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Nen tim d9C them bat ky sach nao khac c6 lien quan di khong ngitng niim vilng nhilng tri thitc ca bdn v~.. tit vljng, ngil phap ...[r]

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LE ANH MINH

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TU' HOC CHU' HAN

vAN NGON - PHAT THLJ - BACH THO AI - THLJ PHAP

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6/Jguai tlj h9c chil Hanach duqc bien saq,n dif,c bift danh cha nhilng G9i la "Taan thu" kh6ng nhilm y huang dq,t d~n slj taan difn, haan hda v6n kh6ng baa gia c6 thljc, nhung vi n¢i dung cua sach baa g6m cd nhi~u

tr'inh d¢ danh cha nguai h9c chil Han tit nh¢p m6n d~n nang caa, vai nhilng nhu cdu va m!fc dich c6 th~ khac it nhi~u, d6ng thai ciing c6 gdng cung dip m¢t luqng ki~n thuc c6 tinh da dq,ng baa quat nhi~u lanh vljc, thu¢c nhi~u th~ laq,i van bdn khac cua chil Han

Trang chi~u huang neu tren, ngaai PHAN MO DA U giai thifU nhilng van d~ can bdn t6ng quat lien quan d~n chil Han, sach duqc cau tq,a bai cac ph&n chinh nhu sau:

I N~P MON: G6m 126 bai h9c ngdn di tit d~ d~n kh6, m6i bai d~u c6 phien am, dtch nghla, gidi thich tit mai va ngil phap Ngaai nhilng diim ngil phap gidi thich Clf th~ thea tung

bai, c6 ph&n ngil phap ca bdn duqc giai thifu d&n d&n trdi

d~u thea cac bai h9c ma nguai h9c c6 th~ h9c haif,c

tifn cai lq,i trang nhilng luc rdnh r6i

II NANG CAO: Nguai h9c sau h9c ky ph&n (t6ng c¢ng

102 bai) c6 th~ ndm vilng them m¢t s6 tit vljng va tri thuc ngil phap c&n y~u d~ d9c duqc h&u h~t cac sach chil Han thu¢c nhi~u

th~ laq,i va tr'inh d¢ khac nhau, tit nhilng tac phtlm tha, van, sit,

tri~t c6 dq,i cha d~n c¢n, hi~n dq,i, k~ cd nhftng Ph¢t thu va kinh

lu¢n Ph¢t giao u6n duqc vi~t Mng m¢t th~ laq,i Han ngil kha di;ic thu c6 tinh trung gian va ph6i hqp giila Van ng8n vai Bq,ch thag,i v~

ca phu:ang di~n tit ngil Zan ngil phap Khi soc;r,n phdn NANG CAO

nay, chung toi da co gdng tuy€n ch9n nhilng bai th(tt tieu bi€u cho

tung th€ loc;zi va thai ky, m8i bai d~u c6 phdn gim thi~u tac gia-tac pham, giup ngu:C!i h9c c6 n~n tang d€ vita niim vilng chil Han

vita c6 them ca hf)i thea doi ti~n trinh phat tri€n cua van, tri~t, sa

Trung Quae mf)t each t6ng quan, vita du ma khong phai mat qua nhi~u thi gia cha c6 ca hf)i d€ di sau vao nhilng loc;zi sach khac Doi vm ngu:C!i khong chuyen tam vcw m~fc dicli h9c chil Han, cilng c6 th€ coi day la mf)t t(tp "trich di~m" hay ''giup tri nh{f' nhilng danh tac tha, van CUa Trung Quae von chita dljng nhi~u tinh hoa cua tu: tu:(mg phu:ang Dong rat tham trdm, sau siic lien quan d~n m9i Zanh Vljc cua dai song xa hf)i, tit kinh nghi~m song, Slj chiem nghi~m ca nhan, cho d~n ngh~ thu(tt itng xu va trf mfflc

Sach v€ ca bdn t¢p trung cho Van ngon (but ngil hay crf ngil) nhi~u han cho Bg,ch thog,i (ngil th€ hay khdu ngil), nhu:ng mf)t phdn VAN B~CH THO~! nho cilng du:~c them vao dog,n cu6i cua ph&n NANG CAO nay, du:~c hiiu la "nang cao them mf)t bu:ac" sau da hc;>c Van ngon di c6 thi dc;>c du:~c cac sach tham khdo vitt biing titng Han hifn dg,i, chit khong nhiim vao dg,y titng Pho? thong di n6i nang giao dfch EJf)c gid c6 m~fc dich h9c ti~ng Phrf thong (Bg,ch thog,i) c6 thi sil dlfng bat ky sach nao khac hifn dang du:~c phrf bi~n rat rf)ng rai

III.THU PHAP: Ph&n anh Le Anh Minh chuyen trach bien sog,n, c6 tinh chudn xac va kinh diin cd v~ ly thuytt Zan thljc hanh, di giup nhilng bg,n yeu thich thu: phap c6 luon tai li~u tham khdo chung mf)t bf) sach g9i la Toan thzt tlj hpc chii Han

Trang phdn NANG CAO, h&u h~t cac bai dfch chung toi d~u tl! dfch leiy va coy dich sat theo titng chii d€ ti~n cho vi~c h9c t(tp Tuy nhien, thu th(tt la di vita da mat cong phdn nao, vita di cung cap cho df)c gid mf)t so ban dfch c6 gia trf cila cac b¢c tuc nho ti~n b6i, chung toi da tranh thu sa dlfng chitng mljc cho phep mf)t s6 ban dfch cil cua nhilng ngu:ai di tn.fflc (nhu: Nguy~n Hilu Ti~n,

VI

Phan K~ Binh, Hoang Thuc Tram, Nguy~n Hi~n Le, Tr&n Tr9ng San, Phan Ng9c J Trang phdn dfch tha, ngoai phdn dfch xuoi chung toi tlj lam lay, c6 bd.n dfch tha su:u tdm du:~c cua mf)t so dfch gia n6i ti~ng tnfflc nhu: Phan Huy Vfnh, Tan Da, Trdn Tr9ng Kim, Ng6 Tat TO, v.v nhiim mlfC dich cung cap cho ngu:ai h9C mf)t

SO tai li~u van h9c v{Ji nhilng ban dfch nrJi ti~ng d€ thu:(mg ngog,n, tang them phdn hitng thu h9c t(tp chil Han EJQ,c bi~t trong phdn Kinh lu(t'n Ph(d giao, d€ bcw dam it c6 sai s6t v~ giao ly giao ngh'ia, chung toi da khong tlj dfch ma su:u t&m va sa dlfng phdn Zan bdn dfch cua cac tu s'i hoQ,c nha nghien citu Ph(tt giao Rat mong cac vf c6 bdn dfch sach hoan hi chap nh(tn di giup cho nhilng ngu:ai h(tu h9c c6 them di~u ki~n tinh tan

Ngoai nhilng nf)i dung chinh neu tren, sach du:~c minh hQa bifi nhi€u hinh ve va anh maud[ ngU:ai hQC CO them tU: [ifU tham khdo ho(j,c xem them cho da chan Nhan day, chung toi xin ghi nh¢n slj giup da t¢n tinh cua cac anh Le Minh Bite, Tg, Duy Chan, EJ8 Cong Minh (Nha sach EJg,i Th~ Giai) va co Thudn Chanh (Thi~n vifn Vien Chi~u) trong vi~c cung cap cho rat nhi~u tai [ifU Va hinh anh dung sach

MQ,c du da co gdng nhi~u, chung toi van bitt khong c6 mf)t quy€n sach nhat nao c6 thi du:a ngu:ai h9c dg,t d~n dinh dich cu6i c-ling Trai lg,i, y~u to cong chinh la a bdn than ngliai hQC, thi hi~n G Slj quy~t tam, kien tri, long say me Va tinh lien t/fC cua vi~c hQC t¢p Nen tim d9C them bat ky sach nao khac c6 lien quan di khong ngitng niim vilng nhilng tri thitc ca bdn v~

tit vljng, ngil phap , nhat la thu:ang xuyen t¢p dc;>c, t¢p dfch, t(tp viet va tra citu tit diin ma k~t qud dg,t du:~c chile chiin se tg,o cho ngu:ai hc;>c mf)t ni~m khich l~ va slJ tu:ang thu:ang thich dang Sau cung, chung toi mong nh¢n du:~c slj gop y cua nhilng bg,n d6ng khi, nhat la tit phia nhilng ngu:ai trljc ti~p dung sach di sau se brf sung, hoan chinh them c6 dfp tai bdn

THAN v AN ciiANH

THU' Ml)C THAM KHAO ~:tt~§

1 DU NGUYEN DAM, Cao trung Quo'c van Tan djch

~ '* ~X wr §i' D~i Chung Thu' Cl;IC an hfmh, Dai Loan

1964

2 VVONG UjC, C6 dt;~i Han ngil il{i:1~§1L Trung Hoa Thu

ct,Ic, Bac Kinh, 1962

3 TU MINH, Han tl! thuong thlic ~~ + '*' 'J\, Tien Tu Xuat

ban xa, Huang Cang, 1973

4 HO DO THl) (chu bien), Hi¢n dt;-i Han nga :£~ {i:/~§1§,

Thu'<;5ng Hai Giao dt,lc Xuat ban xa, Thu<;5ng Hai, 1999

5 HONG DOC NHAN, HiÂn dt;~i Han ngil :Ê~{i:1~Đg, H~ Mon

D~i hQc Ham tht,I be), 1963

, ' ;:: , -"' ?

6 DAI VAN BINH, TIEN QUOC LQI (chu bien), Cao trung

Van ngon nha't ban thong~$)( 6 -:;;tjj D~i Lien Ly

cong D~i hQc Xuat ban xa, 2001

7 DANG KIEN ueT (chu bien), So trung Van ngon van

Tuong djch Tinh tich tJJ $ )( 6 )( 8Ơ Đi *~ .fJT, Van Hoi Xu at ban xa, Thu<;5ng Hai, 2002

8 DANG KIEN ueT (chu bien), Cao trung Van ngon van

Tuong djch Tinh tich ~'*X~ x§'f:§if~.fJT, Van Hoi

Xuat ban xa, Thu'<;5ng Hai, 2000

9 Co? kim Danh tac Van tuyin il~~fFX~ (khong d~ tac gia), Chinh Ngon Xuat ban xa, Dai Loan, 1970

VIII

10 HOANG BiNH TRA.CH, Trung h9c sinh C6 thi van t1:1ng df?c

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17 BO QUOC GIA GIAO Dl)C, Han Vi{:~t Tan kh6a ban (lop

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18 NGUYEN VAN BA, Nho van Giao khoa thu, Vi~t Nam Van

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19 TRAN TRQNG SAN, Han van, Bac D~u, SaiGon, 1963

20 TRAN TRQNG SAN, Tho Duong (cuon I va II), Sai Gon, 1965

21 v6 NHV NGUYeN-NGUYEN HONG GIAO,Han van Giao khoa thu(t~p Iva II), NXB Da Nang, 1997

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Gon, 1973

24 CHIEM BINH, Tu thu tuC!ng gidi IZ.9~§$~~' Chinh Ngon Xu at ban xa, 8ai Loan, 1964

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chu JEJ ~ §J i1, Thu<;>ng Hai c6 tich Xuat ban xa, Thu'ting Hai, 2ooo

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27 KIM KHAI HOA, Quo'c phong kim djch ~ }!\:~§! , Kie'n Van Thu Cl;IC, H6ng Kong, (nam ?)

28 TU KY DUONG,ThuQ'ng thu r6J ~, Quang Chau Xuat ban xa, Quang Chau, 2001

29 L Y MQNG SINH, Td truy?n djch chu, ti_ 1$: §J i1, Thu<;5ng Hai C6 tich Xuat ban xa,Thu<;>ng Hai, 1998

30 THI MINH, Mijc til ~y, Quang Chau Xuat ban xa, Quang Chau, 2001

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32 KHUAT TIEN-HO KIEN HOA, Chien quo'c sach

*1~ ffi', Quang Chau Xuat ban xa, Quang Chau, 2001

33 VUONG THE CHINH-DAM NGQC THI~N, An til Xuan thu tuyln djch ~ r~fjc~§J, Nhan Dan Van hQc Xuat ban xa, Bac Kinh, 1994

34 TRI~U cAT HU~-QUACH HAU AN (chu bien), Trung Quo'c Nho h9c Tit diin r:j=l ~ f~ ~ §§] ~, Lieu Ninh Nhan Dan Xuat ban xa, Th~m Duong, 1989

35 J BRANDT, Introduction to Literary Chinese, Ederick Ungar

Publishing Company, New York

X

36 HAROLD SHADICK, A First Course in Literary Chinese

(Volume I), Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London,

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37 GREGORY CHIANG, Language of the Dragon (Volume I), Cheng and Tsui Company, USA, 1998

38 THICH HANH TR{), So ddng Phqt h9c Gido khoa thu,

Thanh h(ii Phi;it giao Thanh H6 Chi Minh-NXB Thanh H6 Chi Minh, 1997

39 80AN TRUNG CON, Chu kinh Tqp ylu, in ky dgu, Sai

Gon, 1970

40 Uing nghiem kinh (ban chu Han)

41 THICH DUY UjC (Dich va lu<;>c giai), Kinh Lang nghiem,

NXB Ton giao, 1999 ,

42 D~i thifa khoi tin lu(m (ban chu Han)

43 THICH THI~N THONG (Vi~t dich),D~i thiia khoi tin !uqn ddn nghia, 1994

44 LE MANH THAT, Tdng tqp Van h9c Phqt giao Vi?t Nam

(Phl;l ban Han van ":Ly ho~c lui;in"), NXB TP H6 Chi Minh,

2001

45 Tho van Ly Trdn, NXB Khoa hQc Xa h()i, Ha N()i, 1978 46 THICH TRf QUANG, Sa di- Sa di ni (khong ghi noi va nam

xuat ban)

47 TRAN TRQNG KIM, Phqt giao thuo xua va Phqt giao nay, Tan Vi~t, Sai Gon, 1953

48 TRAN TRQNG KIM, Duong thi, NXB Van hoa Thong tin, 1995

49 THICH TRI T~NH, Di?u phdp lien hoa kinh (Phien am va Dich nghia)

50 THICH THONG BVU, Kinh Dg.i thaa Di¢u phap lien hoa Giang lut;in, NXB T6n Giao, 2002

51 CHANH TRi, Bat nha Ba la mt;it da Tam kinh Vi~t gidi, Sai Gon, 1962

52.TRAN DOAN CAT-HO TRUNG HANH (chu bien), !'ht;it kir;h Van h9c Tuy bien NiH~X~f$~, ThueJng Hai C6 tich Xuat ban xa, ThuQng Hai, 1999

53 LA VI QUOC, Pht;it tg.ng dil Dg.o tg.ng 1~ffiW~ffi,

ThuQng Hai Thu diem Xuat ban xa, ThuQng Hai, 2001 54 NHI~M KE DO (T6ng chu bien), Pht;it giao Tiiu ta diln

1~ ~5UJ\ ~P] ~, ThuQng Hai TU' thu Xuat ban xa, ThuQng Hai, 2001

55 TRUNG QUOC PHAT GIAO HI~P HOI, Trung Quf/c Pht;it gicio lf1 ~ 1~ ~, Dong Phuong Xuat ban Trung tam, Thu<;ing Hai, 1996

56 CHAN NGUYEN-NGUYEN TVCJNG BACH, Ta di!n Pht;it h9c, NXB Thu?n H6a, Hue, 1999

57 TRUC LAM CV SI, Pht;it giao Nan tl! Ti! di!n 1~ ~iff ::f: ::f: ~, Thuong Xu an ThtJ Thu phong, Dai Loan, 1990

58 THICH THANH TU, Tham db hiin quye't, Thi~n vi~n

Thuong Chieu-NXB Thanh H6 Chi Minh, 1997

59 LVdNG VI, Tong thi Bach thuThiln thich*g~Ef§ 1~ ;f~, V~n Ly Thu diem, Huang Cang, 1965

60 NHLEU D~CH GL.\, Tho Tong, NXB Van HQc, Ha N()i,

1991

61 KHONG DUC DINH TAN DUNG, Ta Tong, NXB Thanh

pho H6 Chi Minh: 1992

62 Trung Quo'c Hi~n dg.i Tac pha?m Tuyln bien,

XII

$ ~:E~{i:11=6"1J~~' Hoa ngu Giao hQc Xuat ban xa, B~c Kinh, 1989

63 TRAN VAN CHANH , Sa lur;c Ngil phap Han van (Van

ng6n), NXB Da Nang, 1997

64 TRAN vAN CHANH, Ta ddn Hu ta-Han ngil cff dg.i ''Q

Hi~n dg.i, NXB Tre, TP HCM, 2002

65 TRAN vAN CHANH, Tu diln Han Vi?t-Han ngil cff dg.i va Hi¢n dg.i, NXB Tre, TP HCM, in 1ftn thu hai, 2001

66 UONG L~ VIEM, Han ngil Ngil phap Ơ:iĐB ĐB$;, Thu<;ing Hai D~i hQc Xuat ban xa, ThuQng Hai, 1999

67 TRVdNG THV NHAM-VVdNG THIET CON, Gidn h6a tl! Tdnguyen .W 1t ~ ~ ~ NgG'vanXufi'tbiinxa,BlicKinh, 1997 68 AU DVdNG TRUNG THACH-KIM vAN xVdNG, Trung

Quo'c Thu phap Sa giam lf1 ~ :e ~! 5: ii, Trung c()ng Trung uong Dang hi~u Xuat ban xa, 1993

69 TRVdNG TOAN HOI, So h9c Thu phap Ky xdo Nht;ip mon

m ~ :e $; H: J.1j A F~' Trung Quoc Thanh th! Kinh te Xa h()i Xuat ban xa, B~c Kinh, 1989

70 LVU NGH~, Trung Hoa Thu phap Dg.i diln, Quoc te Van

h6a Xuat ban C6ng ty, B~c Kinh, 1993

71 TRVdNG CAO PHONG, Thu phap Nht;ip mon, Thi6m Tay LG' du Xuat ban xa, Thi6m Tay, 1995

72 VAN THANH LAU, Ldu Cong Quy~n Khdi thu Td phap, Ngh~ thu?t D6 thu C6ng ty, Quang Chau, 1993

~ ~ ?

TU' lll;: U HINH ANH

rgy ~:;~~~/

/.)g!j EB _iR IJ'-f

1 DAr DAT-CUNG THV Df,.C, Thi d6 bdn Trung QU(J'c Thong sa *~ ~ * $ ~ .® 5::., Hai Ye'n Xuat ban xa, B~c Kinh, 2001

2 PHONG LAP TRUNG-TRAN VAN KHON, Trung Quo'c

Ljch dc;Ii Danh nhan EJ6 h9i $ ~ frr {i; ~A [i];jl, HQc Uytin

Xuat ban xa, B~c Kinh, 1994

3 DVCiNG AM THAM, Trung Quo'c H9c thu(it gia Li¢t truy¢n

$~~Viti~ 1U 1$, Huang Cang Van Uyen Thu die'm Xuat ban xa, Huang Cang, nam?

4 TRVCiNG MAU TRACH (Chinh ly), Tli thu T¢ip chu (Sap d6

ban) rz:g ~ ~ il: , Tam T§n Xuat ban xa, 1999

5 MA THV BIEN, Trung Quo'c Ph¢it giao Chu thdn

$ ~ 1~ ~ §i3 t$, Dofm Ke't Xu at ban xa, B~c Kinh, 1998

6 HA TV TOAN (chu bien), Trung Quo'c Ljch dc;Ii Danh tang

r:p ~ Jrr {i; ~ 11W, Ha Nam Nhan Dan Xuat ban xa, Ha Nam,

1996

7 H.VAN PRAAG, Sagesse de laChine, Marabout Universite, 1966

XIV

Y2 CJTUUUUO-rVITl~,

Phtin miJdtiu

NHaNG vAN oE: cAN s.AN

h h /h • , ,J c tt -:k- \, ~"~

Thi Kinh Khuat Nguyen

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roAN THU nJ HQC CHa HAN 17

Philn md dilu

NHUNG VAN E>:E cAN BAN

A.cHa HAN: rfNH cHAT vA c.Au r~o

I TiNH CHAT CUA CHU HAN

Chu Han, thu chu cua t6 tien dan t()c Han, la mQt

nhG'ng h~ thong chu viet OU</C dung lau doi nhat tren the gioi

Hi~n nay, chung ta chua biet dich xac chu Han phat sinh thai gian nao, nhung tu the ky 15 truoc C6ng nguyen, doi nha Thuong (1600-1028 tntoc CN), n6 da tr& m()t lo~i chu viet

kha phat tri€n, truoc d6, chac h~n c6 m()t lich sll' rat lau dai

Hi~n nay, chung ta tr6ng thay nhung chu viet xuat hi~n each hon 3000 nam nguoi doi Thuong dung

vi~c ghi chep Bay gio hQ rat tin vao quy th~n, nen c6 vi~c gl

quan trQng thl thuong viet len mai rua, xuong thu, vl v~y du<;1c

gQi la "giap cot van" Thu chu luu truy~n den von la c6ng Cl;l cua nguoi Han dung a€ ghi chep ng6n ngu Han, m?c du each viet v~ co ban van kh6ng thay a6i

Hi~n nay, chu viet cua ph~n IOn eac nude tren the gioi d~u

thu()c lo~i chu rap v~n, dung eac chu cai a€ ghi am cua tu,

OQC thl hi€u dt1<;1C y nghia D6 la truong h<;1p chu viet cua nhi~u dan tQC a chau Au, chau My, va cua chu Vi~t Nam hi~n d~i

Tinh chat cua chu Han l~i khac N6i thea thu phap thl m6i

chula m()t hlnh th€ OQC l~p, khac voi hlnh thuc cua lo~i chu rap v~n; chu Han l~i kh6ng ket h<;1p m~t thiet voi ngu am: m6i chu

la m(}t dau hi~u cua am tiet, kh6ng th€ chi r am dQG GY<l Gl:J.~

~ ' h - , T Hlf Y I~ N I

mQt cac ro rang VNC PH VN J

:.~ VAN · H/\ :\JH >

l.sn ~~~ };<6 7:. - ~

-18 TRAN VAN CHANH

C6 th~ chia chG' Han lam hai nh6m IOn: M()t nh6m thugn bi~u y, kh6ng c6 phgn bi~u am; m()t nh6m chG' hlnh c6 phfrn bi~u am Cac hQc gia til xua d~u nMn ding chG' Han c6 nguyen de ca"u t;:to thuong gQi la Ll,lc thu

II L()C THU

Ll,lc thu kh6ng phai la nhG'ng nguyen uk do nguoi xua d~ t truoc d~t chG' rna nguoi doi sau din cu vao ket ca"u cua

chG' viet r6i quy n;:tp ly lu?n, vl v?y each giai thfch cua moi nha cung c6 vai cho chua nha"t tri

Sach Han van gidi tl! cua Hua Th?n 1da k~ nguyen tac nhu sau: Chi stf, Tu<;1ng hlnh, Hlnh thanh, H()i y, Chuy~n chu, Gia ta

Han thz.t Ngh? van chi cua Ban C6'2 l;:ti c6 each gQi ten va

thu ttf hoi khac: Tu<;1ng hlnh, Tu<;1ng stf, Tu<;1ng y, Tu<;1ng thanh,

Chuy~n chu va Gia ta

Hi~n nguoi ta thuong dung eac thu?t ngG' cua Hua Th?n d~ gQi ten cho nguyen tac ca"u t;:to chG' Han nhung xep l;:ti theo thu ttf cua Ban Co: Tu<;1ng hlnh, Chi stf, H()i y, Hlnh thanh,

Chuy~n chu, Gia ta3 1 Tzt(fng hinh

Dung phuong ph a p ve hlnh nhG'ng v? t c6 thtfc d~ d~ t chG' viet gQi Ia phep tu<;1ng hlnh Nhung chG' viet theo phuong phap gQi la chG' tu<;jng hlnh

1

Hua Th~n (khoang 58-147) Ia ngttoi dat Nhu Nam doi Dong Han, tu Ia Thuc Trc,mg, ngoai Him \'(In Kii.ii f1! Ia m()t b() ll! di~n rat n6i tie'ng ( 14 thien), 6ng Ia lac gia cua sach NKil hanh kinh dj nKhlu

2

Ban Co (32-92) tl! Ia Mc:tnh Kien, nguoi da't An Lang doi nha Han, lac gia sach Him thu g6m 100 quy~n

'Trinh Chung sach Chu tM', phiin chu giai lc:ti ghi Ia : Ttt<;ing hlnh, Hoi y, ChuytSn chu, Xt'r S\1, Gi:i ta, Hlnh than h

roAN THL1 Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 19

Thf dl,l: )c la hlnh ve m()t nguoi dang quy goi nhin theo trilc di~n, bi~u thi "nhan" la nguoi Sau, hlnh th~ chG' viet bien a6i dgn, th~mh A

Vl chG' viet bien d6i , nen nhln vao m()t chG' ta kh6ng nh?n n6 la hlnh cua v?t gl Trai l;:ti, (j Giap cot van, m()t lo;:ti chG' viet so khai, ta tr6ng thay rat r6 (xem hinh 1)

P1 q ~ ~

F~ ~ 1m *

MON CUNG LQC TU0NG

Hinh

Hgu het chG' tu<;jng hlnh den kh6ng giong hlnh ve nG'a, nhu cac chG' B (nh(jt: m~t troi), .f:l (nguyft: m~t trang),

4-(ngz.tu: trau), .~ (ddu: chim), ; m()t so chG' khac da bien nghTa nen nhln vao m~t chG' ta rat kh6 doan n6 von la

chG' tu<;1ng hlnh, nhu chG' § (tl!) ban dgu c6 nghia la eai mui, chG' ~ (v<Zn) ban dgu c6 nghTa la rit (rlt) hay eac lo;:ti trung

tuong c?n voi rft

Hua Th?n n6i: "ChG' tu<;jng hlnh la chG' ve eac v?t can cu theo hlnh th~ cua n6, nhu chG' nh?t, chG' nguy~t" (Tu<;1ng hlnh gia, hQa ky v?t, th~ c?t khuat, nh?t nguy~t thida)

2 Chi S{l

Hua Th?n n6i: "Tha"y rna nh?n biet, xet rna r6 y, nhu chG'

thz.t(fng ( t_), chG' hq CT)'' (Chi stf gia, thi nhi kha thuc, sat nhi kien y, thu<;1ng h;:t thi da)

Qua cau "thay rna nh?n biet", ta thfry chG' chi Stf va tu<;jng hlnh cung hoi giong Doi Thanh, Vuong Quan Thuye't van cu gidi cat nghTa chG' 1J\ (difc: canh tay) da viet: "ChG'

!I 20 TRAN VAN CHANH

v~t c6 thlfc rna di;it ra, d~ chi m()t v~t Cl,l th~; chu chi Slfla

din cu theo each tlidng nghT cua ngi1C5i, dung chi cac khai ni~m truu tlic;Jng, vi chu cling la m()t loi ve nhung c6 kha nang bi~u th! dlic;Jc nhung slf v~t vo hinh

Nhi~u nguC5i dlfa vao cau "xet rna ro y" cua hQ Hua ma

cho ding chu chi slf nit kh6 ph an bi~t voi chu h()i y TM t ra, chU'

h()i y la nhi~u b9 ph~n hc;Jp thanh, chu chi slf chi dung rieng m()t minh, nhu chu "thlic;Jng", chu "h~" Ia nhung chu dung rieng chu khong phai chu I (c6n) va chu- (nh(tt) hc;;p l~i

Vai thi dl,l khac: - (nhcit: m()t)

3 Hf)ij

= (nhf: hai)

I (c6n: tren duoi thong nhau)

0 (vi: vay quanh)

VI kha nang bi~u d~t cua chu tlic;Jng hinh va chi Slf c6 h~n nen phai nghT den vi~c rap m()t vai dau hi~u hoi;ic m()t vai hinh th~ d~ t~o m()t chu moi £)6 la phep h()i y

Theo Hua Th~n, chu h()i y la chu "hc;Jp y cua eac phftn d~

t~o duc;;c nghia, nhu chu LEt (va) , chu {§ (tin)" (H()i y gia, ti lo~i hc;;p nghi, dT kien chi vi, vo tin th! da)

Nhu chu * (thai: hai) la chu !T\ (trdo: m6ng tay) va chu * (mqc: cay) hc;Jp l~i, bi~u th! Slf vi~c "dung tay d~ hai qua tren cay"; ket hc;Jp -z (chinh la -=f.: thu, nghia Ia tay), 51 (nhf:tc:

th!t) va * (k); :thftn) chu~ (te': cling thftn ), phftn \

51

, * bi~u th! y "dung tay bung thit d~ te tlf truoc thftn "

Chu 7j5-(bq: di bang chan) bi~u th! khai ni~m "buoc" nen duc;;c rap bdi hinh ti1Qng cua chan trlioc va chan sau, viet theo Giap cot van la ~: hai chan di d()ng tung buoc, bi~u th! d()ng tac "di " Chu 7j5- (b9) hc;Jp voi chu 1j<: (thuy) thanh chu 1~ (thi¢p) nghTa la l()i nuoc D6i b() 1j<: (thuy) thanh b9 _$ (phf:t) ta c6

roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN

_: ;; -21

chfi' ~& (trdc): "ph!,I" Ia go dat, di len go bi~u th! y len cao, vl "giai" Ia "len cao" Neu dem chu ti5- (b9) trong ~& (trdc) dao l~i th1 c6 chu ~il (gidng) la xuong

Trong lo~i h()i y, c6 cung chi m()t slf v~ t rna c6 nhi~u hlnh thai bi~u thi khac

Thi du:

- Ch~ ~ d;R: thai): ::K Ia "trai cay", =- la "tay", dung tay

d~ lay trai cay Ia "hai"

- Chu ~ (1~: dac): w la "d6 v~t" (~: b6i), X.la "tay" (=f.: thu), d6 v~t nam tay c6 nghia Ia dliQC

Chu ,c, t;R (thai), chu 1" trong 1~ (dac) d~u bi~u th! "tay", each viet cua Khai thli c6 m()t d~ng khac, nhu bQ )! (hl;(u) trong chu ~ (chich), bQ (k¢) chu * (blnh)

cling d~u bi~u thi "tay" Dung tay bat chim C%: diiu) Ia ~ (chich), Giap cot van viet Ia A:f: Chu "chich" ban dftu von c6 nghia Ia "bat dlic;Jc" Dung tay dm lua (%:: hoa) thanh *

(blnh), Giap cot van viet"¥'\, c6 nghia "dm, nam "

C6 m()t so chu h()i y VI nghia ban dftu bi m()t nghia khac xam chiem nen rat kh6 biet Nhli chu ~ (ich), dien ta y nlioc tran khoi ch~u (;~ Ia nuoc, Jill la eai ch~u) c6 nghla tuong

duong voi chu ~ ( dQ_t) Ia "tran dfty" Chu !Ji: (mg_c)

bi~u thi mi;it trC5i li;in dam co (:*:[ ~~ ]la co mQc urn tum, B Ia mi;it trC5i), c6 nghia nhli chu "m9 "~ nghia la "bu6i

chi~u " Khi n6i "huu ich ", "m~c giao chi thlic;Jng d~" (dung cho n6 gay (j tren canh), ta kh6 nh~n "ich" va "m~c" la nhung chu

h~ , Ql y

4 Hinh

22 TRAN VAN CHANH

phat tri€n ta't phai lien h~ den am va ngu ngon a cac nude tren the gioi, chu viet d~u phat tri€n theo huang tu bi€u y

len bi€u am Chu Han cling khong ngoai I~ d6, nhung n6 khong phat tri€n thuftn theo duong bi€u am rna l<;li sinh mot hlnh thuc trung gian vua bi€u y vua bi€u am gQi la chu hlnh

Chung ta tha'y c6 nhi~u stf v?t va y tu&ng khong th€ dung phep tu<;Jng hlnh ho~c hoi y d€ dien ta dUQC Nhu "ngl;I'a" va "Ilia" c6 hlnh d<;lng ra't giong nhau, thl khong biet phai ve the nao d€ d~ t chu ljJl (lu: Ilia) Dung phep hoi y d€ bi€u thi "Ilia" cling kh6, nen phai ngh1 phep hlnh

Theo Hua Th?n thl chu hlnh la chu "lcly stf lam ten, lcly bo ph?n c6 am dQC gfrn giong d€ so sanh doi chieu rna t(;lo thanh, nhu chu giang ?I, chu ha iPJ" (Hlnh gia, d1 stf vi danh, thu thi tuong thanh, giang thida)

Nguyen rae hlnh la dung mot phfrn lam dclu hi~u chi

y, con mot phftn khac lam dclu hi~u chi am Phfrn chi y d<;li khai neu len moi quan h~ giua chu d6 voi mot Slf v?t nao, phfrn

l(;li chi am d€ cho biet am OQC giong ho~c gfrn giong cua chu Thi dl;l:

- Chu *(lai) do-++- (thdo) va *(lai) t(;lo "Thao"

(co) dung chi y, cho biet "Jai" thUOC V~ mot lo(;li CO, "[ai"

(*)chi am dQc Neu d6i "lai" (*) "lan" (l*j), ta c6 chu Jil

(lan) d€ chi ten mot loai co dQc la "lan "

- Chu ~ (ehu) chi mot loai trung c6 ten la "chu ", d6 £E (trung) d€ chi nghia, * (ehu) d€ chi am Neu ta d6i bQ "trung" bo ~ (thuy) thl c6 chu 1*(chu) chi mot song c6 ten dQc la "Chu ", mot nhanh cua song Tu thuoc tinh Son Dong

Dclu hi~u chi nghia va chi chu hlnh c6 vi tri khong nha't dinh, c6 th€ khai quat lam truong h<;Jp :

roAN THLf Tl,/ HQC CHU HAN

- _ Tren hlnh duoi thanh, nhu ~ (lai), 1ft (nham)

_ Duoi hlnh tren thanh, nhu ~ (cilu), ~ (ho(ie)

_ Trai hlnh phai thanh, nhu ~ (chu), ft (br;m)

_ Phai hlnh trai thanh, nhu ~U (tude), ~% (vu)

- Ngoai hlnh thanh, nhu Ef (gioi), ~ (ly)

_ Trong hlnh ngoai thanh, nhu rc.~ (mu9n), rt-Hhifn)

23

f)oi moi nhln mot chu nao d6 ta tu&ng la chu hlnh thanh, nhung l<;li khong phai, nhu chu ~ (v~m), chu 1& (thifp)

Neu hi€u lfrm c6 th€ dt nghia sai

Yi~c dt nghia cac dclu hi~u chi nghia cling dn c6 st,r uy€n chuytin Thi dt,I: Dfru -++- cua chu 1fi_(thdo) phfrn nhi~u dung a€ chi cac thtfc v?t thuoc lo(;li hoa thao, nhu 1&1 (ha: sen), ~ (cue: hoa cue), ?f (mao: la tranh), ~ (edt: day leo) Nhung cling khong nen cho tftt ca nhung ChU CO bo "thao" tren dfru d~U thUOC

v~ de loai hoa ho~c co vl nhung chu chi cac loai rau trai cling thuong viet voi bo "thao ", nhu ~ (lang: cu clu), ff (dn: rau

dn) f)oi voi nhung loai c6 quan h~ den hoa' thao hay quan h~ den mau sac, mui vi cua hoa, thao cling c6 th€ viet voi bo "thao" Thi dt,I: ~ (hanh: cQng), 3f (nha: mfrm), J!j (phuong:

thorn), if (thuong: mau xanh)

Nhung chu dung bo "thao" lam dclu hi~u chi nghia doi cling bitiu thi nhung y nghia khac, nhu chu ¥-& (lg.e: roi rt,Ing), chu

Jit (hoang: hoang vang) Truong h<;Jp th~t khong c6 gl mau

thu~n, VI nhu chu "l(;lC" voi bo thdo con CO nghia ban dft U Ja "luc dfru la cay roi rt,Ing", c6 lien quan den la cay

24 TRAN VAN CHANH

d€u dung chung m()t dau hi<$u d~ chi ca Chu if (rna) dung

}jjij (ma) chi thanh, nhu'ng ~ Va ~ thl l(;li do.c la "mi ", ~ Va fi:

thl l(;li doc la "rna", d€u kh6ng gi6ng voi am doc cua if "rna",

thanh mau cua chu tuong d6ng voi Jjjij (rna) Nhung co

tru'ong hQp mau kh6ng gi6ng nhau, chi co v~n mau gi6ng,

nhu' chu ~f (khiem), 9,l (hi~m) va • (liem) d€u dung 31Jt (kiem) d~

chi thanh, v~n mau d€u la "iem "

Neu chu dung cling m()t dau hi<$u chi rna

mau (pht,I am dgu), v~n mau (vgn cai) d6i voi dau hi<$u chi

hoan toan khac thl vi<$c suy doan each doc kho khan kh6ng it,

nhu' ~ (di?u) va {ffl] (thich) Ngoai ra, kho khan han nua la d6i

voi tru'ong h<;jp tlf hlnh da bien d6i, khien ta kho nh~n dau

hi<$u nao dung d~ chi am doc Thi dt,I: chu :& (kim), dung ~

(kim) chi thanh, chu ~' (c!lp) dung lJz (c(lp) chi thanh, rat kho

nh~n biet

Tuy nhien kh6ng vl nhung ly tren rna noi chu hlnh

thanh kh6ng co quy lu~t Neu dlfa theo l!ch sll' am v~n cua Han

ngu va phuong ng6n hi<$n d<;1i, ta thay chu hlnh co quy lu~t

r(;lch roi, nhu' chu K (ht) da dan nay, hi<$n dan Ci Tu

Xuyen, Trung Khanh d€u doc gi6ng nhu' am cua chu J1i (!6)4

Chu ~PJ (ha) dung OJ (khd) d~ chi thanh, hi<$n dan vung

Quang Chau doc mau va v~n mau cua "ha" va "kha"

gi6ng nhau, chi khac chut it v€ di<$u Nghien cuu l!ch sll'

am v~n cua Han ngu, nguoj ta co th~ l<;1i dt,Ing cac dau hi<$u chi

thanh chCi' h'inh d~ khao dinh SO lu'QC tlnh tr(;lng cac

~ "'

am co

Trong v6n chu Han, chu hlnh chiem mot ti 1<$ rat

cao, co th~ len den 90 phgn tram, va nguoi ta cling

4

Theo Tu Minh, Him t¥ thu&ng th!lc, tr.l6

roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN 25

thu'ong dung phep hlnh d~ d;;it nhung chu moi Thi dt,I:

f~ (cdo: lam), ~ffi (do: uranium),.~ (nai: khi neon), 'II (qt: SQ),

{nj (qtc: rat)

5 Chuyin clui

Phep chuy~n chu Lt,Ic thu' la m()t tru'ong h<_ip r~c r6i

da sinh nhi€u van d€ tranh lu~n, nhi€u y kien giai thich khac

nhau:

Phai chu hlnh chu tru'ong dlfa vao hlnh th~ cua chu, nhu'

noi: Chu ~ (khdo) quanh v€ ben ta, chu ~ (lao) quanh v€ ben

huu, chu LlJ (son) nhln m?t ben chu !j3 (phlf), Thuyet

nay kh6ng chinh xac

Theo phai chu am, vl m()t chu di<$u kh6ng gi6ng

nhau, am doc co khac nen nghia moi phan bi<$t ra, Ia chuytin

chu Thi dt,I: chu j;, doc "thi~u" nghia la "it", doc "thieu" nghia

la "tre"

Thlfc day chi la m()t hlnh thuc phat tri~n cua tlf nghia

(nghia chu)

Phai chu nghia cho ding tat d nhung chu co y nghia tuong

d6ng, co th~ chu giiii Ian la chuy~n chu

Cac nha khao CUll phgn IOn c6ng nh~n thuyet nay, h<;jp voi

y kien giai thich cua Hua Th~n: "Chu chuy~n chula l~p nen mot

dgu b(), cling m()t y nh~n nhau, b6 tuc cho nhau, nhu' chu khao

~, chu lao ~, (Chuy~n chu gia, kien lo<;1i nhat thu, d6ng y

tuong tht,I, khao lao thida)

Trong Thuye't w'in, chu ~ (lao) la m()t bo thu (b() thu 302),

chu "khao" ~ thuoc v€ bo "lao" Chu "khao" la chu "lao"

bot di r6i them vao am phu '7, tuc la cling mot dgu bo va hai chu

tu'ong d6ng co th~ chu thich Ian (d6ng y tu'ong tht,I)

Tu'ong tlf nhu' the, cac chu lfU (hlnh: cat, giet) va ~u (h!nh:

26 TRAN VAN CHANH nhung chu chuy~n chu vi hai chu "hlnh" va "hlnh" cl~u thu<)c b<)

iJ (dao), hai chu "clien" va "cli'nh" cl~u thUQC bQ J[ (hift) Hai

c?p chu cl~u c6 each clQc g~n giong, y nghla thl nhu' nhau, c6 th~ dung chu thich Hin clu'<;fc

6 Gia ta

Nh?n thuc cua nguoi cloi voi the' gioi khach quan

m<)t phong phu, so tll' vj cGng d6i dao them Ne'u moi tll' cl~u phai

t~o m<)t dau hi~u rieng cl~ ghi chep thl so dau hi~u se trd nen qua nhi~u, kh6ng th~ t~o cho xie't va c6 cGng kh6ng th~

t~o clu'QC VI v?y, ngu'oi ta cla dung m<)t bi~n phap rat tht,tc te':

Khi m<)t Stf v?t moi vll'a xuat hi~n ma kh6ng c6 chu cl~ bi~u thj, ne'u kh6ng b~t bu<)c t~o chu moi thl chi dn mu'<;fn dung m<)t chu cl6ng am c6 san, c6 am giong voi am cua ten gQi Stf v?t moi 86 la phep gia ta

Hua Th?n n6i gia ta la "von kh6ng c6 chu cl6, mu'<;fn va gdi Stf, nhu' chu l~nh -it, chu tru'ong * (Gia ta gia, ban v6 ky ttf, y thac stf, l~nh tru'ong thj da)

Thi dtf :

- Chu -% (lfnh) trong "hi~u l~nh" clu'Qc mu'<;fn lam chG' "l~nh "trong "huy~n l~nh "

- Chu ~ (d6) c6 nghla la "con clu'ong", sau clu'<;fc mu'<;fn dung "cl6 cl~" (hQc tro )

- Chu 11M£ (ly) von la chu chi' ten chim, sau clu'QC dung voi nghla moi la "lla" (ly khai, ly bi~t, phan ly)

NhG'ng chG' gia ta sau clu'QC rnu'<;jn dung lau thu'ong mat lu6n nghla ban cl~u Thi dt;I: Chu ~(yen), theo Thuye't w'in la ten "m<)t loai chim c6 mau vang", clu'<;fc rnu'<;fn dung lam m<)t hu' tU' (xem Ngil phdp PHAN NHA.P MON, bai 110), vl mu'<;fn qua Iau, kh6ng c6 dung l<;ii theo nghla cO nen nghla ban cl~u bj mat eli

Chu ~ (v9n) chi ten m<)t loai rit (re't), sau cGng bj mat nghla

roAN THtJ TIJ HQC CHU HAN

- 27

C6 nhi~u tru'ong h<;fp de l~m Ian v?n dt;Ing phep gia ta

a~ aoan nghla cua tll', nhu ~if51t (phu sa) nghTa la "canh la tot

tudi, sum se" de bj hi~u l~m la "canh rG la roi" vi chu "so"

nghla ban cl~u la "thu'a, it" ~i~ (w;mg duang) la nguoc nhln,

~ $ (w;ng duang) cGng la "nguoc nhln "5 de l~m la "tr6ng nhln

bi~n ca" hay "tr6ng nhln de" vl "vQng" la "nhln ", chG'

''duong" thu nhat c6 nghTa la "bi~n ", chu duong thu hai thuong

c6 nghla la "con de"

T6m l<;1i, c6 th~ n6i c6 phep t<;1o ttf (cl? t chu) chinh: Tu<;1ng hlnh, H<)i y va Hlnh

C6 th~ lu'QC bot phep Chi Stf vl n6 chi la hlnh thuc khac

cua iu<;1ng hlnh va H<)i y Chuy~n chu va Gia ta cGng kh6ng

chinh thuc la phep t<;!O tl, VI muon dt ngh!a chu "lao" la "khao" tru'oc he't phai c6 "khao" ho?c ngu'QC l<;ii; Gia ta, cla

gQi Et "ta" (mu'<;fn) tat phai c6 san, chi rnu'Qn dung theo nghla

moi chu kh6ng cl? t chu rnoi

Hi~n ly lu?n v~ Lt;Ic thu' c6 gia trj tht,tc tien nhi~u

truong h<;1p Nhu n6i ffi vie't -++- va EB la clung, ne'u vie't

thanh - va E8 la sai, vl ffi (mieu: lua non) la h9i y cua - va

83

Doi voi chu hlnh thanh, chung ta c6 th~ dt,ta vao dau hi~u

chi' va chi y, tharn bac voi ten cua cac stf v? t cla quen bie't,

cl~ OQC va hi~u clu'QC nghla cua rn<)t so chu rna kh6ng phai mat

c6ng tra cuu Thi du: Ta cla bie't chu [PJ (d6ng), ne'u thay chu ~ s '

· Ve til "v<;mg dttong" thu nhat, sach TrungTit, thien "Thu thuy" c6 diu : "Ha

Ba thuy tuy€n ky di~n ffi\)C VQng dttong httong nhltQC nhi than" v€ til "vQng

duong" thu hai, sach Sit ky, "Kh6ng Tii' the' gia" c6 diu : "M1,1c nhtt vQng

dttong" Thien "Thich danh" sach Nhl nhu c6 n6i : "Duong Ia khi dttong, y n6i

khi duong (J tren, ngttdc dfru cao len gi6ng nhu' nhln n6 v~y"

6

28 TRAN vAN CHANH

c6 b9 ~ (kim) ben tnli, thl khong dn tra til' di6n cGng c6 th6

doan chG' &rnJ OQC la "d6ng" va la ten cua m<)t thu kim lOi~i c6 ky

hi~u h6a hQc la Cu Tuang tt,r nhu the, ta c6 th6 biet chu ,~, dQc

la "trung "va c6 nghia la "trung thanh" vl phfa duoi c6 b<)

IL-l (tam); chu ±)£ OQC la "thanh" va c6 nghia la "th~mh trl" vl ben

trai c6 b<) ± (thB) Doi voi nhung til' oa am, nha't la song am,

vi~c suy doan d€ dang han, nhu g~p til' ~ ~, ta tha'y b<)

pMn tren cua chu thu nha't la 1t (h6a), b<) ph~n tren cua chu thu

hai la ~ (t?), neu chung ta da c6 nghe qua danh til' "h6a t~" r6i

thl c6 th6 doan ~~ OQC la "h6a t~" va c6 nghia thong

thuong la "ti€n t~" A p dl,mg phuang ph a p nay' hQC thu<)c OQ

2000 chG' Han, chung ta c6 th6 OQC them OUQC 5,7 tram chG' moi rna phai ton cong

Tuy nhien, cong dt,mg cua Lt,IC thu cGng c6 nhi€u ch6 h;;tn

che Nhu chu H* (tram) nguyen la fB- va *; §U (ti~n) la 1C d~t

tren fB-; m~ (ph!fc) do bo fB-, thanh It ngay bo ph~n fB- cua

3 chG' o€u viet F3 (nguyfl) khien ta khong th6 can eli

theo LI.,IC thu a6 giai thfch

, , ? ? , ? - ,

B.Stj PHAT TRIEN CUA HINH THE CHa HAN

Chu Han da c6 m<)t ljch sll' phat tri6n lau hon 3000 nam,

theo quy lu~t tien ttl bi6u y sang bi6u am (nhu ta da a€ c~p) va

di til' phuc t;;tp den don gian

St,r thay o6i hlnh th6 chu Han c6 th6 chia lam

giai do;;tn chfnh: Til' van tt,r c6 doi Thuang den Tri~n thu - Til'

Tri~n thu den L~ thu- Tu L~ thu den Thao thu, Khai thu

Giap cot van doi nha Thuang duc;fc phat hi~n C1 thon Ti6u

7

Tu di~n Til hdi xep "trfrm " va "phuc" vao b<) "nguy~t'', xep "ti€n" vao b<) "dao''

roAN THI.J Tl,l HOC CHO' HAN

29

D6n, each huy~n An Duong d~m v€ phia tay b~c, thu<)c tinh

Ha Nam nam Quang Tt,r (1875-1908) doi Thanh Nai day

la da't cG cua nha Thuong (1600-1028 truck CN.) nen c6 ra't

nhi€u di tich cua thai d;;ti Til' d6 Giap cot van khong ngung

OUQC phat tri6n Sau nam 1928, qua nhi€u CUQC khai qu~t Ion, so

luc;fng Giap cot van dao OUQC c6 han 15 V;;tn manh d6 ph§n

IOn C1 vao h~u ban ky cua doi Thuang (xem hinh 2)

Vi~c phat hi~n Giap cot van giup ta hi~u m<)t each chinh

xac Sl/ phat sinh va phat tri6n cua chG' Han D6 la lo;;ti chG' dung

dao kh~c tren mai rua va xuang thu, nen net but thuong CO

duong th~ng (xem hlnh 3) ra't giong hlnh ve, c6 th6 tr6ng vao a6

doan duc;fc nghia, nhu cac chu f~ (b9c), iftJ (ngu), t$, ( quy ), ~~ (ke) , l~dmii) (xem hlnh 4) c6 hlnh d;;tng ra't r6 rang M<)t so

chu khac, nhu chu /:, (chuy: loai chim du6i ng~n) c6 hlnh chim,

chG' ~ (twJc: chen uong ruc;fu) la m<)t lo;;ti a6 dung uong ruc;fu

ella nguoi XUa, giong hlnh thu CUa IDQt chen uong ruc;fu; chG' ~

(xlf: ba:n) giong hlnh cay cung truang mGi ten sa:p ba:n

~~

Am

< ~ , , ,

-2f:Ern

~ r1, ,,

~ ~CJ

Slhf

Hinh2

Giap cot van giong hlnh ve, nhung VUQt qua hlnh ve m<)t