Hoạt động phổ biến giáo dục pháp luật đối với đoàn viên thanh niên trên địa bàn thành phố hà nội trong tiến trình hội nhập phát triển của đất nước

Cung can nhan manh la, van de phap luat ve bao hiem thuang mai, trong do CO nhiJng noi dung cua phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK, trong nhung nam gan day, da tra thanh doi tuang nghien cuu

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI TRUING DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

TRAM HOMG TJ-IAMH

N H O N G V A N O E P H A P L Y V E H O P DONG BAG HIEM HANG

• HOA XUAT NHAP KHAU 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY

•

N V - / 4 L / X ^ ^ CHUYEN NGANH : LUAT KINH TE

MA SO : 6.01.05

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC LUAT

Egirai hirang din:

TS TRAN DINH HAG

(VIEN NGHIEN CUV NHA NlfOC VA PHAP LVAT)

HaNoi 12-2000

BANG GIAI THICH CHLfCAI VIET T A T

- TTR: Phirofng thuc thanh loan dien chuyen tien trong buon ban ngoai thu'cmg ( telegraphic transfer reimbursement)

- GIF: Phuang thiic giao hang co sa trong buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms: Tien hang, bao hiem va cuac phi ( cang den quy dinh)- Cost insurance and freight

- FOB: Phuang thuc giao hang ca sa trong buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms: Giao len tau ( cang boc hang quy dinh)- Free on board

- CFR: Phuang thuc giao hang ca sa trong buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms: Tien hang va cuac phi ( cang den quy dinh)- Cost and freight

- CIP: Phuang thuc giao hang ca sa trong buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms: Cuac phi va bao hiem tra tai ( nai den quy dinh)- Carriage and insurance paid

to

- XNK: Xuat khau, nhap khau

- QTC 90: Quy tac chung ve hap dong bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bfing dudng bie'n ban hanh theo Quyet dinh 305-TC/BH ngay 9-8-1990 ciia Bo truang Tai chinh ve viec ban hanh Quy tSc chung v^ bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bang duang bien

- HDBH: Hap dong bao hiem

- HDTM: Hap dong thuang mai

- Quy che 581a: Quy che tam thai ve hap dong bao hiem ban hanh kem theo quyet dinh 581 a/TC/TCNH ngay 1-7-1996 cua Bo truang Tai chinh

- AFTA: Khu vuc mau dich tu do ASEAN

• TNHH: trach nhiem huu han

ILU: Hoi nhung nguai bao hiem Luan Don (institute of London underwriters)

ICC: Cac dieu kien bao hiem do Hoi nhung nguai bao hiem Luan Don soan thao: ICC (A), ICC (A), ICC (C)

Incoterms: Dieu kien thuang mai quoc te (International commercial terms)

MUC lUC

Loi mo dau 1

Chirong 1: Noi dung phap ly ve giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 8

* Vai net ve khai niem hang hoa XNK va HDBH hang hoa XNK

dirac de cap trong luan van 8

1.1 De nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 10

1.1.1 Khai niem De nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 10

1.1.2 Hinh thiic, ban chat phap ly cua De nghi giao ket hop dong bao

hiem hang hoa XNK 12

1.2 Giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 14

1.2.1 Nguyen tSc giao ket 14

1.2.2 Doi tugng giao ket 18

1.2.3 Chu the giao ket 21

1.2.4 Hinh thuc, thii tuc giao ket 24

1.2.5 Hieu lire hap dong, thai han cua hop dong 27

Chuong 2: Noi dung phap ly cua HDBH hang hoa XNK 32

2.1 HDBH hang hoa XNK va nhung dac diem dac thu 32

2.1.1 Khai niem HDBH hang hoa XNK va nhung dac diem dac thCi 32

2.1.2 Nhu cau dieu chinh phap luat doi v6i quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK 37

2.2 Noi dung phap ly cua HDBH hang hoa XNK 39

2.2.1 Khai niem 39

2.2.2 Noi dung phap ly cua HDBH hang hoa XNK 40

Chirong 3: Thirc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK a Viet Nam hien nay

va mot so kien nghi bu6c dau 51

3.L Thuc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK 51

3.1.1 Nguyen tSc thuc hien 5 1

3.1.2 Quyen va nghia vu ciia cac chu the 52

3.1.3 Chuyen nhuang, chuyen giao HDBH 55

3.1.4 Phuang thuc va noi dung boi thuang thiet hai 56

3.2 Thirc te thirc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK a nude ta hien nay

va mot so kien nghi h\x6c dau 59

3.2.1 Thuc le thuc hien 59

3.2.2, Mot so kien nghi bu6c dau 65

a Quan diem tiep can khi xay dung phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK 65

b Xay dung Luat bao hiem hang hoa XNK thong nhat trong mo hinh,

cau true ciia he thong phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he bao hi6m thuang mai 66

c Mot so noi dung ca ban can chu y khi xay dung phap luat ve HDBH

hang hoa XNK 68

Phan ket luan 71 Danh mue tai lieu tham khao

Ldl Ud DAU

I TINH CAP THIET CUA DE TAI:

Mot nen kinh te on dinh va phat trien ben vUng phai la mot nen kinh te huong ngoai, mo rong va khong ngung nang cao cac quan he kinh te quoc te, trong do c6 cac quan he hang hoa XNK Trong mot bao cao gan day ciia Bo Tai chinh trinh Thu tuong Chinh phu v6 du" an Luat kinh doanh bao hiem c6 doan viet: Dung truoc yeu cau phat trien manh me va toan dien ciia nganh bao hiem trong dieu kien hoi nhap quoc te, can s6m xay dung va ban hanh luat kinh doanh bao hiem lam co s6 de hoan thien he thong phap ly, cung co va nang cao vai tro cong tac quan ly Nha nuoc doi voi nganh kinh te quan trong va giau tiem nang nay

Cung tai bao cao nay co doan: Tiem nang bao hiem 6 nuoc ta con chua duoc khai thac het, chang han gia tri bao hiem xay dung lap dat cho cac cong trinh dau tu 6 trong nu6c moi chi dat 12% (1997) va 23% ( 1998) so voi tong von dau tu xay dung co ban; gia tri bao hiem hang hoa nhap khau chi dat 19% (1997)

va 20% (1998) tren tong gia tri kim ngach nhap khau Dac biet, trong bao hiem hang hoa xuat khau, ty trong tren con rat nho, m6i chi dat 3,8% (1997) va 5,7% (1998) tren tong gia tri kim ngach hang hoa xuat khau

Ly giai thuc trang nay, ben canh nhung nguyen nhan yeu kem ve tai chinh, cong nghe bao hiem, trinh do can bo , cung phai ke den nhirng han che ciia phap

luat trong ITnh vuc bao hiem a nu6c ta hien nay Su thieu hut mot so van ban luat

lam CO so phap ly dieu chinh boat dong kinh doanh bao hiem, trong do co ITnh \uc bao hiem hang hoa XNK, HDBH hang hoa XNK, dang tro thanh mot van de co tinh thori su Xet mot each tong the, he thong phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK o nu6c ta hien nay con qua nhieu bat cap, han che, chua that su dap ling duoc yeu cau phat trien cua cac quan he kinh te XNK mo cua va hoi nhap nhu hien nay Thuc te nay dang goi md cho chung ta nhieu dieu m6i me can nghien ciiu va tim toi

Theo nhiJng thoa thuan da ky ket giiJa Viet Nam va cac nuoc trong ASEAN, s6m muon gi thi mot khu vuc mau dich tu do (AFTA) cung duoc thiet lap ma theo

do, cac quoc gia thanh vien phai xoa bo hoan toan hang rao thue quan va phi thue quan[49,12] Dieu nay vijfa la ca hoi nhung dong thdi cung la nhung thach thuc 16n

de Viet Nam vuan len tu khang dinh minh tren tru5ng quoc te, chi it cung la trong khu vuc Mat khac theo lo trinh ma Hiep dinh thuang mai Viet - My vua ky ket, chi trong khoang tren du6i mu5i nam nua Viet Nam phai ma cua hoan toan thi trudng cho cac cong ty My, trong do co viec ma cua thi truang bao hiem Khong han che v6i cac dich vu bao hiem cho cac xi nghiep co von dau tu nuac ngoai, ngu5i nu6c ngoai lam viec tai Viet Nam, cac dich vu tai bao hiem, cac dich vu bao hiem trongvan tai, cac dich vu tu van, giai quyet khieu nai va danh gia riii ro Cu the la:

- Ba nam sau khi Hiep dinh c6 hieu luc duac lap lien doanh v6i doi tac duac

phep kinh doanh dich vu bao hiem a Viet Nam Phan von gop Hoa Ky khong qua 50% von phap dinh cua lien doanh do

- Nam nam sau khi co hieu luc ciia Hiep dinh duac thanh lap cong ty 100% von Hoa Ky Cac cong ty cung cap dich vu co von dau tu Hoa Ky khong duac kinh doanh cac dich vu dai ly bao hiem, cac dich vu bao hiem bat buoc Tuy nhien, han che nay se duac bai bo doi vai lien doanh la 3 nam sau khi Hiep dinh co hieu lire

va 6 nam doi v6i cong ty 100% von Hoa Ky

- Doanh nghiep bao hiem lien doanh, cong ty 100% von Hoa Ky va chi nhanh ciia cong ty bao hiem Hoa Ky phai tai bao hiem tai cong ty tai bao hiem Viet Nam mot ty le toi thieu la 20% va han che nay se duac bai bo sau nam nam Hiep dinh co hieu luc

R6 rang la, ben canh nhung thuan lai ca ban, chung ta dang dung truac kha nhieu nhung thach thiJc va kho khan khi hoi nhap kinh te quoc te Thuc te do dang dat ra cho cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach, cac nha lap phap hang loat van de biic xuc, noi com can nghien cuu va giai quyet Viec nghien cuu va tiing buac hoan thien he thong phap luat ve bao hiem, trong do co che dinh phap luat ve hap dong bao hiem cung duac xem la mot nhu cau, doi hoi mang tinh th5i su

^^7^^^ /^/ Y ^ V ^ ^^'^^

Y^'^'Jr-Chinh vi le do, chung toi manh dan chon de ta/ nhung van de phap ly ve HDBH

hang hod XNK a Viet Nam hien nay lam de tai luan van tot nghiep thac si luat

hoc

n TINH HINH NGHIEN CUU:

Tren the gi6i, nhung nghien ciJu ca ban ve boat dong kinh te bao hiem, hap dong bao hi6m co tuf rat s6m va da dat dugfc nhung ket qua nhat dinh, dang de chiing ta tham khao, hoc hoi Chang han co the ke' ra day cong trinh nghien ciiu

ciia tien si David-Bland ve de tai Bao hiem-cac nguyen tac va thirc hanh (the principle and practice)-NXB Tai chinh 1999; Hap tac tai chinh trong cac nuac

ASEAN, nhutig trien vong trong ngan hang, tai chinh va bao hiem (Vien Chau

A Thai Binh Duang- Michael T Skully); Dieu kien bao hiem do Uy ban ky thuat

va dieu kien (Technical and clause committee) do Vien nhung nguai bao hiem Luan Don ( Institute of London Underwriters- viet tat la ILU ) soan thao O nuac

ta trong thcfi gian gan day, van de nay cung da bat dau thu hut su quan tam ciia cac nha nghien cuu, a nhung goc do, miic do va pham vi, muc dich khac nhau vai mong muon lam the nao de xay dung a Viet Nam mot nganh kinh te bao hiem, mot he thong van ban phap luat ve bao hiem, HDBH thong nhat, khoa hoc Tat nhien trong do co ITnh vuc phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK - boat dong mang tinh chien luac cua mot n6n kinh te huang ngoai Dang chii y a day la cong trinh

nghien cuu mot so van de co ban ve kinh te bao hiem ciia PGS-PTS Bui Tien Quy; van tai va bao hiem trong ngoai thuang cua PGS-PTS Nguyen Hong Dam;

de tai doi mai chinh sach va hoan thien ca che quan ly Nha nuac doi voi boat

dong kinh doanh bao hiem do Vu tai chinh cac ngan hang va to chuc tai chinh

Ha Noi thuc hien thang 3-1995 Dieu dang noi la, bao hiem va nhung van dt phap

ly xoay quanh HDBH cung da gianh duac su quan tam nghien ciiu ciia khong it

sinh vien luat cac trudng dai hoc Chang han nhu: Luan van cu nhan luat ve de tai mot so van de phap ly ve bao hiem hang hoa XNK chuyen cha bang duang bien-thang 6-1998 ciia Nguyen Thu Huang - khoa Luat Truang Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha

Noi; luan van cu nhan luat ciia tac gia Dao Duy Bau Trudng Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi

ve de tai phap luat hap dong bao hiem thuang mai va thuc tien ap dung 6 Viet Nam hien nay - thang 10-1999 Tuy nhien can phai noi la, nhung cong tiinh nghien cuu ke tren, do tinh chat de tai, miJc do, dieu kien, cung nhu muc dfch nghien cuu, nen cac tac gia m6i chi di sau vao tim hieu ban chat kinh te ciia bao hiem la chu yeu Rieng cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia tac gia Nguyen Thu Huang, tuy

CO de cap den khia canh phap ly ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK, nhung do pham vi ciia de tai, nen tac gia chi di sau vao tim hieii nhung van de phap ly ciia boat dong bao hiem hang hoa XNK noi chung trong qua trinh chuyen cha bang duang bien Cong trinh nghien cuu ciia tac gia Dao Duy Bau, vai nhiem vu, muc dich nghien cuu la lam sang to nhung noi dung phap ly ciia HDBH thuang mai, nen du da co duac quan diem, each tiep can diing huang khi nghien cuu, dua ra mot so giai

phap ca ban khac phuc ban che, tuy nhien, ket qua nay cung mai chi dung lai a

tam khai quat chung ciia phap luat ve HDBH thuang mai NhiJng van de phap ly ve HDBH hang boa XNK, va mot so kien nghi bu6c dau nham tiing buac hoan thien

no, van la de tai con tuang doi m6i me, cha dai duac nhieu nguai quan tam nghien cuu

Cung can nhan manh la, van de phap luat ve bao hiem thuang mai, trong do

CO nhiJng noi dung cua phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK, trong nhung nam gan day, da tra thanh doi tuang nghien cuu ciia khong it du an do cac to chuc quoc te

thuc hien, nhu: Chuang trinh h6 tra chuyen doi kinh te a Viet Nam ciia hen

minh Chau Au, trong do co van de tro giiip xay dung hoan thien luat kinh doanh

bao hiem Hoac nhu chirong trinh nghien ciru thirc trang thj trucmg bao hiem

nong nghiep o Viet Nam do to chiic luong thuc the gioi (FAO) tien hanh vao cuoi

nam 1999, va da dua ra 10 kien nghi doi v6i Viet Nam trong linh vuc bao hiem

nong nghiep, khong ngiing hoan thien nhirng quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam

dieu chinh cac quan he bao hiem, HDBH

Dieu da nhan tha'y la, nhung cong trinh nay, chua phai la nhiJng nghien cuu thuan tuy ve phap luat HDBH hang hoa XNK, dij co de cap nhung chua that su

4

tuang xiing, chua dap ling v6i yeu cau cua thuc tien dang dat ra Nhin chung cac tac gia chii yeu di vao nghien cuu a tam vi mo ciia kinh te' bao hiem, phap luat bao hiem nhieu han la di vao nghien cuu cu the cac noi dung ciia phap lual \c hop dong, cung nhu phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK

Cung can noi them la, trong ca cau to chuc va boat dong cua mot so truang Dai hoc nhu Dai hoc kinh te, Dai hoc Tai chinh-Ke toan, da hinh thanh cac khoa doc lap nghien cuu ve bao hiem Du vay, v6i chu'c nang cua mot truang kinh te, cong tac hoc tap va nghien ciiu a day khong hoan toan tie'p can tu goc do ciia phap luat, khong nham muc dich xay dung, hoan thien phap luat bao hiem Van de nay

CO duac de cap nhung con a muc do ban che, chii yeu thien ve cac khai niem, thuat ngu kinh te, hieu qua kinh te ciia HDBH Chang ban nhu each tinh toan miic phi bao hiem, cac chi phi phat sinh Trong qua trinh thuc hien hap dong bao hiem, each thong ke, danh gia muc do riii ro, thiet hai, ca sa ky thuat ciia HDBH

m MUC DICH NGHIEN CUU:

Muc dich ciia luan van la nghien cuu luan giai mot each tuang doi day dii ve

nhung noi dung ca ban ciia su dieu chinh phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK a

Viet Nam hien nay Tren ca sa do, ket hgp su phan tich, danh gia thuc trang ap dung phap luat trong giao ket, thuc hien HDBH hang boa XNK, tac gia dua ra mot

so kien nghi bu6c dau v6i mong muon nhung kien nghi ciia minh la tai lieu tham khao giiip ich phan nao cho cac nha nghien cuu, cac nha lap phap trong viec xay

dung che dinh phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK a nuac ta trong nhung nam tai

- Dieu tra, nghien ciiu mot so vu tranh chap HDBH hang boa XNK co tinh tieu bieu va pho bie'n, tijf do doi chieu, so sanh de lam sang to mot so bat cap, ban che ciia su dieu chinh phap luat trong cac quan he HDBH hang boa XNK

- Tac gia de xuat mot so kien nghi bu6c dau nham hoan thien ca che dieu chinh

ciia phap luat doi v6i cac quan he ve HDBH hang boa XNK a n\x6c ta hien nay

IV PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU:

V6i tinh chat la mot loai hinh kinh te, boat dong bao hiem kha rong, bao triam len moi boat dong ciia dai song kinh te-xa hoi Vi vay, phap luat ve bao hiem cung kha da dang va phiic tap, duac boc tach thanh nhieu loai hinh, nghiep vu bao hiem khac nhau, nhu: bao hiem xa hoi, bao hiem y te, bao hiem thuang mai Ngay nhu trong khai niem bao hiem thuang mai, cung duac hieu la bao gom nhieu nhom nghiep vu bao hiem khac nhau tao nen: Bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap kbaiu, bao hiem xay lap, bao hiem phuang tien van chuyen, bao hiem boa hoan, bao hiem vat nuoi cay trong,

VcVi pham vi ciia mot de tai luan van thac sT, ciing nhu dieu kien, trinh do nghien cuu con ban che, tac gia chi xin tap trung nghien ciiu van de trong giai ban nhung van de phap ly ve HDBH hang boa XNK Thuc te la, luan van chi di sau nghien cuu nhung noi dung phap ly chii yeu ciia su dieu chinh phap luat trong giao ket va thuc hien HDBH hang boa XNK, nghien cuu thuc trang ap dung nhu'ng noi dung phap ly do trong thuc tien bao hiem, tu do dua ra mot so kien nghi buac dau

V PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU:

Luan van ap dung mot so phuang phap nghien cuu nhu sau:

- Phuang phap bien chiing, la phuang phap mang tinh chii dao, xuyen suot qua trinh nghien ciru

- Phuang phap so sanh cung duac xem la phuang phap ca ban cua luan van So sanh vai phap luat HDBH ciia mot so nuac tren the gi6i, so sanh vai thuc trang ap dung phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK a nu6c ta hien nay

- Luan van ciing ap dung phuang phap nghien curu dieu tra, khao sat thuc tien lam cong cu bo tra dac luc cho qua trinh nghien cuu va hoan thien de tai Dieu tra, khao sat thuc tien thong qua cac vu an, vu viec dien hinh ve tinh tiei, phong phii ve tinh chat phu*c tap ciia tranh chap, chii yeu la cac tranh chap lien quan den HDBH hang boa XNK

- Phuang phap phan tich - tong hap ciing duac tac gia su dung v6i muc dich lam ro:

+ Y nghia, vai tro ciia he thong phap luat HDBH hang boa XNK trong lien trinh phat trien, hoi nhap kinh te

+ Thuc trang phap luat, thuc trang ap dung phap luat ve HDBH hang boa

XNK hien nay a Viet Nam

+ Quan diem tiep can khi xay dung va hoan thien che dinh phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK

Ngoai ra, trong luan van nay tac gia con sii dung mot so phuang phap khac vai dung y minh boa ro ban nhung luan diem, luan cu da trinh bay, nhu: phuang phap thong ke- doi chieu, phuang phap bieu bang, liet ke,

VL BO c u e CUA LUAN V A N :

V6i muc dich, nhiem vu va pham vi nghien ciiu nhu tren, luan van duac chia thanh ba chuang v6i Idi noi dau va phan ket luan Chuang 1 trinh bay noi dung phap ly ve giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK Chuang 2 trinh bay noi dung phap ly ciia HDBH hang boa XNK va Chuang 3 la noi dung phap ly ve thuc bien HDBH hang hoa XNK va mot so kien nghi buac dau

CHUONG 1: NOI DUNG PHAP LY VE GIAO KET HDBH HANG HOA XNK

* Vai net ve khai niem hang hoa XNK va HDBH hang hoa XNK diTdc tac gia de cap trong luan van:

Trong luan van nay, khai niem hang hoa XNK dugc hieu la hang boa dich

chuyen qua Men gioi tren ca sa cac HDKT, HDTM giua cac doi tac kinh te vai

nhau Va theo each hieu thong thucfng cung nhu thong le quoc te thi, khai niem hang boa XNK gan lien v6i boat dong trao doi, mua ban hang boa giua trong nuac

va quoc te v6i tinh chat kinh doanh-thuang mai Noi de'n hang boa XNK cac chuyen gia kinh te trong ITnh vuc ngoai thuang thuang de cap den nhung khai niem ca ban nhu: kim ngach xuat khau, kim ngach nhap khau, can can thanh loan, tham hut can can thanh toan vang lai, thi trudng hang boa XNK

Nhu vay can phai phan biet v6i nhirng truing hap co hang boa dich chuyen qua bien gi6i (nhap khau hoac xuat khau), nhung khong nam trong pham tru khai niem hang boa XNK ma luan van nghien ciiu, bai le, do la nhu'ng boat dong bat hap phap nhu buon lau, tron thue hoac do la nhu'ng boat dong mang tinh chat quan be dan su, nhu: cho, tang, vien tra

Hay noi each khac hang boa qua bien gi6i thuoc loai nay khong nam trong noi ham khai niem ciia hang boa XNK nhu trong luan van de cap Va thuc te cQng cho thay, so lugng hang boa thuoc loai nay cung khong nhieu, chiem mot ty le qua nho neu dem so sanh chiing vai so lugng hang boa XNK v6i tinh chat kinh doanh-thuang mai hgp phap

Van de a day la, se khong loai truf truang hgp sa hiru chii ciia loai hang boa

do mua bao hiem khi hang boa qua ciia khau, nhung quan he do thuoc pham vi dieu chinh ciia phap luat dan su, mang ban chat phap ly ciia mot hgp dong dan su thong thuang Tuy nhien tren thuc te van khong loai trii su can thiep ciia mot so quy dinh phap luat trong linh vuc bao hiem hang boa XNK; cung nhu cac dieu u6c, tap quan quoc te, ke ca phap luat nu6c ngoai doi vai viec ky ket, thuc hien va giai quyet tranh chap phat sinh tii hgp dong bao hiem hang boa mang ban chat

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phap ly dan su do Chang ban nhu hinh thiic ciia hgp dong bao hiem, giam dinh hang boa, boi thudng thiet hai, thong le quoc te ve van chuyen hang boa XNK

Noi tom lai, HDBH hang boa XNK ma luan van de cap dugc xac dinh ro la

loai quan he hgp dong kinh te

CQng xin noi them, a nu6c ta hien nay, ngay ca khi Bo luat Dan su 1995 dugc ban hanh, do ranh giai phap ly de xac dinh pham vi dieu chinh ciia hai he thong phap luat kinh te va phap luat dan su con thieu tinh ranh mach cho nen van con nhieu y kien khac nhau xung quanh vi tri ciia HDBH, trong do co HDBH hang boa XNK, la hgp dong dan su hay hgp dong kinh te? Va tren thuc le da xay ra mot

so truang hgp, ciang mot vu tranh chap HDBH nhung dugc giai quyet a ca hai toa

an kinh te va dan su[39] Tuy vay chiing ta van phai thira nhan la, dii Bo luat Dan

su da danh ban mot muc rieng quy dinh ve HDBH ( 14 Dieu, tii 571 den 584), song, suy cho ciing, v6i tinh chat la mot Bg luat co tinh phap dien hoa cao nen nhu'ng quy dinh do chi mai diing lai a cac nguyen tac chung nhat ve che dinh HDBH noi chung Duang nhien la, neu khong co cac van ban phap ly huang dan thi hanh cu the thi nhung quy dinh do cua Bo luat Dan su khong the khong tranh khoi nhiJng kho khan, liing tiing cho cac duang su khi ap dung va thuc thi phap luat, nhat la trong nhirng truang hgp ma ngay ban than nhung quy dinh ciia phap luat kinh te, hgp dong kinh te cung con chua day dii, thieu su dong bo va ro rang Bai vay cho nen, trong luan van nay, viec tac gia xac dinh noi ham ciia khai niem hgp dong kinh te' ap dung cho cac HDBH hang boa XNK cung chi mang nghia tuang doi va co the chap nhan dugc Han nira viec xac dinh nhu the cung la tao dieu kien giiip tac gia nghien ciiu, luan giai mot each ky luang ve nhung noi dung phap ly ma de tai luan van dang dat ra

Nhung van de phap ly ve HDBH hang boa XNK ma luan van de cap chi gi6i ban trong pham vi ma tac gia xin tam ggi la "Nguyen tac lanh th6'\ Hay noi each khac, HDBH hang boa XNK, dii ngudi mua bao hiem la ben Viet Nam hay

phia nuac ngoai, phai ky ket v6i mot doanh nghiep bao hiem duac thanh lap va

hoqt dong theo phap luat Viet Nam,

9

Cu the la:

- Doi vol loai HDBH hang hoa xuat khau, la nhung trudng hgp nguai ban hang

(phia Viet Nam) mua bao hiem , hoac ngu5i mua hang (phia nuac ngoai) mua bao hiem tai mot doanh nghiep bao hiem trong nuac

- Doi vol HDBH hang hoa nhap khau, la nhirng truang hgp ma nguai mua

hang ( phia Viet Nam) mua bao hiem tai mot doanh nghiep bao hiem a Viet

Nam Nhung trudng hgp ngudi mua hang, mua bao hiem ciia mot doanh nghiep

bao hiem a n\i6c ngoai, hoac nguai ban hang (phia nuac ngoai) mua bao hiem

tai mot doanh nghiep bao hiem nuac bg, sau do chuyen nhugng HDBH do cho ngu5i mua hang la phia Viet Nam, khong thuoc pham vi nghien ciiu ciia de tai luan van nay

Luan van nay chi de cap va nghien ciiu trong pham vi nbiJng van de phap ly

ciia HDBH hang hod XNK goc, tuyet nhien khong de cap den nhirng kbia canh

phap ly ciia hgp dong tai bao hiem cho ciing loai hang boa XNK do Tlico quy dinh hien hanh ciia phap luat bao hiem Viet Nam, nguai mua bao hiem cung

khong CO quyen true tiep kien ddi boi thu&ng hay bat ky khieu nai nao doi vai doanh nghiep tai bao hiem\li,2]

1.1 De nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK

/ / / Khai niem

Trong quan he phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK noi rieng va quan he phap luat HDBH thuang mai noi chung, nhu cau dugc biet nhiJng thong tin quan trong lien quan den HDBH cho doi tugng bao hiem ciia cac doanh ngiep bao hiem

(ngudi bao hiem) la bet siic can thiet va no mang tinh dac thii ciia loai quan he phap luat nay Theo quan diem ciia ngucfi bao hiem, bg can dugc nguai yeu cau bao hiem cho biet ve cac yeu to, miic do ciia riii ro; ten, dja chi, doi tugng dugc bao hiem v.v Tren ca sa nhirng thong tin do, nguai bao hiem se quyet dinh co

tham gia giao ket va thuc hien HDBH hay khong, neu quyet dinh thi mii'c phi, dieu

10

kien bao hiem se dugc ap dung ra sao, riii ro dugc bao hiem, riii ro loai trCr trach nhiem bao hiem la the nao

Chinh vi nhirng le do, ngu5i mua bao hiem phai co trach nhiem cung cap mot each day dii, chi tiet nhirng thong tin ma minh biet ve doi tugng bao hiem hoac theo nhQng yeu cau chi dan ciia ngudi bao hiem Mat khac ciing phai thira nhan rang, de nghi bao hiem, hay con ggi la dan yeu cau bao hiem la ca sa phap ly quan trong de xac dinh gia tri hieu lire ciia HDBH hang boa XNK, coi do nhu la mot phan bat buoc ciia cau thanh HDBH cho hang boa XNK a nuac ta hien nay Dan yeu cau bao hiem la hinh thiic pho bien nhat de nguai bao hiem co the nhan dugc nhirng thong tin can thiet lien quan t6i riii ro se dugc bao hiem Doi vai nghiep vu bao hiem hang boa XNK, ngudi yeu cau bao hiem se dien vao dan yeu cau bao hiem nhiJng noi dung theo mau va nop cho nguai bao hiem Cac dan nay

CO the thuc hien true tiep vai ngudi bao hiem (cong ty me), hoac thuc hien thong

qua moi giai bao hiem, trung gian bao hiem

Do tinh chat da dang ciia hang boa XNK cho nen yeu cau ve thong tin cua nguai bao hiem xoay quanh doi tugng dugc bao hiem cung rat phiic tap, dai ngan khac nhau Tuy nhien nhin chung cac mau dan yeu cau bao hiem cho hang boa

XNK ap dung a nuac ta hien nay thudng thong nhat trong mot so noi dung cu the,

pho bien, va dugc chia lam ba phan chinh:

- Phan ghi nhan

- Phan cam ket

- Phan canh bao

• Phan ghi nhan - The hien quan diem, y chi giua cac chii the, nguai mua bao hiem va ngucfi bao hiem ve su thiet lap mot quan he HDBH cho hang boa XNK nao do trong mot khoang thc/i gian thich hgp

• Phan cam ket - La nhung thong tin do ngu5i yeu cau bao hiem cung cap: Hoan toan diing su that trong gi6i ban toi da nhirng gi ma nguai do biet va tin tuang Cam ket la noi dung quan trong, can thiet lam thoa man cac yeu cau cua nguyen tac trung thuc tuyet doi trong quan he HDBH hang boa XNK

11

• Phan canh bao- Quy dinh nhirng yeu to phai khai bao va nguy ca gap phai nii

ro, thiet hai ganh chiu, neu nguai mua bao hiem khong khai bao day du ve nhung thong tin ma ngudi bao hiem yeu cau

Neu dan yeu cau bao hiem hang boa XNK dugc trinh bay hgp ly va nguai bao hiem chap nhan dan do, ket hgp phi bao hiem dugc thanh toan (hoac co thoa thuan trong hgp dong), mot HDBH hang boa XNK se dugc thanh lap, thong qua hanh dong cap dan bao hiem, hoac true tiep ky ket HDBH giira nguai mua bao hiem va ngucfi bao hiem

Tii nhirng phan tich neu tren, chiing ta co the dua ra mot dinh nghia tuang doi chinh xac ve khai niem Dan de nghi giao ket HDBH hang boa XNK nhu sau:

Don de nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK la van ban trong do chiia dung

nhu'ng noi dung ve su cam ket, ghi nhan va canh bao giiia nguai bao hiem va nguai mua bao hiem ve viec chuan hi cho qua trinh giao ket, thuc hien HDBH sau do

1.1.2 Hinh thiccy ban chat phap ly cua dan de nghi giao ket hap dong

Theo thong le chung ve boat dong bao hiem hang boa XNK, dan de nghi bao hiem phai dugc lap thanh van ban, co tinh bat buoc doi vcVi bat cu cbii the nao truang hgp nao, va la mot phan tat yeu cau thanh nen HDBH cho cung loai bang boa XNK da neu trong dan Ngay tai Dieu 9, Quy tac chung ve bao hiem hang boa van chuyen bang duang bien ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh 305-TC/BH, ngay 9-8-1990 ciia Bg truang Tai chinh ( sau day ggi tat la QTC 90), cung de cap kha chi tiei van de nay:

'' Khi CO nhu cau bao hiem, ngu5i co nhu cau phai lam giay yeu cau bao hiem trong do ghi ro cac dieu khoan sau day "

Xet ve ban chat, y nghia phap ly, dan de nghi bao hiem la bang chung ve viec xac nhan HDBH da dugc thiet lap, neu nguai bao hiem dong y lai de nghi do, thong qua viec cap dan bao hiem Va nhu vay, dan yeu cau bao hiem tra thanh mot phan tat yeu ciia HDBH cho hang boa XNK, ke ca truang hgp cac ben giao ket HDBH bao cho hang boa XNK do, vai thai ban thong thuang la mot nam Trong nhirng tru5ng hgp nhu vay, mac dii giira cac chii the da co mot ban HDBH

12

ky kei true tiep, vai tuang doi day du nhung thong tin quan trong lien quan den quyen, nghia vu phap ly ciia cac ben; quyen, nghia vu doi v6i hang boa dugc bao hiem , nhung yeu cau hoan chinh, bo sung dan de nghi bao hiem van dugc dat ra cho tiing chuyen hang cu the, trong khoang th5i gian quy dinh Neu nguai mua bao hiem khai bao cham tre, ngu5i bao hiem chi thira nhan bao hiem neu nguoi mua bao hiem chiing minh dugc su cham tre do la do nguyen nhan khach quan, ngoai kha nang kiem soat ciia minh Tuy nhien, dieu kien bat huge la khong dugc cham qua ngay tau bat dau den cang da hang cuoi ciing ghi tren dan bao hiem

Truang hgp tru6c khi xep hang, nguai mua bao hiem chua biei thong tin ve phuang tien van chuyen thi co the giri giay yeu cau bao hiem dua tren ca sa L/C va hgp dong mua ban hang hoa Ngay sau khi nhan dugc thong bao ve 16 hang da dugc xep len tau, nguai mua bao hiem phai giii giay yeu cau bo sung cho nguai bao hiem, trong do ghi ro nhiing noi dung nhu sau:

- Ten hang boa dugc bao hiem

- So lugng, trgng lugng va gia tri CF hoac FOB ciia moi chuyen hang

- Ten tau, ngay khai hanh, cang di, cang den, ngay va so van dan

Van de dat ra a day la, lieu viec dieu chinh ciia phap luat doi vai quan he mang tinh chat ''tien hgp dong" nhu tren co dem lai hieu qua thiet thuc trong thuc tien nang dong, canh tranh quyet liet ciia thi trudng bao hiem hang boa XNK nhu hien nay Co nhieu y kie'n thira nhan la, viec can thiep ''qua s6m" cua phap luat trong quan he HDBH hang boa XNK , da tao ra khong it kho khan, bat Igi cho cac chu the khi tham gia giao ket, thuc hien hgp dong Thuc te khong phai liic nao nguai mua bao hiem cung co the dap ling day du nhirng yeu cau mang tinh thii luc nhu lap dan yeu cau bao hiem bat buoc nhu quy dinh ciia phap luat Mat khac cung CO y kien lai thay rang, viec dieu chinh cua phap luat nhu vay la rat can thiei, bao dam su on dinh, chat che ciia mot HDBH hang boa XNK khi da dugc thiet lap, la can cii phap ly quan trgng de cac ben thuc hien tot nhat quyen va nghia vu phap ly ciia minh trong quan he hgp dong

13

Du con nhieu quan diem chua thong nhat ve van de nay, nhung chiing ta van phai thong nhai v6i nhau ve gia tri phap ly, ban chat phap ly ciia dan yeu cau bao hiem

a mot so diem ca ban nhu sau:

- Dan yeu cau bao hiem la ca sa phap ly va la mot phan tat yeu ciia cua HDBH Dieu nay cho thay cac chu the co nhu cau de nghi bao hiem cho hang boa XNK phai rat than trgng tru6c khi dien vao dan nhiJng thong tin ma ngudi bao hiem muon biei

- Dan yeu cau bao hiem la bang chiing phap ly quan trgng ve viec the hien thien chi ciia nguai mua bao hiem ve viec xac lap va thuc hien mot HDBH trong tuang lai

- Dan yeu cau bao hiem la ca sa phap ly de nguai bao hiem thuc hien nghia vu ciia minh doi vai tai san, hang hoa XNK ciia nguai mua bao hiem khi ho chap nhan lai de nghi yeu cau bao hiem theo nhirng noi dung da dugc ghi nhan va cam kei

1.2 Giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK

1.2.1 Nguyen tac giao ket

Nguyen tac la tu tuang chi dao, la khuon mau chuan muc co tinh bat huge thuc hien doi v6i bai ky chii the nao khi tu dat minh vao moi quan he ciia nhiing nguyen tac do Trong ITnh vuc boat dong bao hiem hang boa XNK, viec dieu chinh

CO tinh nguyen tac doi v6i cac quan he ve hgp dong co mot y nghia bet sue quan trong, gop phan bao ve quyen, Igi ich hgp phap ciia cac chii the khi tham gia cac quan he bao hie'm hang boa XNK von di luon ham chiia trong minh nhu'ng riii ro, bai chac, rat de dan den pha san doanh nghiep neu nhu khong co cac bien phap dieu chinh kip thai Bao dam tinh nguyen tac trong giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK

la bien phap gop phan ban che, khac phuc thiet hai, riii ro co hieu qua cao nhai cho cac chii the

Noi den nguyen tac giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK, tru6c hei chiing ta phai tim hieu it nhieu ve nhiing noi dung ca ban cua nguyen tac bao hiem thuang mai

14

mot van de co tinh chai xuyen suot, chi phoi moi boat dong bao hiem, trong do co cac quan he giao kei hgp dong, thuc hien hgp dong

- Nguyen tac sang loc: Trong bao hiem thuang mai, tru6c nhii'ng nhu cau, tinh

chai bao hiem ngay cang da dang, phiic tap, ngudi bao hiem cung buoc phai diing truac nhieu loai doi tugng bao hiem khac nhau, vai nhirng miic do, tinh chai rui ro bao hiem ciing rat khac nhau Vi the, nguyen tac sang Igc doi tugng bao hiem la doi hoi mang tinh nguyen tac dat ra va rat dugc coi trgng trong boat dong bao hiem thuang mai Van de lua ebon, sang Igc nii ro khong chi vl Igi ich ciia nguai bao hiem ma con gan lien vdi quyen Igi ciia ca phia nguai mua bao hiem, dong thai tranh cho bg nhirng chi phi qua cao trong nhiJng truang hgp bao hiem ma thiet hai la "tai yeu" se xay ra Hay noi theo ngon ngu* nghiep vu bao hiem, do la riii ro "qua xau"

- Nguyen tac phan tan, phan chia rui ro: Su da dang ciia cac nhu cau bao hiem,

su phiic tap ciia cac rui ro bao hiem trong thuc te, cong vai gia tri tai san bao hiem ngay cang Ian, khien ngu5i bao hiem co the rai vao tinh trang mat kha nang thanh toan bai cii liic nao De tranh hi rai vao tinh trang "mao hiem" trong kinh doanh bao hiem, nguai bao hiem, hay noi each khac, boat dong bao hiem thuang mai phai ton trgng va quan triet nguyen tac phan tan, phan chia riii ro cho nhirng nguai bao hiem khac Cac nghiep vu bao hiem thuc hien nguyen tac nay co the ke ra day la: Phan tan riii ro bang hinh thiic dong bao hiem, tai bao hiem, va tham chi la ca phuang thiic tu bao hiem cung dugc phat buy hieu qua mot each toi da

- Nguyen tac bao hiem rui ro mang tinh ngdu nhien Ban chai kinh te ciia bao

hiem la ban che, phong ngira va san se riii ro thiet hai, chii khong phai la bien phap kinh te de ngu5i mua bao hiem Igi dung, chiem doat tai san ciia nguai khac, hoac nhu CO tinh day nguai bao hiem vao the chac chan phai boi thudng thiet hai Chinh

vi the, nguyen tac bao hiem nhiing riii ro mang tinh ngau nhien- nghia la rui ro dugc bao hiem co the xay ra tren thuc te hoac ciing co the khong xay ra Dieu nay

ca nguori mua bao hiem va ngu5i bao hiem deu khong the biei truac va cung khong

he mong muon dieu do la co that Noi dung phap ly ciia bai cii HDBH nao cung

15

de cap kha chi tiei, cu the van de nay, do la nghia vu khai bao trung thuc cua ngu5i mua bao hiem

" Nguyen tac ''lay dong bit if': Nguyen tac nay dua tren nen tang ly thuyet xac suai cho rang, riii ro chi xay ra a mot miic do va so lugng nao do, chii' khong the

noi den riii ro la noi den tinh chai thiet hai tuyet doi ciia doi tugng dugc bao hiem, neu nhin nhan van de nay theo nguyen tac "quy luat so 16n" hay con ggi la nguyen tac "xiic sac'[15,29] Nhu vay la, cang nhieu nguai mua bao hiem thi mirc do san

se riii ro thiet hai cang cao, va kha nang nguai mua bao hiem nao do bi thiet hai se dugc khac phuc mot each kip thcfi Quy luat so dong con the hien qua boat dong nghiep vu tai bao hiem cho cung loai bang boa bao hiem do, nham phan tan nii ro cho nhieu ngucfi, chia nho trach nhiem bao hiem cho cac chii the nhan bao hiem khac ve cung mot loai hang boa dugc bao hiem

Dieu dang chii y la, quan he HDBH hang boa XNK mang ban chai phap ly ciia quan he hgp dong kinh te Vi vay, theo quy dinh cua phap luat kinh tc, ngoai viec tuan thu nhirng nguyen tac chung ciia bao hiem thuang mai, boat dong giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK con phai tuan thii nhiing nguyen tac quy dinh tai Dieu 3

phap lenh hgp dong kinh te ngay 25-9-1989 ve giao kei hgp dong Do la:

- Nguyen tac tu nguyen, tu do giao kei

- Nguyen tac binh dang va ciing co Igi

- Nguyen tac true tiep chiu trach nhiem bang tai san ciia minh

Thuc tien ap dung phap luat trong giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK cung co mot so van de khong ham chiia tinh nguyen tac, nhung rat can dugc luu y, do ki: Sir ap dung hoac ton trgng luat phap quoc te, thong le quoc te trong giao kei cac HDBH hang boa XNK

Tuy khong phai la nguyen tac nhung thuc tien boat dong bao hiem hang hoa XNK, nhirng noi dung nay luon dugc ton trgng tuyet doi Co le cung xuat phat tu' thuc te do, tai doan 3, Dieu 8 cua Nghi dinh 74/CP ngay 14-6-1997 cua Chinh phii

ve sira doi, bo sung Nghi dinh 100/CP ngay 18-12-1993 ve kinh doanh bao hiem,

da du lieu truac: " Doi v6i cac nghiep vu bao hiem khac ( nhiing nghiep vu bao

hiem khong phai la bao hiem con nguai va bao hiem bat huge), doanh nghiep bao hiem phai bao cao vai Bg Tai chinh quy tac, dieu khoan, bieu phi bao hiem truac khi ap dung."

Nhu vay la, cac nha lam luat da du lieu tdi nhirng van de mang tinh tai yeu ciia cac quan he bao hiem, sir da dang ve mat chu the, sir phiic tap ve tinh chai cua cac moi quan he bao hiem hang boa XNK trong dieu kien phap luat bao hiem Viet Nam con qua nhieu bai cap

Mat khac ciing phai tbiia nhan la, tinh tu nguyen, tu do y chi; nguyen tac binh dang cung co Igi trong giao kei HDBH hang hoa XNK, tren thuc te, con dugc hieu a miic do rat ban che, v6i nhirng tinh chai, dac diem ciia hgp dong kinh

te thong thucfng, tong quat, chii chua mang tinh dac thii ciia loai quan he HDBH, trong do co HDBH hang boa XNK Co the neu ra day mot dan chiing thuc tien nhu sau:

Cong ty CO phan bao hiem Biru dien ban bao hiem cho 16 hang thiei bi phan tich khi ciia cong ty TNHH Tan Hiep, tru sa Ha Noi, v6i gia tri bao hiem la 14.574 USD, van chuyen tir Thuy Dien ve Viet Nam Trong qua trinh giao kei HDBH, vai

tu each ciia nguai mua bao hiem (chii khong phai la ngudi van chuyen), Cong ty TNHH Tan Hiep khong the biei dugc hang tir Thuy Dien ve Viet Nam co phai chuyen tai hay khong? Han niia ciing khong thay dai dien cho Cong ty c6 phan bao hiem huang din gi, nen da bo trong muc chuyen tai (Transhipment) trong dan

de nghi giao kei HDBH cho 16 hang nhu da neu tren Kei qua la khi hang bj mat, Cong ty CO phan bao hiem lu6n lay do lam ca sa phap ly de loai trir trach nhiem bao hiem ciia minh Kh6ng the hien tinh binh dang, ciing co Igi ngay tir khi giao kei HDBH giiia hai chii the cho hang boa nhap khau da dugc bao hiem[38] Theo thong le chung ve bao hiem hang boa XNK thi, viec bo trong ciia C6ng ty TNHH Tan Hiep la hoan toan co the chap nhan dugc, vi no nam ngoai kha nang ciia nguai mua bao hiem, kh6ng the cung cap th6ng tin nay cho ngucfi bao hiem, chii* khong phai vi CO tinh giau giem va thuc te la, ai co the doan chac rang hang van chuyen

bang may bay tir Thuy Dien ve Viet Nam, trong mot chuyen bay nao do, c6

chuyen tai hay kh6ng? Dieu nay ciing phu hgp v6i nhung quy dinh hien hanh ciia

~- , 17

phap luat bao hiem Viet Nam ve yeu cau ngu6i mua bao hiem phai khai bao trung thuc, day dii nhiing thong tin ma minh biei ve nhiing van de lien quan den doi tugng bao hiem cho ngu5i bao hiem Vu an nay da dugc Toa an nhan dan ibanh pho Ha Noi xet xir sa tham ngay 8-6-2000, ban an kinh te so 22/KTST

Van de dat ra qua vu viec cu the nay, do chinh la su dieu chinh ciia phap luat ddi vai cac quan he hgp dong bao hiem va kem theo do la ca che thuc hien phap luat trong thuc tien

1.2.2 Doi tuang giao ket

Doi tugng giao kei HDBH hang hoa XNK la hang boa XNK Vai xu huang toan cau hoa, quoc te hoa nhu hien nay, hang boa buon ban, trao doi giira cac nu6c, ngay cang mot nhieu Dieu do cho thay, doi tugng giao kei trong HDBH hang boa XNK ciing ngay cang phiic tap, da dang:

- Hang boa xuat khau

- Hang boa nhap khau

- Tien cu6c van chuyen

- Tien lai \i6c tinh

- v.v

Noi den khai niem doi tugng giao kei HDBH, chiing ta thuang de cap den khai niem quyen Igi dugc bao hiem Vay khi nao thi diing den khai niem quyen lai dugc bao hiem?

Trong quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, doi tugng giao kei HDBH, dugc xem

la quyen Igi bao hiem, chi khi nao nguai chii sa hiru ciia hang boa do thiei lap mot quan he HDBH mang day du gia tri phap ly va tinh chai dac thu cua dich vu bao hiem hang boa XNK

Giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK phai co doi tugng bao hiem, hay noi khac

di, do la hang boa XNK, va trong mot chirng muc nao do, quyen Igi ciia chu hang boa XNK trong viec bao toan gia tri tai san ciia minh khi van chuyen, ciing duac

coi la doi tugng giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK

18

Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 201 Bg luat Hang hai Viet Nam hien hanh thi, doi tugng bao hiem hang hai co the la bai ky quyen Igi vat chai nao lien quan den cac boat dong hang hai ma co the quy ra tien, bao gom: tau bien, hang boa, tien cuac van chuyen, tien c6ng van chuyen hanh khach, tien thue tau, tien thue-mua tau, tien lai u6c tinh ciia hang boa, cac khoan hoa hong, chi phi ton thai chung

Neu ggi gia tri bao hiem la V, thi quyen Igi dugc bao hiem trong bao hiem hang hoa XNK thu5ng dugc tinh bang c6ng thirc: V= 110% CIF

Tren thuc te, de giam thieu phi bao hiem, khi giao kei HDBH hang hoa XNK, ngu5i mua bao hiem thudng chi tham gia bao hiem v6i gia CIF, tiic la chi bao hiem cho phan chi phi thuc te da bo ra: V == CIF

Di lien v6i khai niem doi tugng bao hiem la van de rui ro dugc bao hiem cho chinh doi tugng bao hiem do Vay ban chai phap ly ciia riii ro dugc bao hiem

la gi?

Cho den nay trong he thong ly thuyet ve bao hiem van chua co mot khai niem chinh thong, bao quat hei y nghia noi dung va ban chai cua khai niem riii

ro Tuy nhien ciing co mot so hoc gia dua ra nhiing dinh nghia dien hinh dang chii

- Riii ro la kha nang xay ra su co kh6ng may

- Rui ro la su kei hgp cac nguy ca

- Rui ro la su kh6ng the doan tru6c mot khuynh huang dan den kei qua thuc khac vai kei qua du doan

- Riii ro la su kh6ng chac chan ve ton thai

- Riii ro la kha nang xay ra ton thai

Tuy nhien, dieu khien chiing ta quan tam a day la van de ban chai phap ly ciia riii ro dugc bao hiem (thuoc pham vi bao hiem) co lien quan the nao den doi tugng bao hiem:

Mot la, Rui ro dugc bao hiem phai co tinh ngSu nhien Dieu nay co tfnh nguyen tac ciia bao hiem, loai trii hoan toan tinh chac chan xay ra ciia "rui ro'\ Tinh chai riii ro la cai kh6ng ai muon, va no lu6n dugc dien ta a hai trang thai doi lap nhau, song song ton tai", co the co, co the khong Dieu dang chii y la nii ro

19

dugc bao hiem mang tinh ngau nhien, nhung phai la riii ro true tiep gay nen thiet hai cho doi tugng bao hiem Co nhiing rui ro thuoc pham vi bao hiem nhung thiet hai ciia hang boa dugc bao hiem lai kh6ng xuai phat tii nguyen nhan ciia nhung rui

ro do Hay noi each khac, riii ro la nguyen nhan true tiep gay ra thiet hai tren thuc

te cho chinh doi tugng dugc bao hiem, trong moi quan he nhan qua, tai yeu va 16 gich ciia boat dong bao hiem hang boa XNK L6 gich bao hiem a day dugc hieu la mot chinh the cac moi quan he bien chiing theo nhirng trinh tu, dieu kien nhai dinh cua qua trinh bao hiem: Phai co doi tugng bao hiem (hang hoa XNK), tien hanh viec mua bao hiem cho hang boa do (giao kei hgp dong), xac dinh nhirng rui ro thuoc pham vi bao hiem (pham vi bao hiem), nhirng riii ro loai tru* bao hiem ( rui

ro loai trir) Va cuoi ciing la, thiet hai xay ra cho doi tugng bao hiem phai xuat phat tir chinh nhiing riii ro thuoc pham vi bao hiem Hanh vi boi thuang thiet hai ciia ngudi bao hiem la tai yeu va chi con la van de thu tuc, phuang thiic boi thudng Tuy nhien, nhii'ng van de do van nam trong su dieu chinh ciia he thong cac quy pham phap luat quoc gia, cac th6ng le, tap quan quoc te ve bao hiem hang boa XNK

Hai la, Riii ro dugc bao hiem phai dugc xac dinh da xay ra trong dieu kien kh6ng gian, thai gian thuoc pham vi bao hiem:

+ Kh6ng gian bao hie'm la dia die'm, hanh trinh, luong lach, duang bay va dugc quy dinh ro trong HDBH Co riii ro gay nen thiet hai, ton thai cho doi tugng dugc bao hiem , nhung riii ro do xay ra trong mot kh6ng gian dugc xac dinh kh6ng nam trong "kh6ng gian bao hiem", chang ban nhu di sai luong lach, hanh trinh, giao hang sai dia diem , thi ngau nhien nhirng rui ro, thiet hai do khong dugc bao hiem

+ Thai gian bao hiem la rui ro gay ra thiet hai cho doi tugng bao hiem phai xay ra trong khoang thai gian dang phat sinh hieu lire hgp dong, trach nhiem bao hiem ciia nguai bao hie'm doi vai chinh hang boa do Truang hgp riii ro, thiet hai xay ra truac khi cac ben giao kei HDBH, noi chinh xac la, riii ro, thiet hai xay ra truac khi phat sinh trach nhiem boi thu6ng thiet hai ciia nguai bao hiem, deu khong dugc ngu5i bao hiem boi thudng

20

Ba la, Riii ro dugc bao hiem phai nam trong khuon kho nhirng quy dinh ciia phap luat, dao diic xa hoi, quy tac, th6ng le, tap quan quoc te ve mua ban, trao doi hang boa XNK Chang ban nhu viec mua ban hang boa qua bien giai kh6ng CO giay phep, hang buon lau thi viec mua bao hiem cho hang boa do, khi xay ra riii ro thiet hai, ngu6i mua bao hiem kh6ng dugc nhan tien boi thuang Noi diing ban, nhiing riii ro da mua bao hiem la riii ro loai trir trach nhiem cua nguai bao hiem

1.2.3 Chu the giao ket

Tinh den cuoi nam 2000, a Viet Nam, so lugng doanh nghiep bao hiem da nang len con so 16 doanh nghiep, ban niia so do boat dong trong linh vuc bao hiem phi nhan thg Tuy nhien, boat dong nghiep vu bao hiem hang boa XNK ciing chi tap trung 6 mot so doanh nghiep bao hiem truyen thong nhu: Bao Viet, Bao Minh Neu xet rieng nghiep vu bao hiem hang hoa XNK, cho den nay nuac ta van chua co dugc khai niem chii the bao hiem 100 % von nuac ngoai, ma nha nuac Viet Nam mai chi cho phep loai hinh chii the nay boat dong trong pham vi bao hiem nhan thg Tuy nhien cung phai thira nhan la, xuai phat tir tinh chai, dac die'm dac thii cua quan he bao hiem hang boa XNK, tu each chu the tham gia giao kei hgp dong cung kha da dang Duang nhu tinh chai hai chu the thong thuang, pho bien trong giao kei hgp dong kinh te da bi "pha va" trong cac quan he giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK Sau day la mot so khai niem chu the ca ban trong mot HDBH hang boa XNK

• Nguoi nhan bao hiem: la doanh nghiep bao hiem dugc thanh lap va boat dong

theo phap luat Viet Nam Mat khac phai dugc phap luat cho phep boat dong trong linh vuc bao hiem hang boa XNK va phai dang ky cac quy tac, bieu phi boat dong cho ca quan quan ly Nha nu6c ve bao hiem biei tru6c khi ap dung

Ve mat phap ly, doanh nghiep bao hiem sau khi dugc thanh lap hgp phap thi se

CO nang luc chu the de tham gia giao kei cac HDBH va dugc Nha nuac cho

phep thi se co nang luc chii the trong giao kei cac HDBH hang boa XNK Theo

21

quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 2 ciia Nghi dinh 100/CP ngay 18-12-1993 thi doanh nghiep bao hiem ton tai du6i mot so dang nhu sau:

- Doanh nghiep Nha nu6c

- Cong ty CO phSn

- C6ng ty bao hiem tuang h6

- C6ng ty lien doanh bao hiem

- Chi nhanh cua cac to chii'c bao hiem nuac ngoai

- C6ng ty bao hiem 100% von nude ngoai

Tuy nhien, nhu da noi a tren, hien nay hai hinh thirc chu the nhan bao hiem

la c6ng ty bao hiem tuang h6 va cong ty bao hiem 100% von nu6c ngoai trong linh vuc bao hiem hang boa XNK chua dugc phep boat dong tai Viet Nam

De tien cho viec nghien ciru van de chii the bao hiem, trong do co chii the cua bao hieim hang boa XNK, tac gia da tien hanh thong ke con so cac doanh nghiep bao hiem boat dong tai thi truang Viet Nam, tinh den thang 8 nam 2000

TEN DOANH NGHIEP

Tong cong ty bao hiem Viet Nam (Bao Viet)

Cong ty bao hiem TP Ho Chi Minh

(Bao Minh)

Cong ty tai bao hiem quoc gia Viet Nam

Cong ty lien doanh bao hiem dau khi (PVIC)

Cong ty CO phan bao hiem Petrolimex(Pjico)

Cong ty CO ph^n bao hiem Nha rong

Cong ty bao hiem lien hiep(UNIC)

Cong ty TNHH bao hiem nhan tho BaoMinh-CMG

Cong ty lien doanh bao hiem Viet lic

NAM THANH LAP

Nha nuac

Nha nuac

Nha nuac C6 phan

Tai bao hiem

Phi nhan the Phi nhan tho

Phi nhan tho

Phi nhan tho

Phi nhan tho

Nhan tho

Phi nhan tho

Nhan tho

22

Cong ty bao hiem nhan tho Prudential

Cong ty TNHH bao hiem nhan tho

Chinfon-Manulife

Cong ty TNHH bao hiem Allianz-AGF

Cong ty bao hiem quoc te My(AIG)

Nhan tho

Nhan tho

Nhan tho

Nhan tho

• Ngucri mua bao hiem: Theo phap luat Viet Nam la ca nhan hoac to chuc co

nhu cdu mua bao hiSm hoac co nghia vu tham gia bao hi6m theo quy dinh cua phap luat

Van de can chu y a day la tu each chu the cua cac ca nhan, to chuc khi tham

gia quan he giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK la gi? nhiJng yeu to nao de mot ca nhan, to chiic trof thanh chu the giao ket hap dong co tinh chat phuc tap nhu HDBH hang hoa XNK:

- Doi v6i to chiic, ngoai tu each phap nhan, yeu cau dat ra doi vai ngucri dai dien to chuc giao ket hap dong, cung phai co nang lire phap luat, nang lire hanh vi theo quy dinh cua phap luat trong giao ket hap dong kinh te, ma a day la HDBH hang hoa XNK Trong trudng hap dai dien theo uy quyen, thi ngoai nhung yeu cau

vi mat chu the neu tren, nguai duac uy quyen phai co van ban uy quy6n hap phap

ciia to chiic ve viec tham gia giao ket HDBH cho hang hoa XNK do

- Doi v6i ca nhan, ngoai nang lire phap luat, nang luc hanh vi, trong giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK yeu cau ca nhan phai co dang ky kinh doanh theo quy dinh ciia phap luat

Xoay quanh khai niem chu the giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK, chiing ta

con bk gap mot so dang chu the pho bien nhu:

- Nguai duac bao hiem

- Ngu5i thu huang quyen lai bao hiem

- Nguai true tiep giao ket HDBH

- Nguai the quyen bao hiem

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Dieu dang luu y la, do tinh chat cua quan he bao hiem hang hoa XNK la

loai quan he hap dong kinh te, nen trong truang hgp chii the tham gia giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK theo sir uy quyen nhung viec giao ket do dugc thuc hien dual dang tai lieu giao dich, thi mac nhien hgp d6ng do khong co hieu luc phap luat Theo Dieu 7 Nghi dinh 17/CP ngay 16-01-1990 huang din chi tiet thi hanh phap lenh hgp dong kinh te 1989 thi nhiing hgp dong dugc giao ket dual dang tai lieu giao dich thi khong dugc uy quyen Day la vu viec da xay ra tren thuc ic da dugc toa an nhan dan thanh pho Ho Chi Minh giai quyet [35,1]

12.4 Hinh thuc, thu tuc giao ket

• Hinh thirc giao ket:

Theo quy dinh hien hanh ciia phap luat Viet Nam cung nhu thong le quoc

te, hinh thuc giao ket HDBH hang hoa trong ITnh vuc XNK phai dugc lap thanh van ban Cac hinh thuc van ban ph6 bien hien nay trong giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK la:

- Don bao hiem (insurance policy)

- Giay chung nhan bao hiem (insurance certificate)

- HDBH ky ket true tiep nhu mot quan he hgp dong kinh te thong thuang

Co the' thay la, ngay tai Di6u 203 Bo luat hang hai Viet Nam da quy dinh: Theo yeu cau ciia nguai dugc bao hiem, nguai bao hiem co nghia vu cap dan bao

hi^m cho nguai dugc bao hiim Dan bao hiem la bang chung v6 viec ky ket hgp

dong

Va Di6u 200, khoan 3 xac nhan ro: Hgp dong bao hie'm hang hai phai dugc lam bang van ban

Dieu di nhan thay la, khac v6i cac hgp dong kinh te thong thuang HDBH

hang hoa XNK co nhirng dac thu Trijr nhiJng truang hgp dugc giao ket bang hinh thuc hgp dong thong thuang, thi hau het cac HDBH hang hoa XNK d6u dugc thuc

hien du6i hinh thiic dan bao hi^m Dan bao hie'm la bang chung v6 viec giao ket

HDBH hang hoa XNK va dugc su dung kha pho bien tren thuc te Die'm khac biet

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giua Don bao hiem v6i cac hinh thiic giao ket khac trong quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK la 6 ch6, don bao hiem dugc cau thanh boi hai van ban rieng biet: giay de nghi giao ket bao hiem do nguoi mua bao hiem xac lap, ky nhan va giay chung nhan bao hiem hoac don bao hiem do nguoi nhan bao hiem cap, ky va dong dau Giay de nghi giao ket HDBH va don bao hiem la hai bo phan khong the tach roi trong quan he HDBH, tao lap nen hgp dong do Dieu dang noi 6 day la, du la don bao hiem, giay de nghi giao ket hgp dong hay giay chung nhan bao hiem, deu la nhung bang chiing phap ly xac nhan su cam ket giua cac chii the khi tham gia giao ket, thuc hien mot HDBH va deu co gia tri phap ly nhu nhau, dugc lap theo mau in sSn ciaa cac cong ty bao hiem- ngudi nhan bao hiem

Van de can dat ra va giai quyet 6 day la, tai sao trong cac quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, tinh chat van ban ciia hgp dong la hinh thiic bat buoc?

Co the luan giai van de nay 6 nhung khia canh cu the nhu sau:

- Mot la, trong quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, do tinh chat dac thii ciia hang hoa XNK van chuyen di xa, qua nhieu nuoc, v6i nhung muc do riii ro phiic tap du5ng nhu nam ngoai su kiem soat ciia ngudi mua bao hiem, ke ca nguoi nhan bao hiem Chinh vi the, hinh thiic van ban ciia HDBH v6i nhung dieu khoan bao hiem; quyen, nghia vu cu the ciia tiing chii the, la nhiing yeu to can thiet nham bao dam Igi ich hgp phap cho cac duong su

- Hai la, thoi diem giao ket hgp dong va thoi diem phat sinh thiet hai trach nhiem boi thu5ng thiet hai, khong bao gio triing nhau, tham chi, do con la khoang thoi gian each nhau tuong doi Ion, nhat la trong cac truong hgp bao hiem hang hoa chuyen cho bang ducfng bien, thoi gian hanh trinh co the tinh hang thang tren bien

- Ba la, trong quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, thuong co su tham gia ciia nhan to nuoc ngoai va gia tri tai san bao hiem Ion hoac rat Ion Chinh vi the trong boat dong quan ly nha nuoc ve bao hiem hang hoa XNK, co su quy dinh bat buoc tai bao hiem cho cong ty tai bao hiem Quoc gia Viet Nam (VINARE), voi mot

ty le cu the, bao dam an toan cho ca ngudi mua bao hiem va ngudi nhan bao hiem[ll,2]

25

- Bon la, hinh thiic van ban ciia HDBH trong bao hiem hang hoa XNK cQng phii hgp v6i thong le, tap quan quoc te trong linh vuc nay, tao dieu kien chuyen giao, chuyen nhugng quyen Igi bao hiem giCra cac doi tac kinh te trong mua ban, trao doi hang hoa XNK

-Nam la, HDBH hang hoa XNK dugc lap bang van ban la co so phap ly chac chan bao dam quyen Igi cho nguoi mua bao hiem von di luon trong tinh trang hang hoa XNK bi riii ro, thiet hai bat cii liic nao, dac biet khi phat sinh mau ihuan, tranh chap ve quyen Igi bao hiem

Dang luu y la, don de nghi giao ket HDBH tuy la hinh thiic bat buoc trong giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK, nhung hoan toan khong phai la bang chiing ve viec da giao ket HDBH Ve dieu nay, tai phan II, muc 1 ciia Quy che lam ihoi ve cac quy dinh chung ciia hgp dong bao hiem ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh 581aArC/QD/TCNH ngay 1-7-1996 ciia Bg trudng Tai chinh (sau day ggi tat la Quy che 581a), da ghi ro: Hgp dong bao hiem phai dugc lap bang van ban, chi khi hop dong bao hiem da dugc ky ket, giay chiing nhan hay don bao hiem dugc cap

va CO hieu luc hoac khi co van ban chap nhan bao hiem cua doanh nghiep bao hiem tren co so thu phi bao hiem thi cam ket trach nhiem bao hiem m6i co gia tri

• Thii tuc giao ket:

Thii tuc giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK, theo each hieu chung nhat, la cac buoc tien hanh, cac giai doan can thiet ma cac chii the tham gia giao ket hgp dong phai thuc hien de tien t6i cho ra doi mot ban hgp dong bao hiem chinh thiic cho hang hoa xuat khau hoac nhap khau Cac thii tuc do la:

- De nghi giao ket ciia ngudi co nhu cau bao hiem

- Xem xet, nghien ciiu don de nghi bao hiem do ngudi mua bao hiem xac lap va chuyen den

- Thuong lugng, dam phan ve cac noi dung dieu khoan, quyen, nghia vu ciia cac chii the trong hgp dong (co the)

- Cap don bao hiem, hoac giay chiing nhan bao hiem, hoac true tiep giao ket HDBH theo each thiic pho bien ciia hgp dong kinh te

26

Tuy nhien cung phai noi rang, nhirng thii tuc tren khong phai la khuon mau mang tinh bat buoc trong qua trinh giao ket bat ky HDBH hang hoa XNK nao, ma

o day chiing toi chi co dung y chuyen tai den nguoi doc nhung thii tuc mang tinh liet ke de tham khao Tren thuc te, viec giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK thuong thong qua hai thii tuc co ban la:

- Buoc 1: Ngudi co nhu cau bao hiem lap don de nghi giao ket hgp dong

- Buoc 2: Doanh nghiep bao hiem chap nhan don de nghi giao ket do, thong qua mot trong ba hanh vi cu the la:

1/ Cap don bao hiem

2/ Cap giay chiing nhan bao hiem

3/ True tiep ky ket mot HDBH

Co mot thuc te' dang dien ra trong qua trinh giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK

0 nude ta la, giao ket true tiep va giao ket gian tiep Co the noi rang, viec cap don bao hiem, hoac giay chiing nhan bao hiem la thii tuc giao ket hgp dong mot each gian tiep, con hinh thiic giao ket hgp dong thong qua ky ket HDBH thong thudng nhu mot hgp dong kinh te, la thii tuc giao ket HDBH true tiep Tuy nhien trong thuc tien, each thiic giao ke't hgp ddng gian tiep thong qua cap don bao hiem, giay chiing nhan bao hiem dugc sii dung pho bien

1.2.5 Hieu luc hap dong, thoi han hap dong:

• Hieu luc hgp dong:

Hgp dong bao hiem phat sinh hieu luc phap ly ke tu' khi ngudi bao hie'm chap nhan don de nghi bao hiem ciia ngudi mua bao hiem, thong qua mot trong nhiing hanh vi nhu cap don bao hiem, cap giay chiing nhan bao hiem hoac ky ket hgp dong true tiep Tren thuc te, mot HDBH hang hoa XNK co hieu luc phai luat dugc xac dinh ke tuf khi ngudi mua bao hiem nhan dugc don bao hiem, hoac giay chiing nhan bao hiem ciia ngudi bao hiem the hien r5 rang cu the y chi ciia ho trong viec nhan bao hiem theo don de nghi ciia ngudi mua bao hiem Dieu nay nghe CO ve trai voi nhiing quy tac phap ly ciia hgp dong Tai sao thdi diem xac

27

dinh mot HDBH hang hoa XNK lai khong phat sinh hieu luc ke tu khi ngudi nhan bao hiem ky vao don bao hiem? Dieu nay dugc ly giai tii tinh chat dac thu ciia quan he bao hiem thuong mai noi chung va tinh chat dac thu ciia boat dong bao hiem hang hoa XNK noi rieng Trong quan he bao hiem hang hoa XNK, viec giao ket hgp dong true tiep nhu nhiing hgp dong kinh te thong dung la rat hiem xay ra, ngudi mua bao hiem va ngudi nhan bao hiem thuc hien viec giao ket hgp dong thudng thong qua hinh thiic gian tiep: Don de nghi giao ket ciia ngudi mua bao hiem va sau do la don chap nhan van ban de nghi do ciia ngudi bao hiem, ma chung ta van diing no voi danh tir : Don bao hiem Nhu vay la, do cac ben khong true tiep ngoi vdi nhau de giao ket hgp dong nhu nhirng hgp dong thong thudng, nen viec xac dinh, hay noi diing hon, de cd co so xac dinh rang ngudi bao hiem da chinh thiic chap nhan Idi de nghi giao ket cho mot HDBH hang hoa XNK, phai can cii vao thdi diem ngudi mua bao hiem chinh thiic nhan dugc "su chap nhan do" bang van ban Va theo 16 gich ciia van de, do ciing la thdi diem de xac dinh HDBH

CO hieu lire phap luat (neu nhu cac ben khong cd thoa thuan gi ghi trong don bao hie'm) Ly luan nay cling rat phii hgp vdi dieu kien, hoan canh thuc te ciia cac quan

he giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK hien nay d Viet Nam

Dieu de nhan thay la, khi don bao hiem dii da dugc hoan tat ve thii tuc hinh thiic cung nhu noi dung, nhung vSn chua den lay ngudi mua bao hiem thi viec ngudi bao hiem tu y thay doi quyet dinh ciia minh, dung viec chap nhan bao hiem

do lai, la hoan loan co the, duong nhien la phap luat cung nhu ngudi mua bao hiem khong CO quyen can thiep

Tuy nhien, xoay quanh van de hieu luc ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK co mot

so noi dung dang luu y la:

- Thu nhat, thdi diem phat sinh hieu luc hgp dong thudng khong dong nhat vdi

thdi diem phat sinh trach nhiem boi thudng thiet hai ciia ngudi nhan bao hie'm

- Thir hai, Hieu luc ciia hgp dong phu thuoc rat nhieu vao yeu to khong gian cu

the ma hgp dong da giao ket

28

- Thu- ba, can phan biet thdi diem phat sinh hieu luc hgp dong ve nop phi va thu

phi vdi thdi diem phat sinh trach nhiem bao hiem ciia ngudi bao hiem ddi vdi hang hoa XNK

Trach nhiem boi thudng thiet hai ciia ngudi bao hiem, mac nhien phat sinh hieu luc sau khi ngudi mua bao hiem da thuc hien hanh vi nop phi bao hiem, tru khi cac ben co thoa thuan khac ghi trong hgp dong

Hieu luc ciia hgp dong phu thuoc vao nguyen tac "khong gian" trach nhiem bao hiem Du hgp dong da cd hieu luc nhung hang hoa van chua rdi kho, noi chua hang tai dia diem ghi trong hgp dong, hoac chua dugc xep len tau theo dieu kien giao hang co so da thoa thuan giira ngudi mua va ngudi ban hang trong hgp dong mua ban hang hoa, thi duong nhien trach nhiem bao hiem ciia ngudi bao hie'm xan chua phat sinh hieu luc Va trach nhiem do dugc ket thiic tai mot trong cac ihdi diem sau day, tuy theo trudng hgp nao xay den trude:

- Khi giao hang vao kho hay noi chiia hang cuoi ciing cua ngudi nhan hang hoac cua mot ngudi nao khac tai noi nhan co ten trong HDBH;

- Hoac, khi giao hang cho bat ky kho hay noi chiia hang nao khac, dii trudc khi tdi hay tai noi nhan ghi trong HDBH ma ngudi dugc bao hiem chgn diing lam: -I- Noi chia hay phan phdi hang; hoac

-I- Noi chua hang ngoai qua trinh van chuyen binh thudng

Ro rang la, hieu luc ciia hgp dong luon gan lien va cd gia tri phap ly trong mot khoang khong gian nhat dinh, thudng la da dugc cac chii the thoa thuan trudc hoac theo thong le, tap quan quoc te' ve bao hiem hang hoa XNK, buon ban ngoai thuong

Khi de cap den khai niem hieu luc ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK, ngudi ta thudng chia lam ba loai hieu luc nhu sau:

- Hieu luc hinh thiic, la hieu luc phat sinh ke tii' khi cac ben ciing ky vao van ban, hoac ke tii khi don bao hiem dugc cap cho ngudi mua bao hiem;

- Hieu luc thuc te, la hieu luc phat sinh ke tir khi phat sinh trach nhiem bao hiem cua ngudi bao hiem;

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- Hieu luc vat chat, la hieu luc phat sinh trach nhiem bOi thudng thiet ha ciia ngudi bao hie'm doi vdi hang hoa XNK bi tdn that, thiet hai

Thong thudng trong mot HDBH, hieu luc hinh thiic va hieu luc thuc te, la nhung yeu to mang tinh bat buoc, con hieu luc vat chat luc cd luc khong va phu thuoc vao thiet hai tren thuc te ciia ddi tugng bao hiem

v e nguyen tac, HDBH hang hoa XNK cd hieu lire phap luat phai bao dam cac yeu cau:

- Giao ket phai cd tu each phap nhan, neu la td chuc va phai cd giay phep dang

ky kinh doanh, neu la ca nhan Tat nhien la, nhiing ngudi thuc hien hanh vi giao ket hgp dong cung phai cd nang luc phap luat va nang lire hanh vi theo quy dinh ciia phap luat

- Muc dich, noi dung hgp dong khong trai phap luat, dao due xa hoi

- Giao ket hoan toan tren co so tu nguyen, tu do y chi

- Hinh thiic hgp dong phu hgp quy dinh ciia phap luat

• Thoi ban cua bgp dong:

La khoang thdi gian hgp ly, xac dinh trach nhiem bao hiem ciia ngudi bao hie'm ddi vdi hang hoa da mua bao hiem Tuy nhien van de nay dudng nhu phap luat Viet Nam moi chi diing lai d mire do tu dieu chinh ciia cac chii the trong quan

he hgp dong

Dang liru y la, vi tinh chat "tu" dieu chinh nen tren thuc te khi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK, khong it trudng hgp cac chii the bo trong van de nay, vi the cung khong it tranh chap bao hiem da tro nen phiic tap dugc xuat phat boi chinh yeu to thdi han ciia HDBH Nhu vay, tinh buc xiic ciia thuc tien dang dat ra nhu cau dieu chinh ciia phap luat ddi vdi noi dung cu the nay, tuy nhien viec kho khan

la su can thiep ciia phap luat trong mot gidi han nhat dinh de khong anh hudng den quyen tu thoa thuan cua cac chii the trong quan he hgp dong, phD hgp vdi tinh chat, dac diem cu the ciia tiing md'i quan he hang hoa XNK, dong thdi phat huy hieu qua thuc hien ciia cac HDBH hang hoa XNK tren thuc te, bao ve dugc quyen, Igi ich hgp phap ciia cac chii the

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Kinh nghiem dieu chinh phap luat ddi vdi quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK d mot so nude phat trien, dac biet la d Anh, van de nay da dugc de cap kha sdin va tuong ddi chuan xac Xin don cii mot thi du, Luat bao hiem hang hai Anh quoc nam 1906, tai Dieu 48 quy dinh rat rd la: Trong mot thdi gian hgp ly ma hanh trinh khdng thuc hien dugc thi bao hiem duong nhien het hieu luc

Nhu vay la, tu: nhiing nam dau the ky 20 nay, d nude Anh, ngudi ta da nghi den khai niem thdi han ciia HDBH Bao hiem duong nhien het hieu luc, irong lo gich ciia van de, cung cd nghia la cham diit hieu luc ciia hgp dong va nhu vay duong nhien, thdi han ciia hgp dong do cQng khdng cdn Thdi gian hgp ly ma luat bao hiem hang hai Anh quy dinh rat phii hgp vdi tinh chat "tu phap' ciia cac quan

he kinh te, hoan loan de cac ben tu thoa thuan ve thdi han ciia hgp dong, phu hgp vdi thong le, tap quan quoc te ve ngoai thuong, bao hiem hang hoa XNK

Va ngay tai Dieu 4.5 ICC (A) 1.1.82 cua ILU cQng noi rd: Ngudi bao hie'm khong chiu trach nhiem boi thudng cho nhiing ton that, mat mat, hu hai hay chi phi true tiep gay ra boi cham tre, ngay ca khi cham tri xay ra do mot riii ro dugc bao hiem

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CHUONG 2: NOI DUNG PHAP LY CUA HDBH HANG HOA XNK

2.1 HDBH hang hoa XNK va nhCrng dac diem dac thu:

2.1.1 Khai niem HDBH hang hod XNK vd nhiing dac diem dac thu:

• Kbai niem: HDBH hang hoa XNK la loai hgp dong ma theo do ngudi mua bao

hiem cam ket tra mot sd tien ggi la bao hiem phi, va ngudi nhan bao hiem (doanh nghiep bao hiem) cam ket boi thudng thiet hai khi xay ra su kien bao hiem nhu da quy dinh trong hgp dong (riii ro dugc bao hiem), gay thiet hai cho ngudi mua bao hiem

- Su kien bao hiem trong bao hiem hang hoa XNK: la su cd bat ngd gay ra thiet hai ma ngudi ta quen ggi la riii ro bao hiem Tuy nhien riii ro bao hiem do phai nam trong dieu kien, pham vi bao hiem da thoa thuan trong HDBH cho loai hang hoa XNK do

- Ve ban chat phap ly: HDBH hang hoa XNK mang ban chat phap ly ciia hgp dong kinh te Co cau chii the, hinh thiic, muc dich tham gia hgp dong ciia cac chii the la nhiing yeu to quyet dinh ban chat phap ly do ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK

Trong nen kinh te thi trudng, vdi su da dang, rong md ciia cac moi quan he

xa hoi, cac quan he bao hiem, do do, cQng bi chi phdi va dugc chia thanh nhieu loai hinh nghiep vu bao hiem khac nhau Can cii vao thanh phan chii the va muc dich tham gia giao ket ciia cac chii the ma chiing ta cd dugc su xac dinh tuong ddi chinh xac ban chat kinh te hay dan su ciia tirng loai hinh nghiep vu bao hiem cu the nao do

Can cii vao nhiing quy dinh hien hanh ciia he thong phap luat kinh te, thi ban chat phap ly ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK dugc xac dinh nhu sau:

+ Hgp dong dugc giao ket giira mot ben la doanh nghiep bao hiem ( cd the

la lien doanh, cd the la doanh nghiep Nha nude), vdi ben kia la mot phap nhan hoac mot ca nhan cd dang ky kinh doanh

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+ Hgp dong dugc giao ke't vdi muc dich phuc vu nhu cau kinh doanh, Igi nhuan Tuy nhien, cung can phai thay rang, trong quan he bao hie'm hang hoa XNK, cung nhu cac quan he bao hiem thuong mai, tinh kinh doanh, Igi nhuan ciia ben mua bao hiem thudng khong dugc bieu hien mot each rd net, boi tinh chai dac thu ciia quan he bao hiem chi phdi Nhung xet cho ciing, neu quyen Igi bao hiem ciia ngudi mua bao hiem khong dugc bao dam, ngudi nhan bao hiem tii' chdi trach nhiem bao hiem thi dieu dd cung dong nghia vdi su thiet hai ve kinh te cho ngudi mua bao hiem va nhu vay tat yeu la muc dich kinh doanh cung khong dat dugc, it nhat la trong mot thuong vu cu the, cho dii thuong vu dd da dugc mua bao hiem

+ HDBH hang hoa XNK cung thuoc loai hgp dong song vu Tinh song vu dugc the hien d chd cac ben tham gia quan he hgp dong deu cd quyen va nghia vu ddi vdi nhau Doanh nghiep bao hiem cd quyen thu phi bao hiem va quyen nay gan lien vdi nghia vu boi thudng thiet hai khi xay ra su kien bao hiem Ngugc lai ddi vdi ngudi mua bao hiem, hg cd nghia vu dong phi bao hiem tuong ling vdi quyen dirge yeu cau doanh nghiep boi thudng khi xay ra su kien bao hiem gay thiet hai, ton that

Xuat phat tii co sd HDBH hang hoa XNK ciing la mot trong nhirng loai hinh nghiep vu ciia HDBH thuong mai, vi vay, ngoai nhiing dac diem dac thu ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK, HDBH hang hoa XNK cung ham chiia trong minh mot sd tinh chat ciia HDBH thuong mai ndi chung:

Tbu nbat, dd la hgp dong cd tinh chat ung thuan: Hgp ddng dugc giao ket

dua tren su chap thuan ciia ca hai ben, tuy nhien, tinh chat ung thuan d day cung chi mang nghia tuong ddi, ngudi mua bao hiem phai chiu su ap dat chii quan ciia ngudi bao hiem d mot sd diem co ban trong hgp dong

Tbu- bai, la hgp ddng theo mSu: Nhung ndi dung mang tinh quy tac thudng

dugc cd dinh trudc bdi ngudi bao hiem, ben mua bao hiem chi cd quyen lira chgn theo phuong thiic ddng y hoac khdng ddng y ma khdng cd su thoa thuan thay ddi

Su dam phan chi cd the thuc hien ddi vdi phan dieu kien rieng, hay ndi each khac

la phan phu luc ciia hgp ddng

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Tbii ba, la hgp ddng cd the chuyen nhugng: HDBH, don bao hiem hoac

giay chiing nhan bao hiem la nhung van ban cd the chuyen nhugng cho ngudi khac, thong qua hinh thiic ky hau vao mat sau ciia ngudi dugc bao hiem

Tbii tu, la hgp ddng mang tinh chuyen giao riii ro: Tuy rang khi giao ket

hgp ddng cac ben tham gia quan he deu khong mong mudn xay ra riii ro, thiet hai tren thuc te, nhung rd rang la, tinh chat riii ro va su riii ro, thiet hai ciia ciia ddi tugng bao hiem trong HDBH luon la tieu diem, la ddi tugng quan tam sd 1 cua cac chii the Va suy cho cung, khi xac lap cho minh mot quan he HDBH cac ben chii the da thuc hien hanh vi chuyen giao, san se riii ro, thiet hai cho ngudi bao hie'm, hay ndi diing hon la su ehuyeJn giao riii ro tii ngudi mua bao hiem nay sang nhieu ngudi mua bao hiem khac, ma doanh nghiep bao hiem chi la trung gian diing ra to chiic thuc hien viec chuyen giao dd ma thoi

Tbu nam, la hgp ddng ma tinh Igi nhuan, muc dich Igi nhuan khong duoc

dat ra tii phia ngudi mua bao hiem: Vi tinh chat chuyen giao, san se riii ro, thiet hai nhu da neu d tren, trong quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, viec ngudi mua bao hiem cd tinh chiem doat tai san ciia doanh nghiep bao hiem la khong the chap nhan dugc Hoat ddng giao ke't thuc hien HDBH phai dua tren tinh than trung thuc, hgp tac va diing tinh chat cua mot hgp ddng san se, chuyen giao riii ro, ma riii ro d day phai la riii ro thuoc pham vi, trach nhiem bao hiem Cung chinh vi vay, trong moi trudng hgp, miic bdi thudng thiet hai bao hie'm khong bao gid vugt qua gia tri thiet hai xay ra tren thuc te

• Mot sd dac diem dac tbu cua HDBH bang boa XNK:

- Giao ke't HDBH hang hoa XNK, viec ap dung cac dieu khoan bao hiem (ICC 1.1.82) ciia ILU, cac quy dinh ciia luat phap nude ngoai la pho bien thudng thay, chii yeu la luat ciia Anh Day la mot dac diem dac thii ciia quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, bdi le viec dua cac dieu khoan ICC hoac luat phap qudc te vao trong HDBH hang hoa van chuyen trong ndi dia cung cd, song dieu nay rat han

che Trong khi dd, nhiing quy dinh ciia phap luat nude ta trong ITnh vuc hi\o hiem

hang hoa XNK lai viia yeu va vira thieu, vi vay, viec ap dung cac dieu kien, dieu

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khoan ciia nude ngoai khi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK cd the ndi da tro thanh mot dac diem dac thii

- HDBH hang hoa XNK la loai hgp ddng ma cac dieu khoan chii yeu ( noi dung hgp ddng) cd su lien quan chat che vdi cac noi dung ciia hgp dong van chuyen, dac biet la hgp ddng mua ban ngoai thuong cho ciing loai hang hoa XNK

dd Ngay tai Dieu 4 QTC 90 da ndi rd: Ngudi bao hiem khong chiu trach nhiem bdi thudng nhiing mat mat, hu hong xay ra cho hang hoa xep tren boong tau trai vdi tap quan thuong mai

Tap quan thuong mai d day ma Dieu 4 QTC 90 mudn de cap chii yeu la cac dieu kien co sd giao hang trong mua ban ngoai thuong ( Incoterms )

Cung can minh hoa them, trong hgp ddng mua ban hang hoa XNK, cac ben cd the thoa thuan vdi nhau ve viec ap dung phuong thiic thanh loan qua L/C va trong dd

cd de cap den dieu kien bao hiem theo ICC 1.1.63 Van de d day la chiing ta khong

di sau vao phan tich tinh chat, dac diem ciia quan he hgp ddng mua ban ngoai thuong, ma chi mudn ndi den mot thuc trang kha "dich dac" ciia van de nay:

De viec thanh toan qua L/C dien ra thuan Igi, ddng thdi van bao dam dugc quyen nghia vu phap ly ciia cac chu the trong HDBH, ngudi ban bao hiem van chap nhan giao ket HDBH theo dieu kien bao hiem theo diing ICC 1.1.63 nhu da ghi trong hgp ddng mua ban ngoai thuong, song khi cap don bao hiem, buoc phai

cd phu luc dinh kem, giai thich de ngudi mua bao hiem biet rang, dieu kien bao hiem se ap dung la ICC 1.1.82 chii khdng phai ICC 1.1.63 Thuc te la, trong quan

he mua ban hang hoa XNK hien nay, cung nhu trong quan he bao hiem van cdn khong it ngudi nham lln va cho rang cd ICC 1.1.63 Dieu nay hoan toan khong chinh xac Ve mat thuat ngCr, cac dieu kien bao hiem dd khdng ggi la ICC ma chi ggi vdi nhiing cai ten nhu sau:

+ Dieu kien bao hiem mien ton that rieng- ggi tat la FPA ( free from

paticular average)

+ Dieu kien bao hiem ton that rieng- WPA (With paticular average)

+ Va, dieu kien bao hiem moi riii ro - AR (All risk)

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