Nhìn lại sự nghiệp của cựu hoàng Norodom Sihanouk và tương lai chính trị Campuchia thời kỳ hậu Sihanouk

Ndi tdm laii, txong cudc ddi Idm chinh tri ciia minh trong bdi cdnh tmh hinh qudc t l vd khu vyc diln bien hit siic phiic t^ip, ni§e dii thye lyc khdng nhieu, lai phai duong dau vdi n[r]

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"* ^ N H l N L ^ S V N G H I f P CUA CVtJ HOANG 1,^ NORODOM SIHANOUK VA TUONG LAI CHiNH TRI m C A M P U C H U T H C J I K * H ^ U SIHANOUK I Tran Vift Thai'

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Ngay 15/10/2012, cuu hoang Norodom Sihanouk mil nhan vpt lich su dgc biet mil chinh trj gia ci ten luil ci tim cao khu vvc va tren thi gioi da qua dai tpi Bic Kinh huang thp S9 turn Bay la sir Uen quan trpng ci tic dpng Idling chi tii lit nuac Campuchia ma Hi quan he quoc lii khu vuc Do vpy dank gii ding, diy du va ci chiiu sou vi vai tri va di sin cia ong cOng nhu lac tong eua vifc ong qua iii dii vii tuang lai chinh tri cua Campuchia tii quan he Viet Nam - Campuchia li nhiem vu quan trpng rat cin thiil nhung ding khong don gian Bai viit niy d gang dinh gii mit each khich quan nhit vi vai tri lich sir vi di sin cua Norodom Sihanouk doi vH dit nuic Campuchia vii quan he Vift Nam - Campuchia vi lie di dfc bio mil si net lin vi tuang lid chinh tri cua Campuchia thai ky hgu Sihanouk

n khia: Campuchia, sv nghijp chmh Iri cvu hoing Norodom Sihanouk

ra, Ph6 Vip traong Vien Nghito oihl Chiin tow, Hdc vijn Ngosi giao B4i via tbi kj^lg™ di&n ritog cna lac gii, kh6„g nbk thi& phin quan n L J ^ S ^ ^ g

Nhin lai sur nghi|p chinh tr) cda Sihanouk ^ m Norodom Sihanouk smh 31/10/1922, !d trai ciia c p JJJ^ Qude vuong Norodom Suramarit va hodng h|u Sisowath Kossamalt.' p ^ Trong 63 nam tham gia chinh tnrdfng (tCr 1941 tdi 2004) vd ndm "vS JW huu" (2004 - 2012), N Sihanouk da cd i k Idm vua, lan 1dm thdi tii,, W Idn 1dm Chu tich nude, lan lam Thii tudng, Idn lam Quoc trudng, pi' lan 1dm Thdi Thuong hodng (dd Id chua k l nhilu "chiic vy" khde p thdi ky luu vong d Trung Quoc td 1979 - 1991).^ Tuy nhi^n, phin Idn m eac chiic vu diu mang tinh tu^ng trung.^ Thdi k^ tri vi dai nhit vi m'^ thyc quyln nhat ciia dng Id tii 9/11/1953 din 18/3/1970 (t^ng c$ng iH khodng 17 ndm eho din bi Lon Noi Idm dao chinh, l$t do)

Ngay tu rat sdm Sihanouk dd ehiing kiln vd bugc phdi dinh liu tin nit nhilu biln chuyen to Idn, dbn ddp cda Campuchia, c ^ khu vyc vd the eml gjdi mpt giai d o ^ lich su sdi d0ng ( t h ^ Ity 40 cua thl k j 20) V(5t j tu cdch Id Vua/Quoc vuong Campuchia, dng bupc phdi td thdi dp ho|c true tilp xii 1^ nhilu vdn de: (i) tirong hodng tpc la su tranh ch^p quy& ftpl liet giira hai he t^c Norodom (npi tOc) vd Sisowath (ngogi tpc); (ii) ngoii xa hgi la phong trdo tri thdrc, phong trdo su sai ddi cai cdch, ddi dOc I^ip, ddi dan chii noi Idn manh me; (Ui) tren cd dng Id hai tidng Phdp vii, Nhat Ban vdi rit nhilu mdnh khde chinh tii d l tim mpi cdch giii quyin

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' Thdfi trai tre, Sihanouk dS tihig la m$t "playboy" (tay choi) c6 hgmg 6ng c6 bi V(f, rat nhieu moi tinh v i co it nhit 14 ngudi Sv phong luu, da tinh Ik d?c diem xuyftt suot ca cupc din cua Sihanouk, ca nhung nSm thing di lini vong hfl^ thcri ky bi Khmer giam I6ng (Sihanouk d3 viit cong khai va ty thiia nhjin vi, diem cii6n t\r truyen: "Nhung ity ni|m em diu va cay dang" xakt ban viif:

nhiing nSm I960) " ^ Sach ky lye Guiness dS dua tSn Norodom Sihanouk vio danh sdch cic chinh khidi

giir nhieu vi tri nhat Ijch sii nhin lộ (Nguin: www.worldguinnessrecords.C^^ Nam 1941, Sihanouk du^c thvrc dan Phdp dua len ngdi vua lilc mdi 19 tuli vdi^^iA dikig lim m§t ong vua bit nhin d l biọ Tuy nhi£a, thvc tien l^i trai voi nhihig tinh tdfl

ciia ngufri Phip | ' iiivicl

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Nghien cm Quoc te so 3(106)

cai tri (khi thi thoa hifp ik Igd dvmg nhau, thl Nhat hit cing Phap »« khong thuong ti&, huoc 6ng phai dung lam vua mot Vuong qu6c "« Campuchia "d«c % ttong khdi thjnh vuong chung Dong A"); (iv) tiSp ' « la sv iHu hang cua be lu phat-xit, sir viing len gianh doc Ijip b cac •" nuic thugc dja, djc bift la phong ttao each mang ram ro a nuoc lang «H giJng Vi?t Nam da c6 nhflng tac dong vo cung sau rgng toi ttah hinh

i; chinh ttj Campuchia liic do, thic diy sv hmh cac nhom chmh tti M m*i Campuchia m i ndi bft nhat la phong ttao khang chien eh6ng ift Phip ciia mjt ttjn Khmer Issarak.'' Trong thm V/ nay, Sihanouk da bat

k lAi lim quen vol chinh tti v i dan tto nen tiing ttai tten chinh ttirong ^ ^ S Sv nghig) chinh in ciia Sihanouk trii dii hon thSp k j (tii 1941 -i«l 2012) voi lat nhieu thing ttam, nhung tmi chung lai co giai dosn voi •f I nhung vai tto hoin toin khic nhau:

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Kl „ '^i'ldotn 1941-19S3:Slbmoukri nin d0clap cia CampucUa

\h • Ba phan du luin cho ring ttong giai doan niy, vai tto v i ten mdi :);(! cia dng gin lien vdi nen dgc liip cua Campuchia; ngtt« din Campuchia (H coi C!u6c vuong Sihanouk l i "cha dS" ciia n^n ddc % cua Campuchia ' ^ ^ ' " ' ' " ' ^ ° ™ ""*" ^* *™ "''""K nam 1950, tinh hmh

' Campuchia, B6ng Duong v i thl gioi liic diln biln vd ciing phiic tap fl Bdng Duong, Phap dang phai doc toin luc ik doi phd v « cudc khang I* chiln ciia nhin din Vi?t Nam Tinh Unh n^i b0 Phip sau thl chiln thii „ hai, ci vl chinh ttj, quin su v i tii chinh, rat bi dat Cac luc lugng Phap d •I Bdng Duong phii nhd tdi sv Vet} giip cua My, phii cang mdng nhilu * noi vi bi hiit vio hai mien Nam, Bic Vift Nam, nhit l i d Dien Bien Phii « Chinh ttong b6i canh dd, de ttinh hi mang tiing la mgt "dng vua bli jjnhin" va khing dinh vai ttd tten chinh Onicmg Campuchia, bit diu tu

thdng 2/1953, N Sihanouk da ti^ hdnh eude van dpng ngoai giao, md dng myen truyln ram rd vdi ten ggi "cugc thdp ty chmh thdn thdnh cda Quoc vuong vi nen doe lap ciia Campuchia", ddi Phdp "trao trd dOc % cho Campuchia" Chinh b6i cdnh dd, ngdy 9/11/1953, P h ^ da ky hiep udc "trao trd dde Idp" cho Campuchia.^

Tuy nhien phdi tiiay Id viSc Phdp bdy trd "ti:ao trd dpc l§p cho Campuchia" da dug« tinh todn rat ky vdi hai mye dieh: Mdt Id dl don toan bo lye lugng tinh nhue nhat ciia Phdp d Ddng Duong liic dd nhSm doi phd vdi Viet Minh Di$n Bien Phii Hai la, Phdp ciing nhan dip nHy td hao phdng, "ban on" eho Sihanouk Phdp tinh todn rdng sau gjdnh thdng Igi Di^n Bien Phu, hp sS quay l^i d6i phd vdi Sihanouk vi \ cho rdng dng khdng phdi Id trd ng^i ehinh d6i vdi ngudi Phdp d Dong \ Duong d thdi diem dd Ddy Id am muu ciia Phdp nhdm chia re ba nude Ddng Duong vdi mgt miii ten nhdm hai dich Nhung Phdp da khdng ludng hit dugc tinh hinh Hg bi thdt b ^ thdm hai d Di$n Bien Phii vi sau dd bugc phdi k^ Hi^p dinh Gio-ne-va cdng nh|ui nln dgc Ifp, chii quyln, thong nhdt vd todn ven lanh thd ciia ba nude Ddng Duong, dd cd Campuchia - dilu md Phdp hodn toan khong mu6n

^ Trfin th^c te, den nam 1954, cic l^fc lupng Khnwr Issarak, vdi sv trp giiip die l\rc eit *^'f^ cac ly;c lupng cdch m^ng Vi§t Nam, d i giai ph6ng va lim chii nhilu ving rOng l<Sn S '^ nong th6n Campuchia Giai do^n 1953 - 1954, Campuchia hau nhu khfing c6n mtfl "^ don vj linh Phip ndo Vi^c P h ^ bdy tr6 "trao tri d ^ l | p " cho Sihanouk thvrc 14 Mo Hi tra cii md Phdp khfing c6 tay (hay noi chinh xic hon l i chi cdn v l danh n g ^ ^ ^Bi cho Sihanouk Tiiy "CuOc thap tv chinh" ciia Sihanouk chi k6o dii chua d^y th% *>'i nhung "l^i cfing vang dfii" so v6i cu§c diu tranh giinh d^c l$p dfln t^b v ^ M '*'' bao hy sinh xuong miu ciia cic Ivc lupng Khmer Issarak k6o ddi tdi 24 nim (tii 1930- '^ 1954) nhung l^i thit b^i dau dfin v i bj Ijch su ISng qufin (do sv can thito thff'bMMi''"

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Nghien du Quic tisi3(106)

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Do ttah thl Mc dd, die biet li viec cic Ivc lugng each mang Cmipuchia mit di sv ling h? tt, Idn cua Viet Mmh« va phai giii giip tai cho sau Hi|p dinh Gia-ne-vo, dl ciing cd "thinh qua dgc lap mdi gianh dugc", Quoc vuong Sihanouk da nhanh chdng giuong cao ngon cd dgc » l?p dan t0c mgt vii vd cung hiSu qui, dl keu goi nhin dan doin kit M chong Iji dl quoc thvc dan

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^^ Ve doi ngoai, Quoc vuong Sihanouk Iva ehgn chinh sich ngoai

Sao hda binh, ttung IJp, khong tham gia bit cii U6n minh chinh hi hojc J s v nio, tilp nhin vien ttg tii mgi phia, miln la khdng cd dilu Kgn ,„ ng bu0c, tao dilu kiSn cho Campuchia bio ve dgc lip, chu quyln va .^ diy msmh cdng cugc xay dvng phit hiln dit nude Bdi vay, ttong giai „ doan niy, chmh sach hda bmh, ttmig % dj giip i ^ ^ho dit nude J, Campuchia cd nhiing thay iki thvc chit Dudi sv lanh d»o ciia dng i, Campuchia da dat dugc nhiing thinh tvu quan ttgng nhu da gdp phiii ,|[l bio V? ddc lap, c h i quyln va toan vfn lanh thd, dem lai mdi ttudng hda

binh va an nmh cho Campuchia ttong mgt thdi gian ngin, ttanh thu vipi trg ciia c i hai phe, tjio dilu ki?n thu|n Igi dk phvc h^i v i phit ttiln kinh tl Campuchia.'

•MOl »4 a™ vi CM Ivc cto V i f t N ™ tog tOn , „ Campucbia Ihi d u w l|nh cto trco ^ ta«c phai ™ B«: Do vjy, cic Vc ta^g cich m»ig Cunpiichia W cinTbi c6 lap ay la, d i itog bat ng«iyi cto lire la(mg citah m ^ g Khmer Issarak: p6ng M u l i *Bgah,Su b i ^ p M p din i p da man nhitag „g„4i o,eo khiag chili nbu c » A , b S * TJ°S T- ? T^ S ' " ' ^ ! "'"^ •^'•l^y^^vaiL labia c t o T ^ ^ i» S I ^I' uf^llf ' ^ ' ''*°« ' ^ ^ ' ^ ' ^0 'IWB hWSu bi«„phip, thu dow rfo

m * Phu do, chSt V* Vua cha, khtog b6, im sit (vl du riiu , „ i i i ^ a j , , Z C '" Bophan-chu bit td bio Nhin din) i - • ^ s.i oong cm Nop « / ^ " , ' „ l ? T * f " " ' ' " "' ^ ' " * ° • * ' ^ * » ' " « " ) »4 ' sinh via dai hoc I' ' ' * " n i ™ d a c t n , n g d , i h ( « ( h , c v i e n ) v a l b s t o l i v i n : b « X S £ ^

Tuy nhien, chion tranh ngdy cdng lan rdng d Ddng Duong vd Sihanouk khdng edn cd the tiung lap nhu trudrc Quan he eiia Sihanouk vdi My vk cdc phe phdi than My d Campuchia vd mien Nam Vi?t Nam trd nen xau di Cam thay led ich vd chinh sdch dpc I^p, trung l^p cua minh bi de doa, chmh sach cua dng vd Campuchia giai do^n ndy dan trd nen thi€n td: Campuchia ngdy cdng cd quan he chat che vdi phe XHdlN; cd thdi dp tich cue, 1|^ quan he ngoai giao vdi ViSt Nam Dan chu COng hda, cong ohln d^i di?n ciia M?t trfn ddn t^c gidi phdng mien Nam Vift Nam, cdng nhjn Chinh phii each mang lam thdi cpng hda mien Nam Vi$t Nam.* Vi|c Campuchia thue hidn ehinh sdeh tnmg lap tieh cue nhu tren Id rat cd l<;i eho each mang Viet Nam, dong didi cimg dem lpi ich cho dng vd Can^Hichia bi My vd dong minh de dpa Cd the ndi day Id giai dop Qude vuong Sihanouk cd quan h? tot nhat vdi Vi^t Nam, t^o du(;fc uy tin vd dnh hudng dang ke ddi vdi ban lanh 6^0 vk nhan dan Vi^t Nam.'

Giai do^n 1970 ~ 1978: Ltai vong vd bi giam Idng

Day la giai d o ^ md vai trd va dnh hudng ciia Qu^c vuong Sihanouk xuong tdi muc thip nhit sy: n g h i ^ vd cilng Id thdi k^ md dng gap nhieu khd khan cugc song Sau cuOe ddo chinh ciia LOQ Noi (1970), dng phdi luu vong d nude ngodi tdi thdng 4/1975 Bi dm anh

tii 16 (1955) ISo den 59 (1968); sin lugng th6c g^o tang tii 1.484.000 tan len Ak 3.2S1.O00 ^ ; doanh ngfai^ nha nu6c v i lien doanh tit sS ting ISn 57 doanfa nghi?p; nhi miy cong nghifp v i a v i nh6 tang tii 650 doanh nghiep len d ^ 3.700 doanh n g h i ^

* Vipt Nam ific d6 c6 lip: lu<?ng chfnh tr; chii chot l i chinh quy^n ng\iy Sii G6n My ung hO, Vipt Nam Din chil Cgng hda vi Chinh phii cich n^mg lim thiri C$ng hda miin Nam Vi?t Nam, d6 chtah quyin ngpy Sii G6n c6 thii d$ rk xin m V% Sihanouk vi Campuchia, v | y Sihanouk d i ehgn cich "chcri vdi nhihig Ivc lupng Viin Nam it xiu hon" d6i v6i minh d l giim thiiu thi$t h?i v i diing "d6" (chfnh phii Vi^t Nam Dan chu Cgng hoa v i chinh phii lam Chdri cgng hda mien Nam Vigt Nam) d l Idlm chi "xanh" (ngyy Sai G6n)

' Nhung vi to qui thin v6i Vi^t Nam nin 6ng l^i trd thinh ddi tugng cin phii lo^ b o i

Nghien deu Quoc ti si 3(106)

W| bdi quyln luc v i mong m u & som tto lai dit nuoc, ong da mic phii mpt «* M aai lam to Idn, l i vifc tag quylt dinh dung v l phe Khmer d l Kl dau ttmh chong lai Lon No! va chinh quyln than My o Campuchia Sau * che than My cua Lon Noi aup d l (thing 4/1975), Sihanouk vln khong nhan bin chit diet chiing v i phan dpng c i a Khmer do, vln ao » | tudng rang su hgp tic ciia mmh vol Khmer cong voi vai tto uy tin to *,( 16n ttong qui khii se giiip 6ng co mot vj tti xiing dang ch^ % Campuchia Dan chii Nhung ttii lai, tto vk Phnom Penh, ong da bi I't giam Idng cho den ngiy 9/1/1979.'°

' ^ » B ™ •^iteg I'Sni 1980, ong d i chi dOng viit cu6n h6i ky, bao ^jBtk"^^^ "' "^ ^"^ * " v i cu6n "Chiin tranh va hy vpng: Mvc r -Jich thuc cua vi?c xuit ban cu& h& ky 14 nhSm minh v^ vai » » - ^ ™g giai doan 1970-1979, ddng thdi nhim liy Isu thl difn

cua Vua cha da bi mit di ttong giai d o ^ hgp tie vdi Khmer dd Giai dopn 1979 -1991: Tri thinh ang Cf cHu ngum khdc -! J'^y'*'14 * * i gian Ittu vong ciia Qu& vuong Sihanouk tai Trung » QuSc v i diing dau cii gpi la Chinh phU Lien hiep Khing chiln ba phii •I (Khmer dd, hoing gia v i Son Sann) d l ch^ng l,i cMnh quyln cich mang (« nhin dan Campuchia

ddm phan nham xdy dung mpt nude Campuchia dde 1|^, tr\mg l§p vd xdy dung l^i quan he giua hai nude Tuy nhiSn, siic ep eua Trung Quoc, mong mu6n sdm trd ve Campuchia ndn tdi thdng 6/1982, dng da chi^ nhdn diing lam Chii tich ciia edi gpi Id Chinh phii Lien h i ^ ba phdi Khmer khdng chien luu vong tai Bae Kinh

Ddy thuc chdt ehi Id m$t hu danh vi bfc Iu?tig ciia dng dd Id khdng ddng ke (luc cao nhdt ciing chi khoang S.OOO ngudi), dng khdng cd thuc quyen, khdng ehi dao dugc hai phai Id Khmer dd (Pol Pot) vd Khmer xanh (Son Sann) vd phai phu thudc hodn todn vdo Trung Quoc Chinh phii Lien hi$p ba phai chi t^n tai tr€n danh nghia; giiia cdc lyc lugng ba phai cd tham thii sdu sdc vd ddu dd quyet li^t Hg ngoi Ifii vdi chdng qua Id vl tinh the bat bupc va dudi s\r bdo trg ciia Tmng Qudc 6ng da trd thdnh bdi de nude ngodi Igi dyng phye vy eho cdc mye tieu ehinh Iri ctia hg d Campuchia Hg muon sii dung vai trd, uy tin cua Sihanouk - vdi tu each Id nhan v^it nhat cda Campuchia dugc cOng dong quSc te chdp n h ^ - d^ che d$y cho bdn chat di$t chiing ge gdm ciia Khmer dd Chinh phii Lien hiep ba phdi luu vong Khmer dd la lyc lugng quan sy t ^ cho m^mh nhdt liic dd Hp can cd vai trd di^ Sihanouk vd Khmer Neu khdng cd Quoc vuong Sihanduk, chinh phd dd se tdidng dugc cgng dong qude t l chdp nhan vd khdng the tha t^i vi Khmer dd khdng thk dugc cOng d6ng e h ^ nhdn dd da dSi t€n thdnh Campuchia Dan ehu

La mgt ngudi tiing trdi, hieu rd nhung d i ^ m ^ , dilm y ^ ciia minh, n g khdng chiu ngdi ySn, dii thxfc I\rc khdng cd gl ddng kl, nhung da nhanh chdng Idp ddng bdo hodng vdi tdn ggi M^t t r ^ Dan tdc Thdng nhdt vi Ddc lap, Hda binh vd Hgp tdc Campuchia (FUNCINPEC) Ddy Id mdt budc di khdn ngoan, cd tdm nhin xa vJ

Nghien du Quic tesi3(106)

FUNONPEC ding la cong cii chinh tti nhit c i a Sihanouk tten chfah J i ; II

— -—O -7- - " • MUJ UIUU t.Ull OUi

•W ttudng Campuchia sudt tu 1979 cho din ong qua doi

^ Irong suot 13 nam luu vong tai Tnmg Qudc, Sihanouk da khdng It lan muon thoat khdi sir kilm tda cia luc luong mrdc ngoii bing nhilu each nhu sang Binh Nhuong "di an dudng", di tham nhi lanh dao Kim jltl Nhat Thanh ho}c da vii ba lln ong tir chuc Chi tieh Chinh p h i Uen hiep m phai de phin ddi viec Khmer dd tilp tuc gilt hai dan thudng va tin •m rang ca vio Ivrc lugmg cua Sihanouk nhung tit c i diu khdng thinh ™,| cdng Tu nam 1987, sau nhilu lln tti hoan, cuii cung dng cung ffi md jj j * ^ kenh ddi thoai ttuc tilp vdi Thi tudng Hun Sen, ttong dd cd It nhit H,^ E H > a n hai phia da gin dat dupe thda thujn, nhung cudi cing diu b) luc ij,[ Imjng nude ngoii phi v i cupc gip thit bai

, 'J™'*'?" 1^1991-2012: Tr& lpi qui huang va 'vihm' ^ , K l tii euli nhOng nam 1980, tmh htoh thl gidi v i khu vuc chau A j ^ - Thai Btoh Duong diln biln rit nhanh chdng, phiic tap Quan he gifia ^| cic nude Idn chuyin t i ddi diu sang diu ttanh ttong cing tin t,i hda » ! , P , ° " * = '*" "^ " " " " S "^""^ ^ '•W tic nhim giii quylt cac vln ^ dc qudc te de tip ttung vao ndi bd Do viy, vln d l Campuchia din di vio ; giii phap Sau nhilu cupc diuong luong va diu ttanh ngoai giao quylt hft, cuoi cing Sihanouk, vdi su giip to lon cia Trung Quic, da ttd v l I" Campuchia vdi tu each Chi tieh H0i ding Din toe tli cao (SNC)

Campuchia Sau cupc ting myln c i Uen Hpp Quic bio ttp nam f, 1993, Sihanouk da ttd thinh Qudc ttudng/Qulc vuong, Norodom III Ranandh da ttd thinh Thi tudng thu nhit chinh p h i hoang gia ,^, Cwipuchia Mfc d i theo Hilp phip Campuchia, Quoc vuong chi "ttj vi

^ ™„ dan v., tr6 Ir&i chinh tmimg Campnohia Hi|„ hotog gia C a n i ^ h i a S a n nhan v$I du tam cSdisA dvng duiic cons cu —e »~ > - ^ " u i « «uong sit dvng dlf^ Cong cu

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nhung khdng cai tri", song dng vdn tilp tyc phat huy vai trd dde bi^t cda minh eude ddu tranh chinh tri phiic t ^ d Campuchia Sau 11 ndm trd Mli vdi vi tri Qudc vuong, ngdy 7/10/2004, sue khde kem, dng da tuyen bd thoai vi, nhudng ngdi cho ngudi trai chung vdi ba hoang Monique Id Qudc vuong Norodom Sihamoni

Tong cdng, giai doam ndy, Sihanouk ed it nhdt ba lan tuyen bd rdi bd quyen I^c, nhung rdi 1^ quay 1^ Nhtmg tii 2004, tudi cao vd bdnh tat, dng phai thudng xuydn sang Trung Qudc sdng vd ehira b?nh, vdy vai trd ehinh tri ciia dng ciing chi cdn mang tinh bieu tupng vd ve CO bdn Qudc vuong Sihanouk da rdi khdi chinh trudng ke tu 2004 V^ cudi ddi, dng da cho Idp mdt trang web cdng khai (tai dia chi: www.norodomsihanouk.info) dl viit v l ban thdn vd hodng gia, nhilu hon Id dk bdy td chinh kiln vd tham gia vdo chinh trudng

Tii trd ve Campuchia ndm 1991, ddng chii ;$r thdi dp cua Sihanouk ddi vdi Vi^t Nam khde han nhihig lanh d^o Campuchia cdn dang cam quyln Trong edc lanh dao duong ehiie ciia Campuchia cd nhung quan diem khac v l Vi$t Nam thi dng lai cd nhtog phdt ngdn diing m\rc, da danh gid diing edng lao to Idn ciia Vi?t Nam giiip giii phdng nhdn dan Campuchia vd ddn tpc Khmer khdi hpa diSt chiing lin cudi Cling, Qudc vuong Sihanouk vd cd gia d b h thdm Viet Nam la Uiang 6/2010.'^

Ndi tdm lai, Qudc vuong Sihanouk da sdng m$t cugc ddi vd ciing thdng trdm, vdi nhieu sdng gid, gan lien vdi Ijch su thdng trdm ciia dat nuoc Campuchia Trong bat ky hodn cdnh ndo, dii Id tren ngai vdng h ^ '^ M$t sS thong tin ve c h u y ^ thim niy cAa N Sihanouk (6! \^$t Nam c6 did du^c tim thiy tren trang website chinh thi3rc ctk B$ Ngo^i g^ao Vi^t Nam t^i dja ch!:

www.mofa.gov.vn '

Nghien ciiu Quic tisi 3(106)

>!*• di Imi vong, hay ttong thdi ky bi giam long, Sihanouk vln s&ttg rit ' phong luu Chinh cupc ddi thang ttim dd da giup dng ren toyen nen su ^1 "tag ttai va nhay cim v l chinh tti Du gap nhilu khd khan v i phii quan

h$ vdi nhilu thl Ivc m^mh hon mtoh g ^ boi, nhmig Qudc vuong Sihanouk diu fi vupt qua v i da d l Iji nhilu di sin cho nhan dan va dit h nude Campuchia

^^ Danh gia cda cic nirdc vl vai trii v i di san c i a Sihanouk Own hf da Sihanouk vM Trung Quic va danh gia da Trung

^ Quic vi Sihanouk

1 ^ ^ Quic vuong Sihanouk l i nhi lanh dao nhit trio thl gidi ^, tri quan h? m^t ttolt vdi cac nhi Janh dao d p cao cia Trung Quic ttong

thdl gian rat dai (suit tft 1953 din ngiy mit, ting c§ng 60 nam Uen tvc) Tft 1979 - 1991, Sihanouk duoc phep "dinh cu" d Bic Kmh, dupe chfah •i phi Trang Quic chu d p toin bp Tft ttd v l Campuchia nam 1991 A lay cd Stoanouk da v l nude lim Vua v i "cd luong" cia chfah p h i ^ Campuchia, v i djc bi|t l i tft sau 1997, Trang Qu&; chuyin bin sang ^ chm bii Hun Sen v i CPP, Trung Quic da cit giim mpt phin dang ^ k6 ehi phi tii chmh cho Sihanouk Trang Quic cung liy 1^ mdt can biet ^ thv mi Sihanouk vln ding lam noi tilp khich v i ca khu van phdng ttvde

^_ diy dupe dung lim "van phong" cia Chmh phi Uen hiep ba phii Sihanouk dung diu (nay la mpt phin ttong khudn viSn cia Vien Nghito ciiu cic vln d l quie t l cia Bp Ngoji giao Trung Quic, fliupc khu Ddng ij, Don, BSc Kinh)

huyet dp "Sihanouk da an com Trung Qudc, udng thudc Trung Qudc tii qua lau Neu khdng cd thudc ciia Trung Qude, ed thl Sihanouk da qua ddi tCr lau" Chinh vi nhtmg mdi tham gjao vd thdm tinh nhu v&y, n6n Sihanouk ludn coi Tnmg Qudc la "td qudc thii hai" ciia minh vd dng eiing eoi Bac Kinh Id "bin do" mdi chinh trudng Campuchia ndi sdng ho|ic cd vdn de ve sue khde

Ngdy 15/10/2012, sau bilt tin Sihanouk chet, tat ca cdc lanh dao cap cao nhat ciia Trung Quoe deu da den viing ho§e giii vdng ' hoa ehia budn Thu tudng Trung Qude On Gia Bdo liic dd da giii Idi chia budn vd ca nggi dng Sihanouk da hien dang cugc ddi "cho viec tdng i cudng tinh hihi nghj giiia nhdn dan Trung Qudc vd Campuchia, vd ca nhdn dng la mgt ngudi bgm tdt ciia nhan dan Trung Qudc"'* Bp Ngoji giao Trung Qudc da su dyng eiun tii "ngudi b^n vT d^ ciia nhan dan ' Trung Qudc" (weida pengyou) tiiay vi evun tii " b ^ cii ciia nhdn ddn Trung Qudc" (lao pengyou) nhu van thudng sii dyng tur trudc din Du ludn bdo ehi Trung Qudc ciing sii dyng cum tu "ngudi b ^ vf d^i cua |

nhdn dan Trung Qudc" de ndi vl Sihanouk.'^ '' Cgng d3ng quoc ti ddnh gid ve Sihanouk

Nhieu chuyfin gia cho rdng Campuchia se khdng bao gid cd mpt 1™ nhd vua nao ddng vai trd nhu C^udc vuong Sihanouk timg cd vd ciing sS j khdng cd nha vua ndo cd dirge quyen l^rc va quan tdm chmh trj gidng I*

Un ciia m0t can bO ngoai giao nguM Campuchia c6ng tac t ^ DSQ Campuchia B ^ Kinh trao d6i trvfc tiep vdi tac gid thing 1/2007

"TheoAPFngay 15/10/2012

^^M : ' ' ' H A S e * J l % ± P S : , " : | t ^ i t (Vu Tr?ch Vien (2012), "Ngu« bjn VI d*i dia ohSn dSn Tnmg Qa&c", Bac Kinh) TrSn (Hy chi la nhihig dinh gii cflng Kiai ciia Tnmg Qu3c v^ Sihanouk, ch5c chin Tnmg Qa6c cung c6 nhftng dinh gii rieng, thvc chat v l Sihanouk nhung tac gia kh6ng tim dirpc tii li^u g^c nen kh6ng thl cd bin)) lu|in ^ hem

3 m l ^ | Nghien du Quoc tisi 3(106)

^1 nhu ong Do dng cd vai ttd die biet ttong vln d l dpc lap hda b i m ^ ™* Campuchia nen sau nim 2004 mjc d i dng da ttioai vi nhung vai ttd va •» uy i n c i a dng It nhilu vln cd sue njing ddi vdi chmh quyln Campuchia •» duong flidi v i nhan dan Campuchia

Giam d i e Hpc vien Ngoai giao - Bp Ngoji giao Nga, dng Alexander ^Lukm danh gii cuu Vuong Norodom Sihanouk l i mdt flii ,« ffiih da chiem dupe Idng phuc cia nhan din, mdt nhan vat vua diln •11, Unh v i a giiu sac flai, cd ttil xlp ngang vdi cac nhi lanh d,o xuit chung rt tft "flie gidi ttiu ba" nhu Jawaharlal Nehru, Sukamo, Ne Win hay Gamal "' Abdel Nasser (co Tdng ttiong Ai Cjp)."

• P Nhjt Bin coi Sihanouk la "ngudi ban quan ttpng" ddng ttidi gpi ong li nhan vjt ttien chit frong vln d l hda bmh eua Campuchia Tim k« nOi cic Nhjt Bin ndi: "khdng cd dng, tiln ttmh hda bmh d Campuchia sc khong flie fliinh cdng nhtt vjy"."

clii

., Nguy«n Ngoai ttudng Austtalia Garefli Evans, ngudi khdi xudng k6 hoach hda btoh cia Lito Hiep Qudc d Campuchia hon 20 nam ttude m&i ti Norodom Sihanouk la "mpt ngudi ngoai hang"; l i "ngudi doiii kSt din tOc, la nhin to chmh t l chic cac cudc dim phin hda bmh vao cac ^ nim 1989-1990, dem lai kit qui cuii cing l i chim dft, ndi ehiln v i sv ,^ thong tt cua Khrmer Dd Th|t s,r, dng l i nhan vat khdng ttil ttiilu duoc

ttong Ijch sft Campuchia hiin dai"."

J!

B l i vdi chi ttuong ttung l|p cia Sihanouk, cd J kiln cho iing Sihanouk kheo diln ttd di ttto day, lie nghitog ben nay, lie nghitag bto

^ Mtp;//victnamese.mvrji]/20I2J0_18/91710405/ > ^ <*<uia cm ; |^V\]Tr?ch Vien, tai lifudS din

kia Nhimg ban chdt cua Sihanouk la nhu vdy Tuy mang tiing la dOc lap, trung Idp, nhung Sihanouk ludn tun each cdn bdng d l l\ra chpn nhung phuong an tdt nhdt ho^c it xdu nhat cho bdn than vd cho Campuchia Dii di nua, phdi thdng thdn thua nhdn hodn canh dac thu ciia Campuchia, phdi diing giiia qua nhilu the lyc to Idn hon minh gdp bpi va phdi xii I^ qua nhilu mdi qaan h? phiic tgp, chinh sach dde lap, trung Idp la sy lya chpn nhat diing ddn Duong kim Thd tudng Campuchia Hun Sen cung dang ap dyng mpt chinh sach tuong t^ nhu Sihanouk nhimg vdi ten gpi khde la rad cua va da d?ng hda quan h?

Ndi tdm laii, txong cudc ddi Idm chinh tri ciia minh bdi cdnh tmh hinh qudc t l vd khu vyc diln bien hit siic phiic t^ip, ni§e dii thye lyc khdng nhieu, lai phai duong dau vdi nhiing hodn canh vd cdng phiic t?p, vdi rat nhieu thl luc Icm hon minh g ^ bpi, Qudc vuong Sihanouk dd phdi sit dyng mpi bi?n phdp 6k tdn tai va nhfing gi md dng ta da 1dm dupe cho bdn than, eho hodng t^c vd cho dat nude Campuchia thyc sy Id dang kinh ng^c vd ddng trdn trpng

Di sdn cua Sihanouk

Tuy Sihanouk sinh phdi thdi lo^n laic, nhung dng td Id ngudi cd khd nang chiu dyng cao dp vd ed the thieh nghi vdi mpi hodn cdnh Ong da de I ^ ba di sdn sau:

Nghien cm Quic ti si 3(106) til _

^^ cdng ttong viec bio v? che d^ cho hoing gia v i cho ddng h p " Bay ciing I ^^ li di sin to Idn nhit cua dng dl lai cho ttil he chau

ti,, Thu hai, Qudc vuong Sihanouk da tim mdt hudng di dung din Ilil cho Campuchia ttong bdi canh d}c ttii cia dit nuoc Campuchia Bd li m, chmh sich hda bmh, dpc lap, ttung lip, khdng hto mmh hen kit vdi bat t,l kj ai, sin sang nhan vito frp cua tit c i cac bto miln la khong ed dieu ^ ki?n di kem Chinh sich niy ttiam chi da dupe ghi vio hiln phap ^ Campuchia giai doan 1953 - 1970 vi hien vln dang dupe Chinh phi ^^ cia Thi ttidng Hun Sen v i CPP ap dung (nhung dudi htah ttifte khic)

Thu ba, (Jule vuong Sihanouk da dl lai mpt Unh nmu cho cic ttie lanh d?o Campuchia sau niy noi ttieo ve each ftng xft giua cic nude lon, cieh ung xft gifta cie Ivc lupng chmh tti phuc ttip vi cieh chco lii fliuyen Campuchia ttong mudn vin khd khan Bae biet, dng dS bilt biln cii cia ngudi khic ttianh cua minh, sft dyng ttiinh cdng bd miy tuyto ttTiyIn v i dft l^c lupng khdng cd nhilu nhung da dat dupe kit qui dmftctoidacdttil.^"

Tmmg lai Campuchia thfti ky h$u Sihanouk

Quoc vuong Sihanouk qua ddi l i mpt tdn flilt to Idn cho Campuchia v i djc biSt la cho hoing gia Campuchia Campuchia hi$n cd ba Ivc lupng chfah tti chi ylu la: Bang Nhan din Campuchia if, (CPP), Hoing gia-ding bio hoing FUNCINPEC, v i luc lupng dii lip it (gim ding Sam Rainsy vi dang Nhin quyln v i a vdi sat nhap) Sau i Sihanouk qua ddi, vai tto cia hoing gia v i cic Ivc lupng bao hoing ngiy

6 ZZ

Theo !» sich, Sihanouk thvc la khSng phSi la ddng doi chSu cic ddi vua An»-co ( inJUconch4ucuavuaTachayth6kythlH4(I299-1307).C<lthen6icu^ddi ' ^ Khanouk U dinh cao nhat cia d6ng hg Tachay tmng hon 700 nam qua o Campuchia

, N6i cSch khic, Sihanouk da biet khdn khio chio lii Irong mOt khong gian hep v i cd Oi8 duoc coi la ngudi "da phit minh", d l Ihiic hi^n thinh cdng chinh sich ngoai giao mem ddo cho Campuchia

' 09/2016 j g j

cing giim vi: (i) B i n ttian c i e Ivc lupng b i o hoang r i t yeu va bj chia re !• nghitoi ttpng; (ii) H o i n g gia Campuchia khdng cd ngan sach ritog, phji a phu thudc vao ngudn cung d p tai chinh c i a chinh p h i T h i nrdng Hun '|l Sen da tftng ndi: " H o i n g gia Campuchia hipn chi cdn m i y hec-ta dit (i Phnom Penh ma khdng cdn vai ttd gi"; (iii) Chinh sich c i a Chinh pM jl Campuchia chi muon h o i n g gia ddng vai ttd le tin, nghi flivc m i khdng si

muon trao thvc quyln cho hoang gia <i, K h i c vdi trudng hpp Thii Lan - noi ma h o i n g gia cung da giuong

eao ngpn cd dOc lap dan tdc cd chinh s i c h doi ngoai cay tre khdn ' ' kheo - hoang gia Campuchia hi$n chi l i mpt Ivc lupng chfah tti nhi, bj lep v l trade CPP v i bi c i c flil Ivc chmh tti k h i c c h m ep r i t mjnh, vay Qude w o n g va h o i n g gia Campuchia ehi cdn ddng vai ttd bilu tupng l i chfah v i khdng t h l so sinh vdi vai fro to Idn c i a hoing gia

Thii, dac bipt la c i nhan vua Bumibol ^^ Ritog v l Vua Sihamoni, theo mdt so t i i lipu c i a Campuchia va ' "

nude ngoii, n g sdng v i hpc tap Cdng hda Sec tft nam Ito din 22 "' tuoi; dng ndi tieng Sec flianh flijo hon tiing Khmer Vua Sihamoni *' cich ndi chim rai, gipng ndi ttIm Im, dpc diln van v i diln ttmylt cOng " kha ttiuyet p h v c N g u y t o nhan dng ttieo hpc ba-le m i khdng hpc chinh * hi la vi hoing fliii hjiu Monique chung k i l n cinh ttanh giinh quyln Ivc ' ' giua c i c fliinh v i t o h o i n g tOc da quyet djnh khdng cho ttieo coo dudng ehinh tti Nhung flijt ttd ttto, c u i i cung ong Ijii dvpc chpn lim ?ilii Vua Sau 12 nam Ito ngdi, cho d i n cd flil k h i n g dinh Vua Sihamoni "/ti

da cdng d cuong vj mdi iicict Tuy khdng cd dupe q u i khft hao h i n g v i vai ttd, uy tiii to lon nhu r ?

vua cha, nhung vua Sihamoni cimg di khang dinh dupe vai ttd khdng th^ ** * thay the Thii nhit, Sihamoni khdng cd mau thuan hay hin flii gi vdi | CPP vi ci nhan Thi ttrdng Hun Sen Chftng nio Sihamoni khdng can du ^ l

Nghien du Quic tiso 3(106)

vao chinh tti flii se khdng cd vln dl gi niy smh giiia ong va T h i ttidng Hun Sen, giua hoang gia v i chinh phi Campuchia Thu hai, Sihamoni da dianh cdng ttong viec gianh dupe sy ung hd cia dan ching ddi vdi ca nhan v i vdi hoang cung Ong da xay dvng dupe hinh anh cia ca nhin (on Wia) v i hoing cung vdi ttr each l i King ndi dai dien cho ngudi ngheo Tha ia tmh each e i nhin cia Sihamoni cung rit gin gui v i flian fliipi vdi mpi ngudi Khi Ito lim vua, dng khdng cdn sft dung ddi can ve % la ngudi Bac Trito Tito cia vua cha Sihanouk, m i ehuyin sang s i dung !B e?n vp l i npidi Khmer Trong cic cupe tilp dan, ong ttiudng khong di if cing vdi cjn vp, flmong bit tay rit nhilu ngudi din d l td ttian ttiien Tit * ' ' * ' ^ * ™ "*'' *™ ' * " " ^ ^ "^ ' ' " ''^° Silimiotti- Ngay ca gidi tte i f ^ ^ ^ bay td sv nguong mp va kham phuc Sihamoni Djii sft Sec tai i, Phnom Ptoh da tftng ndi: "Sihamoni la hang xuit khiu fliinh cdng nhit

cua Sec sang chau A" v i ngudi Sec gpi Sihamoni la "Vua pha-lS eia ^ Campuchia" Vua Sihamoni cung coi Pra-ha l i que hudng ttift hai cia ^^ mirii (khic vdi vua cha coi Bic Kinh mdi l i que ttift hai) Dai su Tmng _ Quoc tai Phnom Penh cing cd lln eho bilt my cd anh hudng tdi hoing ^ gia vi ca nhin Vua Sihamoni (do dng niy hay sang BSc Kinh ttiam vua ^^ cha), nhung muc dp inh hudng cia Trung Quic ddi vdi Sihamoni l i cd

gidi ban

j Oifah tti npi bd Campuchia hito chiu sv chi phdi gin nhu I, tuyet doi e i a T h i mdng Hun Sen v i CPP Trong nhilu ttil ky qua, d i, Campuchia, moi vua qua ddi ttiudng din ttii su ttanh giinh quyen luc

giua cac ttil Ivc ttong hoing t0c v i fliudng din tdi cac cupc npi chiln nli da^xio thit Tuy nhito, ttong giai doan hi$n nay, sau N Sihanouk chet, dito niy da khdng cdn tii dien vi ttude chit N Sihanouk da

, " NguSn: Trich din mdi phin t i didn mil cua DSQ MJ t ^ Phnom Ptah a i Ban, www.wikileaksch v i nao doi ti»c ddp cua tic gii vdi mdt s4 can bo oniai niao

Campnchiathing 10/2012 "v"liu»ig»o

chuyen giao ngai vdng thdnh cdng cho trai Id N Sihamoni Bdn flidn Vua Sihamoni da dupe sy c h ^ thuan ciia nhidu phe phdi Hon niia, quyen lue ciia Qudc vuong hi$n khdng cdn nhieu ndn ciing khdng cdn ddn tdi sy tranh gidnh nhu tnrdc Ida

Nghien du Quic tisi 3(106)

TAILIEU THAMKHAO

1 Milton E Osbome, (1994), Osborne: Sihanouk paper Nxb University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu;

Richard H Solomon (2000), "Excitfag hidoehma", Vito Nghien ciu hda btah MJ, Washtagton DC;

» ^li'>ttKOaxmi^,(mA), Sihanouk: Prince oflighl and darkness •I Nxb Umversity of Hawaii Press,

Honolulu-W l> k

^^ Kenttm Clymer (2004), "The United States and Cambodia, 1969 -_ ^ 2000": A ttoubled relationship", Routledgc Curzon, London;

5 ~ NgS Biln (1991), "Campuchia: Nhto Ijii v i suy ngim" H i Npi; Bp Ngoai giao, Tai li$u luu ttu vl Campuchia va Ddng Nam A giai

doan 1979 - 2012, Phdng luu ttir Ha Npi;

7 Sihanouk (1960), •'Nhung ky ni$m em diu v i chua cay", Paris (nguyto bin tiing Phap);

8 Sihanouk (1981), Chiin tranh va hy vpng, Nxb New YoA, New York (nguySn ban tieng Anh);

9 Sihanouk (1981), Ti, cuic chiin ching CIA din nguoi ti, cia Khmer do, Nxb Cdng an Nhin din In hinh nam 1982 (bin dich tiing Vipt);

10 Tii Hpu phdng vln: Mpt so cudc ttao dii ttve tilp cua tic gii vdi cvu Bai sft Vi$t Nam tji Campuchia Nguyin Duy Hung, cvu Dai sft Vipt Nam tai U o Hujuh Anh Dung va vdi m^t s6 can bO ngoai giao c i a Campuchia thdi gian gin diy;

11 Mpt sd flidng tin ttong dito mitt cia DSQ MS* tai Phnom Penh gui ve Bp Ngoai giao My tai dia chi: www.wikilcaks.ch