Trong kidn trie Baroque, cdc nghd si thyc hidn cdc kidn true hing vl, tran ngdp anh sing va hing tring, thfch nhflng trang trf rudm ri, sy vang son Idng liy, nhtfng dudng cong bidn[r]
(1)V A N HOA N G H E T H U A T MIWC MCOAI
MOI UEN HE Gli^A NGHE THUAT KIEN TRUC VA NGHE THUAT TAO DANG CHUT
NGUYfeN THANH NAM
Chiif La tinh dau tien duoc nguoi Phenecien sang tao 2.400 nam truoic CN Nguai Phenicien thuoc ehung toe Do Thai tii btr bien vjnh Persique den lap quoc d suon nui phia tay cao nguyen Syrie den mien nam Carmei, glira Liban va bien Ho gioi ve hang hai, budn ban, cong nghe due dong, thuoc nliupm, nghe thuy tinh, trang sue, cac tuong va bua chu Hp dat nhung i(y hieu ghi chep ngu am va phat trien nhieu nudc Ichac the gidii co dai Cac nha ngon ngu hoc deu cho ring cac thu chiif cua chau Au hien bat nguon tui tu miu cua nguoi Phenicien Nhung icy iu ghi chep thupc loai ngu am hpc khong phai loai bieu y
Trong mdi thdi ky
ljch si, eac trio luu nghd thuat thudng ddi va phat trien gin kd't vdi nhau, phan atM tinh thin, cdt cich va khuynh hudng nghd thuat cia ngudi lie dd Nghd thuat kidn ttie va nghd thuat tao ding chu cd sy tuang ty vl mat hinh thtfc: kieu thtfc, ty Id ttu cot, dang nha, eich bd cue, bitM thtfc trang trf Nghd thuat kidn trie ed anh budng ro net nhit ddi vdi nghd thuat tao ding chu vidt
Thdi ky nghe thuat co Hy Lap va La Ma
Nghe thuat Hy Lap ed dai budc vao thdi ky hoang kim vi cd nhiMg budc tid'n dii sau chidn thing ngudi Ba Tu nam 490-480 ttude CN Day ehfnh la thdi ky san sinh nhung
tic gia vl dai nhu Aischylos, Sophokles va Euripides, la the ky cua nhimg kiet tic cia Aristoplanes, the ky nin tang CO ban cua nghd thuat hidn dai va cua nhflng tu tudng tridt bgc Soerate va Platon Day la thdi ky cho ddi tMflng ty Id hoan hao, chuin mye Iy tudng ve dep CO thi ngudi kidn true va nghd thuat
Nhflng sing tao quan trgng thdi ky la sy ddi cia cic thic cot Dorique, lonique vi Corinthe Ndu cot Dorique vdi ding ve nghiem nghj, chic khde tbi lonique vi Corinthe manh de va giau tinh trang trf, mang dang dip thoit, nu tfnh Cot cd phin dd dudi chan, phin dinh cot dugc lam theo nhung hmh xoin dc loe rdi cudn vao trdng rit ljch
lam Thtfc cdt li nhung sang tao vl dai cua ngudi Hy Lap c6 dai, the hidn de tham my tmh td eia eie kidn true su cung nhu eua ngudi dan Hy Lap cl dai qua cic the be
Cot Trajan, dugc coi la cdng trmh didu khic, kidn tnic tudng nidm cd gii trj nhat ciia nin nghd thuat La Ma ed dai, dugc xdy dung khoang nam 113 sau CN Cd thi ndi, tfnh chat dd so, phdng khoing la dae diem eua phong eich nghe thuat kidn trie thdi ky niy va eie kieu thic cot try Dorique, lonique vi Corinthe li dien hmh eia nin vdn hda ed huy hoang d Hy Lap vi La Ma
Cic kilu chtf thdi ky cd ciu trie dugc khai thic tir ve dep hii hda cua nhimg thic cot vdi kilu ding, hga tid't va ty Id, phit huy tfnh tuong ddng giua nghd thudt ehi va dudng net eua kidn ttie cac cdng trmh
(2)NGHE THUAT RON PHI inNfi
! » * * ' T * ! : ,'.::-Oen Parthenon, kien true Hy Lap cd dqi
Dac diim ndi bat eua kilu chu thdi ky la ding chu phong nha, vflng chai, ti Id gitfa net nhd vi to phi hgp thj giae, dp rong dai cua chu ldn, mang tfnh chit dd so nhung eung nhe nhang nhd net chan chfl banh mot cich hai hda Cae kilu chtf ed ciu true dinh diu nhgn md phdng hmh ding mat tiln din Parthenon mdt each rd net, ti Id than cot eung dugc nhic lai d nhflng kilu chtf rat cdn ddi va vung chai
Thdi ky ton giao
Thdi ky Trung dai (TK V ddn TK XV), nghd thudt kidn triie chdu Au mang nang kilu thic eua nghd thudt tdn giao: Merovingienne, Byzantine, Arabe, Roman, Carolingienne, Gotbique
Biiu hidn nghd thuat eia Byzanee la ke tbia bpi hga Hy
La, t i tao hmh de'n ky thuat Dd la nhung bie tranh tudng vi kham mosaic nhudm mau nghd thuat phuang Ddng, bdi mdt sd nghd si sing tie nd cd ngudn gdc ngudi Syrie
Nghd thuat Romain phd bidn d Tay Au trudc thdi
Gothique, gin vdi trio luu Romania va dugc coi nhu xuat x i t i nghe thuat La Ma Trio luu da dugc khing djnh thdng qua cic cdng trinh kidn trie tdn giio va nha thd, mgt dang cdng trmh diin hmh vi tidu biiu
Cae cdng trinh dugc xay bdi loai da nhd, deo bdng bia diu Cae gian gifla dugc xay dyng thdm hau eung binh bin nguyet Tudng xay rit day, khung dd sat bdn dudi, gian gitfa ehfnh vi eie nhdm bdn mii binh try giao d cic gian bdn Nin hau cung ddi dugc tdn cao dl cd ehd cho him mp
Kien true nha thd Sainte Sophie, d Constantinople (Istambul) eia Thd Nbl Ky, eo mai vdm dya trdn bdn try ehfnh nim gitfa, phfa eao 55m Xung quanh vdm ed 40 cia, bd trf inh sing rat bidu qua, ed sy kd't hgp didu khic vdi hpi hpa ti mi vi rit kheo leo
Cong trinh kie'n tnic tidu biiu eho kilu Arabe thdi ed din Alhambra d Grenade
do ddn tdc Maures xdy dung nam 1133, dii 28,50m, rdng 17,50m trdn ddi cao 150m C) cae hanh lang cd dd'n 128 cot bing di tring, xung quanh cd vudn cdy nudc tudi quanh nam va ting li thi dd eua Tay Ban Nha
Mpt nhflng eong trinh kidn trie tidu biiu eho phong cich Romian ed giao dudng Saint Foy d Aveyron, Phip Chi yd'u la ding mai vdm nhung khdng hoan hao bang kidn trie La Ma, hoi thd va nang nl Kidn tnic theo kilu Romam thudng phdi hgp vdi kilu kidn trie quan sy
Nghd thuat kie'n tnic theo phong cich Gothique (1150-1500) xuit hidn vio thdi diim eye thjnh eua thdi Trung cd Mgt giai doan ljch s i vinh quang dugc md eho Co ddc giao vi thdi dai Hidp si, ddng thdi eung trd mpt giai doan xay dyng huy hoang cho nhung nhi thd Gothique rye rd Tuy kilu ding khdng chic chin bang kilu Romain, nhung sinh ddng va nhe nhang ban Nha thd Sainte Chapelle d Paris la mdt tuu xuit sic cua nin kien true theo phong each Gothique TK XIII
Cic giii phip xay dung nhu eung nhpn va vom eia sd hinh diu dan mi nghd thuat Gothique s i dung thuc da dugc xay dyng cic eong trinh kien true Romain Kilu thic Gothique ndi bat d tfnh hidn thyc, tuong phan vdi kilu thic La Ma va Byzantine
Thdi ky niy cd nhiiu kilu chflra ddi
(3)VAN HOA NGHg THUAT MITO-C MCOAI
abndgffthy Wm, i
I D
» :
Kien true nha thd Sainte Chapelle vd kieu ehu Gothique
Kilu chtf Quadrata dai de rit gidng chtf Romain, cM ed net chtf map ban, ding vudng vtfe vi net chtf mdm mai hon
Kieu chtf Rustica vdi hinh ding thon dai, minh hep, net chtf tbaiM maiM, xuit xtf ttf kilu chtf Romam viet thiu, tidn lgi dl vidt nharM ban
Kilu chtf Onciale hinh thinh trdn co sd kilu chtf Quadrata vi Romam, Id kilu chtf dugc thdng dung nhd't sdch chip tay gin 600 nam ttf TK HI dd'n TK IX d chdu Au, ding chtf ttdn ttia, net mdp ddu
Kilu chtf Caroline ddi dudi ttilu dai Charlemagne d Phap, sau dd dugc phd bidn khdp chdu Au, thay din cic kilu chtf ed ttude dd vd chidm dja vj Mdng ttj
Kieu chtf Gothique, ttf kilu chtf Romam, thdn din din co hep lai, dai ra, dp sit vio tMau, ed gdc, ed eaiM sdc nhgn, ed net thaiM, net ddm, chidm uu
thd hoan toan ttong sdch chep tay cung iMu sieh m sau dd sud't bathe ky
Thoi ky Phuc hirng (1460-1650)
Nghd thudt cflng iMu hinh thtfc kidn true thdi ky Phye (TK XV-XVII) khdng tMflng khdi phuc lai ndn van hda Hy Lap, La Ma ma cdn phdt huy gii ttj van hda eua iMdn loai da bj ddm trudng Trung cd ehe phi gin mudi thd ky
Diim ndi bdt eia nghd thudt Phuc bung la thidn vl cae dang hmh hge co bin nhu hinh trdn vi vudng Con ngudi thdi ky niy da lap ndn nhung ban ve vd ti Id eia co thi ngudi tudn theo nhimg dudng gidi ban cd dang hmh trdn va hinh vudng, qua dd chtfng mmh ring ti Id ca thi ngudi chmh la chuan mye
Thdi ky niy di sin sitM nhung nghd si vT dai cd ddng
gdp to ldn cho sy phit ttiln nghd thudt eia nhdn loai Dd li iMdm ttf kidt: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael vd Titian Ca hdi hga, kidn true vi didu khic ddu dat dugc nhflng thinh tyu to ldn Nghe thudt kidn trie mang phong each mdi Hg chi y dd'n ti le hai hda vdi tim vdc ngudi, ding so hge vd birM hge dl xie djnh ti Id cia cdng trinh Nhimg cdng trinh cd bl mat rdng rai, khoing dat, sing sua, chac chin, bl thd, vdi nhflng vdm Idn, cdt try eao, cd trang trf phi didu, cia lip kfnh Xung quanh ed vudn cdy, tham ed, vdi phun nude, ho nhdn tao, lam cho nghd thudt kien ttuc, phong catM, ttang trf quydn vao iMau mdt each hai hda Chang ban, nha thd Saint Pierre canh tda Vatican d La Ma kidn trie su Bramante va Michel Augelo Baramolh xay dyng; ldu ddi Chambord i Phip, vuon ldn mdt ring dng khdi, thap chudng nde nhon, vdi tMidu eia sd, lam eho du khich cd cam giie tMu mdt dd thj treo
(4)NGHE THUAT RON PHl/ONP;
kilu chu ed net tran tru, khdng gdc canh sdc nhgn, dd due khudn, dl dge, mang phong cdch trang ttgng, tbaiM thoat, cd cdng thtfc ed'u trie chu in Roman
6 Y xud't hidn kilu chtf Italique net nba, hoi nghidng vl phia phii va trd thinh danh t i ehung cho tit ea cic kilu chtf nghidng
Cic kilu chu in Romain dugc s i dyng rdng rai vi thay thd kilu chtf Gotbique Vi thdi ky Phuc da khdi diu cho vide in chtf vi dua chtf ldn mdt budc phit triin mdi
Thdi ky Can dai (1650-1790)
Thdi ky nay, nghd thudt Baroque vi Rococo thjnh hanh Nghd thudt Baroque dugc bit ngudn ttf phong trao chd'ng cai cdch cia giao hdi Roma d TK XVII Mdt phong cdch nghd thudt uu tidn biiu Id cim xue chdn thyc, mdt sy van ddng khdng ngtfng vi sy tudng tugng cich trang trf da dugc hinh thdnh
Trong kidn trie Baroque, cdc nghd si thyc hidn cdc kidn true hing vl, tran ngdp anh sing va hing tring, thfch nhflng trang trf rudm ri, sy vang son Idng liy, nhtfng dudng cong bidn ddi manh lidt, theo dudi cam giie vdn ddng, khdng thfch nhflng dudng ngang vi dudng thdng dung cia mat phdng, ldi kidn true, didu khdc ti mi, cdng phu, nhiiu khdi uyIn chuyin, nhiiu dudng net udn lugn, tao sic manh, gdy cam giae bit
ngd, kidu ky bdng eich cudng didu sy tuang phan sing tdi, tao nhflng khdng gian phic tap, gdy io giie khdi, lim loan bidu qua thj cam
Cdng trinh kidn trie tidu biiu nhit la Cung didn Mia He eia eie Nga hoang d Tsarkore Selo gin Leningrad
Kilu chu thdi niy xdy dyng ciu ky, net chu cd trang trf binh hoa la, canh cdy, bode dudng net gay eong, chd to chd nhd, anh hudng eua chtf Baroque khdng rdng bing chtf Romain, cho ndn tai thdi ky cac kilu chtf ttf thdi Phuc vdn tdn tai vd phat triin
Thdi ky Co dien (1770-1830)
Nghd thuat Baroque nhudng budc cho nghd thudt ed diin Khuynh budng nghd thuat trd vl vdi nhflng cdt each, ding dip cia nin nghd thuat ed truyin, vdi dae trung sing, cao, giin dj, hii hoa, cd phong cich Idng liy, trang nghidm, vdi kilu mat nhi hinh tam giie, ed trang trf ti mi, cdng phu, cdt try cao, eie khai hoin mdn dd so nhung khdng nang nl thd kech
Tieu biiu eho nin kidn trie thdi biy gid: Khai hoan mdn tai quang trudng Etoile d Paris, cao 50m, quy md gip hai lin khai hoan mdn Constantin Dai de d La Ma thdi cd dai, ldu dai Marana d Vieen (Y) soi bdng lung linh trdn hd nude, gifla mgt vudn hoa dep dugc xay dyng bdi
kidn trie su ndi tieng ngudi Y Andrea Palladio Cae cdng trmh xay dyng phdng theo ldi kidn true dd nhu: quing trudng Concorde d Paris, ldu dai Capitole eaiM tda Bach de d Whasington
Cic kilu chu thdi ky thudng ggi la elassique, chu cd chdn, vdi bdn kilu dang mdi Chu cd nit chdn ed rd't eia Francois Ambroise Didot, ngudi Phdp 1775, cd net chdn va net diu chtf chi la nhCmg net ngang don gian rit thanh, d i dl rd net chu, chi khdng thdnh mgt ty Id nao ea Chu cd net chdn dam phdi hgp, cia Giambatista Bodoni, ndm 1818, vdi net thanh, net dam phdi hgp rit kheo, theo mpt ti Id via phai (net bdng 1/5-1/6 net dam) Mdt sd net gitfa eae net chfl khic nhu: dudi chtf C, rdu chtf Q gay anh hudng thj giie manh vdi ve ddm da, duydn ding Kilu chtf Baskerville, Wiliam Caston, ngudi Anh 1782,
1816 diu dya trdn khudn miu eua kilu chtf Romain, cd net chan canh long chao, phong eich trang nghidm, thoit Kilu chtf Egypte eo net diu vi net chan map bing net dung, ggi ldn nhflng kien tnic cd xua eua Ai Cap, vdi nhflng cdt try dd so cia ddn Karnak, hinh khdi nang ne eua Kim Ty thip vd chfl cd net ehdn to ban net ding, kilu chfl niy liic diu ed ciu trie so luge bit chip cae quy udc vl cd va net, din vl sau chiing dugc hoan
(5)VAN HOA NGHg THUAT MIWC MCOAI
chinh ban, ding chtf deu dan hon, cic net ngang gitfa chu dl to ban
Thdi ky nay, kieu chtf khdng net ehdn dugc s i dung rgng rai trd lai ttong ngdnh in
Thdi ky Hien dai
T i cudi TK XIX trd di, kidn trie, nhiiu cdng trmh ed tfnh chit the ky ddi, iMu tMa ehge ttdi, dudng xe chay ngim dudi dd't, sdn bdng da chtfa trdn 100.000 khin gia, ciu vugt sdng, biin ddi hang chuc ngdn met Kien trie bidn dai Id mdt sy doan tuydt matM me vdi Idi tu eia cic xa hdi chdu Au cudi TK XVIIII va diu TK XX
Nghd thudt kidn true theo Idi nhd hop, mai bing, tudng kitM, vdi iMflng bitM khdi eao to, chic khde, dan gian, phdng khoing NhiMg gi rudm ri, ciu ky ttong kidn trie, trang trf xua diu dugc sia ddi hay tude bd MatMatan, khu trung tdm kinh doatM sim uit nhat eua New York, vdi tMflng tMa ehge ttdi Empire State eao 320m, CMyster Building cao 317m Nam 1967, d Matxcova da xay mgt thip truyin MtM eao 533m, d cao 340m li mpt toa nha 10 ting lam eae ting ky thuat vi tMi hang 280 ehd
Nghd thuat kidn ttuc kd't hgp Ddng va Tay, kd't hgp ed xua vdi tim toi sing tao nhung nghd thuat mdi phong phi va da dang Leningrad li phd tap hgp cic nin nghd thuat kien true cd, kim, ddng, tdy vdi iMflng lau dai
tting Id, vi tMung tugng ddi nguy nga
Thdi ky nMeu ttao luu nghd thudt ndi tidp tMau xuit hidn: lang man, in tugng, tugng ttimg, bieu Mdn, sidu thyc, hidn thyc Nghd Mudt in khic eung phit triin marM, thuc day nghd thudt sang tao chtf m, xud't Men vd sd kieu chtf mdi la mang tftM ttang ttf rd net giua net chtf, miiM chtf, xung quanh chtf Song ed tMimg chtf lam dung trang ttf qui mtfc, mat ea tfnh thim my, lim giam sit di tftM thdng tin eia chtf
Cic kilu chu ttude ed eau ttie, ed cdng thic dugc sing Ige, cMtM ly dl hoin thidn Vide cich tdn eac kilu ding chtf mdi Mdn dya ttdn mgt CO sd khoa bgc, trd vd vdi nhflng mdu mye ed'u true cia thdi xua Kilu chtf ed dien dugc ua chudng ttd lai
Cic kilu chtf dugc sing tao khdng ngiMg, mang tfnh sing, hai hda, edn ddi, gian don dip tfng iMiMg nguydn Iy thj giie cao
Sy giao luu gitfa cic nude trdn thd gidi khdng may khd khan, cdc kilu chtf dugc sing tao d khu vyc niy mau chdng phd bidn d khu vyc khic vi d dd ching dugc cai tid'n, bidn hda nMlu kilu chtf mdi khic lam eho bg suu tap chtf eia the gidi cing thdm dd sd
Trong qui tritM hinh va phit triin cua chtf vidt, md ddc bidt la chtf La titM, ngoai cic yd'u td tic ddng ddn sy hoan thidn vd chtfe ndng eia
chtf, thi nghd thudt kidn tnic vdi iMung ttao luu qua eac thdi ky ed anh hudng rd net iMit, quydt djiM den sy hinh thdiM kilu dang eia chtf va nghd Mudt chtf
Ngay nay, nghd thudt tao ddng chtf eung lidn tuc dugc cdc nha thidt kd kd Mtfa va sang tao de phu hgp vdi tfnh tfng dung vdi thdi dai ky thudt sd Nd khdng nhiMg cd anh hudng eua nghd thudt kien trtfe ma cdn cd sy tie ddng sau rdng bdi nMeu trio luu nghe thudt, sy phdt triin cua ky thudt cdng nghd mdi tao mdt khdng gian da cMlu thidt kdva van dyng chtf
Trong thidt kd dd hga, vaii dl ding chu va sing tao chii nghd thudt dugc ggi Ii nghe thudt chtf (typogaphy), cung la mgt ydu ciu quan ttgng ddi vdi cic nha thidt ke ehii chuydn nghidp Ltfc niy su tuong tic ed tftM quydt djnh cua bai yeu td ghi dm dugc phdt sirM ttf ban chit ngi ham va gM y cd ttf su tae ddng ngoai vi cua nhi thid't kd, tao ndn mdt dang thdng diep khae bidt vi ndng eao gid trj tham my eia tae pham thidt ke
Nghd thuat kien true va nghd thudt tao dang chfl cung vdi nhflng loai hinh nghe thuat khic ludn van ddng theo ddng chay cia qui trinh phat triin van miiM iMin loai, d^ lai va se tao thdm iMQng tyu nghd thudt quan trpng ttong ttfng giai doan ljch sU ridng bidt •