khau dau ciia cac nfldc van mmh dem di gat ngfldi dd, so vdi sfl thflc hanh cua chu
nghia "tfl do, binh ddng, bac ai" cua Phat giao khac nao nhfl mgt vflc mgt trdi Xem nhfl nfldc Nga la mgt nfldc mud'n pha hoai che va tfl tfldng hien tdn dang trd lai eai binh- quyen nguyen thiiy, ma cdn nghien cflu P h a t hgc tfldng chang phai la vd ed, ma du chflng rang ddi cang van minh lai can phai ed Phat giae
Ndi tdm lai, P h a t giao bao ham het thay tdn giao va triet hgc xfla nay, ngoai nhfl luan li hgc, giao due hgc, luan 11 hgc, va cac hgc thuyet nhfl chinh tri, phap luat, mi hgc, thien van, bae vat, cdng nghe, y hge,v.v khdng hgc thuyet nao ngoai dflde P h a t giao vay"
Tiep dd, sfl Thien Chieu neu met so' nguyen nhan chinh lam cho Phat giao nfldc ta suy ddi Theo dng, trfldc day chfl Han dfldc cei nhfl mgt thfl qud'c vdn, viec hgc Phat deu qua kinh sach chfl Han Tfl ngfldi Phap sang xam Ifldc, dem tan hgc truyen ba, ban che Han hgc, khdng cho giao due tfl do, eho nen, Phat giao chfl Han truyen qua nfldc ta, theo chfl Han trd ve Trung Qud'c
(5)Nguyen Dai Dong Su Thien Chieu 53
manh viec hgc phai di ddi vdi hanh; "Can phai thflc hanh, chd khdng phai chi ndi sudng ma thdi Cho nen can phai hanh tri nhfl tham thien niem Phat, v.v ki cho dfldc minh tam kien tinh
Phat giae khdng nhflng tuyen truyen giao nghia cflu cai ac nhan ma cdn lam nhflng tfl thien sfl nghiep dang cflu cai
khd qua hien tai nfla ' Tuyen truyen giao nghia cflu cai ac
nhan ay la "phap thf, tfl thien sfl nghiep cflu cai khd qua a'y la "tai thi", eai thuyen te cua Phat giao chi cd hai viee dd ma thdi
Phap thi nhfl trfldc vfla ndi, hoac dien thuyet hoac viet sach, ki cho dfldc phd cap cac hang ngfldi xa hgi, cdn tai thi thi cflu giflp ddi trdng cdn nguy bien nhfl thien tai nhan hga,v.v ma can nha't la cac canh chua da lap Phat hgc vien, Phat hgc xa rdi lai lap ben chfla mgt cai trfldng cdng nghe de dung nap nhflng tre cd ban vfla biet neo tu tam, vfla cd nghe tfl lap Cdn nhflng chfla d thdn que, cflng nen chuyen nghe ndng phd', ay tdng gidi nen bat ddu thflc hanh cai chinh sach "cdng ndng" vay • •'•' ' ' ' • ' '
Cac canh chfla nfldc dau dau cung cd Hgc vien, Hgc xa chuyen ve giao nghia, dau dau cflng cd cdng trfldng, ndng trfldng chuyen ve thflc nghiep ma tfl giac tfl lap dfldc rdi thi mdi hoan toan tieu diet dfldc cac te tuc xfla nay"
Theo Thien Chie'u, neu lam dfldc nhfl vay, mdi ggi la dud'c tue thuyen tfl, lam nhfl vay mdi soi dfldng hac am, vdt ke tram luan dfldc
3 Kinh cdo cdc sU cu: Tac gia Tdn Thanh nien (theo chflng tdi la Thien
Chieu) neu vai trd ciia ngifdi xua't gia: gia
uii la hdang phap, sii nghiep la lgi sinh
Ong cho rdng, Phat phap thinh hay suy la ngfldi xua't gia ma trach nhiem cua cac sfl cu, tru tri cae chfla, la ddng Ifldng cua Phat phap, quy giam ciia hau cdn phai chd'ng dd Phat phap va tiep dan hau cdn trd nhflng tdng dd cd hgc Tac gia keu ggi: "Cae sfl eu la dai bieu ciia Giao hdi, cd le cflng biet tfl trgng, ma sdm tra ldi cho chung tdi bdng each thflc hanh"
4 Kinh cdo cdc tin dd: Tac gia Tdn Thanh nien phan biet the nao la bac xua't
gia? the nao la bac tai gia? tfl dd neu rd trach nhiem cua ngfldi tai gia la phai tieu trfl che tuyet bgn Ma vfldng, td chflc lai Giao hgi cho thudn tfly va keu goi: "Tin do! Neu mud'n thoat li cai kiep nd le vdi Ma vfldng, thi phai mau mau sung vao ddi binh vdn tdi"
5 Nhap hgc van ddp: Tac gia Phdp Linh ghi lai nhflng va'n dap "Vi ndi
dao Phat la dao cflu khd"
6 Bdi dien thuyet cua dng Luong Khdi Sieu tgi Phdt gido Tdng hgi nUdc Tdu
Bac Ai dich ndi ve mdi quan he gifla thdi cudc vdi Phat giao d Trung Hda Lfldng Khai Sieu cho' rang: "Mudn van tgi ac deu do d cai vi minh md thdi De khdc phuc phai dfla vae cai gd'c la dao dUc"
7 Mgt budi htpi nghi tgi chiia Linh Sdn: Tac gia Hue Thanh cho biet, chieu
(6)Commis Cha'n phat bieu ddu tien cho biet; Nam 1923, dng thinh sfl Thien Chieu ve chfla Linh Sdn; nam 1925, Thien Chieu lam giao thu trfldng "Ha" tai chua Chflc Thg, Gd Vap dd, Thien Chieu dinh td chflc Phdt gido Thanh nien
hgc hgi, nhSm dao tao nhan tai dam
dfldng Phat phap Nhflng, Hgi ay khdng lap dflde bdi sfl Thien Chieu luc dd cdn tre tudi, chfla dfldc Giao hgi tin nhiem Den ndm 1926, dao Cao Dai ddi tai Nam Ky, nen mdi cd phong trao cha'n hflng Phat giao Cudc van dgng chan hflng Phat giao Hoa th,fldng Khanh Hda chu trfldng ehi dfldc mgt sd' chfla hfldng flng, trdng - nam, nhieu phen that bai, nhflng nhd nghi lflc cua cae ddng chi, chfla ket qua hoan toan, nhflng cflng lap dflgc Phat hgc Thfl xa va Phat hgc vien Cflng nam nay, sfl Thien Chieu
giao lgi chiia Linh Sctn cho Commis Chan
va khuyen dng Cha'n thinh Hoa thfldng Khanh Hda, mdt ngfldi dflc cao vgng trgng, lam tru tri de td chflc Tflng lam Thang 7/1929, Hoa thfldng Khanh Hda da thfldng tru tai chua Linh Sdn ba bd'n thang Ong Cha'n de nghi cac vi Hda thfldng md long tfl bi quan tam, chi bao giup dd cdng viec cua dng d chua Lmh Sdn Tiep sau, sfl Thien Chie'u phat bieu lam rd them li de dng giao lai chua cho Commis Cha'n va neu quan diem ciia dng ve cha'n hflng Phat giao la "chd'ng cac hu tue d ben va ta thuyet d ben ngoai bay lau lam cho lu md eai nhan nghia ciia Phat giao, ngan lap eai dfldng sang sudt ciia chung smh" , • i , -,, , -: ,,:i
Hda thfldng chfla Hdi Khanh thay mat cac vi Hda thfldng tham dfl hgi nghi, tra ldi van tdt; "Cae ngai cd nhiet tam nhfl the, chung tdi lay lam hean hi lam, nhflng cae ngai cfl lo tien hanh, cen phan chung tdi thi xin de cho chflng tdi suy nghi lai"
Nhfl vay, cd the tha'y, ngi dung bai bao da cung ca'p nhieu tfl lieu quy ve boat dgng cha'n hflng Phat giao d Nam Ky lflc bay gid Qua bai viet nay, chflng ta cd the suy luan td Phat hoa Tan Thanh nien ddi vao cudi nam 1929, sau td Phap Am sd' bi dinh ban
8 Chugng trinh chiia cua "Phdt hda
Tdn Thanh nien" se lap Tfl trang 37 den
trang 48, dang chfldng (1 Tdn chi: dieu; Cdch td chdc: dieu; Chiic vii
vd quyen han cdc vien chdc: 18 dieu; Chiia vd tdi sdn cua chiia: dieu; Cdng tru quy Udc: 52 dieu) chfldng trinh chfla
Phat hoa Tan Thanh nien Chfldng trinh the hien tfl tfldng cha'n hflng Phat giao ciia sfl Thien Chieu
Tdm lai, cd the ndi, Phdt hda Tdn
Thanh nien da the hien rd tfl tfldng Phat
giad cap tien cua gidi tang si tre, ma sfl Thien Chieu la dai bieu, treng phdng trao cha'n hflng Phat giao niia ddu the ki XX d Viet Nam Cflng vdi td Phdp Am, td Phdt
hda Tdn Thanh nien la bfldc tien phong
eho bao ehi Phat giao p h a t trien d ca ba mien giai doan cha'n hflng Phat giao sau Nhflng t h a t dang tiec, td
Phdt hda Tdn Thanh nien cflng ehi
dflde mgt so' thi phai dinh ban vi li tai chinh./