PHAT HUY TINH TLJ CHU CUA NGUOI HOC TH(!)NG QUA CAC HOAT D O N G PHAN HOI BAI VIET NGUYEN MAI HOA Hoc vien Khoa San Dai hoc - DHNN Dat van de Trong tbdi gian qua, ddi mdi phuong phap giang day la mot nhflng ndi dung quan trgng qua trinh nang cao chat lugng giao due Dae biet viec giang day cac mdn thuc hanh tieng, trgng tam cua ddi mdi phuong phap giang day la nbam nang cao vai trd va tinh chii dgng ticb cue ciia ngudi hgc Day la mot nhflng trgng tam ddi hoi ngudi giao vien phai thiet kc' cac boat dgng tao dieu kien cho sinh vien cd the phat buy dugc tinh ticb cue cua minh Theo Harmer (2004) phat buy tinh tu chu cua ngudi hgc se tao dugc nhflng tien bd thuc su Viet la mot boat dgng san sinh ngdn ngfl, ddi hoi ngudi hgc can cd mot trinh ngdn ngfl va tu nbat dinb Viec phat trien tinh ticb cue cua sinh vien ddng vai trd quan trgng viec nang cao kha nang ngdn ngfl va tu Tuy nbien, van de chua dugc chu y tdi cac boat dgng phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien Tren thuc te' dudng nhu cac gid hgc viet trgng tam vao san pham viet cua sinh vien va viec phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien la cdng viec giao vien Ngudi giao vien danh nhieu tbdi gian va cdng sflc phan hdi cac bai vie't cua sinh vien va sinh vien cbd dgi va tie'p nhan su phan hdi cua giao vien mot cac thu dgng Tuy nbien, viec phan hdi nhu vay cung kbdng mang lai bieu qua nhu mong dgi Sinh vien van lap lai nhflng Idi minh da dugc sua Chinb tfl thuc te chung tdi nghl rang can phai cd mot each tiep 430 can nao de phat buy tinh tu chu cua sinh vien viec phan hdi thi viec phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien kbdng nhflng se giup cac em chfla Idi ma dem lai dgng luc viet va nang cao ky nang viet, va hon ca la ky nang ngdn ngfl Do vay, pham vi bai viet chung tdi xin gidi thieu mot sd boat dgng phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien nbam phat trien tinh tu chu cua sinh vien Quan niem va vai trd cua phan hdi Penny Ur (1996) cho rang phan hdi la qua trinh truyen tai thong tin cua ngudi phan hdi den ngudi hgc ve viec hoan mot nhiem vu hgc tap nao Nhu vay, viec phan hdi bao gdm nhflng tbdng tin danh gia ve ket qua cua viec thuc hien nhiem vu dd va viec chfla Idi cua ngudi hgc Viec danh gia ket qua cua ngudi hgc cd the chi cho ngudi hgc bie't viec ngudi ay thuc hien nhiem vu hgc tap tdt bay chua td't, cd gia tri nhu the nao Trong dd, viec chfla Idi giup ngudi hgc cd the thuc hien nhiem vu dd td't ban Ndi each khac, viec chfla Idi qua trinh phan hdi nbam muc dich tao nen su tie'n bd hgc tap cua ngudi hgc Nhu vay, ve co ban, phan hdi bai viet cua ngudi hgc la danh gia bai viet cua ngudi hgc, chi cho ngudi hgc biet bai viet cua hg da dat va chua dat dugc nhflng dieu gi va quan trgng ban la hg can phai lam gi de viet td't ban Phan hdi bao gdm bai ndi dung chinb la nhflng tbdng tin danh gia bai viet va tbdng tin giup ngudi hgc viet tdt ban Nhu vay, phan hdi ddng vai trd quan trgng viec danh gia va nang cao kha nang ngdn ngfl Ben canh dd, phan hdi cd bieu qua cd tac dung khuyen khich va thuc day qua trinh hgc tap Tuy nbien, neu chung ta nbin nhan viec phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien chi don thuan la mot boat ddng giang day ngdn ngfl va ky nang ngdn ngfl ngudi giao vien dam nhiem thi chua phat buy dugc vai trd cua ngudi hgc Ngudi giao vien mdi chi dflng lai d mflc truyen tai tbdng tin den ngudi hgc va ngudi hgc ddng vai trd thu ddng qua trinh va chua phat buy dugc tinh tu chu Quan niem va vai trd cua tinh ti/chu cua ngudi hgc Khai niem ve tinh tu chii cua ngudi hgc da dugc de cap den nhieu nhflng nam qua va trd de tai gay nhieu chu y qua 431 trinh day va hgc ngoai ngfl Cd nbidu y kien khac ve tinh tu chu Cd y kie'n cho ring tinh tu chu ddng nbat vdi kha nang tu hgc Trong khi, mot sd ngudi khac lai cho rang tu chu lap hgc cd ngbia la ngudi day trao bet quyen cho ngudi hgc va trd mot bd phan du thfla qua trinh hgc Trong mot mflc nao dd, tinh tu chu va tu hgc cd mdi quan he tuang hd vdi Tuy nbien, quan niem cho rang tu chii tflc la ngudi hgc cd the tu hgc vin cdn nhieu ban che, dac biet dieu kien hgc tap d Viet Nam, noi ma qua trinh hgc phu thudc rat nhieu vao ngudi day Do vay, chung ta can nbin nhan khai niem mot each tdng the hon de' tranh cd nhflng nbin nhan chua chinb xac va gdp phan ddi mdi phuong phap giang day, nang cao chat lugng giao due mot each bieu qua Chung tdi ddng y vdi quan diem cua Houghton, Long and Fanning (1998) cho rang tinh tu chu kbdng chi la tiem nang thuc su ma cdn la kha nang dam nhiem qua trinh hgc tap cua ngudi hgc Qua trinh dd bao gdm viec tu quyet dinb hanh ddng cua minh, tu hoan nhiem vu hgc tap cua minh va tu danh gia Phat buy tinh chu ddng cua ngdi hgc se lam cho qua trinh hgc trd nen cd muc dich va bieu qua ban chinb ngudi hgc tu nhan thuc danh gia va chu ddng tim tdi nhflng phuong phap de nang cao hieu qua hgc tap cua minh Tuy nbien day khdng phai la mot qua trinh tu nen phai cd sir hudng din va to cbfle ciia ngudi giao vien Nhu Hurd (1998) cho ring "chung ta khdng the cho ring tat ca hgc sinh deu san sang va cd the hgc mot each thuc sir" Chinh vi vay, ngudi thiy cd vai trd quan trgng viec tao dieu kien va CO hdi cho ngudi hgc nang cao kha nang dd Ngudi hgc phai dugc hudng din lam the nao de tu nang cao bieu qua hgc tap cua minh, tu danh gia va tu thuc hien nhflng thay ddi can thie't qua trinh hgc cua rieng minh Tom lai, viec phat buy tinh tu chu cua ngudi hgc ddng vai trd quan trgng viec ap dung phuong phap giang day lay ngudi hgc lam trung tam, dac biet cac gid day vie't va viec phan hdi bai viet ciia sinh vien Tuy nbien van de dat la phat trien tinh tu chu cua ngudi hgc nhu the nao Do vay pham vi bai viet chung tdi ggi y mot sd cac boat ddng nhim nang cao tinh chu ddng ticb cue cua ngudi hgc tbdng qua viec phan hdi bai vie't 432 Hoat dgng phan hdi bai viet Dudng nhu tfl trudc de'n nay, viec phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien la cdng viec cua giao vien Dieu lam cho giao vien gap rat nhieu khd khan va nhieu trudng hgp sau phan hdi sinh vien cung khdng tie'n bd dugc nhieu Do vay nang cao vai trd cua sinh vien viec tu danh gia va tu sua bai viet cua minh se tao nhflng tie'n bd thuc sir, tao dieu kien cho sinh vien phai chu ddng qua trinh hgc tap cua minh De giup sinh vien phat buy tinh ticb cue va chu ddng, ngudi giao vien cd the tie'n hanh cac boat ddng phan hdi bai bie't nhu sau: Chua Idi cho - Peer correction activities Theo Dornyei (2001), Penny Ur (1995), Harmer (2004), viec tao CO hdi cho ngudi hgc cung chia se trach nhiem viec lap ke' hoach va td cbfle nhflng boat ddng day va hgc se lam cho ngudi hgc tham gia mot each chu ddng vao boat ddng hgc va nhu vay hg se hgc tdt ban Viec td chu'c phan hdi bai viet theo cap va theo nhdm cung kbdng nim ngoai y tudng dd Chfla Idi theo cap - Pair work correction activities: Sau sinh vien viet bai, giao vien yeu cau sinh vien chfla Idi cua Giao vien luu y sinh vien mot sd tieu chi danh gia bai vie't cua ngudi khac Vi du nhu chfla bai khdng chi quan tam tdi Idi ngfl phap, cau true cau, ma cdn nen xem bd cue, cac y cd sip xep Idgic kbdng v.v va v.v Sau da dgc bai cua ban va neu nhflng danh gia cua minh, giao vien gianh mot it tbdi gian de sinh vien vie't bai va sinh vien chfla bai, trao ddi vdi Trong cac boat ddng ngudi giao vien ddng vai trd nhu mot ngudi trg giup qua trinh hgc cua sinh vien Muc dich cua boat ddng nhIm nang cao y thflc lam viec chia se, kha nang danh gia va tu phan ticb van de cua sinh vien Sinh vien lam chu qua trinh phan hdi bai vie't cua ban va tu lam chu qua trinh tu sfla Idi cho minh Ben canh dd, de giup viec phan hdi bai viet cd bieu qua, ngudi giao vien cd the dua mlu danh gia bai viet cho sinh vien, giup sinh vien cd nhflng dinh hudng cu the viec phan hdi bai viet cua (Xem mlu danh gia) Chua Idi theo nhdm - Group correction activities Giao vien yeu cau hgc sinh viet doan theo nhdm rdi trao ddi vdi nhdm khac Giao vien cd the bien boat ddng mot writing 433 game Gilo vien mot topic va yeu cau cac nhdm viet doan van ve de tai dd khoang mot tbdi gian nbat dinb Sau dd bai cua-cac nhdm se dugc mot nhdm "trgng tai" sinh vien khac danh gia Nhdm trgng tai se thio luan vdi de quyet dinb bai vie't nao se dugc danh gia cao nbat Nhdm trgng tai cung phli dua nhflng luan diem cu the danh gia doan van cua cic nhdm khac Chua Idi cho cd Idp - Whole class correction activities Sau yeu clu hgc sinh viet bai, gilo vien cd the' ggi mot hoac bai hgc sinh len bang viet bai cua minh de' ca Idp cung chfla Cd the gilo vien tu chep mot bai cua sinh vien bang, kbdng neu ten sinh vien dd de sinh vien dd ngai bai ciia minh dugc neu len lap Khi tie'n hanh boat ddng ddi hdi ngudi giao vien phai kheo leo, Idi cudn su tham gia cua ca lap, tranh su mat mat cua sinh vien viet bai dd Cac liogt dgng tu chua Idi - Self-correction activities Theo Reid (1993, p 225), "cIc sinh vien hgc tieng Anb nhu ngdn ngfl thfl bai hay tie'ng nude ngoai rat cin va danh gil rat cao pbin hdi cua giao vien ve bai viet cua minh qui trinh hgc, ca vd ndi dung va binh thflc cua bli vie't" Tuy nbien, giao vien cln phat buy tinh ticb cue cua sinh vien viec tu dinb gil bai vie't cua minh Ve van de giao vien phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien, mot sd nghien cflu gin day cho thay ring cIc thu thuat dua Idi nhan xet giln tie'p cua gilo vien nhu dInh dlu, gach chan giup sinh vien phit trien kha nang tu chfla Idi cua minh (Ferris va Hedgcock, 1998) Chung tdi cung cho ring tie'n hanh chua bli cho sinh vien, gilo vien khdng sfla bli vie't tflng cau, tflng tfl ma chung tdi chi gach chan dudi nhflng tfl hay cau true, bay nhflng y didn dat chua dat yeu cau Sau trI bai cho sinh vien chung tdi yeu clu sinh vien tu dgc bli minh va tu chfla lai nhflng cbd gach chan Sau chfla bli cho sinh vien, giao vien cd the tdng ket mot so nhan xet chung va gbi lai nhflng cau true, cau van chua hgp ly, hoac nhflng y kien chua cd sflc thuye't phue dudi dang mot bai tap de sinh vien tu chfla de cung cd bai vie't Gilo vien cd the lay mot bai vie't cua sinh vien ma tap trung nhieu Idi phd bien nbat khdng nhflng ve cich hanh van ma cdn bd cue, cicb sip xep y v.v de ca Idp cung chfla 434 Ket luan Theo Harmer (2001), phIt buy tinh ticb cue cua hgc sinh hgc tap tflc la lam cho hgc sinh cd nhu cau va co hdi hgc tap va el ngoai Idp Nang cao tinh tu chu cac hoat ddng phan hdi bai vie't la can thiet va cd bieu qui qui trinh nang cao chat lugng day va hgc Phat buy tinh ticb cue cua sinh vien viec phin hdi bai vie't khdng nhflng cd the gilm dugc mot phan cdng viec cua gilo vien ma quan trgng hon ca la sinh vien cd the chu ddng va lam chu qua trinh hgc tap cua minh Phieu danh gia Your name: Peer evaluation sheet Paragraph title / topic: A Organization and content Topic sentence: Is there a clear topic sentence? Does it have a controlling idea? Supporting sentences: Is the main idea clear? Does the writer need to add more details to explain it? Concluding sentence: Is there a concluding sentence? Does it begin with an appropriate end-of-paragraph signal? Unity: Do all of the sentences support the topic sentence? Coherence: Do the sentences flow smoothly? Are there any inconsistent pronouns? Are transition signals used? B Sentence structure Are there any unclear sentences? Can you suggest a way to improve them? 435 C Grammar and Mechanics Are there any errors in grammar and mechanics? D General comment What you like best about this paragraph? 10 What aspects of this paragraph you think need improving? Tai lieu t h a m khao Dornyei, Z.(2001) Motivational strategis in the language classroom Cambridge: Cambridege University Press Ferris, D and Hedgcock J S (1998) Teacher response to student writing: Issues in oral and written feedback In Teaching ESL compositions: Purpose, process and practice (pl23-141) Mahwab, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ferris, D.R (1997) The influence of teacher commentary on student revision TESOL Quarterly,3\ (2), p 315-339 Haimer, J.(2004) The practice of English Language teaching London: Longman Reid, J M (1993) Responding to student writing In teaching ESL writing (p 205-225) Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents Tu, T C (2005) Giving learner-friendly written feedback to students of intermediate level in their writing process College of Foreign Languages Ur, P (1996) A course in language teaching: Practice and theoiy Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 436 ... ban Nhu vay, phan hdi ddng vai trd quan trgng viec danh gia va nang cao kha nang ngdn ngfl Ben canh dd, phan hdi cd bieu qua cd tac dung khuyen khich va thuc day qua trinh hgc tap Tuy nbien, neu... bieu qua Chung tdi ddng y vdi quan diem cua Houghton, Long and Fanning (1998) cho rang tinh tu chu kbdng chi la tiem nang thuc su ma cdn la kha nang dam nhiem qua trinh hgc tap cua ngudi hgc Qua. .. quyen cho ngudi hgc va trd mot bd phan du thfla qua trinh hgc Trong mot mflc nao dd, tinh tu chu va tu hgc cd mdi quan he tuang hd vdi Tuy nbien, quan niem cho rang tu chii tflc la ngudi hgc cd