Vi^c nghifin cftu so sdnh kiln tnic nhd cd truyln cfta ngudi Thii d hai vflng Thanh Hda vi Tdy Bfie tft nhftng eft li^u dfi ti-lnh biy trfin dfiy, chung ta thdy ngdi nhi cua ngudi Th[r]
(1)MaiThijidngHdi
KIEN TRUC NHA C6 TRUYEN CtlA NGlTdl T H A I THANH H A TRONG SV SO SANH VOl NGlTdl THAI d TAY B A C
MAI THI H N G HAI
Cho din (j Vi^t Nam, vi^c nghifin cOru vl ngu6i Thdi d viing niii Bfic Trung Bp (Thanh H6a, Ngh§ An) dS dgt dugc nhilu ket qui Nhilu vdn de ve t6n gpi, ljch sir cu trii, dfic trung vfin h6a truyln th6ng cQa ngudi Thdi d khu vyc ndy d i dugc lim sdng td Cd thl kl din m^t so cong trinh nghien cihi tieu bilu nhu: Vdi net vi quan hi xd hgi cua ngu&i Thdi d mu&ng Ca Da (Thanh Hoa) ( U SJ Gido 1979); Ldn tim cgi ngudn lich sit ngu&i Thdi Thanh Hda (Ll Sy Gido, 1995); Vi tin ggi vd lich sitcu tru cua cdc nhom Thdi & mien Tdy Ngh? An (Vi Van An, 1998); Su phdn logi cdc nhom Thdi & cdc tinh Thanh Hda vd Nghi An (Le Sy Giao, 2000); Vdn hoa vgt chdt ciia ngu&i Thdi & Thanh Hoa vd Nghe An (Vi Van Bien, 2006); Tro lgi vdn di tin ggi vd lich sit cu tru ciia ngu&i Thdi & mien niii Thanh Hoa (VQ Trudng Giang, 2010) Tilp thu tyu nghien ciiu ciia nhihig ngudi di truoc vd dya trfin nhiing cir li§u khao sat thyc tfi vl nhi d ciia ngudi Thdi d hai vimg Thanh Hda vd Tfiy Bfic, bii viet niy chiing toi chf muon neu len nhihig nh^n x6t ve kiln triic nha cd truyln cua ngudi Thai d hai viing Thanh Hoa vd Tfiy Bic nhu Id nhiing cur lifiu khoa hpc ve sfic thdi rieng nhd d cua ngudi Thdi d hai dia phuong, hai viing vSn hda tong thl vfin hda Thai d Viet Nam Nghifin ciru
niy duge tiln hinh tai hai bdn ciia ngudi Thii d Thanh Hda vd hai bin ciia ngudi Thii d vimg Tfiy Bdc'
1 Thdng tin chung v l d|a bdn nghiSn ci>u
Ngudi Thdi d Tfiy Bfic cd hai nhdm Thdi den (cu trii chii ylu d tinh Son La) vd Thdi trfing (cu tni chii ylu d tinh Lai Chdu) Cdn ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda khong cd sy phin biet rach rdi gifta Thii den vfi Thii tring nhu d Tfiy Bfic, md chi cd hai nhdm ty gpi li Tiy Dp, Tdy Muoi Dilm n6i bat cfich gpi ten cua ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda Id thudng ggi theo dja danh cdc mudng nai hp d, chfing hgn nhu: Tdy Xia, Toy Min, Toy Hg, Tdy Ca Da, Toy Khodng Ngudi Thdi d vCing mien mii Themh Hda, g$p nhau, hp thudng hdi nhau, vi dy nhu: "Tdn Tdy mu&ng lo^" (Ngdi Thdi mudng nio?); nlu hp d mudng Ca Da thi se tri ldi: "Khdi Tdy mu&ng Ca Da" (Tdi Thii mudng Ca Da) Nhung giao tilp dan dfi, ci ngudi hdi v i ngudl trd ldi thudng lupc bd tit "mudng" dh chi nit gpn lai cdn: "Tdn Toy l&?" (Ngdi Thai nio), tra Idi: "Khoi Tdy Ca Da" (Tdi Thdi Ca Da) Qua doi thogi nhu vay thi hai bfin hilu Id ngudi Thdi d Mudng
(2)Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd 1-2012
Ca Da Cdn neu cdn thilt phdi hdi thupc ve nhdm Thfii n i o (Thii den hay Thfii trfing), thi d6ng b i o hdi nhau: "Tdn Phu Tdy lo^", trd Idi: "Khoi Phu Tdy Dg" (Tdi ngudi Thdi Dp) ho$c "Khdi Phu Tdy Mu&r (T6i ngudi Thdi Muai), nhu vfiy ngudi hdi dfi bilt ngudi trd Idi minh l i Tdy Dp (Thdi trfing) hofic l i Tiy Muai (Thii den) V l tfin gpi Tiy Muai (Tfiy Mudi), ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda gifii thfch: Muai hay Mudi, tilng Thii chi gdu, gdu cd miu den Theo ldi kl cua cfic cy Vi Vfin Vuon, 92 tu6i d bdn Ban xfi Mudng Min, cy Pham Bi Quylt, 96 tu6i d bdn Luoc Lau, xd Mudng Mln kl Igi giai thoai ngudi Thii ciia dia phucmg ty nhfin Tiy Muai Id trang phyc ciia ddn dng Thii d dfiy xua mfic todn mdu den, trang phyc phy nQ- cung diing nhilu miu den (vfiy, do, khfin mdu den) giong miu den eua gfiu, nen dong bio ndi vui minh Id gdu (Td Muoi, cd noi phit fim chfich Id Td Mu&i), Ifiu ngdy thdnh quen tu nhan minh l i Tay Muai (Tay Mudi) Nhdm Tiy Dp tap trung ddng nhat d huyen Thudng Xuan Nhdm Tfiy Muoi cd s6 luong dan eu ddng d cac huyen nhu Quan Hda, Quan Son, Lang Chanh, Ba Thudc Bdi vfiy, huyen Thudng Xufin duge chpn lim dai difin cho nhdm Tiy Dp vd Quan Son dupe chpn dai difin cho nhdm Tdy Muai d viing mifin mii Thanh Hda
Dilm khao sat cua chiing tdi lfi d m^t s6 bin: d vihig Tfiy Bfic, cd Mudng La (thdnh phd San ^ nay) vi bdn Cp dgi dien cho nhdm Thii den (tinh Son La); Mudng So (huyen Phong Thd nay) vd bin Vfing Kheo dai difin cho nhdm Thii trfing (tinh Lai Chfiu) t a i tinh Thanh Hda,
Mudng Trjnh Van (thuOc huy^n Thudng Xufin ngdy nay) vd bdn L? T i dgi difin cho nhdm Tdy Dp; Mudng Min (xfi Mudng Mln, huy$n Quan Son ngdy nay) vd bin Yfin dai di§n cho nhdm Tiy Muai
LL Tgi tinh Thanh Hda
1.1.1 Bdn Yin, xd Mu&ng Min huy^n Quan Son
Bin Yfin, xfi Mudng Min, huy^n Quan Son cich trung tfim xfi km, cich trung tfim huy^n 42km Bfin nfim d thugng nguon su6i Yfin, mOt su6i ldn bfit ngu6n hi phfa Tfiy Nam Theo so lieu thong kfi cua UBND xfi Mudng Min nfim 2011, bin Yfin cd 110 hO vdi 562 nhfin khdu, g6m ba ddn tpc anh em ciing chung song Id Thfii, Mudng, Kinh, dd, ngudi Thii - 101 hp, 523 nhfin khdu chilm 94% dan s6 ciia bdn; ngudi Mudng hp, 36 nhfin khfiu; ngudi Kinh -1 hp, nhfin khau Ban Yen tpa lac tren mot khu ddi tuang ddi bfing phfing vdi dien tfch 23,Iha; trudc mfit bdn la rudng nude, phfa h-en khu rudng Id rimg trdng, rimg ty nhifin bat ngin xanh mudt
Bin Yen ngdy thudc Mudng Mln trudc day, thdi phong kiln gpi li Pgng Yen g6m bfin li: Hudi Hfic, Ta Ban, Hudi XOng, Na Qn Ngudi Thai d bin Yfin tir xa xua chii ylu di cu tir Tay Bfic din Ldi thfin cung ru^ng ciia bin cd doan ke rfing:
(3)MaiThi Hdng Hdi 1.1.2 Bdn L? Td xd Xudn L?, huy^n
Thu&ng Xudn
Bdn L? Td cich trung tim xfi Xufin L? han 1km vl phfa Bfic, cich trung tfim huy^n Thudng Xufin gdn 30km vl phfa Tfiy, cich Thinh ph6 Thanh Hod gdn 90km vl phfa Tdy Bdn cd 104 hO, 514 nhfin khdu, dd ngudi Thii - 103 hO, 509 khau, chilm 99% ddn so ciia bin; ngudi Kinh - h0, nhfin khdu Bdn L? Ti, xfi Xuan L^ thuOc mudng Trinh Vgn xua Id m0t mudng c6 -mudng Idn ciia ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda 6ng cdm Bfi Hofin (54 tuoi d bdn Lp Td) cho bilt, dng cha xua kl lgi, ngudi Thdi d dfiy ty nhan Id Tdy Dp, nhung ddng bdo Thdi d ddy cd thl ndi dugc tifing Thdi trfing (Tiy Dp) vd tilng Thii den (Tiy Muoi) Ca cau kinh te ciia bdn Le Td la lfim - ndng nghiep Trudc thfip ky 90 ciia thfi ky XX, xfi Xuan Le ndi chung, ban Le Ta ndi rieng li que huang ciia Qui Chau Thudng noi tieng khfip viing Trfin dia ban ciia bin, sudi Cii vd sudi Le chdy hiln hod quanh nfim Id ngudn nude ddi dao phuc vy san xufit v i ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan ban Le Ti
1.2 Tgi tinh Son La
Bdn Co, phuong Chiing An, thdnh phd Son La (Mu&ng La xua)
Mudng La, ten ngiy xua li Mudng Chifing An, cd tir Ifiu ddi, Lgng Chugng dfit tfin Dit Mudng Chifing An xua gom cd bon xong (m5i xdng to hon pham vi mpt xfi hifin nay) gpi li Xdng Pfin, Xong Ppng, Xong Ho Ludng, X6ng Lam Ho Mudng La l i nai ddng dd ciia chfiu Mudng La ngiy xua bao gdm cdc mudng xung quanh, hay cdn gpi l i mudng bfin ngodi, gdm ed mudng: Mudng Bfing, Mudng Bii, Mudng Chiim,
Mudng Trai, it Ong, Mudng Chiln, Mudng Pia vd Mudng La Id trung tfim Ngudi dfin Mudng La xua chd ylu sinh s6ng dya vdo canh tdc liia nude Cdnh ddng ldn nhdt ciia Mudng La xua Ifi Tdng Chiing Cdm (nghTa Id cdnh d6ng vdng) thu^c X6ng Lam Ho, chuyfin lo cling ll cho cd mudng vi hp tgo, dugc cdp ru^ng cdng d l sinh song hing nfim Ngdy cdnh d6ng niy d gifla trung tdm thdnh ph6 Scm La, nhung dfi b) ldn chilm ldm nhd nhilu
Bin Cg cd cfich dfiy hon ba trfim nfim, chi cd ba muai h$ sinh song, din dfi cd 447 h$, tren hai ngin ngudi Bdn nfim d phia Ddng phudng Chiing An, phfa Bfic gifip bdn Hdi, phfa Tfiy vd Nam giip phudng Chiing Le, phfa Ddng giip xd Chieng Ngan vd phudng Quylt Thfing Dien tich ty nhien trude ddy ciia bdn cd trfin 66ha, theo thong kfi eiia bdn chi cdn 15,4ha vi qud trinh dd thi hod Trong bin cd hp Lii li ddng nhat, tilp din li hp Ld, Tdng, Qudng, Ci Hifin bin Cp cdn giO: dupe nhilu phong tyc tfip qudn mang dfim sfic thfii vfin hda tdc ngudi nhu: L§ pgt tdng 10 ngdy mot lfin (hp Lii Ifi ngiy Nhfim, hp Ld nhd Id Bfnh, hp Ld to li ngiy Tfin, hp Tdng li ngiy Dinh, hp Quing l i ngiy K^, hp C i li ngiy Qu^); ll Xin huon; ll tdng cdu
1.3 Tgi tinh Lai Chdu
(4)Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sdl - 2012
Lio Cai Huy^n cd dipn tfch ty nhifin li 103.460,54ha, dja hinh chii ylu Id mii cao, nhilu khe su6i nhd chia cfit, cd dudng bifin gidi vdi Trung Qu6c 98,95km Xfi Mudng So Id trung tam chau ly Mudng So ngdy xua, cd cinh dong Mudng So rOng h-fin lOOha, d i ^ tfch ty nhifin cd 3529,8ha, g6m ed 11 bdn Dan s6 hi?n li 1.296 hO, 4.878 ngudi, dd ngudi Thii ehilm 75%, ngudi Kinh - 20%, ngudi Gidy - 5%, cdn Igi Id dfin t$c khdc Mudng So Id mudng ciia ngudi Thii trfing c6 xua nhdt, cai quin cd viing rOng ldn phfa Bfic ciia Tfiy Bfic Hi^n nay, Mudng So chf cdn lgi li tfin xfi, huy$n da cd tfin Id Phong Th6 Hdu hit, cic dia danh d mudng deu lay tfin Id So: Mudng So, cdnh ddng Mudng So, su6i Nfim So, niii cao nhdt ciing lfi ndi Mudng So Q Mudng So, hp Deo, hp Vdng, hp Vuang l i hp ciia quy tdc Thii trfing Ngudi Thii trfing d Mudng So Ifiu ddi nhfit, hifin van cdn luu giii dugc nhifiu phong Uic tap qufin cd xua Bin Vfing Kheo la bin trung tdm ciia xfi Mudng So Ten bdn Vfing Kheo theo nghia tilng Thai la vung nude xanh Ban ndm cgnh sudi Mudng So, so dan bdn 100% Id ngudi Thfii
2 Mpt s6 n€t 6&C trirng v l kiln trtic nh^ ch truyln cAa ngudi Thfii & Thanh Hda
Dilm gi6ng tiln trinh phit triln vl kiln tnic nha co truyln ciia ngudi Thfii d Thanh Hda, bao gom cfi hai nhdm Tdy Dp vd Tiy Muai Id dlu cd b6n kilu dgng nhi sau:
Dgng ddu tien, cd xua nhfit Id nhd sin c0t trdn chdn, cd cya d l d$t dd ddm dpc, x i dpc vfit h-fin ddu cdt, x i ngang vfit trfin dau x i dpc Ngdi nhi dupe lam tii cac bp p h ^
rdi nhau, dyng nhi, vi$c trudc tifin Id chdn c0t v i cic c0t dugc chdn ldn lugt, mfii nhfi Igp bfing tranh, dugc lim rdi, sau dd lip Ifin bp hing khung c^t dfi chdn dyng sin rdi buOc ch$t mii vio Ngudi Thii d Thanh Hda gpi kilu nhi c l nhdt niy li huan sdu phdng xo ka lua
Dgng thu hai, bfit ddu dfinh ddu sy tiln bO ciia ky thu§t dyng nhi Id nhd sdn c^t trdn chdn, cd l5 dye, di dpc ddm lu6n e^t, xd dpc tren vdt ddu cOt, x i ngang vfit trfin xi dpc Ngdi nhi cflng dupe ldm tir bp phfin rdi nhau, nhung dfi dugc Ifip n6i vdi Cfie c$t chdn bfing g5 t6t chju dugc dm, chong dugc m6i Ngudi Thfii d Thanh Hda ggi kilu nhd niy li huon sdu phdng khupdt
Ciing vdi thdi gian, ngdi nhi sin co truyfin cua ngudi Thii d Thanh Hda cung cd sy biln ddi vdi dgng thii ba Id nha sdn cOt trdn ke tdng, due mdng (ping) d i dim dpc ludn cdt, xd dpc tren vfit qua ddu cOt, x i ngang trfin vfit trfin xd dpc Ngudi Thfii d Thanh Hda gpi kilu nhi Id huon ki khu pdt Dang nhd ndy da bfit ddu xudt hifin nhihig yeu td ky thufit dl ehufin hi cho sy ddi kilu nhi cd vl kdo
(5)Mai Thi Hdng Hdi dang phd biln nhat cdn kilu nhi sin cd xua
hau nhu gdn vfing bdng
Nhd sin truyln thdng bao gid cDng cd hai cau thang, cau thang phfa trudc thudng dinh eho khdch, nhfhig ngudi ddn dng di Ifin nhi; edn cdu thang phfa sau dinh cho phy nQ-trong gia dinh Sd b§c cdu thang bfit bu^c phii ti sd Ifi (5, 7, 9, 11) tdng sd ciia vdo vi cCra sd ciia nhi sin cung phii li sd Ifi bdi ngudi Thii quan ni$m rfing sd lfi theo quy lu^t vdo - - vio thi ciia cdi sfi khdng di ngodi, gia dinh sd ludn dugc em am, doin ty, chiu thinh dgt Tiiy theo quy md ldn hay nhd ciia nhi sin m i sd lugng cdc cira nhd sdn nhieu hay it Nhu vfiy, cho din nay, ngudi Thii d Thanh Hda cd bdn kilu nhd san tu thiet kl Trong bdn kilu nhd tren thi ba kilu ddu cd ba hdng cdt li hai hing c^t cii hai bfin tCr tang mdt din tfing ndc, mdt hang cdt ngfin dd gifta sin Kilu nhi cd vi, thudng cd bdn hoac ndm hang e^t, gdm hai hang cdt cii hai ben tir tdng mpt dfin tang ndc, mdt hing cdt ngfin dd gifta sin, ngofii them mdt.hofic hai hang cdt hifin theo sd thfch ciia gia chii Nha sin cd cua ngudi Thii it lam he (thung ngoii cdt cai) Trudc dfiy chi cd nhi Tgo, nha quan mdi lam he d phfa cdu thang len Hifin nay, nhfi sin kilu mdi cua ngudi Thdi hdu nhu dlu lim hfi d phfa edu thang len, cd nha edn lim hfi di Igi xung quanh nhi
Tap quin bd tri, sfip xep ngdi nhd sdn cd truyln cua ngudi Tdy Dp vd Tdy Muai d Thanh Hda vl ca ban l i gidng Nhd sdn ngudi Tiy Dp cd cdc gian thudng dfiu Gian cung thung vio sit cdt, gian ngodi thung ngodi c^t khofing 1,5m tgo cho gian ngoai rpng han cic gian Q vdch thung (phd khdn) lam cura di vdo cic
gian Cdc gian dugc ngfin niira phfa ddu xi ngang timg gian rifing bi^t cd cfta vio gpi li "xudm" Gian ngofii dl tilp khich nam vd nam gidi nhd d Gian thir hai d l bd mp ho^c vg chdng anh chj cd ngO Gdc phfa trfin d l bin thd td tifin, nlu khdng cd bin thd Idn thl lim bin thd nhd treo Ifin gdn x i ngang gidp phd khdn C$t thd hai hing ddu xd (tfnh tir gian ngoii vfio) chfnh li cOt "sdu hdn^' (c^t ma nhi) Tir gian thii- ba trd vio dh cho thii, nlu bd me cdn sdng thi dl cho vg chdng anh cd Gian phfa cung nhdt dl cho gdi chua chdng d Nhd sdn ngudi Tdy Muoi ed di?n tfch.gian ngoii (gian khich) thudng lim rOng gap ruOi cic gian dudi gdm sin gian ngoii cd them m^t cpt phy chdng dd vio ddm dpc (ping) nfin ta nhln dudi gdm sin tudng nhi nfim gian nhung Ifin sdn thi chi cd bdn gian Vi§c dfit bin thd cung thi cd ddng hp bao Igi gdc tren gian thir hai ddt dd thd ciing xudng sdn Cd hp thi lim bdn thd Ifin cao, thudng li d gdn xd ngang ciia cpt thir hai tgi gdc ddu cgnh noi nfim cia bd me hofic vg chdng anh ci, ngudi Thdi gpi li "kho lg hodng, xdu hdng, xdu phi hudn, pan tho phi hu&n" Cho niy Id chS linh thifing khdng dugc ty tifin din nlu khdng phdi li din thdp huong ho$c vdi Igy td tifin Tdt cd mgi ngudi nhd, k l c i khich nfim khdng duge chi chfin v l phia bin thd, khdng dugc nfim theo chilu xi dpc nhd, khdng nfim ngugc ddu x i ngang
(6)li Ddn tdc hgc sd - 2012
hoi khum khum nhin xa nhu mai rua Neu chi nhin vao cdu tnic mii nhd, ta se thfiy sy gidng gifta nhd ngudi Tay Dp vdi nha cfla ngudi Mudng d Thanh Hda vi gdn gidng vdi nhd cua ngudi Thii den d Tay BSc, nhung nhd ngudi Tiy Dp khdng ed khau cut tren ddu ddc mdi nhi nhu nha ngudi Thdi den Cdn cau triic mii nhd ciia ngudi Tiy Muai lai cd nfit khic Id tao thinh bdn mdi rd net Do vay, nlu chi nhin vio cdu triic mii nhi, ta sfi cim nhdn thdy cd sy gidng gifta nhi cua ngudi Tiy Muoi d Thanh Hda vdi nha ciia ngudi Thii trfing d Tay Bfic
3 Mdt sd n^t dfic trurng vl kiln tr(ic nha CO truyen cua ngirdi Thdi a Tfiy Bfic
Xfit vfi mfit kiln true nhi sin qud trinh phit trifin thi nhi ciia ngudi Thii den vd Thdi trfing d Tfiy Bfic ciing trai qua sy bifin ddi chung tir dang nhd san cdt trdn chdn, cac bd phan ngdi nhd dugc lim tich rdi gic Ifin dung nha dfin dang nhi sin cdt ke rdi cd vi keo Nhung neu nhu sac thai cua tirng nganh Thai den va Thai trfing d Tfiy Bfic dugc phdn bifit rat rd d bd nft phyc, thi bin sfic dd cung de nhfin d ngdi nhi cd truyln ciia hp
Nhd ngudi Thdi den cd cfiu triic mai vdm khum mai riia, ngudi Thai gpi la tup cong, hai mdi chfnh dii, hai mii dau hdi ngfin, nhd khdng cd hifin, dd doc cua mdi nhi thudng l i 65 dp trd len dfi nude mua chay thodt nhanh Theo tip qudn, ngudi Thai den bd tri djnh vi hudng nha theo sudn mii, ngli gdi ddu lfin phia nui, chan dap xudng chan mii, bfin quin (bfin thang din dng lfin) I phfa ddu ngudn, ben chan (ben thang phy ^ k l e n ) d phfa cudi ngudn sdng sudi Trfin
ddc mdi nhi ngudi Thdi den cd bilu tugng khau cut Trong xfi hdi truyln thdng, ngudi Thii den cd quy dinh ve cfic logi khau ciit eho cic thdn phSn sang hfin khic vd cung li tuong irng vdi cic loai nhd ed quy md to nhd khic
Nhi sdn cd mpt gian chfnh vd hai gian trii phu, thudng Id ngudi ngh^o, nhd chi cd mpt thang Ifin xudng, cd hai cu-a sd phfa trfin vd phfa dudi, m0t cOra vio d phfa bfin sin, hdi phia qudn bit kin, cd mOt blp lira d chfnh gian gifta, trfin ddc mii nhd gfin hai tre hofic go bfit chfio nhau, ngudi Thdi gpi li khau cut Be
Nhi sdn loai trung binh, phd bien nhat li ba gian chinh va hai gian trai phu, tren ddc mai nha gan khau cut Pua, dupe lam bfing hai tdm van nhd, rpng 20cm, dai 2m, bfit cheo nhau, cd ba hogc nfim hinh trdn mfit trfing gfin phfa trfin Nha cd hai blp, hai cdu thang, cau thang ben quin cho nam gidi vi ben sdn chan danh cho nft gidi, hai cfta vao, mdi gian dlu ed hai cfta sd, trir gian "cg lg hong"
Nhi sin logi to, cd tu nam din bay hoac chfn gian chfnh, theo sd lugng ngudi nhi Trfin ddc mai nhi gan khau cut lai pua, lam bfing vdn, cd tu nam dfin chin hofic den mudi lam hinh trdn mat trfing hay hoa vdn hinh hoa sen gfin len phia tren Nhi cd ba blp trd Ifin, thang Ifin xudng bfing vin hinh hop, tiie Id cd thfim vin dfi chfin phia ben cfiu thang
(7)MaiThf Hdng Hdi ho$c d l khich hay rl qudn nfim (con rl
chua chinh thftc kit hdn) Gian chfnh thft nhat, phfa trfin dl lim budng thd td tifin (cp lg hong), cd treo trfin c^t nhd m^t cdi ndn, mpt cdi Ip^, dudi chfin c^t li dng nude (cd the Id dng tre ho$c dng bfing qui bdu) Budng "cg lg hong" ndy chi cd dng chii nhi vd trai mdi duge vio Khi cftng nhd thl cd dng mo vd ngudi phyc vy dugc din Gian chfnh thu hai: phia tren ddnh cho vg chdng chii nhd ngu; din dng ngu phfa giip "cg lg hdng" Khodng cdch gifta gian thft hai vd thft ba cd thl trii m^t cii d^m dh chiu cdn nhd ngii ben cgnh Phfa dudi chfin ngu Id blp lua chfnh cua nhi dl chu nhi sudi dm, dd xdi cam hofic ndu nudng cdn thilt, ddng thdi li nai tilp khdch ciia chii nhi ngdi quanh blp lua Tren blp Ifta bao gid cung cd mdt khue cui to chdy qua ngdy dem, khdng bao gid tfit, chdy hit Id cho them khiic efti khac thay vao Gian chfnh thft ba li gian vg chdng trai ca ngii d phfa tren, phfa dudi li nai an com ciia todn thl gia dinh Gian trdi phfa sin: phfa trfin li cho gdi ngu, phia dudi Id blp nau nudng an hdng ngdy cua gia dinh
Nhi cd tu ba gian chfnh trd len, tinh tft phia quin vao: phfa trfin hai gian hdi ldm budng ngu cho trai, rl hofic khfich ngu, fin udng, chu nhi ngdi dan lit, dan chdi ludi Nfiu li ngudi cd chfte quyen thi khdng gian phfa dudi ndy la nai lam viec Gian chfnh thft nhdt, phfa trfin dl lim "cg lg hong" thd phung td tifin, phia dudi dfi tilp khdch Gian chfnh thir hai li vg chdng chCi nha nfim Phia dudi chin ngu Id blp chfnh, nhd to thi khudn blp phii rpng, cd thl nhdm
Ep la mot loai gio nh6, dan bfing nan tre, luon dugc phv nir Th^i deo ben minh hie khdi nha
ba bdn blp Ifta dugc, Gian chfnh thu ba, phfa trfin vg chdng v i cii ngudi trai ci ngli, phfa dudi Id nai fin cam cua gia dinh Gian chfnh thft tu, phfa tren de vg chdng vd cdi trai thft hai ngft, phfa dudi cd the d$t khung d^t vdi thd cdm, cftng cd the lim thfim m$t blp chung cho c i nhi Gian thu nfim trd Ifin dh gdi vd cdc chfiu ngu
M$t sd cic kifing ky nhd ciia ngudi Thdi Den cflng cdn luu y nhu; Con dfiu khdng dugc ndu nudng d blp chinh cia bd mp chdng, khdng dugc vio "cg lg hdn^\ khdng dugc di qua blp chfnh sang phfa quin, mudn sang thi phii xudng thang ben chan, roi leo Ifin thang bfin qudn mdi dugc vio nhd phfa quin vd chi dupe din gian hdi, khdng sang gian chfnh Con re cdn d quin (chua chfnh thuc kit hdn), khdng dugc qua blp chfnh sang ben sin chan dh fin cam, g§p gii hay lim bat eft viec gi, neu mudn sang phdi xudng thang ben quan, trfio ifin thang bfin chan mdi dugc sang
(8)Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd - 2012
theo hudng Ddng Tay, ddu gdi son, chan dgp thuy
NhOng nfit rieng kiln true nhi cd truyfin cua ngudi Thdi den vi Thdi trfing cd the ndi len rfing, nhi d chinh li m^t nhihig sfic thil ndi bfit cua vfin hda dfin t^c Tuy nhifin, bin sfic vfin hda dfin t^c khdng phfii l i cdi nhat thdnh bdt biln, bdi cdnh chung hien nay, ngdi nhd cd truyln cfta ngudi Thii den v i Thii trfing d viing Tdy Bfic eung dang biln ddi khdng ngimg theo timg hoin cinh lieh sft cy thl, vin gift cdi nln ting ban ddu, dd chinh li quy lugt kfit hpp gifta truyln thdng vi ddi mdi cfta vfin hda, cfta kiln tnic nhi sin Nhi ngudi Thdi den vfi Thfii trfing ngdy khdng edn cd sy khdc biet nhilu nhu trudc day nfta Khau cdt trfin ddc mii nhd cua ngudi Thii den, trudc dugc quy djnh cho timg loai nhd va than phfin, dja vj xa hpi, nhung thfch logi nio thi lim Trong nhilu truong hgp, nha ciia ngudi Thai den cflng lam cau tnic hai mii trai phfing vfi gdp gdc (khdng khum khum mai rua nhu trudc dfiy) vd cd hien quanh nha nhu ngudi Thii trfing
Sy bien ddi cdu true mai nhi eua ngudi Thdi cd nguyen nhan quan trgng tu sy thay ddi cua vfit lieu Igp mfii nhd Xua kfa ngudi Thii thudng sft dung cdc logi vfit lieu lap nha nhu cd tranh, la cp, li ke hofic nfta vdu dfip dap Nhd vay, Ifim nhd, ngudi Thdi tgo dugc nfit ddng vdm mem mgi d hai trai Ngiy nay, cic loai vat lieu hilm dan vd dugc thay the bdi cac logi vat Hfu nhu ngdi, tdn Do tfnh chdt cua nhiing logi vfit lieu niy md nhi cua ngudi Thai Den dang dan chuyen hudng sang lim mai trii phfing nhu nhd cua ngudi Thdi trfing Tuy nhifin, dl
gift duge cdt cich truyln thdng, mdt sd trudng hgp cy thl, hp vSn cdn gfin nhftng khau cdt cd hoa vfin trfin dau hdi nhi, tao nfin nfit dpp cfta ngdi nhd sy kit hgp gifta Uuyin thdng vi hipn dgi
K i t lu^n
Vi^c nghifin cftu so sdnh kiln tnic nhd cd truyln cfta ngudi Thii d hai vflng Thanh Hda vi Tdy Bfie tft nhftng eft li^u dfi ti-lnh biy trfin dfiy, chung ta thdy ngdi nhi cua ngudi Thdi d Vipt Nam vua mang tinh thdng nhdt tpc ngudi, nhung cung thl hipn nfit khic bi$t gifta cic vftng, cdc nhdm dja phuang Do dd, nhln vdo cdu true mfii nhi sdn, ta ed thl phdn bifit kilu nhi cua timg nhdm, dja phuong khic
Cd nhilu nhdn td tdc ddng v i tao nfin su thdng nhfit vi da dang eua cic vung vfin hda Thii d Vifit Nam Tfnh thdng nhdt li ngudi Thai cd mau sd chung mpt cdt cich vfin hda sy thfch img vdi mdi trudng ty nhien va mdi trudng xfi hdi nhftng d^c trung vfin hda thdng nhdt cua tdc ngudi quy dinh Theo truyen thdng, ngudi Thdi d nhd sdn mang mdt net dep rifing nhu hp dfi xdc dinh cfiu tyc ngft "Huan mi hgn, qudn mi xau" (Nha cd gdc, sdn cd cdt) Mpt nip nhd sdn cd truyen Id mdt dan vi khdng gian vfin hda chfta dyng mdt te bao cua xa hdi nfin ngudi Thdi mdi gpi la "chda huan" (cdng ddng nhd) Dd cd thl Id mdt gia dinh nhd gdm mot c^p vp chdng vd cii chua din tudi trudng thanh, hofic dd cflng cd thl lfi mdt gia dinh ldn gdm ba, bdn thl he cung chung sdng hda thu^n bfin
(9)12 Mai Thi Hdng Hdi vl ITnh vyc cdc sfic thdi vfin hda dja phuang
vi vfin hda vCing Mien nui Thanh Hda (cflng vdi miln niii Nghp An) vi Tay Bfic li hai dja phuang, hai vung vfin hda lieu bilu ciia vfin hda Thdi d Vi^t Nam Vflng Tdy Bfic dugc coi Id viing trung tfim ciia vfin hda Thdi d Viet Nam cdn viing miln niii Thanh Hda vd Ngh? An dugc coi li vung ngogi vi qui trinh phit triln ljch sft cua ngudi Thii d Viet Nam Vi vay, qui trinh phit triln tua xa hOi dudi tic dpng dnh hudng cua cac nhfin td nhu hoin cdnh Ijch sft, giao luu vfin hda, cdc yeu td npi lai cua vfin hda vimg dfi tao nfin su dnh hudng tiep thu vi biln ddi kiln trftc nhfi ed truyen cua ngudi Thii Ket qui eft lieu khio sdt dd cho thay li d viing mien nui Thanh Hda, cdu true mii nhi cfta ngudi Tdy Dp gidng vdi nhi cua ngudi Mudng d Thanh Hda, cdn nha ciia ngudi Tay Muai vua cd nfit gidng nhd ngudi Mudng (hai mdi chfnh dii) vfta cd net gidng nhd cua ngudi Thai trfing d Tfiy Bfic (hai mii trdi khdng khum khum mai rua) Ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda sinh sdng cdng cu, dan xen vdi ngudi Mudng tft Ifiu ddi va gifta hp cd mdi quan he dodn ket, gfin kit chfit chfi Ifiu dii su nghiep phat trifin kinh tfi - xfi hdi vd bio vfi dfit nude d vftng mien nui Thanh Hda, nen gifta hp dfi dien qufi trinh giao luu, hda nhap ve vdn hda khd sau sdc trfin nhilu ITnh vyc, kl cd vfin hda vat chit vi tinh than Chfnh dilu niy da dan tdi mpt thyc tl li bfin cgnh nfit thdng nhdt, kien trftc nhd sdn cua ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda dfi cd sy inh hudng, tilp thu cua ngudi Mudng tao nen sfic thdi dia' phuang cho dii cdc nhdm Thii d Thanh Hda v i ngudi Thai d Tiy Bfic la cd quan he vdi vfi ngudn gdc lich sft va vfin hda
(10)Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sdl - 2012 13 thfit, cdn ngudi Thdi sft dyng nhihig ddn ddm
xuyen sudt qua cdc lo dye cfta cfic cdt Kilu kien true nhin cd vfi don sa, nhung Igi chfic chfin bin vflng din khdng ngd; nd dft lyc dl chong ndng, mua, gid bfio v i d|e bi^t li dOng ddt nhu hifin Trong thyc tl, ed nhfhig nep nhd sdn tdn tai hdng trfim nfim md van ben dep Vi thl, su hilu bilt vl vfin hda Thfii d Vifit Nam, bfin canh nhftng cfii chung thdng nhdt, cdn phfii hilu thfim vl cii rifing, dd cd kiln true nhi ed truyln cfta ngudi Thdi d cic dia phuong, cfic vftng khdc lfi thyc sy cdn thilt dl khdng lim mdt di net dep bfin vflng dfim bdn vfin hda cfta ngdi nhd sin dan t^c Thdi bdi cdnh hifin
T^i li^u tham khao
1 Vi VSn An (1998), "Vfi tfin gpi va lich sft cu tru cua cdc nhdm Thii d miln Tay Nghe An", trong: Vdn hoa vd lich sit ngu&i Thdi & Viet Nam, Nxb Van hda dan tfic H i ndi, tr 318-331
2 Vi Van Bien (2006), Vdn hoa vdt chdt cua ngu&i Thdi & TTuaih Hoa vd Nghe An, Nxb Vfin hda dan tdc Ha Ndi
3 Vu Trudng Giang ( 2010), "Trd lgi vdn dl tfin gpi v i lich sft cu trft cfla ngudi Thii d mifin nui Thanh Hda", Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi miin Trung, Sd 2, tr 58-65
4 Lfi Sy Giao (1979), "Vdi nfit vl quan he xfi hdi cua ngudi Thai d mudng Ca Da (Thanh Hda)", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, Sd 2, tr 63-69
5 Lfi sy Gido (1995), "Lan tim c^i ngudn ljch sft ngudi Thdi Thanh Hda", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, Sd 2, tr 13-16
6 Lfi S? Gido (2000), "Sy phdn logi cdc nhdm Thdi d cic tinh Thanh Hda vi Ngh§ An", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, Sd 1, tr 22-25
7 Hd Nam Ninh (2002), "Tim hilu vl cdc ddng hp ngudi Thii Thanh Hda", trong: Vdn hda vd Ifch sit cdc ddn tgc nhdm ngdn ngu Thdi Vi^t Nam, Nxb Vfin hda thdng tin H i NOi, tr 118-133
8 D$ng Thi Oanh (2004), Cdu thang nhd sdn ngu&i Thdi & Dien Bien, Nxb Khoa hpc xfi hpi, HdNpi
9 Cao Vfin Thanh vi cdng sy (2004), Bdo tdn vd phdt triin vdn hoa truyin thdng cua ngu&i Thdi vung nui Bdc Trung bd hi^n nay, Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia, H i Ndi
10 Nguyln Duy Thifiu (2002), "Kiln tnic nhi sdn dan tOe Thii", trong: Vdn hoa vd lich su cdc ddn tgc nhom ngdn ngfi Thdi Viet Nam, Nxb Vfin hda thdng tin Ha Npi, h- 275-284
11 Ngd Dftc Thjnh, Chu Thii San (1986), "Mdt sd van dfi nghifin cftu vl nhd d cua cfic dfin tOc (Dfic trung vfi mdi quan hfi vdn hda)", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, Sd 3, ft- 75-87
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