Vài nét tương đồng trong truyện cổ nhật bản và việt nam

VAI NET Tl/ONG DONG TRONG TRUYEN CO NHAT BAN VA VIET NAM Nguyen Thi Ngiiyet Khua ticng Viet va Van hoa Viet Nam Trudng DH KHXH & NV - DHQG Ha Ngi I Tuong dong vc tip truycn va cac motip truycn Tip vi mdtip (type va motiQ la nbirng thuit ngfr quan trgng khoa bgc nghien etin tmydn cd din gian, Antti Aame (nba Folklore bgc Pbin Lan) va Stith Thompon (nha Folklore hge My) khdi xirdng va pbat tridn tir tmitng phii Ijeb sir - dja ly Pbin Lan He thdng bang muc lye tra cuu cic Tip truycn cd diin gian eiia Aameee - Thompson'" va bang mue luc tra eic mdtip tmyen c6 dan gian eiia Thompson'"' da dilt ndn mdng cho phuong pbip nghien cun Tip va mdtip tmyen cd din gian tren Ibd gidi Tip la nhiJng cdt kd cd the tdn tai dde lap kho tmydn tmydn mieng, ed tbd ggi la kidu tmyen, la "miu dd" Mdtip la yeu td nbd nbit eiia mdt tmyen ed dan gian, cd kha nang luu tmydn mdt cich bdn viing Vf du, tip tmyen vd Cbii rd (cd diu) la ngudi ddi Id't vi mdtip ngudi mang Id't vat; tip truyen ed be Ig lem - Tirn Cim va mdtip dira eon rieng, tip tmyen vd ngudi tdt bung vi nhiing ke xiu bung vdi mdtip thudng va pbat v.v Mac dii ebua cd didu kien khiio sal va bien soim mdt each diy dii bang mue lue eic Tip tmyen cd din gian Viet Nam, nbimg qua khao sit 100 tip tmyen, chiing tdi thdng ke ed khoang 70 tip tuong ddng vdi nhfmg tip Iruydn dan gian Nhat Ban va Chau Au, lai 40 tip la nbimg tip md rdng nim ngoai he thdng Aame - Thompson Ddng thdi qua pbin nghien ciru so sinh 21 tip tmyen din gian Nbit Ban - Viet Nam tuong ddng, chiing tdi da thiy ro nhiing net tuong ddng vd kidu tmyen va eic mdtip eiu cdt tmyen Sau tham khao, nghien cuu 1800 mdtip tmyen cd din gian Nbit ban bang mue luc cac mdtip truyen ed dan gian Nhat Ban cua tidn sT HIROKO IKEDA'" va 1665 mdtip tmyen ed dan gian Viet Nam bang liet ke cac mdtip tmyen ed dan gian Viet Nam eiia tie gia Nguydn Tbj Hidn""", chiing tdi ude tfnb ed khoang 900 mdtip tuong ddng, vdi ty le tuong ddng khoang 60% Sy tuong ddng tip tmyen va mdtip truyen la sy tuong ddng vd ndi dung kidu tmyen vi cac mdtip eiu cdt tmyen, ndi len sy liKmg ddng vd kdt eiu, vd ndi dung - cdt tmyen, vd dd tii, vd mue dfch y nghia eiia Iruyen, vd cac yeii td tiio thiinh cdt tmyen vSy tuong ddng vd tip va mdtip tmyen cung ndi len sy tuong ddng vd eic ydu td van boa eiia bai din toe: nbu vd phong tuc tip quin, ndp tu duy, bimb ddng, nbimg kinb nghiem img xir cude ddi Nhiing tip tmyen cd din gian Viet Nam - Nhat Ban tuong ddng efing ndi len sy tuong ddng vd loai hinh truyen cd, loai hinh van hoi eiia din toe Qua tmyen cd, ngudi dan Nbit Ban va ngudi din Viet Nam ddu mudn the bien nhung triet ly din gian, eii nhin nbin dao, nbirng quan didm, ly tudng tham my ciia minb va each tbd bien rat gidng nbau Cic tiaiyen ddu ed sy pbin biet rd rang giira cii thien va cii ae, eii dep va eii xiu Mae dii sy tuong ddng kbdng phii la tuyet ddi, chi b mire dd tuong ddi va nhfmg gieii hiin nbit djnb, eon cd nbirng chi tidt, tinh tidt, mdtip tmyfin khac nbau nhung each giiii quyet nhfmg van dd ma tmyen diit ddu gidng nbau Qua nhung tip tmyen tuong etdng do, nbimg tri^ I ly vd ibien vii ae, vd tdt va xiu duete kbdng djnb 99 Cii thien chidn thing, long tdt duge ban thudng Con eii i e bj len in, bj trimg phat Trong khudn kbd ciia bai vidt nay, ebung tdi khdng ed didu kien di sau phan tfeb su gidng va khic nbau vd ndi dung kidu tmyen va cic mdtip eiu cdt tmyen cua nhung tip tmyen tuong ddng tmyen cd Nhat Ban - Viet Nam, ma chi xin neu ten mdt sd tip tuong ddng tieu bidu nbu: - Tmyen vd loii vat: + Tip 160: Nhung vat biet on, ngudi vd on -I- Tip 275: Cude ehay thi giira mdt vat chay nhanh va mdt eon vat chay cham - Tmyen vd nbirng ddi thii sieu nhien: -I- Tip 300: Con rdng sieu nhien -I- Tip 300: Con rdng sat nhan (Tieu diet quii vru - eihi edng ehiia) -I- Tip 30IB: NgUeti dim dug khoe manh vii ban be ciia anb ta - Tmyen vd nhfmg ngiriti vg vii nbimg nguiti chdng sieu nhien + Tip 400: Ngudi chdng di tim ngudi vg tren trdi da bien mit ciia minb -I- Tip 425A: Cbii rd (hoae ed diu) la ngudi ddi Idt + Tip 465A: Ngudi dim dng hi ham bai bdi ngudi vg xinb dep eiia minb - Tmyen vd ngudi tdi duge thudng hau, ke ie bj trimg pbat: + Tjp 480D: Ngudi tdt bung va ke xiu bung (Con cbim se bi cdt ludi va sy ti'ch eon khi) + Tip 503: Nbirng mein qua eiia quy + Tip lOA: Cd be Ig lem - Tim Cam + Tip 565: Chide cdi xay thin - chide hu thin + Tip 613: Hai ngudi lu khach - bai anb em + Tip 670: Mdn qua ciia rdn + Tip 729: Ngudi ddn eiii va chide riu vang + Tip 750B: Long bidu khach duge ban thudng -I- Tip 843A: Chum vang - chum rdn - Tmyen van may: + Tip 910B: Nbimg leti kbuyen ddt gii + Tip 930B: Nguiti chdng lii ihg ddt than - Tmyen vd sy thdng minb va ngu ngd'e: -I- Tip 922: Cau eon trai tra Idi cac eiu bdi cua nha vua + Tip 1920: Thi neiikhoic Chung tdi xin dua nhung vf du dd lam sang rd sir tuong ddng eiia mot tip tmyen: Chdng ban d tip 503A: Nhiing mdn qua cua qui (vdi eic tmyen dng gia va cue birdu"' cua Nhat Ban va tmyen hai cd gii va cue budu '*' ciia Viet Nam) Cic tmyen thugc kidu tmyen cung kd vd bai nhin vat ddi lap: tdt bung va xiu bung, vui tinh va hay eiu kinb nhung ddu cd eii budu d tren mat Nhin vat tdt bung, vui tfnb duge lu qui liy di cii budu bidt miia hit, boa 100 nhip, lam vira long chiing Nhan viil xiu bung hay cau kinb bi gdn them mot cii bue'tu khinh sg IQ qui, khdng biet cich boa nhap - mini hat, liim mat long Ifi qui Mgl each tinh ed, ngudi lot bung gap may mdn, duge ban thuitng, eon ke xiu bung Ihi giip riii ro, bi trimg pbat each iing xir cua minb Nhiing mdtip tuong ddng tip truyen la nhiing mdtip vd nhan vat tdt bung va xau bung, vd lu qui, vd chide budu duete lay di hay gdn them viio mat Chung tdi dua them mdt vf du nira: Tip 565 Cii cdi xay thin"' (Nhat Ban) va chide hu thin'*' (Viet Nam) Cic truyen thude kidu tmyen eiing kd vd lai Ijeb cd duge vat thin va cich sir dung vat thin tir sy giiip dd va chi bao eiia Tien Pbat cai trang va ndi vd kha nang ky dieu ciia vat thin, ed tbd cho ta nhfmg gi ta mudn Cau chuyen xoay quanh nhan vat ddi lap: ngudi anb tham lam dde ae vii nguiti em hidn liinb lot bung Ngueti em ed duge vat thin thi ude ed thire an, nha cira, eiia cai, trd nen giiui cd vii kidn giiip etd nhfmg ngiriti ngheo Ngueti anb liy trdm vat than va len thuyen chay tiein bidn Nguiti imh da ude cd thfit nhieu mudi dd ban va lam giau nbimg lai kbdng biet each sir dung viit than lam cho nd dimg lai Qidi cung ngudi imb bj trimg phat bang cai ebdt cbim dirdi day bidn cung vat than dang ludn chay mai mudi Cau chuyen xoay quanh mdi quan he hai anb em va vat than - qua tang cho sy tdt bung nhung gdp pbin giai tbfeb cho bien tugng ty nhien: vi nireife bidn lai man Nbirng mdtip tuong ddng kidu tmyen la nhung mdtip vd hai anb em, vd vat thin ed kha nang thye bien duge nbirng didu ude, vd ngudi anb iin trdm vat tbiit, vd ngueti anb bj trimg pbat cbim xud'ng bidn, vd vat thin eir tudn chay mudi la ly vi nude bidn lai man Tuong dong ve cdt truycn Trong tmyen kd truyen mieng dan gian, cdt truyen cd vai trd nit quan trgng Cdt tmyen ed ebire nang phan anb bien thye deti song xa bdi bang hinh tugng nghe thuiit nhung theo dae tnmg rieng eiia Fetlklore Ve'ti diie trimg tmydn mieng, mang tfnb ty sy va la nhiing sing tic eiia nhan dan nen cac cdt truyen thuemg dd ke, de nbd, dd km liiydn Tmyen ed Nbit Ban - Viet Nam tuin theo nguyen lie nghe thuat dd Cac cdt truyen thudng duge kd theo mdt true thdi gian, cai gi ed trirde kd trude, cii gi cd sau kd sau, mdt kbdng gian kbep kin ed gidi ban, theo mot mach tinh tidt, hinh ddng, sy kien eii tbd Vi vay ma chiing ta thiy nhidu cdt tmyen din gian eiia hai dan toe, ed sy lap lai eiia cac kidu md diu, kdt tbiic, vdi hang loat eic mdtip eiu thanh, vdi nhfmg chi tidt tinh hui'^'ng tmyen gidng nhaii vdi nhiing ydu td gdp pbin eiu cdt tmyen gidng nbau: nbu yen id tirimg tugng, sieu nhien, thin thinh Didu dd tao nen sy tuong ddng vd cdi iruyen Qua nghien ciJii, kbiio sal cac type Iruyen cd dan gian Nhat Ban - Viet Nam tuong ddng chiing ta thiy rd nbirng cdi truyen dile trung tuong ddng: nhir cdt tmyen vd chang trai khoe, vd chang dung sT ehien diu ve'ti mimg xa, veti rdn thin (quii vat) dd cim nguai dep, cdt Iruyen vd bdn nbin cua ning lien tren trdi vdi ngudi dim dng thin the, eeit truySn vd ngudi em bidn lanb tdt bung, vd dira eon rieng bj nguge dai, vd chang trai cd vg dep nhung bi bgn ngudi giau cd eudp mit va phii diu tranh dd gianh gial liii, cdt truyen vd nhfmg nhan vat xiu xi, dj dang ngudi ddi lot ma cd nhfmg phim ebiii lot dep v.v Nhung cdt truyen ciia Nbit Ban va Viet Nam nhidu rit gidng nbau, eir nbu la eiing mot truyen vay Chdng htm cac cot truyen vd eu gia va thing qui (Viet Nam) - linh bdn cai chai (Nhal Biin), nguiti me dueifi md (Vict Nam) ngudi ebdt de cetn (Nhat Biin), sy ti'cb tim (Nhat Biin - Viet Nam), chide nliin thin (Nbit 101 Ban) - vien ngge thin (Viet Nam), chide cdi xay thin (Nhat Ban) - ehiee hfi thin (Viet Nam), hai dng gia va cue budu (Nhat Ban) - hai ed gii va cue budu (Viet Nam) Tuy nhien hoan canh Ijeb sir diti khac nbau, d cac qude gia, dan tdc khac ndn nhidu cdt tmyen mac du ed nhung didm tintng ddng nbimg chi b mire dd tuong ddi Sy khic d nhfmg thay ddi vd khdng gian, thdi gian, hoae them bdt mdt vii chi tiet, tinh tidt, sy kien, mdtip Chdng ban nbu eic cdt tmyen cua cac tmyen Ngim Lang va ChiJe NO, Ngudi vg tranh va Ai mua bimb tdi hay Le) nude thin, Dia dd dia tbd va Tim Cim, Con chim se bj cdt ludi va sy tfeb eon Trong eic tmyen ed dan giim Viet Nam - Nbit Ban tuong ddng, eic cdt tmyfn thudng gidng d cac ket thue, d each giai quydt vin dd ma tmyen dat Cii kdt thiic tmyen thudng la ed hau, ludn tbd bien rd quan niem tham my eiia nhan dan vd eii dep va eii xau, vd thien va ae d tmyen ed din gian, biin than cdt truyen cdt tmyen cung la sy luimg etdng vd ngi dung ddng tren, chiing ta ed thd hinh dung dirge hinh thdi ky dd, mac dii nhfmg cdi truyen kd thudng eao tao thiinh ndi dung tie phim Sy tuong ddng va truyen ke Thdng qua nhfmg ce'il truyen tircmg anb eon ngudi va xa bdi Nbit Ban-Viet Nam b don gian, mang tfnb ube le va tugng trung Tuong ddng vc tinh each nhan vat Qua nhfmg cdt truycn kd tuong ddng Nhat Ban - Viet Nam, ehimg ta thi'y rd cd sy tuong ddng vd tfnb each cac loai nhan vat duge thd bien cdt tmyen Cic nhan vat truyen cd dan gian xuiii bien rat da dang va mdi loai nhan vat ed nhung tfnb cich dae tnmg eiia no, ndi len rd net hi d hai tuydn: giau va ngheo, te'it va xiu, thien va i c , chfnh dien va phan dien Tfnb each nhiin vat phu hetp vdi ngi dung kidu tmyen, vdi cic mdtip eiu cdt truycn vii cdt truyen Do tfnb chai phiin anb xa bdi theo phUOng thire khii quit hoi, tmyen ed diin gian thuemg xily dimg cac nhiln vat eiia minb cd tfnb khai quit boa eao, tieu bidu cho timg loai ngudi khac xa bdi Vf du cac nbin vat: DiJa eon rieng kidu truyen Tim Cam, anh ndng dim ngheo tmyen "nguiti vg tranh", ngudi em iit nhung tmyen vd hai anh em la dai dien cho nhung ngudi lao ddng ngheo khd, bj hoc Idt Tfnb each eiia nhung nhin vat bao gid cung hidn lanb, tdt bung, nhan hau, cin eii, tmng thye Con nhfmg nhan vilt nbu mu di ghe, lao dja ehii, lao nha giau, dng vua, ngudi anh la dai dien cho nhfmg ke bde lot the't'ng trj, ed the lye bao gid cung mang ti'nh cich xiu xa, dde i e , ddi tri, tham hun Nhung nhan vi)l nbu chiing irai khoe, dung sT diet yeu quii, ngueti ddi Id't, em b6 thdng minb cic kieu iruyen eiing ten la etui dien cho sire manh, cho nang lye tri tiie eiia eon ngudi, thuemg mang tfnb each manh, cho nang lye tri tue eiia eon ngueti, thuemg mang tfnb cich manh me quyet doan, vdi nhfmg phim chat etiio dire eao ea Nhiln din qua nhfmg nhin vit dd giii gdm nhfmg y tudng eiia minb Viec pbin djnb raeh rdi gifra eii thien vi cai i e , eii tdt va eii xiu, chfnh nghia va phi nghTa la nhfmg net ebung nhin thire tu tudng, y thire eiia ngueti phuemg Ddng, xuat phat lir mdt ndn liing tu tudng giao ly eiia eic tdn giio Nho Dao - Phil Do cdt tmyen cua Iruyen kd dan gian eon qua don gian nen tmyen ed ehua di siu khde boa rd net tfnb cich nhan vat ma mdi chi khde boa nhfmg net co ban, don gian Tfnb each nbin v.1t duge xiy dimg ddi ngheo nim, mit nhat, phien dien 102 Truyen ed tfeb ihirimg sir eliing li'nh lirimg phiin vii Ifnh lap lai etc nhiim cd y so sanh, ddi ebicu tarn ly nhan vCil iniy vdi liim ly nhan val etc khdng etinh Ifnh each nhiin val Chiing la thiy ludn ed nhfmg hinh lUimg nhiin vat ddi lap: ngudi anh etgc ae - ngueti em hidn limb, ten dia cbii xiu bung - ed gii ngheo Idi bung, ngiriti vg iham lam - ngiriti chdng nhan hau, ngudi ngheo giiip dd ngudi khac luc hoan nan - ngirdi siiim thi xiiii diidi Nghe Ihual tuitng phiin d day dugc diing lam phuong lien de ihd bien Ifnh ciich nhim v(il Chiing la cimg gi;ip nhidu chuyen cd sy nbdc lai, lap lai eiia hoiui ciinh, ciia linh hiidng lirimg lir: nhir nhan viil Idi bung (dng giii vii ed gii truyen dng giii vii cue birdu, hai cd giii vii cue hirdu, dng giii Iruyen Con cbim se bi cdt lue~ti ciia Nhal Biin vii cd giii ngheo Irong Iruyen Sy li'ch (Viet Nam), ngudi em truyen hai ngiriti Ifr khiich (Nhat Biin) vii truyen Hii liim hii nic, cay khe (Viiil Ncun) ) gap may mdn, dirge ban Ihirimg, lid nen giim cd ihi nhan val etdi lap liim Iheo nhir the dd mong duge giau sang nhimg Ihuimg khdng edng mil bi irimg phiil Ly giai nhfrng net tuimg ddng tnmg truyen cd Nhat Ban - Vict Nam Hien tUitng tuemg ddng ciic cdi iriiycn ciia nhidu Iruyen kd dan gian, lUimg ddng ve Tip truyen va cac mdli|) Iruyen ciia cite diin Igc hi elo nhidu nguyen nhiin Do ciing hi mgl viin etc khoa hge, la mdi quan lain nghien cim ciui ciic nhii Foikhcic hgc Ircn Ihc gidi Cac nbii nghien cim thudng chi in mgl sd nguyen nhan liritny etdng Iruyen cd tren the gie'ti: Do cac dim Igc cd cluing cgi ngiidn, cung liiii qua mgl hinh Ihiii phiu Irien ciia lich sir xa bdi, giao km van hi)a giira ciic dim Igc, qui luiil di chuydn, lan truyen van hoii vii ciii bien, ddng boa, bien dang sirim truyen Irong qua Irinh di chuyen vii sang lac nghe thuat, hay chfnh dile diem loai hinh Iruyen cd iheo each nhin et('), chiing Idi mudn ly giiii nhfmg nel luitng etdng Iruyen cd Nhal Bim - Viel Nam vdi nhfmg nguyen nhan nhir sau: a Thir nhal, hai dan Igc Nhal Ban - Vict Nam ciing Inii qua Ihiti ky Trung Cd day song gid nbimg bdt sire vc vang ciia minh Cic nha Ddng Phirong hgc lien ihc gidi lir liiii dii ndi ve viing van hoii Ddng A vii eldii nbit trf xdp nirde: Truii!' Qiidc, Vici Nam, Nhiii H;in Dni Iliui (huge viing van boa niiy Do vay, ed the ndi mdi Inriiiii: klidng giiiii ciiii rolklorc Nhal Bitn - VicI Nam hi mdi tririmg Ihien nhien khu virc Ddng A Nhal Bim - Vici Nam luy lii nhimg nude bici lap, ete')c lap nhimg cung cd ebung nhfmg ydu td dia ly - van hoii Ngiriti Nhal vii ngudi Viel eteu Ihugc chiing Igc Mongdldil Chau A, eu trii tir lau lien itia biin khu virc Ddng A Viio Ihiti ky van boa Ddng Sim (luemg duong v6i thdi dai de'mg Ihaii vii sdt si'mi) ciia Vict Nam vii viio Ihiti ky van boa Ya Yoi ciia Nbiil Biin tir the ky thir Irirdc edng nguyen eteii ihe ky ihir sau edng nguyen, nhimg cir dan Ddng A da ci") mgt cude song on etinh ciia mgl nen ndng nghiep nude Van boa eanli ndng etdi biii sir hetp lac, vii edng ddng phiii dirge id chirc chat che Nhimg liuycn Ihdng irong ehinh phiic ty nhien, phong luc sinh hoiil, irong ifn ngirdng Idn giiio vii irong ihdi quen lao etdng da duge djnb hinh tir ibeti k> iiii\ Vd vj tri' etia ly xcl b goc dg viin hoii khu viiv, Viel Nam iiiini lien ban etiio Trung An: phfa Ddng giip vdi bidn Ddng, phfa Tay giiij) Liio, phi'a Bdc giiip Trung Hoa, phfa N;un giap cac nude Ddng Nam A vii hiii diio Cim Nhal Rim d gdc Ddng Bdc ciia Thiii Biiih Dintng vii thugc midn eye Ddng eiia lire din Chau A Ndm lien quan diio Nippon, Nhiil Biin gifr mdi lien lac vdi hie dja Chiu A qua dirimg: dirimg phfa Bdc lir Ddng Xibiii eten Hockkaidd qua Sakhalin, duimg phfa Ddng Ifr ban diio Trieii Tien den Hon Shu va phfa Nam tir diii Trung Hoa eten diu) Kyushu, qua Dili Loan vii quan diio Ryukyu Tir vi Irf dia ly dd, Nhat Ban vii Viet Nam cd mdi giao luu van boa, kinb le lir liiu vdi the gidi 103 vd kbf ban: cung nbu nhidu mien Chau A, Nhat Ban va Viet Nam ndm viing gid miia Cling thugc viing ndng nghiep rdng U'tn trdng nude ciia midn Nam Tmng Hoa, cac nude Ddng Duong, hidonesia Thai Lan, Myama va quin dao Pbilipins Net dae trung eiia viing la nhfmg dgt gid miia ddu dan nam Vd mua he, gid thdi tir phuong Nam qua eic bien nbiet ddi, mang theo mua to den cac midn dat im Vd miia ddng, gid thdi tir cac midn Bac A xudng phuong Nam, mang theo gia ret va khf hau hanh khd Tfnb chit khf hau gid miia da anh hudng ddn tfnb cich eu dan vimg niiy, lac etdng den ddi sdng kinb id eiia bg Cude sdng eiia eu din cac nude phuong Ddng lir lau vii mai mai vdn la nhfmg thien anh ea cude diu tranh vdi thien nliien tren mgl qui md rdng Ion Nbu vay, Nhat Ban vii Viet Nam la nhfmg nude ed cimg he sinh Ihii Xa bdi thude phiim trii van minb nude Diu in eiia nen van minh nude in dam ban sde van hoi eiia dan toe Vice bien td cho than bien, vice lira ehgn nhfmg bidu tugng la nhiing eon vat thude loii bo sat sdng d dm'ti nude: ech, de, sen, rdn, riia ed ngudn gdc tir tin ngudng Tdtem d nhfmg viing sdng bien, lien quan ddn ti'n ngUeTng thd than nubc Din tdc Nhat Ban va Vict Nam ddu phiii triii qua mdt qui trtnh diu tranh sinh tdn, ehinh phue thien nhien nghiet nga de canh lac Irdng kia, etd etn djnb dja ban eu trii Trong qua trinh diu tranh sinh tdn ay, ngiriti Viel cfing nhir ngiriti Nhat dii xay dimg mot nha nu(7e so khai diu tien eiia minb d viin.s Ddng A Do lit nhii nude Van Lang eiia ngueti Viet (etdng dd e't Phong Chau - Phil Thg) va sau dd lii nhii nirdc Au Lac - mgl qude gia dfch Ihuc ddi eudi tbd ky thir trirde edng nguyen (ddng dd d Cd Hoa - Hii Ngi ngiiy nay) Con vuemg qude Yamato eiia ngudi Nhat xuat bien vao khoang cu(")i the ky thir d midn Tay Nam dao Honshu vdi ndn viin hoa Asuka (593-710) Den the ky thir 5, nude Yamalo da the'mg nhal dugc ea Nhat Bim Vdi nha nude, qude gia d viing Ddng A dd, nhfmg Id thdi, nhung tap tue sinh boat, nhung hinh thire tin ngudng, ton giao duge hinh thanh, him cdi Idi cho tmydn thdng van boa din tdc Nhal Ban vii Viet Nam Irong sud't ea qua trinh lich sir sau niiy Ngudn gdc tin ngudng cua ngudi Nhat vii Than Dao Thd than - etd hi niem tin ciia ngiriti Nhat Than Dao nbin cude ddi lac quan va nhin igi Idi nbu mgl Ihir gi nho biin Vi ihe vdi ngiriti Nbiit, giu sy saeh eiia tam bdn la didu kien dau tien ciia diio dire Trong such, chan thiinh vii ty nhien, dd la dae diem cua van boa Nhal, chiu linh hiritng ciia Than Dao Ngiriti Nhat cimg coi trgng thit eiing td tien tin nguetng ciia minh Con ngiriti Viet, Irirdc cd sy giao ihoa cireTng hire vdi van hoi Han, ngudi Viet da cd Ifn ngirdng ban dja, Ihd cfing than linh va td tien, vdi nidm tin ludn hudng vd cdi ngudn van hoi truyen thdng ciia Nhal Ban dirge hinh tir trude, bit diu duge djnb hinh va phit tridn tir thdi dni Nara (710-794) va thdi Hay An (794-1185) Hai eudn sir diu tien vd Nhat Ban, dd ghi lai nhfmg Iruydn thuydl, thin thoai, tmyen truydn mieng eiia Nhat Ban ehi'nh ngudi Nhat bien soiin da deti d Ihiti ky niiy Dd lii eudn KgJiKi (ed sy ky - ghi gbdp chuyen xua) vidt bdng lieng Nhiit qua dang ehfr Han nam 712 va eudn NiHonShoki (Nhat Ban Ihu ky) vidt bdng ehfr Han nam 720 Tir the ky ddn the ky 10, Viel Nam d irong thiti ky eten idi nbiTl ciia lich sir Tmng Cd, cbju sy dd ho ciia nhii Han - phong kien Trung Qude Trong theti ky niiy, Nhat Ban vii Viet Nam da ticp nhan sy tie ddng, linb hudng cua ndn van minb Idn la van minh An Do vii van minb Trung Hoa, dae biet la van minb Tmng Hoa Nhat Bin va Viet Nam eiing cbju anb hiretng sau sde eiia van hoi Tmng Hoa (vim ty ehCr vidt phong tue tap quan, tdn giao ) nhimg theo hai each khac nbau Ngiriti Viet, van hoi Viet da 104 phii cbju mdt sy tidp xiic gin nhu eirdng hire vdi van hoi Han sud't thdi ky phong kien phuong Bdc dd hd, ma gidi viin boa hgc ggi la sy giao Ihoa van hoi cirdng hire Cdn Nbit Ban tir ehgn mdi quan he giao luu vdi van hoi Tmng Qude sy giao thoa van boa ty nguyen Cd thd ndi, tie ddng anh hudng lem nbit eiia van hoi Trung Qude den van hoi Nhat Ban va Viet Nam la sy thim nhip ciia Phat Giao va Nho Giio Nhung tdn giao kbi du nhip vao Nbit Ban thi dung boa vdi Than Dao va tin ngirdng din tdc, du nhap vao Viet Nam thi dung hoa vdi tin ngudng ban dia va pbat tridn ben nbau, gap nbau d long vj tha, d long tmng Ngudi Phat cung nbu ngueti Viet vira tidp Ihu cd ehein Igc, vira sang tao dd tbfch nghi vdi mdi twdng mdi Cic tdn giio tntng qua trtnh liai tmydn mang mau sde din da dai chiing va cd tbd ndi la duge "Nhat boa" vii dugc "Viet Nam hoa" sau sde Nbtlt Ban va Viet Nam vin tri va gjii gin duge ban sde van hoi rieng ciia minb Ngueti Nbit va ngudi Viet tidp thu Phit giio d nhiing giio ly hop vdi Idng ngudi: tu nhan tfeb dire, d bidn gap linh vdi nhiing bai hgc vd nhin qua bao hung, cdn tidp thu Nho giao d each dd eao phim hanh, dd eao dao dire cua eon ngudi Du Phit giio cfing nhu mat nggn gid thin ky mang den cho Nhat Ban va Viet Nam nhung dao ly mdi, nhiing tri thii'e mdi, chi phdi van hge nghe thuat Va nhOng tie phim tmyen cd din gian thain dim nhung tu tudng, nhung tridt ly eiia dao Phat Ljch sir xa bdi Tmng Qude Cd cfing la Ijeb sir eiia ehd dd xa bdi phong kidn - qui tdc, vdi nhi nude tmng uong tap quydn va quydn lye tap trung tay giai cip thdng tri Sy phit tridn ciia chddd mdng dat lu hfm liim cho sir phan boa giai cap xa hi)i cang sau sic Cude sdng cua ting Idp dja chii, chiia dai, qui tdc, eiia vua quan thdng tri cang xa hoa vdi nhidu dae quydn dae Igi, each biet bdn vdi eue)c sdng co eye cua nbin dan lao ddng ngheo khd Hien thye cude sdng da duge phan anh chan thye cac tic phim tmyen ed din gian Nhat Ban - Viet Nam Chiing ta bit gap nhiing hinh tuetng nhin vat rat gidng nbau: lao dia chii, phii dng, nhiing dng quan dde ie, nhung my di ghe, nhiing ngudi anh tham lam ddi lip vdi nhung anh trai cay, ngudi ndng din ngheo, ngueti em iit bidn lanb, ed gii cetn rieng cham chi Nbirng cdt tmyen tuong ddng vdi nhung nhan vat tuetng ddng sinh cung mdt giai doan Ijeb sir, phan anh thd gidi quan thdi Trung Cd, phan inh eii nhin thdi dai eiia nbin din va nhiing nhin thiic ciia hg vd thdi dai ma bg dang sdng The gidi quan Tmng Cd iy pbin biet rit ro giau va ngheo, thien va ic, ehinh nghia va phi nghTa Ngiriti Nhat vii ngueti Viet da eiing triii qua thdi ky Tmng Cd vdi ciing theti gian, pbip kial, dao dire, tdn giao chfnh nbirng didu dd din den sy tuong ddng vd van boa Bdi vay kbi nghien cum so sanh Iruyen ed Nhat Ban - Viet Nam, chiing ta thiy ro hai dan toe d rat xa nhung lai cd sy tuong ddng truyen ed Cd le bdi "con ngudi thdi Tmng Cd tri giac va tu nbu mdt the thdng nhat" va ljch sii nhin loai mang tfnb thdng nhat ciia nhfmg qui luat Vi vay, nhfmg giai doan gidng nbau cua sy pbat tridn d nhiTng din tdc khic lai qui djnb sy gidng sing tao van boa eiia hg Chung ta khdng liy gi lim ngac nhien thiy ed nhfmg kidu truyen, nhung mdtip truyen, nhung thii phip nghe thuat truyen kd gidng d nhfmg dan Igc khac nhau, kbdng ed mdi lien he vdi Chdng ban nhu kidu Iruyen lOA - cd be Ig lem hay kidu truyen 425A - ehii rd (ed dau) la ngueti ddi lot duge kd d khap ciic iiirdc lien Ihe gidi Bdi vay ed Ihe ndi bdi eiinh lich sir dia ly xa bdi viing Ddng A thdi Tmng Cd vdi didu kien cua nude ndng nghiep Irdng liia vii lye linmg sang lac lii nhan dan, dd la mdt nguyen nhin din ddn nhung net tinmg ddng tremg Iruyen cd dan gian Nhiil Ban - Viet Nam 105 b) Thii 2, tmyen ed cd diti sdng lich sir hei sire phire tap, nd khetng phii la "nbit bit bidn" qui trtnh di chuyen - lan toii Cac nhii Folklore the giiiri da quim tam den vin de Nhidu y kidn cho rdng imyen cd hie mdi sinh ihiinh, ed tbd xuai phat tir mgl noi nao dd, ed nd chi la mdt mdtip ditn giiin nhimg qui trtnh di chuydn, hm Iruydn theo nhidu dudng khac nhau, den noi niio thi dirge dua vao dja phuong dd dd rdi dugc mdc ndi, ddng hoi, bidn dang cimg cac mdtip khac va cac yen lei dia phuong, lam cho dien mao cua nd thay ddi, trd nen da dang Va nhimg cdi tmyen mdi xuili hien, lai tidp tue phat tridn, tidp tue bien ddi lam niiy sinh dj ban khac mang di'i'u an ciia hien thye ljch sir va nhiing dae didm sang tao nghe thuit cua cac giai doan khic ciia mgl edng ddng gifra truyen cd dan tdc velfi truyen ed din tdc khic Qua nghien cim so sanh nhung type va mdtip tmyen ed diln gian Nhat Ban - Viet Nam chiing ta da thiy rd didu dd Nbu tren da ndi, Nhal Biin vii Viel Nam cimg chiu iinh hin'mg lac ddng cua van hoi An Dd va Tmng Qude Vii Irong lich sir diln Igc ciing lien hiinh cude khang ehien ebet'ng Nguyen Mdng va eiing cd quan he giao hm veti Tridu Tien Nhfmg mdi quan he gdp pbin thiic diiy giao luu van boa, hi nhimg yen l6 tao nen nhfmg net tuong ddng tmyen ed Nhat Biin Viet Nam Nhat Ban va Viet Nam da cd meii quan he van hoa - ljch sir tir lau Ljch sir da ghi lai tir thdi hau ky dd d i mdi - thdi ky van hoi Ya Yoi cua Nhat Ban, mdi lien he van boa giua Nhat Ban vdi cac nude khac, dd ed cac nude Ddng Duong da duge hinh Ngudi Nhat Ban da de'n Viet Nam tir thiti xa xua: lich sir da ghi hii ed mdt ngudi Nhal lii Abenakamard (ten Tmng Qude la Trifiu Hiinh) liim qu;m diti nha Duimg vii duge cir sang "An N;un dd hd phii" lam quan nam 767 (9) Sau tir the ky XV trd di, quan he Nhal Ban - Viel Nam dugc md r()ng va ngudi Nhat ddn Viet Nam thudng xuyen hon, giao km van boa hai nude cung cang cang dugc tang eudng va thdm thidt hem e) Thu ba chiing ta cd the xem xcl, ly giai sy Urong ddng truyen ed Nhat Biin - Viet Nam tir dae didm loai hinh Truyen cd li'ch ddi va phat tridn nd rd thiti ky xa hoi ed giai cip xa hdi phong kidn Loai truyen sinh dd dap ling nhu cau tham my ciia nhin din, dd thd hien nhung quan didm tham my ciia nhim dan vd dau trimh giai cap, vd sy ddi h)p giau va ngheo, thien va i e , tdt va xau Trong the loai Iruyen nhan dan ludn id rd thai dd ea ng(.ti, bao ve benb vye cho cai thien, cai Idi, cai dep ciia nhfmg pham ebili't dao dire eiia nhfmg eon ngudi lao ddng va ludn td rd thii len an, phe |)haii gay gdl cai xau, ciii ae ciia bgn ngueti Iheing tri bde Idt Nhung y tudng niiy khong chi thd hien Iremg Iruyen cd Nhiil Ban - Viet Nam ma ed tfnb phd bien tren loan tbd gidi Sy lUemg ddng eiia nhfmg hien tuimg vim boa niiy, eiia Iruyen ed tfnb tuemg ddng cua nbiln loai, ciia loiii ndi chung Nhat Ban va Viet Nam tir lau da ed mdi quim he khu vye van boa va giao luu van bgc van hoi Nhat Ban vii Viet Nam cfing trai qua nbimg thdi ky giao luu, tidp xiie, tidp bien van hoi vdi cic nude khac: nhu vdi Trung Qude va phuong Tay Trong xu the bdi nbiip qude id va xuit phit tir yeu eiu phat tridn ndi tai ciia mgl dii't nude, giao km van boa va tidp nbin van bgc trd mdt nhu cau hire thidt eiia mdi dan tdc, mdi thiti dai, mdi ngiriti Van bete Viet Nam diing tmde vin dd giao km, hgi nbilp van hgc loan cau cd nhiem vu ddng gdp gii tri vao vari hgc tbd gidi, ddng thiti tidp nhan nhung gia tri ciia van hge the gie'ti (Xi'in tie'/) trang 111) 106 Chii tbfch Antti Aame va Stith Thetmpson - Cac type truyen ed dan gian - Pbin loai va thu mue Tii ban Iin tbi} bai, HeLssinki 1973 Stith Thompson Bang mue luc tra ciru cac mdtip van hgc din gian - tip 1-6, NXB Indiana University 1958 Hiroko IKEDA - Biing mue luc tip va mdtip van hge din giim Nhat Ban - Helssinki 1971 - F Feommunieatiem No-2()9 Nguydn Tbj Hidn: Nghien cihi Tip va mdtip truyen ed dan gian Viet Nam Tii heu dinh may Ha Ndi 1995 5.7 KeGo Seki: Tmyen ed din gian Nbit Ban - Ban djch tidng Anh cua Robert JAdams Chicago University 1963, tr 126,tr 134 Nguydn Ddng Chi Kho tang tmyen ed tfeb Viet Nam, tip 4, NXB Khoa hgc xa hdi Ha Ndi 1975, tr 159 Bui Bach Nhat - Kho tang truyen eo tfeb Viet Nam NXB Da Ndng 1998, tr.91 tap Nhidu tic gia - Phan Ngge Lien chii bien Lich sir Nhat Ban -NXB Van hoi thdng tin Ha Ndi 1997, tr.202 II ... va Viet Nam nhidu rit gidng nbau, eir nbu la eiing mot truyen vay Chdng htm cac cot truyen vd eu gia va thing qui (Viet Nam) - linh bdn cai chai (Nhal Biin), nguiti me dueifi md (Vict Nam) ngudi... Biin), sy ti'cb tim (Nhat Biin - Viet Nam) , chide nliin thin (Nbit 101 Ban) - vien ngge thin (Viet Nam) , chide cdi xay thin (Nhat Ban) - ehiee hfi thin (Viet Nam) , hai dng gia va cue budu (Nhat... dgt gid miia ddu dan nam Vd mua he, gid thdi tir phuong Nam qua eic bien nbiet ddi, mang theo mua to den cac midn dat im Vd miia ddng, gid thdi tir cac midn Bac A xudng phuong Nam, mang theo gia