^ VAINETVESLJBIENOOI CUA PHAT GIAO VIET NAM HIEN NAY TS DANG THI LAN Khoa Triet hoc - Trudng Dai hoc KHXH & NV Gan hai ngan nam qua, Phat giao da du nhap, truyen ba va anh hirdng kha sau dam dcfi song tinh thSn ngudi Viet Nam Tu tu6ng dao diic Phat giao da tac dong manh me den dao dilc tam ly, loi song cua ngu6i Da so ngu5i dan Viet Nam, du ft hay nhieu deu chiu anh hucfng cua Phat giao Phat giao thuc sir da di vao dbi song tam linh, vugft khoi khuon kho cua tin ngu&ng, tro net van hoa, dao diic ddi song ngucji Thcfi gian da't nude ta c6 chien tranh, Phat giao cung nhu cac ton giao khac tam thai lang xuong Trong nhiing nam gan day, dac biet tir nude ta h\idc vao giai doan doi mdi, Phat giao c6 phan "khai sdc" Chua chien duoc trung tu dep va khang trang hon Viec dich kinh sach, dao tao tang ni difin ram ro hon Nguai dan den chiia dong diic va gianh thdi gian cho 16 bai nhieu hon Ngay Ram, mong mot, nhung te 11, cac chiia dong nudm nuop Co nhQng ngudi trudc day la nhiing ngu5i v6 thSn thi cung tin theo Phat hoac c6 thien cam v6i dao Phat Nhiing ngudi den chua dong dii moi tang 16p, moi Ilia tudi, khong chi cac cu gia ma c6 dong dao nhiing thieu nien, sinh vien, tri thiic, khong chi nhflng ngudi buon ban ma ca nhiing can bo, cong nhan vien chiic Khdp ca nudrc, xu hudng tin Phat, thd Phat tro nen manh me hon Phat giao dang duoc "hoi sinh"! Da so ngu5i Viet Nam den vdi Phat giao vdfi tam ly rat binh dan "c6 thd CO thieng, c6 kieng c6 lanh" va ho tin Phat to se ciiu giiip ho, cho cu6c s6'ng ciia ho duoc hanh phiic hon, may man hon That bat 673 ngd dieu tra quan chiing, c6 toi 71,2% tin la Phat c6 kha nang ciiu giup ngudi Danh gia tinh binh phat trien sau nhiing nam ddi mdi, giao su Dang Nghien Van cho rSng vai tro cua dao Phat c6 phan tang len la do: "I Chinh sack ton giao cang cu the va c6 phan khich le nhiing dieu tot dep c6 giao ly ton gido; vi nhgn thuc ton giao cdn Id mot nhu cdu; Dao to tien c6 phong trao dua bat huang ten chua, hod than hodn vfi; Plio bien hien tugng cac chua c6 nfiifng hoqt dong ton gido khdc nhd't la thd Mdu; Cdc ba trung nien, Ido nien, cdc cdn bg vi huu "gia vui cdnh chua", dac biet Id Hoi cdc ba quy y tham gia cong tdc ti( thien va chdm lo viec dau dm, tang te cho nhiing ngudi chdm xom; Dac biet vdi xu the'the'tuc hod, Phat gido hudng vao viec phitc vii ddi, nhap the lam khong ddi song ton gido soi dgng"^^\ So di Phat giao a nude ta giai doan hien dang duoc phuc hoi va phat trien la chinh hien thuc xa hoi vln dang can phai duoc "den bu hu ao" Ton giao noi chung va Phat giao noi rieng vln dang can cho loai ngudi, vi nigm tin vln la su dong vien can thiet ngudi van cdn dang phai tim kiem nhiing thieu hut hien thuc Trong bdi canh the gidi va nude hien nay, Phat giao Viet Nam dang qua trinh ddi mdi de canh tranh vdi cac ton giao khac va thich nghi vdi dieu kien mdi De ton tai va phat trien nhu hien nay, Phat giao Viet Nam da trai qua nhieu Ian ddi mdi ca noi dung va hinh thiic sinh boat Khong noi den cac thdi ky xa xua, chi tir dau the ky XX den nay, noi bo Phat giao da diSn su ddi mdi va cai each khong ngirng, thi duoc the hien phong trao Chan Phat giao d cac thap nien 20 va 30 cua the ky XX, phong trao bao ve "Phat phap" vao nhiing nam 60 va dau nhirng nam 70, thi the hien su cai tien dan dan ve cac mat Su ddi mdi dd cdn tiep tuc cho den va duoc the hien cac quan niem, cac chii truong, ke ca gidi luat cua nha Phat Trude bet, qua trinh the tuc hoa Phat giao dang la qua trinh ndi trdi xu the chung ciia Phat giao cung nhu ton giao tren the gidi hien nay: The'tuc hod, hien dgi hod, dan tgc hod vd da dgng hod Da CO nhieu cudc hoi thao ve hoa binh, chdng chien tranh va vu hat 674 nhan, ve van hoa, dao diic duoc td chute tren pham vi cac qudc gia, cac chau luc va tren toan the' gidi vdi su tham gia khong nho cua cac tin Phat giao va ca nhiing ngudi ngoai ton giao Doi vdi Phat giao Viet Nam, khai niem khong hoan toan mdi Tir lich sir, Phat giao Viet Nam da cd truyen thong gin dao vdi ddi, "cu tran lac dao", "Phat phap bat ly the gian" Phat giao Viet Nam hien cd xu hudng quan tam nhieu den cac van d^ ma cuoc song hien thuc dang dat ra: cac va'n de ve kinh te, giao due, xa hoi, tap trung vao cac boat dong tiT thien, hudng din tin dd thuc hien tot nhiing dieu ran day giao ly, gay anh hudng va tranh thu tinh cam ddi vdi nhirng ngudi khong ciing tin ngudng Phat giao Viet Nam khong cdn han che' boat dong ciia minh pham vi chua chien va tu vien, le bai cau nguyen ma cdn tham gia vao nhiing cong viec tir thien: ciiu giiip nhiing ngudi cd don, tan tat, xay dung nha dudng lao, vien te' ban, cd nhi vien, cac Idp hoc tinh thuong, cac tram kham benh va phat thudc miln phi Phat giao da "dan than" vao cac cong tac kinh te, van hoa, giao due va xa hoi, chii den ddi song hien thuc, de'n kie'p nhieu hon Phat giao Viet Nam cang nha'n manh giao ly xa hoi mot cudc song cong bang, tot dep tren tran the', gdn ke't tin ngudng vdi viec cai thien tinh trang xa hoi hien thuc Nhu vay, Phat giao Viet Nam gan bd vdi dan tdc, vdi nhan dan khong phai chi lich sir, truyen thd'ng ma hien tai, cong cudc ddi mdi cua da't nude Phat giao da va dang phat huy truyen thd'ng dao gan vdi ddi, khong "bang quan" vdi the' gian ma "di thing vao the' gian" de ciiu giiip nhiing ngudi dang gap dau khd Cd ngudi dat van de cho rang: Dao Phat tham gia nhieu vao cac cong viec tran the' nhu vay phai chang dao Phat da "tha hoa" Ve va'n de nha nghien ciiu Minh Chi da cd quan diem nhu sau: "Tha hod hay khong, tuc hod hod hay khong la tu tam chit khong phai nai cong viec Ldm viec dgo nhung vdi cdi tdm the tuc cdu danh, cdu Igi thi viec dgo cung hod viec ddi the tuc, viec danh viec Igi Nhung lam nhiing viec hinh thi(c la the tuc, nhung vdi dgo tdm, vdi tdm ticbi, muon dem Igi Igc vd hgnh phdc den cho tat cd mgi ngudi thi viec ddi, viec the tuc cUng viec dgo"^^\ Chiing ta hoan toan tan vdi quan diem tren cua nha nghien 675 ciiu Minh Chi Qua thuc Phat giao Viet Nam hien dang cd gang cu the hoa triet ly tir bi, binh dang, bac ciia minh hien thuc Nhu vay, Phat giao Viet Nam cd xu hudng quan tam den nhiing van de ciia "kiep nay" nhieu hon Phat giao dang ddi mdi d^ cang phu hop vdi xu the' ciia da't nude, ciia thdi dai Do nhiing bie'n ddi sau sac, manh me ciia cong cudc ddi mdi, Phat giao Viet Nam hien dang chii vao viec "tri thiic hoa" tang doan, nang cao trinh hoc va'n, trinh Phat hoc cho cac tin dd, kinh sach duoc dich tie'ng Viet, viec nghien ciiu kinh dien duoc tien hanh mot each cd he thd'ng nham dao tao cac the' he tang ni cd trinh chuyen sau ve Phat phap va van hoa de dam nhan cac cong tac Phat sir ciia Giao hoi tir Trung uong den dia phuong Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam hien cd hoc vien Phat giao (Ha Ndi, Hue, phd Hd Chi Minh) dao tao chuong trinh cir nhan Phat hoc va 25 trudng Phat hoc co ban dao tao chuong trinh so - trung cap Phat hoc ca nude Ngoai ra, hien cdn cd tren 100 tang ni dang duoc dao tao d nude ngoai (An Do, Nhat Ban, Trung Qudc, Dai Loan ), sd dd cd hang chuc ngudi dang hoc sau dai hoc, mot sd ngudi da bao ve cdng luan an thac sT, tie'n si Song nhin chung, ddi ngu tang ni hien thong hieu kinh phap chua nhieu, trinh hoc van va trinh Phat hoc cdn ban che Sd lugng phan bd khong deu, tap trung chu ye'u d phd, thi xa Dap ling nhu cau nguyen vong cua tin dd, Giao hoi cac tinh, phd da quan tam va chii y nhieu tdi cac budi thuyet giang giao ly cho cac tin dd Phat tir O mot sd chua cac budi thuyet giang duoc td chiic hang tuan vao cac chii nhat (chua ke ram, mdng mot) Cdng viec da giiip cho gidi tang ni Phat tir nhanh chdng nam bat duoc nhiing dieu co ban ciia Phat phap, cung cd niem tin cua ho va cd y nghia giao due hudng thien cho hanh vi dao diic cua ngudi Trude xu the' toan cau hoa tren cac ITnh vue kinh te', chinh tri, van hoa Phat giao Viet Nam ciing dang dan tirng budc hoa nhap vao cac dien bie'n cua the' gidi, cua dat nude Ngudi Phat tir Viet Nam ciing da nhin lai minh tir diic tin, giao ly cho de'n nghi thiic de chuyen ddi tam thiic cua minh thich nghi vdi thdi dai Phat giao cdn ton tai lau dai nhung Phat giao cung nhu cac ye'u td cua hinh thai y thiic xa hdi khac 676 can bie'n ddi theo su bien doi cua co sd kinh te' nham phu hop vdi mot xa hdi dang tren dudng cdng nghiep hoa va hien dai hoa Phat giao cung nhu cac ton giao khac, cai cot Idi cua no la hudng thien, loai bd cai ac va mang ban than nd nhiing gia tri nhan ban Hudng phat trien cua Phat giao Viet Nam la cd chon loc, loai bo cai Idi thdi, tiep bien mot each sang sudt nhiing ye'u td mdi sinh ddi sdng ton giao, phat trien nhiing yeu td mang tinh truyen thd'ng lanh manh Phat giao nhan manh den vai tro ciia dao dire: "Mot ddi sdng cd dao dire la mot ddi sdng hanh phiic, mot ddi sdng cd dao dire la mot ddi sdng hanh phiic" Chinh vi vay, Phat giao Viet Nam cang to h^p dan ddi vdi khong it quan chiing nhan dan xa hoi hien dai Qua trinh the tuc hoa cua Phat giao chinh la xay dung nen dao diic xa hoi hien thuc de dem lai hanh phiic va su an binh cho ngudi Nhu vay, trudc boi cdnh toan cdu hod, sUphdt trien mgnh me cua khoa hgc cong nghi trin thi'gidi, trudc yiu cdu cua qud trinh doi mdi nham xay dung mot cugc song dm no hgnh phiic, cong bang vd van minh cho ngUdi trin tran the, Phat gido Viet Nam dd thay doi ve phuong thiic hogt dgng, gan ki't giUa tu hanh vd ddi song, ldm cho Phat gido trd nin thii't thuc hon doi vdi ngudi Phat giao da tang cudng boat dong cua minh cac Iinh vuc kinh te', van hoa, giao due va xa hoi Phat giao Viet Nam gdn bd vdi dan tdc, vdi nhan dan khong phai chi lich sir, truyen thd'ng ma hien tai, nhiing boat dong ra't cu the, thiet thuc Phat giao khdng diing ngoai le cdng cudc ddi mdi dat nude ma toan Dang, toan dan dang tien hanh Su ddi mdi cua Phat giao khdng chi the hien d trao luu "The' tuc boa" ma cdn d ca d giao ly, dac biet la d gidi luat Gidi luat nha Phat nham de hudng ngudi vao dudng tu dudng dao diic ca nhan Neu gidi luat gd bd hoac khat khe qua se can trd ngudi den vdi dao ve mat tam ly Chinh vi vay, xet mot each sau xa, su thay ddi, bd sung vd mat gidi luat cua dao Phat chinh la nham muc dich thu hiit quan chiing de'n vdi dao nhieu hon su canh tranh vdi cac ton giao khac Ra ddi each day 2500 nam, giao ly cua Phat giao phan anh trinh nhan thiic cua xa hoi An Do cd dai liic ba'y gid Gidi tri thirc Phat 677 giao hien da tim each lam cho Phat giao de di vao ddi sdng hien dai hon: bdt bd cac ye'u td than bi, tang cudng cac ye'u td hien thuc, cac gidi luat duoc giai thich mot each uyen chuyen hon Vi du, ve gidi khdng trdm cap, Hoa thuong Thich Minh Chau cho rang: khdng phai chi la nhiing hanh vi trdm cap Id lieu ma cdn gdm ca nhiing hanh vi budn lau, tham nhiing, lira dao, lat long budn ban de kiem Idi bat chinh Ve gidi "cam sat sinh", Phat giao da phan nao thay duoc ban che' ciia gidi la di vao cudc sdng rai khd thuc hien cho nen Hoa thuong Thich Thanh Nghiem ndi: "Khong dugc tu minh sat sinh, cdn ni'u mua thit cd ve nha thi khong co hgi gi"''^\ Hoa thuong Thich Minh Chau cung ndi: "Thit co the an dugc, ni'u minh khong chung kii'n, khong nghe biet vat bi gii't thit, ciing bii'n ro, vat dd khdng bi gii't thit de cho minh an Thit nhu vdy ggi la thit sgch vd co the an dugc"^'^\ "Van de ndy khong nin dp dat, ma nin theo hodn cdnh vd sd thich tCtng ngudi md gidi quyi't hgp ly"'-'^\ The' gidi vat chat ludn van dong va bien ddi khdng ngirng Mdi bd phan cua hinh thai y thiic xa hdi (trong dd cd y thiic tdn giao) ciing phai bie'n ddi theo cho phii hop Mat khac, theo thdi gian, trinh dan tri, trang thai tinh cam, quan niem dao diic, van boa va Idi sdng ciia cac tin dd cung da ddi thay Hien nay, tdn chi ciia dao Phat van la "ciiu khd", "giai thoat" cho chiing sinh Nhung su ciiu khd, giai thoat dd khdng chi d kiep tai sinh bao buyen ma cdn ca d kiep niia Phat giao da dat nhiem vu khdng phai chi lo cho ngudi dm, ngudi chet (qua le cau an, cau sieu) ma cdn phai quan tam nhieu hon niia den nhiing ngudi dang sdng, dac biet dd cd tdng Idp thanh, thieu nien rat de bi sa nga vao dudng hu hong, vao cac te nan xa hdi Phat giao Viet Nam chii truong: "Phat phap la ddi sdng, ddi sdng la Phat phap", "Phat phap bat ly the' gian", Phat giao da san sang md rdng cira chua de lam chd dua ve tinh than cho nhiing ngudi can de'n mot niem tin, mot su an iii, vd ve Cd the' ndi rang, qua trinhu the' tuc hoa va nhiing thay ddi nham thich nghi cua Phat giao da va dang tac dong den tu tudng, dao diic, Idi sdng va chuan gia tri xa hdi cua ngudi Viet Nam hien Hudng tdi the' tuc, Phat giao chii den cac khia canh dao diic xa 678 hdi, khdng chi tren ly thuyet ma bang hanh dong thuc tien Dieu dd da lam cho giao ly va diic tin Phat giao cd nhieu cO sd de di vao hien thuc, khdng trd qua mo hd, sieu thuc Le hoi Phat giao cang phat trien va duoc td chiie d nhiing noi cd chua chien, phong canh dep da thu hiit khdng chi Phat tir ma ra't nhieu ngudi ngoai dao, cd tac dung khoi day tinh yeu que huong da't nude, niem tu hao dan tdc va giao luu van hoa, giiip ngUdi hudng tdi nhung gia tri tam linh cao ca Nghi thiic thd phung, kie'n triic chiia chien, tuong Phat deu the hien triet ly ve nhan sinh, vu tru va ngudi Dd cung chinh la mot nhiing chan gia tri cua dao Phat nude ta, Phat giao van dang la nhu cau ciia ddi sdng tinh thSn nhan dan Nhirng mat tich cue ciia Phat giao nha't la truyen thd'ng yeu nude cua dao Phat trudc day, truyen thd'ng by sinh dung cam, doan ke't cac cudc khang chie'n hang ngan nam qua can duoc phat huy cdng cudc xa hdi CNXH vi muc tieu dan giau nude manh, xa hdi cdng bang, van minh Song cung cSn phai thay rang, phuong cham ciia Phat giao Viet Nam hien la dang ddi mdi vdi nhirng boat dong thie't thuc, da dang, dac biet la kha nang thich nghi vdi moi hoan canh, moi dieu kien xa hdi de' duoc chap nhan Su "thich nghi" cua Phat giao bie'u hien d chd cac boat dong vira da dang, vira cdng khai, vira bi mat, vira ung ho ddi mdi, nhung cung cd nhiing boat dgng ban che, tham chi chdng ddi vdi Nha nude ta nhu vu xay d Hue thang 5/1993 Hoat dong Phat giao van cdn nang ve hinh thiic, nhe ve giao ly, lang phi tien bac, thdi gian, de roi vao chd me tin, hii lau Giao su Dang Nghiem Van cho rang: ddi sdng tdn giao ndi chung va Phat giao ndi rieng d nude ta hien van "dang van hanh theo Idi tie'u ndng" va cd nhieu ba't cap, mac du nhin be ngoai ddi sdng tdn giao bie'u hien ra't nhdn nhip: trinh yeu kem ve giao ly, sir cau ne vao cac nghi thiic rudm ra, cd vd nghia, su sa siit ve dao diic cua mot sd chiic sac Phat giao hoac mot sd can bo quan ly Phat giao Day dd cd nhieu hien tugng sir dung Phat giao vao viec budn than, ban thanh, tha hoa dao diic trai vdi ban cha't tri tue va muc dich sang cua dao Phat (hien tugng 42 co sd thd tu cac tu nhan xay dung trai phep de true Igi d chiia Huong - Nay da bi giai toa la mot vi du) 679 Vi la mot tdn giao nen Phat giao khdng khoi khdng d^ cap de'n nhiing ye'u td buyen bi Chinh nhiing yeu td dd lam cho ngudi cd khuynh hudng tin tudng mot each mil quang va la co sd cho nhiing ke CO hdi Igi dung de kiem chac va xuat hien nhiing loai sach bao huyen bi, tao nen su me tin di doan ne'p nghi cua ngudi, lam cho bg khdng dam tin vao kha nang tu quye't ciia ban than O nude ta hien nay, sinh boat Phat giao cd net rieng gan lien vdi y thiic va sinh boat truyen thd'ng nhung nd ciing dang dien vdi nhiing bieu hien phong phii va dat trudc chiing ta nhirng va'n de phirc tap can dugc giai quyet Ngudi Viet Nam hien den vdi Phat giao chu ye'u vln dua theo tap quan, nghi le tir ngan xua, chua ban dua vao giao ly ma dua vao tap tuc thdi quen la chinh Kinh te thi trudng da khie'n cho ddng tien nhieu trd "bai vat" mot sd nghi thiic tdn giao, khie'n cho niem tin sang ciia tdn giao bi la'n at Tai mot sd chiia cdn diln nhiing boat dgng me tin, cd hien tugng budn than, ban Viec gan lien le hdi vdi boat dgng du lich da bie'n nhirng noi thd tu thieng lieng thi trudng canh tranh Tinh tieu ndng, cdng them tinh budn ban thdi budi kinh te' thi trudng da bieu thi mot tinh trang suy thoai cac boat dgng tdn giao Ben canh viec tung kinh, an chay niem Phat, da sd cac tin dd van quan niem rang: cdng bie'n nhieu 16 vat, cdng diic nhieu tien cho nha chiia thi se xoa dugc tdi Idi hay "dugc phiic" Mot sd ngudi da dam ca gan cau trdi Phat che chd cho ca nhiing hanh vi am mudi, phi phap ciia minh, la nhiing dieu trai vdi giao ly, vdi dao diic ma dao Phat truyen day Tdn giao la mot hien tugng xa hdi, mdi giai doan lich sir khac thi tdn giao bieu hien vai trd xa hdi khac Su tdn tai va phat trien ciia Phat giao d Viet Nam hien chung td cdn la nhu cau hien thuc ciia mot bd phan khdng nhd quan chiing nhan dan Nhu bat cha'p vdi thdi gian, Phat giao vin tdn tai vdi ca nhiing tich cue va ca nhiing ban che' cua minh Phat huy nhirng mat tich cue, ban che' nhiing mat tieu cue cua Phat giao la yeu cau khach quan cua su nghiep ddi mdi da't nude bien Xuat phat tir chd nhan thiic rang: Phat giao va nhirng gia tri dao diic Phat giao vSn dang tiep tuc anh hudng den viec xay dung va hoan thien dao diic ngudi Viet Nam, chiing ta can co 680 nhirng giai phap dung dan, cu M 6i Phat giao Viet Nam phat tri^n dung hudng, lay "dao phap" phuc vu dan tdc, ddng gdp "huong thorn" (thuat ngii ciia Mac) ciia minh vao ddi sdng xa hdi Viet Nam giai doan hien Tai lieu tham khao Dang Nghiem Van Ly ludn ve tdn gido vd tinh hinh ton gido d Viet Nam Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2001 Minh Chi Ve xu thi'thi'tuc hod vd ddn tgc hod cua Phat gido Tap chi Nghien ciru tdn giao sd 3-2001, tr.26-29 Thich Thanh Nghiem Hgc Phat quan nghi Phan vien nghien ciru Phat hgc Ha Ndi, 1991, tr.34 Thich Minh Chau Nam gidi, mot ni'p song lanh mgnh, an lac, hgnh phiic Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam, Thien vien Van Hanh xuat ban 1993, tr.18-19 681 ... va nude hien nay, Phat giao Viet Nam dang qua trinh ddi mdi de canh tranh vdi cac ton giao khac va thich nghi vdi dieu kien mdi De ton tai va phat trien nhu hien nay, Phat giao Viet Nam da trai... Phat giao Viet Nam, khai niem khong hoan toan mdi Tir lich sir, Phat giao Viet Nam da cd truyen thong gin dao vdi ddi, "cu tran lac dao", "Phat phap bat ly the gian" Phat giao Viet Nam hien cd xu... Phat giao Viet Nam hien dang cd gang cu the hoa triet ly tir bi, binh dang, bac ciia minh hien thuc Nhu vay, Phat giao Viet Nam cd xu hudng quan tam den nhiing van de ciia "kiep nay" nhieu hon