Động từ kết chuỗi trong tiếng anh có đối chiếu với một số nhóm động từ tương ứng trong tiếng việt

DONG TD KET C H U O I T R O N G TIENG A N H , c6 D6\ CHIEU vdi MOT SO NHOM DONG TD TUONG Q N G TRONG TIENG VIET Nguyin Thi Hong Hanh Ban Qiian he Quoc te, DHQG Hd Not Trong tieng Anh c6 nhieu nhdm dong t\i, vi du nhu dong tiif chuyen dong, dong til tong hdp, dong gidi tif dd dong t\i ket ehuoi (eaternatives) la mot nhdm dong tit kha dac biet, luon doi hoi cac dong tu: khdng chia khac ciing xuat hien Vi du: He kept talking (Anh ay tiep tue ndi chuyen.) I saw John come up the street (Toi nhin thay John di tren pho.) Trong hai vi du tren, cac dong tijt "kept", "saw", dting d vi tri dau tien dong ngii chinh la dong tu: ket chudi Chung ddi hoi cac dong tif di sau chung phai xuat hien d dang thijfe khong chia cua dong tijf: "talking"- hinh thai -ing (V-ing); "come" - dong tif nguyen dang khong CO "to" So' lUdng cae dong t\i ciing xuat hien mot ngfl theo kieu la khong cd gidi ban: tat ca cac dong tir, trif dong i\i diing sau ciing, deu la dong tuf ket chudi Trong mot dong ngiJ cd the cd hdn hai dong ttt ket ehuoi Vi du: He kept on ashing her to help him get it finished (Anh ay tiep tue de nghi c6 ay giup anh ket thue cong viec.) *Dong t\X ket ehuoi' va cac dong tii di sau no cd mot moi quan he cu phap va ngijt nghia kha 'chat che', vi du khong the ndi "He kept to talk", "I want going to London" 630 Trong bai viet nay, chung toi se tim hieu cac cau true cd ban va ngut nghia cua nhdm dong tu: ket ehuoi, lam cd sd doi chieu mot so' nhdm dong tii tUdng dUdng tieng Viet I TifiU CHI PHAN LOAI D O N G Ttf K^T C H u l F.R.Palmer cud'n "The Grammar English Verb", 1974 da dua hai bo tieu chi de phan loai dong t\i ket ehuoi tieng Anh dUa tren cac cau tnic ma chung xuat hien: (i) Thii nhdty c6 hinh thai cua dong ti£ c6 thedi sau dong til ket ehuoi: • Dong tijf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu tuf 'to": He didn't hear her get up (Anh khong nghe thay c6 ay thufe day.) I saw him come out of the house (Toi nhin thay anh ay khdi nha.) - Dong tix nguyen dang cd ti§u t\i "to": I didn*t want to look at the time (Toi khong muon xem dong ho.) I don't want anyone to touch you (Toi khong mud'n bat cijf cham vao ngudi em.) - Dong til CO duoi -ing (-ing form): After a time, she quit talking She kept talking (Sau mot hoi, c6 ay ngijtng ndi.) (Cd ay v i n tiep tue ndi.) - Dong ttt cd dudi -en (-en form) : He got short in the riot (Anh ay bi bin cuoe noi loan.) Tuy nhien, chi cd hinh thai thii hai va thii ba la thich hdp doi vdi phan Idn cac dong tii ket ehuoi 631 (it) ThiJt hai, danh ngit c6 the xuat hien givta dong tii ket chuSi vd dong tit di sau no, theo trqt tit: (a) Dong tu: ket ehuoi + (b) ed/khong cd danh ngi3 (vdi chiic nang bd ngut) + (c) dong tuf khdng chia John wanted to talk (John mud'n ndi ehuy§n) a + e (nguyen dang cd tieu ttr "to") John kept talking (John tiep tue ndi chuyen.) a + c (V-ing) John wanted the m a n a + b + to talk e (nguyen dang cd tieu tif "to") (John mud'n ngUdi dan dng ndi chuyen.) John kept the man a + b + talking e (nguyen dang khong cd tieu ttf "to") John ctJt de ngUdi dan ong ndi chuyen.) Trong hai vi du dau, chu ngut cua "to talk" va "talking" la "John" Trong hai dong ngut khdng cd danh ngii "chen" vao giula dong tiif ket ehuoi - "wanted", "kept" va dong tii khdng chia Trong hai vi du sau, chu ngu[ cua "to talk" va "talking" khdng phai la "John" ma la "the man" Trong trudng hdp nay, danh ngd "the man" da "chen" vao giiia dong tijf ket ehuoi - "wanted", "kept'* va dong i\i khdng chia - "to talk", "talking" Theo tac gia, hai bo tieu chi phan loai dong t\i ket ehuoi vrta neu tren ehi ap dung cho dong ngii phiic (complex phrase) Mot dac diem quan phan biet dong ngii ddn va dong ngii phiic chinh la kha nang "chen" vao giiia dong tu: ket chudi va dong ttf di sau nd cua danh nguc (NP) Chi cd dong ngii phijfc mdi cd kha nang Vi du: John wanted the man to talk John kept the man talking 632 Trong hai dong ngQ phlie hai vi du tren, cd sU xuat hien cua danh ngii "the man" Trong trUdng hdp nay, "the man" la chu ngii cua menh de phu/doan ngii khdng chia, la chu ngii cua hanh dong "to talk" v^ "talking" Ngodi ra, dong ngiJt phiic c6 mot so dac tritng sau day: (i) Dang phu dinh cd the dUde sxi dung vdi dong ttf ket chudi dong ngii phiic Phu dinh cd the dUde danh dau vdi mdi mot dong tijf xuat hien ciing mot dong ngii mot each doc lap He did not agree to anything (Anh ay khdng dong y lam bat cii viec gi.) He agreed not to anything (Anh ^'y dong y khong lam bat eti vi§c gi.) I enjoy not being married, really (Toi thUe sU thich thu la ngUdi khdng cd vd) Dong ttf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf 'to' va qua khii phan ttf thudng khdng de cf dang phu dinh Tuy nhien, doi ciing cd nhiing trUdng hdp ngoai le: I don't like children not taught road safety (Toi khdng mud'n tre em khdng dUde day ve an toan giao thong.) Nhiing ban che thudng vi ly ngii nghia ehtf khdng phai vi ly ngii phap Cae dong ttf 'help' (giup dd), 'fail' (that bai) hoae 'get' (1^'y, nhan) khdng dUde sii dung de diln dat cac hanh dong hoae trang thai phu dinh va thudng khdng diing vdi sU kien khdng ed that (ii) Doi vdi mot so'cau true cua dong tit ket chudi, ciing c6 the danh dau thdi (tense) d moi mot dong tii (vdi "have") I prefer to have finished before he comes (Toi mud'n ket thue cdng viec trude anh ay den.) Trong vi du tren, dong tif ket chudi "prefer" ket hdp vdi "to have finished" - dang thtic hoan nguyen dang Trong vi du dUdi day "prefer" lai ket hdp vdi to finish - dong ttf 633 nguyen dang cd tieu ttf to I prefer to finish before he comes Su khac giiia hai cau tren chinh la sU khae ve thdi (Hi) Hdu nhu khong c6 gidi han ndo viec diing dang thiCc bi dong doi vdi cac menh de phu He saw them eat (Anh ay nhin thay ho an.) He saw them eaten (Anh ay nhin thay ehiing dang bi an thit) ^ He had them beat the carpet (Anh ay yeu cau ho dap saeh tham.) He had them beaten (Anh ^y sai ngUdi dap saeh tham.) Trong mot so' trUdng hdp ca mot cau ddy du dd cd dong ttf ket chudi ciing cd the chuyen sang dang thtfc bi dong John seems to have seen Mary (John cd ve nhU da gap Mary) Mary seems to have been seen by John (Mary cd ve nhU da dUde John tiep.) Day la cac dong ttf 'bo nghia cho chu ngii' Trong dang thiie bi dong, chung gidng cac trd dong ttf hdn la cac dong ttf chinh va ve mat ngii nghia chung ed mot so' dac trUng ctia dong ttf tinh thai - dUdng nhu, dang xay r a v.v Nhu vay ed the thay la khdng cd sU phan biet rd rang giiia cac trd dong ttf chinh cap (primary auxiliaries), cac dong ttf tinh thai (modals) va dong ttf ket chudi Cd the nhan thay s^c thai nghia khac giiia hai c^'u tnic bi dong sau day: He saw them punished (Anh ay nhin thay ho bi trtfng phat) He saw them to be punished (Anh ay nhin thay ho s^p hi trtfng phat) Theo chung toi, sU khac biet chti yeu giiia hai cau true bi dong tren chinh la ve thdi gian 634 Hinh thai qua khii phan til la dang hi dong ctia dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu ttf 'to' Tuy nhien, ciing cd the cd dang nguyen the d dang bi dong vdi it khac biet ve nghia: I want the carpet beaten (Toi mud'n tarn tham dUde dap saeh bui) I want the carpet to be beaten Tuy nhien, each ndi bi dong khdng thUe hien dUde ddi vdi mot so' dong txX, nhat la vdi dang dong ttf dudi -ing ed danh nguf chen d giiia: He kept them working (Anh bat chung lam viec.) They kept them being taught (-) I want them working (Toi mud'n ho lam viec.) I want them being taught (-) TrUdng hdp ngoai le chu yeu mang tinh ngii nghia (NgUdi ta thudng 'keeps' (khien, b^t) hoae 'wants' (mud'n) ngUdi khac hanh dong) Mac dti v^y cd the cd each ndi bi dong cau "I want them being taught" (cau sai) hkng each s i dung dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu ttf 'to' thay vi stf dung dong ttf dang -ing: I want them to be taught (Toi mud'n ho dUde day dd.) (iv) Dong tit ket chudi c6 the xuat hien cau trdc cO ban sau day: - N P l V [(NPl) V] - N P l V [NP2 V] - N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V] - NPl V NP2 [(NPl) V] Trong dd : - N P l la danh ngfl thii nhat vdi ehtfc nang chu ngii; - V la dong ttf; - NP2 la danh ngii thtf hai vdi chiJtc nang bo ngii/chu ngii cua doan ngii khdng chia; - Dau ngoac ddn ( ) chi xem danh ngii cl phan phu cd trung vdi 635 danh ngii d^u tien (NPl, vdi chijfc nang chu ngut) hay triing vdi danh ngii thuf hai NP2 (vdi chiic nang bo ngii); - dau [ ] chi sU phu thude a NPl V [(NPl) V] I hope to go to China for this summer NPl V /(NPl)V A A/ (Toi hy vong di Trung Qud'c vao ky nghi he nay) holiday She began to read a novel NPl V /(NPl)V NP2/ (Cd ay bat dau doc mot quyen tieu thuyet) Trong hai vi du tren, danh ngii d phan phu (ehu ngii cua menh de phu) triing vdi danh ngii d^u tien ("I", "she") cua cau b.NPl VINP2V] I want him to go to China for this summer NPl V /NP2 V A A/ (Tdi mud'n anh §'y di Trung Qud'c vao ky nghi hd nay.) / wanted NPl V her to play /NP2 V holiday ^/lepmno, (Tdi mud'n cd ay chdi piano) NP3/ Trong hai vi du tren, danh ngii NP2 xuat hien vdi chttc nang bo ngti cua doan ngii khdng chia; c NPl VNP2 [(NP2) V] I persuade him to go to China for this summer holiday NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V A A/ (Tdi thuyet phue anh ay di Trung Qud'c vao ky nghi he nay) / advised him to study NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V (Tdi khuyen anh ay hoe tieng Nga) 636 Russian NP3/ It made NPl V me NP2 think (Dieu dd khien tdi nghi.) /(NP2)V Khac vdi e^'u true (a), cau true danh ngO (NP2) chen vao giiia dong ttf k^'t chudi ("persuade", "advised") va dong ttf di sau ("to go'*, "to study") khdng triing vdi danh ngii N P l Trong trUdng hdp nay, NP2 ("him") vtfa la bo ngii cua menh de chinh (bo ngii cua "persuade" va "advised"), vtfa la chu ngii cua menh de phu (chii ngii cua "to go" va "to study") d.NPl V NP2 [(NPl) V] I promised him to go to China NPl V NP2 /(NPl)V A (Tdi hiia vdi la toi se di Trung Qud'c) Trong cau true danh ngii lam chu ngii cua menh de phu trung vdi ehu ngii cua menh de chinh (chti ngii cua "promised" triing vdi chu ngii cua "to go" Vdi y nghia nay, dong ttf "promise" la dong ttf nh^'t khdng can den gidi ttf trUdc danh ngti II PHAN LOAI DONG itT K^T CHu6l Dua vao cac eiiu true ed ban eung vdi cae hinh thai khdng chia cua dong ttf ciing xu^'t hien, cae dong ttf ket chudi cd the dUde chia cac nhdm nhd sau day Tuy nhien, sU phan chia ciing mang tinh vd doan va ddn gian boa bdi vi cd kha nhieu dong ttf nlim d ranh gidi giOa cac nhdm khac N h o m d o n g tii ttftfng l a i Nhdm dong ttf tUdng lai md ta h a n h dong, dU dinh cho tUdng lai, hoae da dUde len k e b o a e h Nhdm dong ttf cd the xuat hien ca bd'n cau true neu tren va dUdc phan biet ve hinh thiic hkng kha nang ket hdp vdi cac trang ngii chi thdi gian tUdng lai menh de phu 637 Co the chia nhom dong tit thdnh cac tieu loai ngit nghia sau: a Cac dong ttf mang y nghia thuyet phue ehi xuat hien cau tnic NPl V NP2 [(NP2) V], dd ludn ed ngUdi dUdeA)i thuyet phue thue hien hanh dong, vi du nhU persuade, advise, challange, force, teach, assist, bring, direct, invite, lead, remind, request, tempt, expect I persuade the doctor to examine the boy NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3/ (Tdi thuyet phue bac si kham benh cho cau be) b Cac dong ttf mang y nghia lenh, bat buoc chi xuat hien hai cau true: - N P V N P [(NP2) V]; - N P l V [NP2 V] dd mot ngUdi nao dd nhan lenh, hoae mot hanh dong cd the dUdc lenh thUe hien ma khdng n h i c den ngUdi nh^n lenh dd, vi du nhU order, cause, enable, permit, allow My papa has ordered me to return to you these presents NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V A NP3/ (Bd' tdi lenh cho tdi phai tra lai anh nhiing mdn qua nay.) Cac dong ttf nhU expect, mean, intend xuat hien cac cau tnic: - NPl V [NPl V] - NPl V [NP2 V] - N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V] / expect to see a ghost in the room NPl V /(NPl)V NP2 A/ (Tdi ddi se nhin thay mot eon ma d phdng.) / expect the doctor to examine NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V (Tdi ddi bac si se kham cho John.) 638 John NP3 c Cac dong ttf mang y nghia yeu cau xuat hien cac eifu true: - N P V N P [(NP2)V]; va - N P l V [(NPl) V], dd ngUdi ndi cd the yeu cau mot dd thUe hien mot hanh dong hoae yeu cau dd lam viec dd, vi du nhu ask, aim, choose, require, beg, dare anybody dared to hate NPl V /(NPl)V/ ( cd dam ghet cd ay.) her NP2 / asked John to meet Mary NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3 (Tdi da yeu cfiu John gap Mary.) - Cac dong ttf chi xuat hien vdi cau true : N P l V [(NPl) V], vi du nhu decide, decline, determine, elect, fear, hesitate, hope, long, look, lust, prepare, refuse, swear She determined to render her position NPl V /(NPl)V/ NP3 (Cd ay quyet dinh ttf bd vi tri cua minh.) / hope NPl V to come /(NPl)V/ soon (Tdi hy vong den sdm.) A - Dong ttf ehi xuat hien hai c^'u true: -NP1V[(NP1)V]; - NP1VNP2 [(NPl)V] vi du nhu dong tii ''promise" I promised NPl V / promised NPl V to go (Tdi hiia se di.) /(NPl)V/ John NP2 to go (Tdi htfa vdi John la tdi se di.) /(NPl)V/ 639 - Cac dong ttf chi xuat hien vdi cau true: - NP1V[(NP1)V]; - NP1V[(NP2V]/ nhu dong ttf "want" va mot sd'ddng ttf yeu cau cd gidi tijf nhU : agree, undertake, offer / want to see NPl V /(NPl)V/ you, (Tdi mud'n gap anh ) NP2 / agreed with John to prepare the speech NPl V NP2 /(NPl)V NP3 (Tdi dong y vdi John tdi se chuan bi bai phat bieu.) - ''Need" ed the xuat hien vdi dong ttf nguyen dang mang y nghia chu dong va vdi dong ttf dudi -ing nhUng mang y nghia bi dong Vdi hai y nghia khac thi se cd hai cau tnic khac nhau: The boy NPl needed V to wash (Cau be can t i m ) /(NPl)V/ The boy NPl needed V washing (Cku be cSn dUde tam) A^(NPl)/ (The boy needed to be washed) Nhiing dong tii thude nhdm bao gom: advise, recommend I wound't advise taking the car NPl Aux V /(NP)V NP2 (Tdi se khdng khuyen mua chiee xe dd.) / wouldn't advise you to take the car (nt) NPl Aux V NP2 /(NP2)V NP3 (Tdi se khdng khuyen anh mua chiee xe dd.) Dong t\i "advise" ket hdp vdi hinh thai -ing bo ngii chi ngUdi khdng dUde de c^p den NgUdc lai, nd ket hdp vdi dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to" de cap den bo ngii ehi ngUdi ("you") 640 N h o m d o n g tijf c h i n g u y e n n h a n Nhdm dong ttf chi nguyen nhan cd the xu^'t hien vdi dong ttf nguyen dang khdng ed tieu ttf "to" hoae ed "to" Dong ttf thude nhdm gom ed: have, help, let, make Trong nhdm ed dong tii cd the xuat hien hai cau true: NPlV[(NPl)V];va N P V N P [(NP2)V], -' ' ã nhUng ed dong ttf ehi xuĐ.'t hien vdi cau true: N P l V NP2 /(NP2)V/ - Let me buy you a drink (NPl)V NP2 (NP2)V NP3 NP4 - • '• (De tdi mua cho anh mot ly.) •! It made me cry NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V/ (Dieu ay khien tdi khde.)- • ••n:i ( '^iii^!:^:- i^;^>!b , ,^;' • ! • / :• •• '^A\ \:-i>A / i '•-( • / / - "Help": xuat hien cau true : N P l V [(NPl) V] vdi dong ttf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf "to"; va N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V] vdi dong ttf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu tijf "to" v^ dong tii nguyen dang cd tieu tii "to" You can help push NPl Aux V (NPl)V (Anh cd the giup d^y xe d to.) He helped them build NPl V NP2 (NP2)V (Anh ay giup ho xay nha.) the car NP2 ' '" " ' ' '" '• '"'" f/ic/lousc NP3 ^ ' * V ' ^''^^^'' '* •Ji - "Make": xuat hien cau true N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V] vdi dong tif nguyen dang khdng ed tieu tijf "to"; vdi dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu ttf "to" menh de chinh d dang hi dong ^ - He made the boy finish ''^•'' ->JPl' V NP2 /(NP2)V/ "" (Anh ay b^t cau be lam xong bai tap.) his work NP3 ' "• '; 641 The boy was made to finish his work NPl V NP2 (Cau be bi bdt buoc phai lam xong bai tap.) - "Let": xuat hien ca'u true N P l V NP2 [(NP2) V], cd danh ngti "chen" vao giiia nd va dong ttf di sau va ket hdp vdi dong ttf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu tii "to" / will let them stay NPl Ax V NP2 /(NP2)V/ (Tdi se cho phep ho d lai mot lue.) a while A - "Have" xuat hidn cau true : N P l V [NP2 V] vdi dong tif nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf "to"; vdi dang thtfe -ing (-ing form) va dang thxic qua khtf phan ttf Trong cau true n^y menh de chinh khdng dUde phep chuyen sang dang bi dong He had them come early, NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V/ A (Anh ay hit buoc ho den sdm.) He had NPl V them all singing NP2 V (Anh ay yeu c^u tat ca deu hat.) Cd the thay, ve mat ngii nghia bd'n dong ttf "have" (khien, buoc), "make" (b4t), "help" (giup, giup dd), "let" (de) ed nhieu diem chung va deu dien ta y nghia 'tUdng lai' ("help" cd le khdng rd lim) N h o m d o n g tit tvicing t h u a t Nhdm dong ttf tUdng thuiit ed the ket hdp vdi danh ngii lam bo ngii/menh de bd ngii va hau het deu xu^'t hien vdi ca menh de chinh va menh de phu doi dang bi dong Trong thuc te, the bi dong dUde stf dung thdng dung hdn Dong tijf thude nhdm gom cd: believe, think, consider, admit, deny, remember, Trong nhdm dong ttf nay, mot so' dong ttf nhU believe, think, consider, declare, discover ehi xuat hien vdi cau true: N P l V NP2[(NP2) V], ket hdp vdi danh ngti, vdi dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to", dang thtic qua khtf phan ttf (-en form) 642 / consider John to be NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V (Toi coi John la ngUdi thdng minh.) / believe John to be NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V (Tdi tin John la ngUdi thdng minh.) clever Adj clever Adj/ Mot sd'ddng ttf khac nhu admit, deny, remember, confess c6 the xuli't hien ca c^'u true: NPl V [(NPl) V NP2], vdi dong tuf nguyen dang cd "to", hinh thai -ing (-ing form) I remember your father going NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V (Tdi nhd cha anh da ttfng di Luan ddn.) to London A I remember to go to the post office (Tdi nhd la phai di buu dien.) Su khac bi§t ve y nghia giiia hai hinh thai -ing va dong tijf nguyen dang cd "to" cua cae dong ttf nhu remember, stop, forget, regret, thudng lien quan den thdi gian Hinh thai -ing thudng de cap den nhiing sU viec xay trUdc, dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to" thudng de e^p den nhflng sU viec xay sau hanh dong dUde diln dat b^ng cac dong ttf k§'t chudi ndi tren Dong tii "admit" va "confess" thUdng ket hdp vdi gidi ttf dong ttf di sau ed hinh thai -ing (-ing form) / admit to being a fool (Tdi thtfa nh^n la thang ngd'c.) Dong tii "deny" it ket hdp vdi danh ngut va dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to" Dong tif chi c a m giac Dong tii chi cam giac ludn xuat hien vdi danh ngii va dong ttf nguyen dang khdng cd 'to*, dong ttf dang -ing va qua khii phan ttf (-en form), vi the ed th^ danh d^'u ca th^ (aspect) va dang thtfc (voice) 643 Dong ttf thude nhdm gom cd: see, feel, know, hear, smell, watch, imagine Nhdm dong ed the xu^'t hien cau true: N P l V NP2[(NP2)V NP3/A] I saw the children eat NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V (Tdi nhin thay bon tre an trUa.) / saw a girl standing their lunch NP3/ in the goldfish pond NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V A/ (Tdi nhin thay cd gai dang dtfng ao ca vang.) Qua cac vi du tren ed the thay sU thay doi ve s^c thai nghia giiia cau true: dong ttf ket chudi + V-ing va dong ttf k§'t chudi + dong ttf nguyen dang cd/khdng ed "to" Su khac biet ehu yeu la sU khac biet ve the (aspect) The cau bi dong cd the dUde danh dau bang phan ttf tiep diln (-ing form) I saw the children being beaten by their rivals (Tdi nhin thay bon tre dang bi dd'i thu cua chung danh.) I watch Mary being taught (by Bob) (Tdi xem Mary dang dUde day hoc (bdi Bob.) Menh de chinh cd the chuyen sang dang bi dong, nhUng dd cl menh de phu chi ed sU ddi l^p ve dang thtie - ehu dong va bi dong, ehtt khdng ed dau hieu ve the The ehildrren were seen eating their lunch The children were seen eat their lunch (-) Phan Idn cae dong ttf cam giac ciing dong vai trd nhU nhiing dong ttf tUdng thuat, ngoai trtf "smell" va "watch" 644 Trong nhdm dong ttf ed nhiing dong ttf chi ket hdp vdi hinh thai -ing (-ing form) va khdng cd sU phan biet ve the Dieu dUdc the hien rat rd qua sU xuat hien cua hinh thai -ing ctia dong tu: khdng cd dang tiep diin (non-progressive verbs) / can't imagine him knowing all that NPl Aux V NP2 /(NP2) V NP3/ (Tdi khdng the tUdng tUdng dUde la anh ay biet tat ca chuyen dd.) Dong tu: "know", gid'ng nhU dong ttf tUdng thuat, thUdng xuat hien vdi dong ttf nguyen dang khdng cd tieu ttf "to", vdi danh nguE va vdi dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu ttf "to" menh de chinh d dang bi dong Vdi t u each la dong tii nhan thiic, "know" khdng xuSft hien vdi dang thiic -ing hoae qua khii phan ttf (-en form) Have you ever known them come on time? NP V (Cd bao gid anh biet la ho den dung gid chua?) Nhom dong tii qua trinh Nhdm dong ttf qua trinh ed the xuat hien vdi hinh thai -ing (-ing form), hoae vdi dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to" Nhdm dong ttf gom: keep, start, finish, cease, leave, prevent, Mot sd'ddng tijf nhdm ed the xuat hien cau true: - N P l V [(NPl) V NP2] - NPl V NP2 [(NP2) V] va mot sd'khae chi xuat hien vdi cau true: N P l V [(NPl) V NP2] General Daguilet had kept him waiting at the Horse NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V A (Tudng Daguilet da bat chd d Doi can ve.) Guards Cd the ndi ve mat hinh thtfc, cac dong ttf dUde chia vao eung nhdm bcti vi phan Idn so' dd cd the xuat hien vdi dong ttf dang -ing va dac trUng md ta "qua trinh" cd the ap dung cho nhieu dong ttf so' 645 Tuy nhien, xet ve mat ngii nghia, cac dong tii khdng rd rang thude ban ve mot nhdm Trong nhdm mot so' dong ttf nhU "keep", "stop", "get" ket hdp vdi hinh thai -ing, va cho phep menh de chinh chuyen sang dang bi dong He NPl kept V them NP2 talking /(NP2)V (Anh ay ctf de ho ndi chuyen.) "Keep" ciing xuat hien eung vdi dang thtfc qua khtf phan ttf (-en form): He NPl kept V his mounth shut (Anh ta giii mom.) NP2 /(NP2)V/ Dong ttf "stop" vtfa cd the ket hdp vdi hinh thai -ing, vtfa cd the ket hdp vdi dong ttf nguyen dang cd tieu ttf "to", nhUng y nghia hoan toan khac I really must stop smoking (Tdi thUc stf phai bd thud'e la) Vdi y nghia "phai bd thud'e la", thi khdng the ndi: "You should stop to smoke" Dieu dUdc hieu la "ngtfng" (cdng viec nao dd) de hut thud'e Vi du: I stop (work) to smoke a cigarette (Tdi ngtfng (cdng viec) de hut thud'e.) Dong tii "start" va "begin" khdng xuat hien vdi danh ngii, ket hdp vdi ca dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to" va cd kha nang danh d^'u vi the He started to speak but stopped because she objected (Anh ay b i t d^u ndi nhUng phai dtfng lai vi ed Ky phan dd'i.) He started speaking and kept on for than an hour (Anh ay b i t dau ndi chuyen va ndi hdn mot tieng dong ho.) Hai vi du tren khac ve y nghia Dong ttf "start" + hinh thai -ing thUdng dien dat stf thUe hien (fulfilment), "start" + dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to" thudng diln dat "tiem nang" (potentiality) 646 Trong nhdm cd mot sd'ddng ttf mang hai loai ngii nghia: "ket thiic" ("ending"), "tranh" ("avoiding") va "nd lUc" ("effort"), khong ket hdp vdi danh ngii va xuat hien vdi hinh thai -ing (-ing form), vi du nhU "avoid", "complete", "escape", "finish", "quit", "postpone", You should try working a bit harder (Anh nen ed'ging lam viec cham hdn mot chiit.) Mot vai dong ttf nhU "catch", "leave", "send" thudng xuat hien vdi nhiing dong ttf diln ta hanh dong, vdi danh ngii va dang thtfc -ing va cho phep menh de chinh chuyen sang dang bi dong He left them standing NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V/ (Anh ^'y bd ho dtfng ngoai dUdng.) in the A street Dong tii "prevent" ddi bdi gidi t\i "from" diing trUde hinh thai -ing He prevented the men from leaving (Anh ay ngan chan nhiing ngUdi dan dng khdng dUdc di.) N h o m d o n g tii c h i svf c o g a n g v a k e t q u a Ve mat hinh thtfc, nhiing dong ttf thude nhdm thudng xuat hien vdi dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to" (nhung ehiing khdng phai la nhiing dong ttf cd y nghia tUdng lai) va khdng ket hdp vdi danh ngii Nhiing dong ttf thude nhdm gom: manage, try, fail, neglect, omit, proceed va ehi xu^'t hien cau true : N P l V [(NPl) V NP2] She tried NPl V / remember NPl V to obey (Cd ay co ging nghe Idi.) /(NPl)V/ to visit him (Tdi nhd la phai den tham anh ay.) /(NPl)V/ NP2 Xet ve mat ngii nghia, cae dong ttf thude nhieu loai khac Nhiing dong ttf neu len hoan eanh ma cac boat dong d menh de phu dUdc thtfc hien 647 Mot so' dong ttf nhu "fail", "neglect", "serve", "proceed", "omif, "strive", "strugle" deu mang y nghia phu dinh He failed to see the truth (Anh ay da khdng nhin th^'y sU that.) NPl V /(NPl)V/ NP2 Nhom dong tvf chi thai Nhdm dong ttf ehi thai do, vi du nhU like, hate, miss, regret, deplore ludn di vdi menh de phu thude "gid'ng nhU bo ngii" nhUng khdng the chuyen sang dang bi dong dUdc Cac dong ttf nhdm cd the xuat hien cau tnic: -NPlV[(NPl)V];va -NP1V[(NP2)V], ed the ket hdp vdi dong ttf nguyen dang ed "to" hoae hinh thai - ing (ing form), vi du nhU like, miss, discuss, enjoy, resent, risk, deplore I like NPl V going /(NPl)V to the cinema (Tdi thich di xem phim.) A/ / like to go to the cinema N P l V ' /(NPl)V A/ (Tdi thich di xem phim (bay gid) Cd sU khac biet ve y nghia hai vi du tren: Vi du thtf nhat ham y chi sd thich; edn vi du thU hai ham y ehi sU lUa chon mot phat ngdn cu the Dong ttf "hate", xet ve mat cau true, xuat hien vdi dong tif nguyen dang cd tieu ttf "to" thi gan vdi dong ttf "remember" hdn (xem "remember" d muc 6: Nhdm dong ttf chi sU cd' ging va no lUe), va ve mat ngii nghia thi gan vdi dong ttf "regret" I hate to tell you this (Tdi ghet ndi vdi anh dieu nay.) Dieu cd nghia la "I say with regret", "I tell you, though I hate to so" ("Tdi tiec phai ndi len dieu dd", "Tdi ke vdi anh, mac du tdi khdng thich ke".) 648 Cac dong tiX nhU "miss", "enjoy", "risk" chi ket hdp vdi hinh thai -ing / miss NPl V going /(NPl)V to the theatre A/ (Tdi 15 buoi xem kich.) D o n g tif c h i svf c a n t h i e t Cac dong ttf nhdm nay, vi du nhU "need", "deserve", "want" cd the xuat hien cau true: N P l V[(NPl)V] va ket hdp vdi dong tii nguyen dang cd "to" va hinh thai -ing.] The boy NPl needs V to wash (C^u be can tim.) /(NPl)V/ The boy NPl needs V washing V (Cau be c i n dUde t i m rufa.) Trong hai vi du tren ed sU dd'i lap dang chu ddngA)i dong giiia hinh thai dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to" va hinh thai -ing vdi dong ttf "need": "to wash" cd y nghia chii dong, cdn "washing" mang y nghia bi dong Cd the ndi r i n g vdi hinh thai dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to" cd sU dong nhat giiia chu ngii cua menh de chinh va chii ngii cua menh de phu, cdn vdi hinh thai -ing lai cd sU dong nhat giiia chu ngii ctia m^nh de chinh va bd ngii ctia menh de phu (chti ngii eiia menh de phu khdng dUdc de cap d§'n) Nghia cua dong ttf "want" bai vi du sau eung cd sic thai nghia khac The boy wants to wash (Cau be mud'n tam.) Trong vi du "want" cd nghia la "mud'n" hoae "can thiet" The boy wants washing (Cau be cin dUdc tim.) Trong VI du "want" chi cd nghia "can thiet" III DOI CHIEU M O T SO NHOM DONG TlTTl/ONG DUONG TRONG TifiNG VIET Nhdm dong ttf chi nguyen nhan tieng Anh vdi cau true NPl V NP2 [(NP2)V] ("make", "have", "help", ) tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm 649 dong ttf gay khien tieng Viet vdi cau true: N P l VI NP2 V2; va NPl VI NP2 V2 NP3 (bao, bit, de nghi, yeu ciu, ) Hai nhdm dong ttf ludn ddi hoi cd hai bd ngii di kem He made the boy finish NPl V NP2 /(NP2)V Anh ay bat NPl VI his work NP3) cau be lam xong bdi tap NP2 V2 NP3 Dong ttf "made" va "bit" hai cau tren deu yeu cau cd hai bo ngii di ding sau: Bo ngii thii nhat la mot danh ngii (NP2) bieu thi doi tUdng chiu tac dong cua dong tii ehi nguyen nhan va gay khien, bd ngii thtf hai la dong ttf "finish" va "lam xong" - boat dong cua bo ngii thtt nhat Diem khac biet giiia hai nhdm dong ttf la nhdm dong tii gay khien, vi du nhU khien (cho), de (cho), lam (cho) cd bo ngii thti hai la mot tinh ttf Cac anh dtfng lam nhd toi no then adj Kieu cau true khdng cd tUdng dUdng nhdm dong ttf ehi nguyen nhan tieng Anh Day chinh la stf khac biet ve mat hinh thtfc Nhdm dong ttf tUdng lai tieng Anh vdi cau tnic NPlV NP2[(NP2)V] (vi du nhu "force", "request", "order", "cause", "ask", "require") tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm dong ttf gay khien tieng Viet My papa has ordered V me NP2 to return to you these presents /(NP2)V Bd' tdi lenh cho toi trd anh nhiing mdn qua VI NP2 V2 ' Qua cau dich tren, chung ta thay hai dong ttf "order" va "ra lenh" deu yeu cau hai bd ngii di sau Bo ngii thii nhat mot danh ngii (NP2) bieu thi dd'i tUdng chiu tac dong cua dong ttf tUdng lai va gay khien, bo 650 ngii thtf hai la dong ttf ("return", "phai tra") - boat dong cua bd ngii thii nhat Tuy nhien, diing trUdc dong ttf "return" la tieu ttf "to" (dong ttf nguyen dang cd "to") Day chinh la dieu khac biet giiia hai ngdn ngii thuoc hai loai hinh khac Ti§'ng Viet, ngdn ngii khdng bien ddi hinh thai nen dong ttf khdng bien ddi Trong tieng Anh, ngdn ngii bien ddi hinh thai, hai dong ttf dtfng eanh thi dong ttf thii hai ("finish", "return") khdng chia, cd the cd hinh thai nguyen dang cd "to" hoae khdng cd "to" Dieu chiu sU chi phd'i cua dong tii diing trUde do, vi du "make someone smt; ask someone to smt) I asked John to meet Mary (Tdi yeu cau John gap Mary.) Nhdm dong ttf tudng thuat tieng Anh vdi cau true N P l V NP2 [(NP2)V] (vi du nhu think, consider, admit, deny, remember, ) tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm dong ttf danh gia - nhan xet vdi cau true N P l V NP2 Cop NP3 (vi du nhU coi, ggi, nhan, xdc nhan, ) tieng Viet I consider John NP2 Tdi coi John NP2 Id Cop to he /(NP2)V clever adj ngiiai thong NP3 minh Hai dong tii "consider" va "coi" deu yeu cau cd hai bd ngii di kem Bo ngti thii nhat deu dUde diln dat b i n g mot danh ngii ("John") Bd ngfi thii hai nhdm dong ttf nhan xet-danh gia cd c^'u tnic " dong ttf - he tii(Cop) + NP3, cdn bd ngii thii hai nhdm dong ttf tUdng thuat la mot dong ttf (to be) + adj Su khac biet v^ loai ttf hai cau true cua hai nhdm dong ttf la dtfng sau dong ttf "to be" cd the la mot tinh ttf (clever) hoae mot danh ngii (a clever person), cdn tieng Viet, diing sau dong ttf-he ttf (Cop) thudng la mot danh ngii Tuy nhien cau tren ciing ed the dUde dich la "Toi cho rang John thong minh" Trong cau dich nay, an dong ttf "la", cdn "thdng minh" eung la tinh ttf 651 Ngoai ra, sU khac biet cdn dUdc the hien d chd nhdm dong ttf tUdng thuat thUdng dUdc stf dung d dang thtfc bi dong nhieu hdn John is considered to be clever NgUdc lai, tieng Viet, dang thtfc bi dong it dUdc stf dung Cd the ndi "John Id ngitdi thong minh" eung cd nghia la moi ngUdi danh gia John la ngudi thdng minh I remember your father going V NP2 /(NP2)V Tdi nhd bo cau dd den to London Luan Ddn Bo ngii thii hai cua dong ttf "remember" la dong ttf dudi -ing, cdn bd ngii thii hai cua dong ttf "nhd" la dong ttf khdng bien ddi hinh thai Day la diem khac biet ve loai hinh giiia hai ngdn ngii Nhdm dong tif cam giac (perception) tieng Anh vdi cau true NPl V NP2/(NP2)V NP3/A/ (vi du nhU see, hear, watch, smell, know, imagine, ) tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm dong ttf cam nghi - ndi nang vdi cau triic NP V S-Pred tieng Viet (vi du nhU nghe, nhin, thay, trong, xem, biet, hieu, ) I saw children trUa) eat their lunch (Tdi nhin thay bon tre an edm I saw children an cdm trUa.) eating their lunch (Tdi nhin thay bon tre dang Hai nhdm dong ttf ("see" va "nhin thay") din ddi hoi bd ngii di sau Ve y nghia, ed the thay hai cau dich tren tUdng dUdng vdi Ve mat cau true, bd ngii cua dong ttf cam nghl-ndi nang thUdng dUdc diin dat bdi mot cum ttf tUdng thuat (S-Pred) Thdi gian hai cap vi du tren dUde dien dat b i n g each khac De diln dat hanh dong dang diin ra, tieng Anh stf dung dang thtfc -ing cua dong tiif, cdn tieng Viet, ngdn ngii khdng bien ddi hinh thai phai sU dung ttf phu dtfng trUdc dong tii ("dang") 652 Nhdm dong ttf cam giac cd the dUde sii dung d dang thiic bi dong, cdn dong tii cam nghi - ndi nang it dUdc stf dung vdi each ndi bi dong Nhdm dong ttf ehi can thiet vdi cau true N P l V /(NPl)V/ tieng Anh (vi du nhU need, want, deserve, ) tUdng dUdng vdi nhdm dong ttf tinh thai-ngii phap tieng Viet (vi du nhU can, mud'n, dinh, toan, ) The boy needs to wash (Cau be muon tam.) Trong trUdng hdp nay, hai nhdm dong ttf gid'ng d cho ehu ngii cua menh de chinh va menh de phu la dong nhat Dong ttf tinh thai-ngii phap tieng Viet la nhiing dong ttf mang y nghia tif vUng rat it, hay cdn goi la dong ttf nghia, bdi v^y, chung thudng ket hdp vdi dong ttf trung tam de tao vi ngii cua cau Dieu khac biet vdi nhdm dong tif chi sU c i n thiet tieng Anh Mot stf khac biet ni3a giiia hai nhdm dong ttf the hien d chd, nhdm dong ttf tinh thai ngii phap tieng Viet vtfa cd vai trd la tieu chi ngii phap, viia mang y nghia tinh thai dien dat tinh muc dich ctia phat ngdn Tom lai, tren day chung tdi da de cap den cac tieu ehi phan loai ciing nhu cae tieu nhdm eiia dong ttf ket chudi, cd so sanh vdi mot so' nhdm dong ttf tUdng iing tieng Viet Qua ph§n tich tren day, cd the nhan thay rang viec nghien ciiu dong ttf ket chudi vdi cac cau triic va ngii nghia cd ban ciing nhU viec ddi chieu vdi mot so'nhdm dong ttf tUdng dUdng tieng Viet la het stfe ein thiet Dieu giiip cho viec nang cao chat lUdng giang day va hoe tap tieng Anh va tieng Viet nhU mot ngoai ngii Hdn niia viec nghien ciiu edn tao cd sd ly luan cho cdng tac dich thuat 653 TAI LifiU THAM KHAO I Tai l i e u t i e n g V i e t Diep Quang Ban, Ngit phap tieng Viet, tap I NXB Giao due, Ha Noi, 1998 Nguyin Tai C^n, NgQ phap tieng Viet N ^ ^ - ^ ^ Q ^ ^ a Noi, 1998 Dinh Van Dtfc, Ngit phap tieng Viet, Ttf loai NXB DH va THCN, 1986 Nguyen Kim Than, Bong tU tieng Viet, 1997 Nguyen Kim Than, Nghien citu ve ngit phap tieng Viet, NXB Giao due, 1963/1964 Uy Ban KHXH Viet Nam, NgU phap tieng Viet, NXB KHXH, Ha Ndi 1983 II Tai l i e u t i e n g A n h Alexander L.G - Longman English Grammar, Longman Group U.K Limited, 1998 Austin J - How to things with words, Cambridge, 1962 G.Leech & J.Svartvik - A Com'minicative English Grammar, Longman Group U.K.Limited, 1978, 1990 Palmer, F - The Grammar English Verb, Longman Group Limited, London, 1974 Quirk, R & Greenbaum, S - A University Grammar of English, Longman Group Limited, London, 1979, 1990 Swan M - English Practical Usage Oxford University Press, 1986 III Cac tac pham, nguon t\i lieu tieng Anh Canadian Short Stories, Oxford University Press, 1978 Fitzgerald S.F - The Collected Short Stories, Penguin Books Limited, 2000 654 ... chuyen.) Trong hai vi du dau, chu ngut cua "to talk" va "talking" la "John" Trong hai dong ngut khdng cd danh ngii "chen" vao giula dong tiif ket ehuoi - "wanted", "kept" va dong tii khdng chia Trong. .. them eat (Anh ay nhin thay ho an.) He saw them eaten (Anh ay nhin thay ehiing dang bi an thit) ^ He had them beat the carpet (Anh ay yeu cau ho dap saeh tham.) He had them beaten (Anh ^y sai... the dUde danh dau vdi mdi mot dong tijf xuat hien ciing mot dong ngii mot each doc lap He did not agree to anything (Anh ay khdng dong y lam bat cii viec gi.) He agreed not to anything (Anh ^'y