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Xung dot hay d i l n bien cua hdnh ddng kjch chu yeu bde Id qua Idi thoqi cua cdc nhdn vdt (ddi thoqi hodc ddc thoqi). Ldi thoqi chiem mdt vj tri quan trqng trong nghe thudt xdy dyng[r]
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O ThS NGUYEN THANH L A M '
1 Dqy hgc (DH) tac phdm kjch nhd trudng phd' thdng hien
Kjch Id mdt bo the loqi ehfnh euo vdn hqc Trong chuong trinh NgCr vdn THCS vd THPT hien hdnh, vdn bdn kjch dd dugc dua vdo nhieu hon so vdi trudc ddy song vdn chiem ti le rdt khiem ton so vdi vdn bdn vdn hge khde Chuong trinh Ngir vdn THCS gidi thieu mdt sd trich doqn kjch bdn vdn hoc tieu bieu: «Ong Giude - danh mac li phyc" \r\ch hdi kjch «Trudng gid hgc Idm sang" euo Mdlie (Idp 8); hoi doqn trich euo hai vd kjch ndi hien dqi: «6dc Son" euo N g u y i n Huy Tudng, «Tdi vd chung ta" cua Luu Quang Vu (Idp 9) Hoi sd ba tde phdm kjch dugc dua vdo chunng trinh THPT Id eiia cdc tde gid Viet Nam Cy the: d Idp 10, trfch «Tlnh yiu vd thu hdn" -kjch «Rdmed vd Giuliet" euo Uyliam Sechxpio; Idp 1 , doqn trfch «VTnh biet Cuu TrCjng Ddi" -kjch «Vu Nhu Td" euo Nguyin Huy Tudng vd d Idp 12, trfch «Hdn Truong Ba, da hdng thit" -kjch euo Luu Quang Vu
Quo thye te nhieu ndm gidng dqy d trudng phd thdng cung nhu tham khdo y kien eua ddng nghiep, chung tdi nhdn thd'y viee DH the loqi kjch gdp nhieu khd khdn hon so vdi ede the loqi vdn hqc khde Nhieu gido vien (GV) vd hqc sinh (HS) khdng thfch cdc gid DH kjch bdn vdn hqc GV cho rdng tdc phdm kjch dugc dua vdo gidng dqy ehuong trinh THCS, THPT deu Id nhirng tde phdm hoy, thiet thye dd'i vdi HS nhung hq vdn khdng thfch bdng gidng dqy cdc tdc phdm trir hnh, tdc phdm ty sy Dy nhung gid dqy kjch bdn vdn hqc, chung tdi nhdn thdy phuong phdp DH mdi dd dugc mdt so GV dp dyng nhung ddi chd cdn lung tung vd ndng ve khai thdc ndi dung, xem nhe nghe thudt GV gidng dqy kieh ehu yeu dya vdo sdeh GV O mdt sd gid dqy, viee bdm sdt ddc trung the loqi chua rd Do so GV dqy nhu sdeh hudng ddn, chua biet lya chqn nhirng kien thuc co bdn, bdi gidng chua phi) hgp vdi
dd'i hrgng HS, tham kien thue md chua dp dyng If thuyet loqi the, ddn den thu hge vdn cua HS chua dugc phdt huy Mdt sd GV gidng dqy kjch md quen mdt cdc Idi thoqi nhdn vdt, dan tdi DH thodt li kien thuc ve hdnh ddng kjch Hdu nhu hoqt ddng lien mdn de md rdng kien thue, ddo sdu hieu biet euo HS vdi loqi hinh nghe thudt tdng hgp ndy khdng ed
Chfnh nhirng bieu hien neu tren dd Idm eho viee DH kjch bdn vdn hqc d trudng THCS, THPT chua mong Iqi hieu qud coo Rd rdng mudn gid DH kjch dqt hieu qud tdt, edn phdi khde phyc nhirng hqn che neu tren Li thuyet loqi the duqc bj phdi dugc dp dyng vdo bdi gidng Vdi myc dich nhdm ndng coo chd't lugng DH ndi chung, dqy kjch bdn vdn hqc d THPT ndi rieng, chung tdi de xud't hudng DH tde phdm kjch hong trudng phd thdng vd doqn trfch «VTnh biet Cuu
Trung Ddi" - kjch «Vu Nhu Td" euo Nguyin Huy Tudng theo ddc trung the loqi
2 M o t v d i luu y d q y cac tdc pha'm kjch nhd trudng
Tde phdm kjch ed nhirng ddc diem khde biet so vdi cdc tde phdm thudc the loqi vdn hqc khde Kjch Id mdt loqi hinh nghe thudt bieu d i l n , mdt the loqi tdng hgp eua hai loqi ty sy vd tru hnh; hjy vdy kich khdng boo gid Id the loqi ty sy ket hgp trir hnh don thudn, kjch hod ket giua vdn hqc vd sdn khdu, dugc viet ro ehu yeu khdng phdi de dgc md de dien Kjch phdn dnh hien thue ddi sdng hong nhung xung dot, quo xung dot (tuc Id xung dot euo cdc nhdn vdt), thdng quo ngdn ngir, hdnh ddng eua nhdn vdt theo mdt cdt truyen thdng nhd't
Mdu thudn kjch Id mdu thudn ve tu hjdng, quon diem sdng, nhdn vdt kich bj Idi eudn vdo cdc xung dot edng thdng Kr ddu den eudi ehu khdng thdnh thai nhu hong tdc phdm hr sy, tru hnh
Kjch d i l n ro tren sdn khd'u thdng quo hdnh dqng, hdnh dqng Id phuang tien chu yeu euo * Sci Giao due va flao tao Quang Ninh :b > • > v ; i-r, nr
(2)kjch, vi the phdi Idm rd hdnh ddng kjch dqy kjch bdn vdn hqc Hdnh ddng kjch tdp trung cao do, tde gid euo vd kjch khdng the dirng hdnh ddng kjch de chem xen nhCrng hnh het xa xdi hodc bd sung nhirng doqn td cdnh hay hdi tudng chi tiet nhu ty sy Nhdn vdt kjch thudng Id nhdn vdt hdnh ddng chu khdng phdi Id eon ngudi «nem trdi" nhu heu thuyet, neu cd, kjch cung khdng tdi hien qud trinh nem trdi nhieu mdt euo eon ngudi GV chua eho HS hinh dung dugc tung lue tren sdn khdu cdc nhdn vdt tham gia vdo dien bien euo hdnh ddng kjch thi bdi gidng kjch chdng khde gi bdi gidng tieu thuyet hay truyen ngdn
Trong kjch, Idi tdc gid thu hep vdo Idi chu thfch, nhirng Idi ddn ft di Do dd gidng kjch khdng the bd qua ede ehi ddn ndy, neu khdng hnh sinh ddng euo gid gidng se bj gidm sut
Trong kjch, ngdn ngir Id phuang tien quan trqng nhd't de bde Id tfnh cdeh nhdn vdt Ngdn ngu kjch tren sdn ehu yeu Id Idi thoqi eua ede nhdn vdt Xung dot hay d i l n bien cua hdnh ddng kjch chu yeu bde Id qua Idi thoqi cua cdc nhdn vdt (ddi thoqi hodc ddc thoqi) Ldi thoqi chiem mdt vj tri quan trqng nghe thudt xdy dyng kjch bdn vd GV phdi hudng ddn HS hm hieu
Khi tiep cdn vd hm hieu chieu sdu tde phdm, GV phdi ddt tde phdm kjch mdi tuong quan vdi cdc tde phdm khde cung giai doqn, ddng thdi ddt the loqi kjch mdi lien he vdi thyc te cuqc sdng, vdi trdo luu, trudng phdi vdn hqc de thd'y dnh hudng trye tiep hoy gidn tiep eua nhung
yeu to ndy ., 3 Dqy kjch «Vu Nhu To"
1) Khai thdc ngdn ngu, nhjp dieu kjch Ngdn ngir kjch cd tfnh tdng hgp cao (ke, mieu td, bde Id ), nhd't Id hdi cudi Vu Nhu Td, nhd vdn dd ddng thdi khde hqa hnh each, mieu td tdm trqng, ddn ddt hdnh ddng, xung dot kjch khien ngudi dqc d l ddng hinh dung ed mot khdng gian bqo lye kinh hodng mdt nhjp dieu ehdng mdt: Le Tuong Dye bj Ngd Hqeh giet chet, Hodng hdu nhdy vdo lua ty vdn (qua Idi ke euo Le Trung Mqi); Nguyen Vu ty tu bdng dao (ngay tren sdn khdu), Don Thiem suyt bj bqn ndi gidm thdt cd tqi chd; Vu Nhu Td ro phdp trudng Rdi heng nhie'e mdc, chui rua, lo d, than khde, mdu, nude mdt tdt cd hye nhu tren mdt cdi ehdo ddu sdi khdng Id
Nhjp dieu kjch dugc tqo thdng quo nhjp dieu euo Idi ndi - hdnh ddng (nhd't Id qua khdu
khi, nhjp dieu, sdc thdi Idi ndi - hdnh ddng euo Dan Thiem - Vu Nhu Td dd'i ddp vdi vd vdi phe ddi nghjeh; qua Idi ndi - hdnh ddng eua nhirng ngudi khde voi trd dua hn, nhjp dieu «ra", «vdo" cua cdc nhdn vdt ddu vd cudi mdi Idp - ede Idp deu ngdn, ed nhirng Idp rdt ngdn: chi ddm bo lugt thoqi nhd; nhi/ng tieng reo, tieng thet, tieng ddng ddi tu hdu trudng phdn dnh eye dien, hnh hinh nguy cdp, dien ddo ede Idi ehu thich nghe thudt hdm sue euo tde gid
2) Chu y yeu to lich su
Viet mdt vd kjch Ijch su, Vu Nhu Td tdt nhien dyo tren cdc su lieu: sy kien, nhdn vdt ljch su, bdi cdnh Ijch su Dieu quan trqng Id khai thdc vdn dyng cdc su lieu dy nhu the ndo, soo cho phi) hgp vdi yeu cdu cua bi kjch Cdi Idi ljch su dugc nhd vdn khoi thdc d ddy Id edu chuyen Vu Nhu Td xdy Cuu trung ddi cho Le Tuong Dye (theo nhu sdeh Dqi Viet su ki vd Viet su thdng gidm cuong mye ghi Iqi) Ddi xdy dang dd, ngudi thg tdi hoa Vu Nhu Td dd phdi eh ju cdi chet oon khde O ddy, de gdp phdn Idm nen khung cdnh vd khdng bi trdng euo ljch su, tdc gid dd ddt hdnh ddng kjch vdo «mdt cung cdm", nhieu nhdn vdt kjch Id nhung nhdn vdt Ijch su Nhieu ten ddt ten ngudi gdn vdi trieu Le Dung nhu Idi chu thich sdn khd'u eua tde gid: Sy viee vd kjch xdy ro d Thdng Long khodng thdi gian tu ndm 1516 den ndm 1517, dudi trieu Le Tuong Dye
Thue tqi dugc phdn dnh bi kjch theo ldi ed ddc ede mdu thudn ben trong, phai bdy nhung xung dot sdu sdc euo thyc tqi dudi dqng bdo hdo vd edng thdng den eye mong y nghTa tugng trung nghe thudt Tdc phdm thudng ddt ddc gid trudc nhung edu hdi phire tqp, hoe bua, nhue nhdi euo cuqc sdng Trong Idi De tya viet mdt ndm sou viet xong vd kjch, chinh Nguyen Huy Tudng dd edng khai bdy td ndi bdn khodn euo minh: «Ddi Cuu Trung khdng thdnh, nin mung hay nen tide? Chdng biet Vu Nhu Td phdi hay nhdng ke giet Nhu Td phdi [ ] Than di, Nhu Td phdi hay nhdng ke giet Nhu Td phdi? Ta ehdng but Cdm but chdng qua cung mdt binh vdi Dan Thiim" Cho den bi kjch hq mdn, ngudi xem vdn chua thdy edu trd Idi dut khodt cua tde gid Ndi dung hon dng nhudng edu trd Idi eho ngudi dqc, ngudi xem Mdu thudn vd tfnh khdng dut khodt cdeh gidi quyet mdu thudn ndy dugc the hien tdp trung hdi eudi euo vd kjch Cuu Trung Ddi syp d d vd bj dot chdy, nhdn ddn trudc
(3)sou vdn khdng hieu gi ve viee sdng tqo cua nghe sT, khong hieu ndi Dan Thiem, Vu Nhu Td cung nhu «mqng ldn" cua hai nhdn vqt hien than eho tdi sdc ndy Ve phia khde, Dan Thiem khdng cuu dugc Vu Nhu Td vd Ho Vu vdn khong the, khdng bao gid hieu dugc viee Idm cua qudn chung vd cua phe cdnh noi loqn Mdu thudn md vd bi kich neu len thuqe loqi mdu thudn khdng bao gid vd khdng gidi quyet eho that dut khodt, dn thda dugc, nhd't Id hong thdi dqi Vu Nhu Td Mdu thudn ndy may c6 the gidi quyet phdn ndo thda ddng md ddi sdng vqt chd't cua nhdn ddn that binh dn, ddi sdng hnh than, nhu cdu ve cdi dep xd hdi dugc ndng cao ro ret Mdc ddu vqy, chu de vd dinh hudng tu h/dng cua vd kich vdn dugc phdt h-ien hjong dd'i sdng td Mot mdt, tren quan diem nhdn ddn, vd kieh len dn bqo chua tham quan, ddng tinh vdi viee ddn chung ndi ddy trir diet chung; nhung mdt khde, hen hnh thdn nhdn vdn, vd kich dd ea nggi nhi/ng nhdn cdeh nghe sT ehdn chinh vd tdi hoa nhu Vu NhuTd, nhirng tdm Idng yeu nghe thudt den mue quen minh nhu Dan Thiem Ddy Id ehu de dugc the hien chu yeu qua mdu tfiudn thi/ hai eua vd kieh: mdu thudn giira niem khdt khao hien ddng tdtcd eho nghe thudt cua ngudi nghe sTddm chim hong mo mqng vdi lgi fch h-yc tiep vd thiet thyc euo ddi sdng nhdn ddn Vu Nhu To Id mot tdi
n d n j nhung ehfnh vi khdng gidi quyet dugc mdu thudn giua nghe thudt vd cuqc sdng nen dng dd thd't bqi
^ Xde dinh dugc mot quan niem nghe thudt dung ddn: Nghe thudt khdng the dung cao han euqc sdng, ngudi nghe s7 phdi dirng ve phia nhdn ddn, chdng Iqi cdi dc, cdi xd'u, dong thdi phdi sdng tdc nhCrng tde phdm c6 chd't lugng, cd gid trj Idu ddi phyc vy nhdn ddn
Mdi the loqi vdn hqc deu ed nhi/ng ddc trung rieng, dd edn nhirng nguyen tde DH rieng, phu hgp vdi dqc trung the loqi Chiem iTnh tdc phdm kieh theo dqc trung loqi the giiip ta hieu sdu sdc tdc phdm, li gidi thdu ddo edm vd y dd nghe thudt cua nhd vdn Vd'n de ndy cdn dugc GV chu trqng h> khdu dinh hudng khoi thdc den khdu thiet kebdi soqn, thyc hdnh bdi gidng.iJ
Tai lieu tham khao
1 NguN 5n Viet Chti Phmmg phap day hoc tac pham
van hoc theo loai the NXB Gido due H 2000
2 Tran Thanh Dam Van de giang day tac pham van
hoc theo loai the NXB Gido due H 1978
3 D6 Due Hieu "Bi kich Vu Nhu To" Tap chi Vdn hgc so 10 1997
4 D6 Dire Hieu "May van de ve kich va thi phap kich" Tap chi Van hgc so' 1998
Nang cao van hoa hoc dirong (Tii'p theo trang 17j
thuc xu If thich ddng, vdi nhung bq phdn, nhCrng ddi hrgng c6 mye dich Igi dyng SV ve cd tdm hon vd the xde Hqn che tdi nhirng ty diem dn ehai (nhd hdng, nhd nghi, qudn karaoke, qudn internet, dich vy cdm do) xung quanh die bdn cac trudng hqc
Mot moi trudng van hod hqc dudng dugc tqo dyng h> sy ket hgp giira gia dinh - nhd trudng - xd hqi se c6 sire de khdng vdi nhung mdm benh, loqi tru dugc nhijng bieu hien vdn hod khdng ldnh mqnh ndy sinh tu- ben trong, gdp phdn xdy dyng mot xd hqi ngdy cdng hodn thien, vdn minh
Xdy dyng moi trudng su phqm, khung cdnh su phqm vd ung xu su phqm tdt noi gidng dudng; phdi hgp vdi cdc luc lugng gido dye nhd hi/dng tdng cudng xdy dyng ki cuonq
nen nep hqc tdp, sinh hoqt cua dodn vien, SV; mdi trudng hqc phdi eo he gid trj ldm chudn myc de Id'y dd ldm mye heu phdn ddu, thudc thdnh qud cua trudng; sy phdi hgp giCra gia dinh - nhd trudng vd xd hqi viee gido dye vdn hod hoc dudng cho SV, ehfnh Id co sd, dieu kien de xdy dyng mot mdi trudng VHHD d cdc trudng DH, CD, gdp phdn xdy dyng thdnh cdng sy nghiep trdng ngudi cua Ddng vd Nhd nude t a ^
Tai lieu tham khao
1 - Biii \"an Hue Ung \u su pham XXB Dgi hgc su phgm Hd Xgi 2004
2 Trinh Minh Loan Van hoa hoc duong - yeu to
quan de nang cao chat lutmg giao due Vien
nghien cihi su pham Truung Dai lipc su pliam Ha Noi H.2005
3 Ho Chi Minh toan tap (tap 1.2) NXB Chinh th qud'c gia H.2000