Xung dot hay d i l n bien cua hdnh ddng kjch chu yeu bde Id qua Idi thoqi cua cdc nhdn vdt (ddi thoqi hodc ddc thoqi). Ldi thoqi chiem mdt vj tri quan trqng trong nghe thudt xdy dyng[r]
Trang 1It
O ThS NGUYEN THANH L A M '
1 Dqy hgc (DH) tac phdm kjch trong nhd
trudng phd' thdng hien nay
Kjch Id mdt trong bo the loqi ehfnh euo vdn
hqc Trong chuong trinh NgCr vdn THCS vd THPT
hien hdnh, vdn bdn kjch dd dugc dua vdo nhieu
hon so vdi trudc ddy song vdn chiem ti le rdt
khiem ton so vdi vdn bdn vdn hge khde Chuong
trinh Ngir vdn THCS gidi thieu mdt sd trich doqn
kjch bdn vdn hoc tieu bieu: «Ong Giude - danh
mac li phyc" \r\ch hdi kjch «Trudng gid hgc Idm
sang" euo Mdlie (Idp 8); hoi doqn trich euo hai
vd kjch ndi hien dqi: «6dc Son" euo N g u y i n Huy
Tudng, «Tdi vd chung ta" cua Luu Quang Vu (Idp
9) Hoi trong sd ba tde phdm kjch dugc dua vdo
chunng trinh THPT Id eiia cdc tde gid Viet Nam
Cy the: d Idp 10, trfch «Tlnh yiu vd thu hdn"
-kjch «Rdmed vd Giuliet" euo Uyliam Sechxpio;
Idp 1 1 , doqn trfch «VTnh biet Cuu TrCjng Ddi"
-kjch «Vu Nhu Td" euo Nguyin Huy Tudng vd d
Idp 12, trfch «Hdn Truong Ba, da hdng thit"
-kjch euo Luu Quang Vu
Quo thye te nhieu ndm gidng dqy d trudng
phd thdng cung nhu tham khdo y kien eua ddng
nghiep, chung tdi nhdn thd'y viee DH the loqi kjch
gdp nhieu khd khdn hon so vdi ede the loqi vdn
hqc khde Nhieu gido vien (GV) vd hqc sinh (HS)
khdng thfch cdc gid DH kjch bdn vdn hqc GV
cho rdng tdc phdm kjch dugc dua vdo gidng dqy
trong ehuong trinh THCS, THPT deu Id nhirng tde
phdm hoy, thiet thye dd'i vdi HS nhung hq vdn
khdng thfch bdng gidng dqy cdc tdc phdm trir
hnh, tdc phdm ty sy Dy nhung gid dqy kjch bdn
vdn hqc, chung tdi nhdn thdy phuong phdp DH
mdi dd dugc mdt so GV dp dyng nhung ddi chd
cdn lung tung vd ndng ve khai thdc ndi dung,
xem nhe nghe thudt GV gidng dqy kieh ehu yeu
dya vdo sdeh GV O mdt sd gid dqy, viee bdm
sdt ddc trung the loqi chua rd Do so GV dqy
nhu sdeh hudng ddn, chua biet lya chqn nhirng
kien thuc co bdn, bdi gidng chua phi) hgp vdi
dd'i hrgng HS, tham kien thue md chua dp dyng
If thuyet loqi the, ddn den hung thu hge vdn cua
HS chua dugc phdt huy Mdt sd GV gidng dqy kjch md quen mdt cdc Idi thoqi nhdn vdt, dan tdi
DH thodt li kien thuc ve hdnh ddng kjch Hdu nhu hoqt ddng lien mdn de md rdng kien thue, ddo sdu hieu biet euo HS vdi loqi hinh nghe thudt tdng hgp ndy khdng ed
Chfnh nhirng bieu hien neu tren dd Idm eho viee DH kjch bdn vdn hqc d trudng THCS, THPT chua mong Iqi hieu qud coo Rd rdng mudn gid
DH kjch dqt hieu qud tdt, edn phdi khde phyc nhirng hqn che neu tren Li thuyet loqi the duqc trong bj phdi dugc dp dyng vdo bdi gidng Vdi myc dich nhdm ndng coo chd't lugng DH ndi chung, dqy kjch bdn vdn hqc d THPT ndi rieng, chung tdi de xud't hudng DH tde phdm kjch hong
trudng phd thdng vd doqn trfch «VTnh biet Cuu Trung Ddi" - kjch «Vu Nhu Td" euo Nguyin Huy
Tudng theo ddc trung the loqi
2 M o t v d i luu y khi d q y cac tdc pha'm kjch trong nhd trudng
Tde phdm kjch ed nhirng ddc diem khde biet
so vdi cdc tde phdm thudc the loqi vdn hqc khde Kjch Id mdt loqi hinh nghe thudt bieu d i l n , mdt the loqi tdng hgp eua hai loqi ty sy vd tru hnh; hjy vdy kich khdng boo gid Id the loqi ty sy ket hgp trir hnh don thudn, kjch hod ket giua vdn hqc vd sdn khdu, dugc viet ro ehu yeu khdng phdi de dgc md de dien Kjch phdn dnh hien thue ddi sdng hong nhung xung dot, quo xung dot (tuc Id xung dot euo cdc nhdn vdt), thdng quo ngdn ngir, hdnh ddng eua nhdn vdt theo mdt cdt truyen thdng nhd't
Mdu thudn trong kjch Id mdu thudn ve tu hjdng, quon diem sdng, nhdn vdt kich bj Idi eudn vdo cdc xung dot edng thdng Kr ddu den eudi ehu khdng
thdnh thai nhu hong tdc phdm hr sy, tru hnh
Kjch d i l n ro tren sdn khd'u thdng quo hdnh dqng, hdnh dqng Id phuang tien chu yeu euo
* Sci Giao due va flao tao Quang Ninh :b > • > v ; i-r, nr
Tap chi Giao due so 2 5 8 (ki a - 3/aoi D
Trang 2kjch, vi the phdi Idm rd hdnh ddng kjch trong
dqy kjch bdn vdn hqc Hdnh ddng kjch tdp trung
cao do, tde gid euo vd kjch khdng the dirng hdnh
ddng kjch de chem xen nhCrng hnh het xa xdi
hodc bd sung nhirng doqn td cdnh hay hdi tudng
chi tiet nhu ty sy Nhdn vdt kjch thudng Id nhdn
vdt hdnh ddng chu khdng phdi Id eon ngudi «nem
trdi" nhu trong heu thuyet, neu cd, kjch cung khdng
tdi hien qud trinh nem trdi nhieu mdt euo eon
ngudi GV chua eho HS hinh dung dugc tung lue
tren sdn khdu cdc nhdn vdt tham gia vdo dien
bien euo hdnh ddng kjch thi bdi gidng kjch chdng
khde gi bdi gidng tieu thuyet hay truyen ngdn
Trong kjch, Idi tdc gid thu hep vdo Idi chu thfch,
nhirng Idi ddn ft di Do dd khi gidng kjch khdng
the bd qua ede ehi ddn ndy, neu khdng hnh sinh
ddng euo gid gidng se bj gidm sut
Trong kjch, ngdn ngir Id phuang tien quan
trqng nhd't de bde Id tfnh cdeh nhdn vdt Ngdn
ngu kjch tren sdn ehu yeu Id Idi thoqi eua ede
nhdn vdt Xung dot hay d i l n bien cua hdnh ddng
kjch chu yeu bde Id qua Idi thoqi cua cdc nhdn
vdt (ddi thoqi hodc ddc thoqi) Ldi thoqi chiem
mdt vj tri quan trqng trong nghe thudt xdy dyng
kjch bdn vd GV phdi hudng ddn HS hm hieu
Khi tiep cdn vd hm hieu chieu sdu tde phdm,
GV phdi ddt tde phdm kjch trong mdi tuong quan
vdi cdc tde phdm khde cung giai doqn, ddng thdi
ddt the loqi kjch trong mdi lien he vdi thyc te
cuqc sdng, vdi trdo luu, trudng phdi vdn hqc de
thd'y dnh hudng trye tiep hoy gidn tiep eua nhung
yeu to ndy .,
3 Dqy kjch «Vu Nhu To"
1) Khai thdc ngdn ngu, nhjp dieu kjch
Ngdn ngir kjch cd tfnh tdng hgp cao (ke, mieu
td, bde Id ), nhd't Id trong hdi cudi Vu Nhu Td,
nhd vdn dd ddng thdi khde hqa hnh each, mieu
td tdm trqng, ddn ddt hdnh ddng, xung dot kjch
khien ngudi dqc d l ddng hinh dung ed mot khdng
gian bqo lye kinh hodng trong mdt nhjp dieu
ehdng mdt: Le Tuong Dye bj Ngd Hqeh giet chet,
Hodng hdu nhdy vdo lua ty vdn (qua Idi ke euo
Le Trung Mqi); Nguyen Vu ty tu bdng dao (ngay
tren sdn khdu), Don Thiem suyt bj bqn ndi gidm
thdt cd ngay tqi chd; Vu Nhu Td ro phdp trudng
Rdi heng nhie'e mdc, chui rua, lo d, than khde,
mdu, nude mdt tdt cd hung hye nhu tren mdt
cdi ehdo ddu sdi khdng Id
Nhjp dieu kjch dugc tqo ra thdng quo nhjp
dieu euo Idi ndi - hdnh ddng (nhd't Id qua khdu
khi, nhjp dieu, sdc thdi Idi ndi - hdnh ddng euo Dan Thiem - Vu Nhu Td khi dd'i ddp vdi nhau vd vdi phe ddi nghjeh; qua Idi ndi - hdnh ddng eua nhirng ngudi khde trong voi trd dua hn, nhjp dieu
«ra", «vdo" cua cdc nhdn vdt ddu vd cudi mdi Idp - ede Idp deu ngdn, ed nhirng Idp rdt ngdn: chi ddm bo lugt thoqi nhd; nhi/ng tieng reo, tieng thet, tieng ddng ddi tu hdu trudng phdn dnh eye dien, hnh hinh nguy cdp, dien ddo trong ede Idi ehu thich nghe thudt hdm sue euo tde gid
2) Chu y yeu to lich su
Viet mdt vd kjch Ijch su, Vu Nhu Td tdt nhien dyo tren cdc su lieu: sy kien, nhdn vdt ljch su, bdi cdnh Ijch su Dieu quan trqng Id khai thdc vdn dyng cdc su lieu dy nhu the ndo, soo cho phi) hgp vdi yeu cdu cua bi kjch Cdi Idi ljch su dugc nhd vdn khoi thdc d ddy Id edu chuyen Vu Nhu
Td xdy Cuu trung ddi cho Le Tuong Dye (theo nhu sdeh Dqi Viet su ki vd Viet su thdng gidm cuong mye ghi Iqi) Ddi xdy dang dd, ngudi thg tdi hoa
Vu Nhu Td dd phdi eh ju cdi chet oon khde O ddy,
de gdp phdn Idm nen khung cdnh vd khdng khi bi trdng euo ljch su, tdc gid dd ddt hdnh ddng kjch vdo trong «mdt cung cdm", nhieu nhdn vdt kjch Id nhung nhdn vdt Ijch su Nhieu ten ddt ten ngudi gdn vdi trieu Le Dung nhu Idi chu thich sdn khd'u eua tde gid: Sy viee trong vd kjch xdy ro d Thdng Long trong khodng thdi gian tu ndm 1516 den ndm 1517, dudi trieu Le Tuong Dye
Thue tqi dugc phdn dnh trong bi kjch theo ldi
ed ddc ede mdu thudn ben trong, phai bdy nhung xung dot sdu sdc euo thyc tqi dudi dqng bdo hdo vd edng thdng den eye do mong y nghTa tugng trung nghe thudt Tdc phdm thudng ddt ddc gid trudc nhung edu hdi phire tqp, hoe bua, nhue nhdi euo cuqc sdng Trong Idi De tya viet mdt ndm sou khi viet xong vd kjch, chinh Nguyen Huy Tudng dd edng khai bdy td ndi bdn khodn euo
minh: «Ddi Cuu Trung khdng thdnh, nin mung hay nen tide? Chdng biet Vu Nhu Td phdi hay nhdng ke giet Nhu Td phdi [ ] Than di, Nhu Td phdi hay nhdng ke giet Nhu Td phdi? Ta ehdng but Cdm but chdng qua cung mdt binh vdi Dan Thiim" Cho den khi bi kjch hq mdn, ngudi xem
vdn chua thdy edu trd Idi dut khodt cua tde gid Ndi dung hon dng nhudng edu trd Idi eho ngudi dqc, ngudi xem Mdu thudn vd tfnh khdng dut khodt trong cdeh gidi quyet mdu thudn ndy dugc the hien tdp trung trong hdi eudi euo vd kjch Cuu Trung Ddi syp d d vd bj dot chdy, nhdn ddn trudc
Trang 3sou vdn khdng hieu gi ve viee sdng tqo cua nghe
sT, khong hieu ndi Dan Thiem, Vu Nhu Td cung
nhu «mqng ldn" cua hai nhdn vqt hien than eho
tdi sdc ndy Ve phia khde, Dan Thiem khdng cuu
dugc Vu Nhu Td vd Ho Vu vdn khong the, khdng
bao gid hieu dugc viee Idm cua qudn chung vd
cua phe cdnh noi loqn Mdu thudn md vd bi kich
neu len thuqe loqi mdu thudn khdng bao gid vd
khdng ai gidi quyet eho that dut khodt, dn thda
dugc, nhd't Id hong thdi dqi Vu Nhu Td Mdu
thudn ndy may ra c6 the gidi quyet phdn ndo
thda ddng khi md ddi sdng vqt chd't cua nhdn
ddn that binh dn, ddi sdng hnh than, nhu cdu ve
cdi dep trong xd hdi dugc ndng cao ro ret Mdc
ddu vqy, chu de vd dinh hudng tu h/dng cua vd
kich vdn dugc phdt h-ien hjong dd'i sdng td Mot
mdt, tren quan diem nhdn ddn, vd kieh len dn
bqo chua tham quan, ddng tinh vdi viee ddn
chung ndi ddy trir diet chung; nhung mdt khde,
hen hnh thdn nhdn vdn, vd kich dd ea nggi nhi/ng
nhdn cdeh nghe sT ehdn chinh vd tdi hoa nhu Vu
NhuTd, nhirng tdm Idng yeu nghe thudt den mue
quen minh nhu Dan Thiem Ddy Id ehu de dugc
the hien chu yeu qua mdu tfiudn thi/ hai eua vd
kieh: mdu thudn giira niem khdt khao hien ddng
tdtcd eho nghe thudt cua ngudi nghe sTddm chim
hong mo mqng vdi lgi fch h-yc tiep vd thiet thyc
euo ddi sdng nhdn ddn Vu Nhu To Id mot tdi
n d n j nhung ehfnh vi khdng gidi quyet dugc mdu
thudn giua nghe thudt vd cuqc sdng nen dng dd
thd't bqi
^ Xde dinh dugc mot quan niem nghe thudt dung ddn: Nghe thudt khdng the dung cao han euqc sdng, ngudi nghe s7 phdi dirng ve phia nhdn ddn, chdng Iqi cdi dc, cdi xd'u, dong thdi phdi sdng tdc nhCrng tde phdm c6 chd't lugng, cd gid trj Idu ddi phyc vy nhdn ddn
Mdi the loqi trong vdn hqc deu ed nhi/ng ddc trung rieng, do dd edn nhirng nguyen tde DH rieng, phu hgp vdi dqc trung the loqi Chiem iTnh tdc phdm kieh theo dqc trung loqi the giiip ta hieu sdu sdc tdc phdm, li gidi thdu ddo edm hung
vd y dd nghe thudt cua nhd vdn Vd'n de ndy cdn dugc GV chu trqng h> khdu dinh hudng khoi thdc den khdu thiet kebdi soqn, thyc hdnh bdi gidng.iJ
Tai lieu tham khao
1 NguN 5n Viet Chti Phmmg phap day hoc tac pham
van hoc theo loai the NXB Gido due H 2000
2 Tran Thanh Dam Van de giang day tac pham van
hoc theo loai the NXB Gido due H 1978
3 D6 Due Hieu "Bi kich Vu Nhu To" Tap chi Vdn hgc so 10 1997
4 D6 Dire Hieu "May van de ve kich va thi phap
kich" Tap chi Van hgc so' 2 1998
Nang cao van hoa hoc dirong
(Tii'p theo trang 17j
thuc xu If thich ddng, vdi nhung bq phdn, nhCrng
ddi hrgng c6 mye dich Igi dyng SV ve cd tdm
hon vd the xde Hqn che tdi do nhirng ty diem dn
ehai (nhd hdng, nhd nghi, qudn karaoke, qudn
internet, dich vy cdm do) xung quanh die bdn
cac trudng hqc
Mot moi trudng van hod hqc dudng dugc
tqo dyng h> sy ket hgp giira gia dinh - nhd trudng
- xd hqi se c6 sire de khdng vdi nhung mdm
benh, loqi tru dugc nhijng bieu hien vdn hod
khdng ldnh mqnh ndy sinh tu- ben trong, gdp
phdn xdy dyng mot xd hqi ngdy cdng hodn
thien, vdn minh
Xdy dyng moi trudng su phqm, khung cdnh
su phqm vd ung xu su phqm tdt noi gidng
dudng; phdi hgp vdi cdc luc lugng gido dye
trong nhd hi/dng tdng cudng xdy dyng ki cuonq
nen nep trong hqc tdp, sinh hoqt cua dodn vien, SV; mdi trudng hqc phdi eo he gid trj ldm chudn myc de Id'y dd ldm mye heu phdn ddu, thudc
do thdnh qud cua trudng; sy phdi hgp giCra gia dinh - nhd trudng vd xd hqi trong viee gido dye vdn hod hoc dudng cho SV, ehfnh Id co sd, dieu kien de xdy dyng mot mdi trudng VHHD d cdc trudng DH, CD, gdp phdn xdy dyng thdnh cdng sy nghiep trdng ngudi cua Ddng vd Nhd nude t a ^
Tai lieu tham khao
1 - Biii \"an Hue Ung \u su pham XXB Dgi hgc su
phgm Hd Xgi 2004
2 Trinh Minh Loan Van hoa hoc duong - yeu to
quan trong de nang cao chat lutmg giao due Vien
nghien cihi su pham Truung Dai lipc su pliam Ha Noi H.2005
3 Ho Chi Minh toan tap (tap 1.2) NXB Chinh th
qud'c gia H.2000
Tap ehi Giao due s6 2 5 8 (ki a s/aon)