Tiêu dùng và phát triển bền vững ở việt nam

TIEU DUNG VA PHAT TRIEN BEN VtTNG VIET NAM Dang Thi Thu Hd Erie Remy 1, Ticu diing nang lugng ben virng Tieu dung ben v&ng la mot khai niem phire lap, dugc hieu va giai thieh theo nhilu each khac nhau, Ihugc vao quan diem, kien thtJe, kinh nghiem, van hda, ITnh vire quan lam cua cac nha khoa hge khac Dudi day la mot vai dinh nghTa thudng gap Co le djnh nghia dugc Irich dan nhieu nhal la dinh nghTa dugc dua tai Oslo 1994 TIgi nghj vl san xuk va lieu thy bin vung: "Viee sii dyng cac djch vy va lien quan din nhUng san pham dap ung nhu eau ea ban va mang lai mot chat lugng eude sdng Idl bom Irong giam Ihieu viee su dung cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien va vat lieu doe hai eiing nhu lugng thai va cac chat gay d nhilm Irong vdng ddi eiia > f \ f djch Yu hay san pham, nhir vay la khdng gay nguy hiem cho nhu can cua cae the he luang lai,,' Djnh nghTa xae dinh mdi quan he nhan qua giira viee tieu dung, su dyng lai nguyen thien nhien, va sy xudng cap eiia mdi trudng Tai hoi nghi, Tien sT Emil Salim dinh nghTa: "lieu dung ben vung ngy y rang viee lieu dimg cua cac thI he hien lai eiing nhu cac thI he tuomg lai dugc cai thien ve chat lugng Nhu mot khai niem lieu dimg ddi hoi sy Idi uu boa eiia ddi lugng tieu diing dk tri djch vii, chat lugng ngudn lai nguyen va mdi trudng theo thdi gian,, No cho thay cae lac dgng lieu cue, suy Ihoai mdi trudng len sue khde eon ngudi va he sinh thai Theo Nick Robins va Sarah Roberts (1997): "Trgng lam eiia san xuk ben vung la vl phia eung, tap trung vao viee cai thien boat dgng mdi trudng Irong cac * NCS., Trung tarn nghien cuu NIMEC, ED 242, Dai hoc Rouen, Phap " OS., Vien Quan trj Kinh doanh, Dai hoc Rouen, Phap Sustainable Consumption Oslo, Norway; 19-20 January 1994 (Source: http://www.iisd.ca/consume/oslo004.html) Dr Emil Salim, The challenge of sustainable consumption as seen from the South In Symposium: Sustainable Consumption Oslo, Norway; 19-20 January 1994 153 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THIJ TU ITnh vyc kinh tl trgng dilm, ehang ban nhu ndng nghiep, nang lugng, du Ijeh, ccng nghiep va giao thdng van tai Tieu dung bin viJng nham din phia eau, xem xet lam the nao cac hang hda va djch vy can thiel de dap ung nhu c^u ea ban va nang cao chat lugng eude sdng - ehang ban nhu Ihye pham va sue khde, ehd d, quan ao, giai tri va di chuyen - ed the dugc phan phdi theo nhiJng each lam giam ganh nang cho Trai dat' Tieu dung ben viJng dugc coi la mgl qua trinh lien quan din dam phan va xay dung su ddng thuan Tac gia Hansen va Schrader^, nam 1997 ehi rang su danh gia tieu ehuan eila phat trien ben virng va lieu diing ben viJng tuomg ung "phai duge bd sung tinh hgp phap bang mot van ban xa hgi„ va Ihye hanh Mgl mat, mgi quylt dinh mua sam la mot eude bd phieu cho hay ehdng lai mgl sd dilu kien san xual (vdi nhimg anh hudng mdi trudng eiing nhu cac dilu kien xa hoi), mat khac, '"sir tin tai eiia mot ngudn eung cap phii hop,, la quyet dinh ehuyin ddi sang lieu diing bin vUng horn "Viee tao mgl nhan thue rang mgl doanh nghiep khdng bill gi nhu tliai binh thudng khdng ehi khdng hanh dgng khuyin khich ma eon tao mgl hanh dgng vd dao due boat dgng vi thI la mot dilu kien lien quylt can thill cho mgl sy thay ddi theo hudng lieu diing ben viJng.,, Eberle , 2004 xem lieu dung ben viJng nhu la mot each mua, su dung hang hda va dich vy sinh thai ban; ehung cho xa hoi Hanh vi tieu dung ca nhan va xii hgi duge bieu hien qua nhimg ihdi quen hang Chiing bi anh hudng bdi mot loat cac yeu to ngti canh nhu Idi song ricng, mdi trudng xa hgi (khu phd, nhdm ), he thdng ea sd tang va thdi quen Can etJ vao do, lieu dung bin vdng, bao gdm mot loat cac ITnh vyc khac eiia hanh dgng va nhu eSu thay ddi (Shove vii Warde, 1998; Empaeher el al, 2003; Xd 2003)\ Changing Consumption and Production Patterns: Unlocking Trade Opportunities International Institute for Environment and Development and UN Department of Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development, ! 997 Hansen, U and U Schrader (1997), A modem model of consumption for a sustainable society Journal of Consumer Policy 20, 443-468 Eberle, U., B Brohmann and K Graulich (2004), Su.stainable consumption needs visions, Position Paper, Institute of Applied Ecology, Oko-lnstitut, Freiburg/Darmstadt Shove, E and A Warde (1998), Inconspicuous consumption: the sociology of consumption, lifestyles and the environment, in Gijswijt, A., F.H Battel, P Dickens and R.E Dunlap (Eds.), Sociological theory and the environment - Classical foundations, contemporary insights, Lanham, 230-251 Shove, E (2003), Converging conventions of comfort, cleanliness and convenience, Journal of Consumer Policy 26, 395-418 Empaeher, C, D Hayn, S Schubert and I Schubert and I Schultz (2003), Analyse der Folgen des Geschlechterrollewandels fur Umweltbewusstsein und Umwellverhalten, Frankfurt am Main 154 Tieu DUNG VA PHAT TRIE'N B£N VQNG d VIET NAM Tieu diing ben viJng phai duge hieu nhu la mgl ITnh vyc xa hgi cua hanh dgng, dugc dac trung bdi ba pham vi tuomg lac cua hanh dgng: pham vi ea nhan (chia Ihcinh hai lilu pham vi), pham vi phia eung va eau tnie, pham vi chinh tri xa hgi Ba pham vi lac dgng qua lai Ian nhau: hanh vi ngudi lieu diing dya tren cac quyet djnh, hanh vi cua ea nhan, nhien, phan Idn phy thude vao cae lieu chuan de danh gia phia eung, mgl ea sd tang thieh hgp (vi du nhu sy san ed eiia thiet hi su dyng nang lugng hieu qua Irong gia dinh) va cae yeu to chinh tri - xa hgi (vi dy: ton tai he thdng mua ban phat thai hoae nhan sinh thai) Toan canh nang luomg Viet Nam Sy phai trien cua thj trudng nang lugng ben viimg la mot nhtJng ehii de quan trgng nhal khdng ehi tai mot qude gia ma edn loan the gidi Nang lugng duge xem nhu mgl chat xiic lac cho nen kinh le, ddng vai Ird quan trgng phat trien kinh le, tang trudng edng nghiep va xual khau Nang lugng khdng ehi su dyng cho qua trinh san xual edng nghiep va tieu diing gia dinh, nd eiing la mot ngudn gde eiia nhieu van de mdi trudng nghiem trgng Viet Nam ed ngudn tai nguyen nang lugng da dang nhu ty nhien, dau md, than da, Ihiiy dien, sinh khdi, gid va nang lugng mat irdi , nhien khdng ddi dao Myc lieu phat trien eiia nganh nang lugng dap ung nhu eau phat trien kinh te - xa hgi eiing nhu bao dam an ninh nang lugng qudc gia Suu Ddi mdi nganh nang lugng Viet Nam da ed nhumg bude tang trudng dang kl, dap img nhtJTig nhu eau co ban cua phat triln kinh tl - xa hoi su6t hai thap ky qua Tuy nhien, quy md va hieu qua eiia nganh nang lugng van edn thap Viet Nam khdng duge bao dam an ninh nang lugng qudc gia (cat dien thudng xuyen thdi gian cao diem, dy triJ dau qudc gia khdng du de binh on gia ed eude khiing hoang gia ddu Iren thi trudng qudc le ) Viet Nam se phai ddi mat vdi nguy ea thilu hut nang lugng giai doan tir 2015-2020 Van de nang lugng khdng ehi la van de eiia mot qudc gia ma edn la van de dat vdi ea the gidi va dang bi anh hudng bdi nhiJng thay ddi Nam 2010, Viet Nam san xual 83,437 ty kWh dien, 44.670.700 tan than, 14.933.100 tdn dau thd va 9,3519 ty m^ khi, xuat khau than Vi$t Nam dat 19,231 trieu tdn nam 2010 (Bd Cong thuomg, 2010) Viet Nan Cling da ed mot chinh sach phat triln nang lugng qude gia nam 2005 Nganh edng nghiep van lai va hd gia dinh tieu thy nang lugng nhieu nhat tai Viet Nam Nganh edng nghiep lieu thy 1,5 trieu toe (tan dau quy ddi) nam 1990 va 6,17 trieu toe nam 2003, tang trung binh 11,4% mdi nam Nganh giao thdng van tai lieu thy 1,6^^ trieu toe nang lugng nam 1990 va 5.630.000 toe nam 2003, tde tang trudng trung binh 10% mdi nam, diJ lieu cho khu vyc ho gia dinh la 0,46 trieu PET nam 155 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THIJ TU 1990 va 2,3 trieu toe nam 2003, tang trung binh 13,2% mdi nam Thuong mai va djch vy tucmg ung la 0,35; 1,3 va 10,6, nganh ndng nghiep la 0,26, 0,8 va 9,0% Tieu thy nang lugng binh quan dau ngudi tang tir 63 KGP {dku luang duong) nam 1990 len 315 KGP nam 2004, tieu thy dien binh quan dhu ngudi tang lir 73 kWh nam 1986 din 799 kWh nam 2008 (Bd Cong thuomg) Tieu thy nang lugng binh quan dau ngudi eiia Viet Nam bang 1/3 mure trung binh tren thI gidi Tieu thu nang lugng ehii ylu la dSu, than va dien, ty le phan tram long lieu thy nang lugng la 25,3% than, 54,8% dau va 19,9% dien (Bd Cong thuang) Theo cac chuyen gia, ude tinh lilm nang dhu la khoang ty TOE, ty tan than va khoang 20.000 MW thiiy dien Gas va dau thd duge khai Ihae lai cac khu vyc ngoai khai phia nam, than da dugc khai thac tai khu vyc phia Bae Tir nam 1990, Viet Nam bat dhu xuk khku nang lugng, ehii yeu la than da va dau thd Trong dai ban va ea ngan ban xu hudng lieu thy nang lugng ed lien quan din bao ve mdi trudng va phat triln kinh tl Nganh nang lugng se tilp tue ddng mgl vai trd quan trgng, eung cap khoang 1/4 thu nhap nude ngoai cho qude gia (long cue Thdng ke, 2008) Figure 1: Energy consumption per capita in Vietnam' from 1972 to 2008 IMS ta* -mi WM tWt »W 2«1 JftM KB* Tfi* Theo sd lieu tir Vien Nang lugng (Bd Cong thuang), nlu khdng c6 nhirng budc lien dang ke dang ke thi sau nam 2010, ngudn nang lugng ciia Vi^t Nam se khdng dii de dap timg nhu eau nang lugng Trong qua trinh phat trien cua Viet Nam, nganh nang lugng la ed kha nang phai ddi mat vdi mot sd thach thue, bao gdm ea viee dam bao an ninh eung c^p nang lugng va bao ve mdi trudng tii cae thiet hai gay bdi cae boat dong nang lugng giai quylt cac vin dl xa hgi va chinh tri Source: EVN 156 TIEU DUNG VA P H A T TRIEN BEN VCTNG VIET NAM Figure 2: Estimated energy consumption Vietnam' from 2005 to 2020 Estimated energy consumption in Vietnam (exclude nuclear power) biion BTU - blllbn British 8,834,784 10,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,729,611 1^25,420 — ^ 2,000,000 1,000,000 ' 200S 2010 2015 2020 E X ! Coal ^ B Hydro C Z l Petroleum E133 Gas - * - T o t a l consumption Table 1: Annual growth rate energy consumption in Vietnam Period 2005 - 2010 2010-2015 2015 - 2020 Annual growth rate 9% 17% 14% Nhu ed the thay binh 2, vdi nhu eau nang lugng tang nhanh va ngudn eung edp lai ed ban, Viet Nam dy kiln se trd mot nude nhap khau nang lugng Irong Ihcip ky Hieu qua sii dyng nang lugng thap (d hai ben eung va eau) la mgl van dl nang lugng Idn ma Viet Nam phai ddi mat Hien tai Viet Nam la mot nhirng nude ed mire phat thai carbon binh quan dau ngudi thap nhat, nhung van de da trd nen quan trgng, la bang ehung khoa hge, thill lap vai trd eiia lugng thai COT sy ndng len loan eau Mdi trudng se can phai duge xet den thue hien kl hoach phat triln kinh tl va nang lugng Cac lya ehgn ea nhan phan anh gia tri, mdi trudng va Idi sdng se anh hudng va duge phan anh cae md binh tieu thu nang lugng Ngoai ra, cac ylu t6 khac, ching ban nhu tang trudng GDP va dan sd, dien hda ndng thdn va thi hda eiing se anh hudng den cae md binh tieu thu nang lugng Kha nang tilp can va kha nang ehi tra nang lugng, dac biet la ddi vdi nhirng ngudi thu nhap thap d cac viing sau, vung xa la nhiing yeu to quan trgng viee xay dyng chinh sach nang lugng, dac biet la xem dieu kien (lEA, 2008b) and (JICA, 2008) 157 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THtJ^ TU ^ r , f cong bang Do do, tat ea nh&ng yeu to se ddng mgl vai trd quan trgng viec xae dinh tuomg lai nang lugng cho Viet Nam Tong quan vl cac yeu to quyet dinh lugng tieu thu dien ben virng d Viet Nam 3.1 Tieu diing dien nang d Viet Nam O Viet Nam, ehiing la bat gap nhiJng eau chuyen vl Dien d khip mgi nai, tren mat bao, Irong cae eau chuyen hang ngay, lu ndng Ihdn din thi Ngudi lieu diing nhae Idi Dien va tren mgl sd Id bao da ndi vl Dien nhu mgl "euge khung hoang dien" (tat nhien la mang y nghTa la tinh Irang Ihilu dien eang eang trim trgng) Nam 2004, dien san xuat dat tren 46 ly kWh, cao ban 3,7 lan so vdi nam 1994 va tang 72,6% so vdi nam 2000, va trung binh giai doan 1995 - 2004 mgl nam tang 13,9%, thdi gian 2001 din 2004 cao ban, tang 14,6% Do la ly le tang Irirdng cao nhal so vdi cac nude khac va cac viing lanh thd tren loan thi gidi Mue lieu thy dien binh quan dau ngudi nam 2004 dat 561,4 kWh, cao horn 3,2 lan so vdi nam 1994 va tang 63,3% so vdi nam 2000, eung la Ide tang trudng cao tren thi gidi Nam 2004, mue phat dien binh quan dky ngudi eiia Viet Nam dugc xip hang thu 131 so vdi cac qude gia va viing lanh thi ed dd lieu so sanh tren the gidi Trong binh quan dau ngudi lieu diing dien d Viet Nam da dat 561,4 kWh, eo 111 qudc gia va vung lanh thd da dat den han 1000 kWh, bao gdm 44 qude gia tren 5000 KWh va 12 qude gia han 10000 kWh (Na Uy ban 27000, Iceland gSn 23000, Canada 17500, Thyy Diln gan 17000., Kuwait g k 17000, Liic-xam-bua gSn 16000, Phan Lan 15000, Hoa Ky ban 14000, Qatar 14000, cac lilu vuang qude A Rap horn 13000, Uc gan 11000, Ba Lan gan 11.000) Dien san xuat binh quan dSu ngudi tai Viet Nam nam 2010 la 1000 kWh/narn, vSn edn rk thap so vdi mure trung binh eiia thi gidi (khoang 3000) va khu vye (Thai Lan 2000, Trung Qude 2200, Xin-ga-po 9000 ) Vdi mgl mue lieu thu dien tren mue trung binh thdp va 50% san xuat dien phu thugc vao Ihiiy dien, vi vay tinh Irang thieu dien la khdng the Iranh khdi Van de la nhu eau ve dien eang tang vao gid cao dilm, dac biet la vao nhiJng ndng vdi nhiet cao lu dau miia, dien khdng gidng nhu cac loai san pham thdng thudng khac vi dien khdng phai dy triJ duge (ngoai trir ta dung sac pin nhung rat thap) De giam sy mk can ddi eung eSu chiing la phai tang ngudn eung cap va ddng thdi lam giam nhu ckx lieu diing (Irudc lien bat dau tir viec tiet kiem dien) 158 Tieu DUNG VA PHAT T R I ^ N B£N VONG VIET NAM Figure 3: Electricity consumption per capita in Vietnam' from 1972 to 2008 1^16 mt iwo isa2 )»94 IMS i»n isw iw? is»i iws !*« iooo iwa »w a»t MM San xuat dien eiia Viet Nam tang trudng vdi tde dg cao Nam 2010 so vdi nam 1995, di?n san xuat cao ban 6,2 lan, binh quan mgl nam tang khoang 13% - mot tde tang trudng kha cao so vdi tde tang trudng dan sd (1,21 Ian, 26% / nam), so vdi miie tang trudng GDP (horn 2,8 lan, 7,16% / nam), Kit qua la, miic tieu thy dign binh quan dau ngudi da tang lien tyc nhumg nam qua Nam 2010 so vdi nam 1995, dien san xudt binh quan dau ngudi cao bom gap 5,7 lin, trung binh mot nam tang khoang 11,6% - mgt tde dg tang trudng cao Ty Ig hd gia dinh su dyng dien tang kha nhanh va d mtirc cao Tuy nhien, dign la mot nhiJng nganh edng nghiep can dugc quan tarn d$e bi?t, bdi ed nam vin dl sau: Thir nhdt, mac du tde tang trudng tdng san lugng dien va san lugng dien nang binh quan dau ngudi cao, nhung dilm khdi dau lai rat thap, vi vay, san lugng dien binh quan dhu ngudi van edn thap Thu hai, tde tang trudng tdng san lugng dien thap ban so vdi tde tang trudng gia tri san xuk edng nghi?p (eiia nganh edng nghiep la 7,6 Idn, tuomg duong 14,4% / nam, dien san xuat la 6,2 lan, luang duong 13% / nam) Nhu c^u tieu thy dien la rk cao vi ty le ho su dyng dien ting cao, thill hi dien eiing eang nhilu Nhu ciu tang nhanh bom toe tang trudng cua san xuit dien, dd san xudt \hn khdng dap ung dii nhu eau Ban chat eiia dien khdng phai la san p]iam ed thi dy trir dugc, dd, nhu eau va san xuat la lit khac (gid cao dilm / gid dilm thap), vay nen xay viec cat dien dot nggt va cil dien ludn ludn luan phien Thu ba, thi trudng dien canh Iranh da dugc dat va phat triln day hira hen mac dii mdi ehi la giai doan bat dau khau truyin tai dang d giai doan hoan thien, dac biet khau phan phdi dien can thiet phai ed mot thai gian nhk dinh va mot nghien cuu day dii ban Thir tu, thiiy dien, nhiet dien, nang lugng gid, nang lugng mat Irdi da duge phat trien d Viet Nam, nhung sy kit hgp vdi viee bao ve mdi trudng khdng phai la dl dang, edn nhieu khd khan thach thue ddi vdi ndng nghiep ban ban hoae lu lyt Nhiet dien phat triln tuomg ddi nhanh, nhung ngudn than va lai ed gidi han Nang lugng gid, nang lugng mat Irdi can duge nghien cuu can than, nhieu bom ve von dau tu va gia mua Source: EVN 159 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU Thu nam, vi?c su dyng dien eung ed nhilu van dh Cae ehi tieu phan anh hieu qua sii- dyng dien GDP/kWh d Viet Nam giam, dd la bao nhieu ddng GDP dugc tao bdi mot Kwh dien (gia so sanh) Theo Co quan Hgp tac qude tl Nhat Ban (JICA), Viet Nam dimg thu d chau A vl su dyng nang lugng khdng hieu qua (}iai doan 1990-1998, Viet Nam lieu thy 1,5 dan vi dien dk tao mot dan vi GDP Tir nam 1998 din nay, dl tao mgl dan vi GDP, mue lieu thy nang lugng da dirge 'phat trien" len mue 1,83 dan vi Figure 4: Power generation development plan' (by types of generation) 9OOO0 80000 Ijiiporred •Nudc.nf I'ower Renewable 70000 I C'o;iJ 60000 \ PUUL\ Hydro A Piimji Slonige 50000 i Figure 5: Percentile of power generation^ (by types of generation) 100% So dh phat triln dien giai doan 2006-2015 cho thay rang sy tang trudng nhu chu phy tai nam 2006-2010 giam xudng ehi edn tang khoang 17,1%/nam, dien san xuat tang 16,9%/nam Giai doan 2010-2015, tde dg tang tai khoang 11%,/nam va 9%/nam giai doan din nam 2020 Theo do, ude tinh san xuat dien va ihap k h k nam 2015 khoang 194-210 ty kWh, nam 2020 khoang 330-362 ty iWh; khoang 695-834 ty kWh vao nam 2030 Thilu hyt ude tinh nam 2015 nhien liei cho (lEA, 2008b) and (JICA, 2008) (lEA, 2008b) and (JICA, 2008) 160 TIEU DUNG VA P H A T TRIE'N B & N VCTNG & VIET NAM san xual dien khoang ly kWh (phuomg an cao), nam 2020 thieu nhien lieu cho san xual dien khoang 35-64 ty kWh lan lugl phuomg an ca sd va phuomg an cao Den nam 2030, tinh Irang thieu nhien lieu cho san xuat dien se len Idi 59-192 ly kWh Su nghiep edng nghiep va cai thien ddi sdng lam tang trudng nhu eau dien hang nam la rat cao viee dau tu vao ngudn dien mdi khdng dap ung duge, dan den thudng xuyen thieu dien De Ihye hien quy hoach dien VII theo dy kien, tdng mue dau tu ccin vao nam 2020 khoang 929,7 nghin ly ddng (tuomg duong 48,8 ty USD) Giai doan 2011-2030, eln d k tu khoang 2.359 nghin ty ddng (khoang 123,8 ly USD) Mgl sd liln rat Idn la can thiet cho phat trien co sd tang nang lugng eiia Vict Nam bao gdm ea md rgng he thdng va cai thien hieu qua Rd rang, viee buy dgng du kinh phi dl phat trien ITnh vyc nang lugng du kien se van la mgl thach thue Idn ddi vdi mgl nude edn ngheo dang phat trien nhu Viet Nam, nai ma lien la can thill cho nhieu ehuomg trinh quan trgng khac, ehang ban nhu xda ddi giam ngheo, giao diic va djch vy y te cham sde sue khde ban dau d viing sau vung xa Day edng la van de ehua duge giai quyet eiia Viet Nam da su dyng tat ca cae nang lugng so cap, nang lugng tai tao, nang lugng thay the ehua duge su dung nhieu, 10 nam Idi dy bao nhu eau dien tang tir 15 den 20% mot nam Vi vay khong ehi theo hudng san xuat, chiing ta phai ehii y den viec su dyng nang lugng hieu qua Trude nhiJng thach thue eiia sy suy giam nang lugng, van de kinh tl nang lugng la cap bach va chien luge qude gia bao dam an ninh nang lugng, phat triln bin virng Vi vay Dang va Nha nude Viet Nam ed nhieu hudng dan cho edng viee quan trgng Chinh pbii Viet Nam xem viee su dyng hieu qua va tiet kiem nang ludiig (EE & C) nhu la Chien luge an ninh nang lugng quoc gia, nang cao hieu qma ciia cac boat ddng kinh le va bao ve mdi trudng Nam 2006, Thu tudng Chinh phii da phe duyet Chuomg trinh Qude gia vl su dyng nang lugng hieu qua giai doan 2006-2015 (Quylt dinh sd 79/2006/QD-TTg, thang nam 2006) Chuang trinh ruay tap trung vao viec gidi thieu cae boat ddng (duge hd trg bang cae bien phap bat huge) thiie day su dyng tilt kiem va hieu qua nang lugng tren loan xa hgi Mue lieu chinh la dl tilt kiem din 5% tdng mire tieu thy nang lugng qude gia giai doan 2006-2010, va din 8% giai doan 2011-2015 so vdi du bao hien tai vl phat triln nang lugng va phat triln kinh te - xa hgi theo ke hoach binh thudng Chuang trinh bao gdm 11 de an, ddng bd sau nhdm ndi dung sau: (i) tang eudng quan ly nha nude ve su dyng nang lugng tiet kiem va hieu qua Id chue he thing quan ly vl lilt kiem nang lugng gdm 01 de an (ii) tang eudng giao dye, tuyen iruyen phd bien thdng tin, van dgng edng ddng, nang cao nhan thue, thiie day su dung nang lugng tiet kiem va hieu qua, bao ve mdi trudng gdm 03 De an, (iii) phat triln, phd biln cae trang thill hi hieu suat cao, tiet kiem nang lugng, timg bude loai bo cae trang thill bj hieu suk thap gdm 02 D I an, lien hanh mgl chien dieh thi dilm vl "Xay dyng mot md binh kinh te su dyng nang lugng mdi hd gia dinh", (iv) su dung nang lugng tiet kiem va hieu qua cac doanh nghiep edng 161 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TlT nghiep, xay dyng md binh quan ly su dung lilt kiem va hieu qua nang lugng cho cae doanh nghiep, gdm 02 Dl an; (v) sir dung nang lugng lilt kiem va hieu qua cae Ida nha, xay dung nang lye va triln khai cac boat dgng nhlm nang cao su dyng tiet kiem va hieu qua nang lugng xay dyng, Ihilt kl va quan ly ciia cac Ida nha va nang lugng su dyng, gdm 02 D I an (vi) tilt kiem va hieu qua boat dgng van tai, gdm 01 De an Hoan giai doan I (2006-2010), mue lieu qude gia vl su dung till kiem va hieu qua nang lugng dat dugc kit qua la till kiem dugc 4901 kloe, luang duomg vdi 3,4% long tieu thy nang lugng ea nude Ddng Ihdi Lual sii dung nang lugmg hieu qua va tiet kiem duge edng bd va din vdi eugc sdng Tren Ihl gidi, eac boat dgng tiet kiem nang lugng da duge qua lam tir rk sdm H^u hit lual till kiem nang lugng eiia nhieu nude lap trung nhdm bao gdm: Tilt kiem nang lugng Irong eong nghiep, xay dyng, giao thdng van tai va dac biet la eac thill bj tilt kiem nang lugng, day la khu vye lieu thy horn 70% nang lugng Cl Viet Nam, mtre hilu bill cua ngudi dan edn ban che va edng nghe thi lac hau, them vao nude la dang Irong qua trinh xay dyng Lual, vay nen can ehii trgng din viec tilt kiem nang lugng hd gia dinh, tai nai lam viee, va ea edng ddng 3.2 Tieu diing di^n ndng hg gia ^inh & Vi^t Nam - hu&ng tdi vi^c tieu diing di^n ndng ben vdng Tde dg tang trudng trung binh san xuat di$n la 14,3%)/nam giai doan 20002010 Ca eau dien thuang pham da dugc thay ddi Irong thap ky ghn day Co cin di?n thuang phkm theo ITnh vyc ciia nin kinh tl 2000 - 2010 dugc thi hien Irong hinh 6: Figure 6: Coniniercial electricity by sector of economy' from 1995 to 2010 COKMtRCim ElKTWC BY 3£CTOR0fECO«O«yFSOM2(!0l!TO2010 2000 Source: EVN 162 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20tO Tieu DUNG VA P H A T TRIEN B £ N VLTNG V I E T NAM Nhu CO Ihl thay Irong hinh 6, lieu dimg dien nang khu vye quan ly va lieu dung ho gia dinh la khu vye quan trgng va gia tang nhanh ehdng lai Viet Nam Theo long dilu Ira dan sd nam 1989 ed 12,9 trieu hd gia dinh vdi quy md hd gia dinh trung binh la 4,84 (nam 1979 la 5,22) Sd lugng cac hd gia dinh da tang trudng vdi tde trung binh hang nam la 3,09% giai doan 1979 - 1989 Theo dy bao dan sd lam trung, sd lugng cac hd gia dinh se tang gap ddi (den 25,8 trieu) khoang thai gian 25 nam (kit thiie vao nam 2014) Sy thay doi kich thude va sd hg gia dinh se din den mgl sd hau qua ve nhu eau nang lugng eiia cae hg gia dinh Theo dy bao vao nam 2050, 70% dan sd thi gidi se sdng d thi so vdi 50% dcin sd hien tai Vi vay, cac vhn dl su dyng nang lugng hieu qua cho dat nude eiing la van dl dat cho cae phd Idn nhu Thii Ha Ndi, phd Da Ning, phd Hd Chi Minh, v.v Ngay nay, Dien duge su dung d khap mgi nai, lai Viet Nam, Hoa Ky, tren loan the gidi, va chiing ta quen mat vai trd quan trgng ciia nd sy phat triln lieu thy hang loat (sy biing nd dan sd), va mot sd nude, nhu Viet Nam, dang qua trinh dien hoa dd thi Hdm qua Di^n hoa, hom thiie day sy phat triln ciia lien ket ndng - edng nghiep, dien nang kel hgp vdi vice hge va nIn giao dye lien lien, hoae he thdng Hi-fi ket hgp vdi vi^e phd biln am nhae phd biln hoae ed diln Dien la mgl dilu kien vat chk quan trgng cho sy phat triln ciia tieu thy hang loat va sy khac biet xa hgi mdi lien ket vdi nd Chiing la nghien cuu mot xa hgi vi md rgng, phan tich tap trung vao viec su dyng ciia cac vat dung sir dung dien han la tren sy khac biet xa bdi; cho thay viee su dyng khdng ddng diu eiia cae mat hang dien d cap xa hgi vT md Phan phdi dien khu vye hd gia dinh thi: ed nam chue nang cua eac thiet bi dien lai Viet Nam Ngay chiing ta dang ehung kiln d Viet Nam viee Ihye hien nam chue nang chinh eiia dien va sy khac biet eiia nd: ehiie nang lam mat (vao mua he) va chue nang sudi am (miia ddng) - phye vy cho mdi trudng sdng (su dyng may giat, nude ndng su dung phdng tam va nha hep), ehire nang chieu sang, dd la mure tdi thilu ea ban eiia mdi trudng sdng - tat ea cac thiet hi lien ket vdi nd, cae phuomg lien truyin thdng, tir truyin hinh den may tinh thdng qua VCR , Hifi hoae ehoi game Mdi hg gia dinh su dung nang lugng hieu qua etia la tiet kiem cho hdm va Ihl he luang lai Su dyng nang lugng till ki?m va hieu qua la mot phuomg phap hgp ly de giam tieu thy nang lugng, giam ehi phi nang lugng cho boat dgng ciia eac Irang thill bj vln dam bao san xuit nang lugng, giao thdng van tai, dich vu va eac boat dgng khac Theo kit qua khao sat tai Viet Nam fieu thy dien cae hg gia dinh la khoang 35-40% tdng lieu diing dien cua qude gia Trung binh mdi ngudi dan thj ehi phi khoang din trieu ddng moi nam (300USD 163 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THLT TlT 400USD) cho tieu thy nang lugng, bao gom ea anh sang, nude ndng, nau an, quat dien, dilu hda khdng (AC), may tinh, truyin hinh, giao thdng van tai, Tieu dung nang lugng la ddng nghTa vdi viee phat thai ed anh hudng din nghiem trgng mdi trudng Vi vay, sy tilt kiem nang lugng eiia moi ngudi dan, mdi gia dinh se giiip giam lieu thy dien, lieu thu nang lugng, giam lugng thai d nhiem, till kiem nhieu ehi phi cho gia dinh va dat nude Ngudn nang lugng rat phong phii va da dang, nhung nang lugng khdng phai la vd ban, can thill dl thue hien lap luc viec sir dung nang lugng fill kiem d mdi gia dinh, lir nhan thue eiia tirng vien, eua mdi the he gia dinh Cae thiet bi Dien chinh la nhirng nha phan lich mdi quan he gia dinh Chiing ta ed the su dung dien la nhirng "nha phan lich" quan he gia dinh xa hgi, mdi quan he giila eha me va Ire em "Tilng dn, am nhae eiia gidi Ire, vi dy nhu dan Hi-Fi "bat vdi am lugng to nhat, lugng trung cho su eang thang giiJa cae thi he viee quan ly nang lugng nhu the nao, nghTa den va nghTa bong: nhiJng ngudi nhilu ludi thi tiet kiem hoae gidi Ire phat trien vugt ngoai gidi ban ed ihl cho phep Thue le, ngudi sii dung dien eiing cd nhirng lien kit vdi cac ngudn nang lirgng quan trgng nhu "khdng khi, lua va nude" Cuge sdng ma khdng ed dien thi khdng thi dai ban, dien duge eiing gin liln vdi su thieh thii "lam viee tai nha", "d nha", hay " Irdi ndng" Lam the nao de thay ddi hanh vi ciia ngudi lieu dung? Day la mgl vln de tam ly, xa hgi va van hda phue lap, ddi hoi phai cd nhumg thay ddi manh me each mgi ngudi suy nghT va su dung nang lugng' Trong trudng hgp su dung dien, san pham hoae dich vy duge mua, va gia Irj thay duge nhu: dl ehay tii lanh, bat den, chu khdng phai la electron chuyin vao ludi dien Ngudi tieu dimg toan hda dan fien dien hang thang, do la khd khan cho hg dl danh gia va xem xet lai quylt dinh ciia hg cho ehi phi ciia cae thiet bi dien gia dinh hay bi rd r! dien Hau qua lau dai ddi vdi mdi trudng tac ddng ciia eon ngudi xuk hien ehang ban nhu su ndng len loan chu va biln ddi hau, chat lugng khdng kern, sy suy giam ciia du triJ nhien lieu hda thach, Sy can thill hudng Idi mgl Idi sdng bin \amg hom da duge edng nhan Trong bdi canh hg gia dinh d Viet Nam, chn ed mot sy tap trung lien lye de thay ddi hanh vi lieu dung nang lugng lap tire, ben virng, dai ban Bude tilp theo la lap trung vao viec nghien eUu, san xuat cac thiet bi tieu dung dien hieu qua Viet Nam da ed mgl sd chinh sach va eac Shipworth, M (2002) Motivating Home Energy Action: A Handbook of What Works Australian Greenhouse Office Retrieved May 21, 2008: http://www.environment.gov.au/ settlements/local/publications/pubs/motivating.pdf 164 TIEU DUNG VA P H A T TRIEN BEN V Q N G VIET NAM ehuxmg trinh, khuyen khich viee lieu dung tiet kiem dien, ben virng Cae ehuomg trinh dugc phat trien va Ihye hien bdi tat ea cac cap chinh quyen, eac ca quan, hiep hoi doanh nghiep, va eac nhdm Igi ich edng edng nhu giam, tiet kiem dien nang lieu thu Truyen thong (phuomg lien Iruyen thdng va quang cao) da ndi len nhu la nguon thdng tin Irong xa hgi hien dai Trgng lam chinh eiia viee lieu thy dien ben virng la vai Ird eua quang cao viee dinh hinh hanh vi eiia ngudi lieu dung Chung ta cd the sir dung quang cao de eung cap thdng fin cho ngudi lieu ddng Giao due va dao tao edng phat trien va tao kien thue Can thiet dao tao sudt ddi, giao due gia tri cua hanh dgng, giang day va hge tap xa hgi, lai nai lam viee va Irong gia dinh Mgl xa hgi ben viJng ddi bdi phai ed mgl mdi quan he mdi gi&a eac ca nhan, gia dinh va edng ddng La dan vj co ban cua Id chue xa hgi, cac vien gia dinh xae dinh eac moi quan he va eac gia trj Ket luan ('hac chan nhu eau nang lugng se tang len eiing vdi tde tang trudng dan sd va quyet lam eua chinh phii de tri ty le tang trudng kinh te cao nhirng thap ky liep theo De lap trung vao sii dung nang lugng hieu qua, eac nha marketing xa hgi CO de Ihye hien cac nghien cuu ve hanh vi ngudi tieu dung dien cae hg gia dinh thi lai Viet Nam Tai lieu tham khao Abrahamse, W., L Steg, C Vlek, and T Rothengatler (2005), A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation Journal of Environmental Psychology 25,273-291 Bilharz, M (2005), Strom bat keine Vitamine Kritische Anmerkungen zur Vermarklung von {)kostrom, in: Belz, F.-M and M Bilharz (Eds.), Naehhaltigkeits-Marketing in Theorie und Praxis, Wiesbaden, 141-160 Dr Emil Salim, The challenge of sustainable consumption as seen from the South In Symposium: Sustainable Consumption Oslo, Norway; 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Proceedings 10-11 March 2008, Brussels 23 Shove, E and A Warde (1998), Inconspicuous consumption: the sociology of consumption, lifestyles and the environment, in Gijswijt, A., F.H Buttel, P Dickens and R.E Dunlap (Eds.), Sociological theory and the environment - Classical foundations, contemporary insights, Lanham, 230-251 Shove, E (2003), Converging conventions of comfort, cleanliness and convenience Journal of Consumer Policy 26, 395-418 24 Shipworth, M (2002) Motivating Home Energy Action: A Handbook of What Works Australian Greenhouse Office Retrieved May 21, 2008: http://www.environmenl gov.au/settlements/local/publications/pubs/motivating.pdf 25 Spaargaren, G.F (2003), Sustainable Consumption: A theoretical and environmental policy perspective, Society and Natural Resources 16, 687-701 26 Sustainable Consumption Oslo, Norway; 19-20 January 1994 (Source: htlp://www.iisd oa/consume/oslo004.html) 27 Van Vliet, B (2002), Greening the grid - The ecological modemisation of networkbound systems, PhD-Thesis Wageningen University 28 Wilhile, H., E Shove, L Lutzenhiser and W Kempton (2000), The Legacy of twenty years of demand side management: We know more about individual behaviour but next to nothing about demand, in: Jochem, E., J Slalhaye and D Bouille (Eds.), Society, behaviour and climate change mitigation, Dordrecht 29 World Bank, 2006 Vietnam Electric Power Sector: Meefing Challenge of Rapid Growth Available from:hltp://web.worldbank.org/wbsile/exleraal/countries/eastasiapa cilicext/vielnamexln (accessed October 2009) 167 ... nhu chu phy tai nam 2006-2010 giam xudng ehi edn tang khoang 17,1% /nam, dien san xuat tang 16,9% /nam Giai doan 2010-2015, tde dg tang tai khoang 11%, /nam va 9% /nam giai doan din nam 2020 Theo do,... ngudi nam 2004 dat 561,4 kWh, cao horn 3,2 lan so vdi nam 1994 va tang 63,3% so vdi nam 2000, eung la Ide tang trudng cao tren thi gidi Nam 2004, mue phat dien binh quan dky ngudi eiia Viet Nam. .. 7,16% / nam) , Kit qua la, miic tieu thy dign binh quan dau ngudi da tang lien tyc nhumg nam qua Nam 2010 so vdi nam 1995, dien san xudt binh quan dau ngudi cao bom gap 5,7 lin, trung binh mot nam