There is another participant which is not a restatement of process, but is interpreted as Phenomenon enhancing the process. Phenomenon of our experince includes some entities such as pe[r]
(1)NGUYỄN THỊ TÚ TRINH*; PHAN VĂN HÒA**; TRẦN HỮU PHÚC***
*Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Đà Nẵng, ✉ trinhntt@caodanggtvt2.edu.vn **Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Đà Nẵng, ✉ hoauni@gmail.com ***Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Đà Nẵng, ✉ thphuc@ufl.udn.vn
1 INTRODUCTION
Being one of the three core elements in ideational meaning analysis, participants are key elements and play an important role in meaning contributions We examine the characteristics of participants in terms of lexico-grammatical diversity and their meanings across our selected data We suggest a different interpretation of both types of lexico-grammar and their meanings To investigate the characteristics of participants in English and Vietnamese is believed to create two benefits First, the results can better clarify the meaning frame in the behavioral process in general and the role of participants in this type
ĐẶC ĐIỂM CỦA THAM THỂ
TRONG CÂU HÀNH VI TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH
TÓM TẮT
Bài viết thảo luận đặc điểm tham thể câu hành vi tiếng Anh tiếng Việt cách mô tả, lý giải cấu trúc từ vựng-ngữ pháp, nghĩa ý niệm theo khung lý thuyết ngữ pháp chức Halliday Matthiessen (2004); Martin et al (1997) so sánh đối chiếu theo nội dung Chúng lưu ý đến vấn đề từ vựng-ngữ pháp, nghĩa chọn lựa ngôn từ thông qua lớp nghĩa tham thể Mỗi loại tham thể phân tích diễn giải theo hai bình diện: (i) cấu trúc – theo cấp bậc (ii) ngữ nghĩa – theo vai Để làm sáng tỏ vấn đề, chúng tơi phân tích đặc điểm tham thể câu hành vi sở liệu gồm mười sáu tiểu thuyết truyện ngắn tiếng Anh tiếng Việt kỷ XIX XX Kết luận nêu bật kết cơng trình nghiên cứu đề xuất giải pháp
Từ khóa: câu hành vi, ngữ pháp chức năng, tham thể
of process in particular Second, in language teaching, we frequently face some indeterminate and problematic cases when analyzing and categorizing English and Vietnamese participants in behavioral clauses; so shedding light on this matter enables a different view of ideational meaning to have a better understanding of the extent of these meanings in contexts and to offer a more effective way of teaching these meanings to students
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
(2)their experience of the world In many cases, functionalists like Bloor and Bloor (1995), Eggins (1994), Fowler (1996), Martin (1997), etc., and cognitive linguists like Langacker (1987), Lakoff and Johnson (1980), amongst others, have a common ground that the construction of experience is usually thought of as knowledge, represented in the form of conceptual taxonomies, schemata, scripts and others For this recognition, analyzing the characteristics of participants in behavioral process from the semantic-functional view is necessary In Vietnamese, Hoàng Văn Vân (2012), considered the first, successfully adopts functional grammar’s framework to describe the experiential grammar of Vietnamese clauses of the system of TRANSITIVITY However, Hoàng Văn Vân does not draw comparisons of the characteristics of participants between English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses So our study differs in that we make a contrastive analysis of participants in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses in terms of lexico-grammar and ideational meaning
3 METHOD
3.1 Data collection
Qualitative approach is adopted in this study because our attention is paid to interpreting English and Vietnamese participants in behavioral clauses In other words, we focus on analyzing and making sense of characteristics of participants in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses rather than seeking to count things
To determine behavioral clauses within this study, we start with behavioral processes because we look at behavioral clauses from Halliday’s viewpoint Tables and illustrate the raw lists of behavioral processes in English and Vietnamese
Table 1: A list of English behavioral processes English behavioral processes
smile, laugh, twitch, shiver, kiss, embrace, dance, play, hug, stutter, mumble, stammer, chat, mutter, moan, chatter, chat, talk, gossip, whine, whinge, ponder, puzzle, work out, mediate, ruminate, think, cogitate, scowl, shudder, grin, gasp, cry, giggle, mumble, look at, watch, stare, gawk, view, look over, observe, dream, listen, taste, sniff, sing, frown, insult, slander, praise, flatter, yell, scream, tremble, sweat, cough, yawn, sneeze, breathe, sleep, shit, hiccup, burp, faint, grimace, snort, snore, sniff, gasp, sigh, sob, snarl, cry, stare, blush, groan, nod, blink
Table 2: A list of Vietnamese behavioral processes Vietnamese behavioral processes
(3)After building up our raw English and Vietnamese behavioral lists, we adopt bottom-up approach to recognize behavioral clauses in English and Vietnamese novels and short stories “Jane Eyre”, “The Great Gatsby”, “Tender is the night”, “Sons and Lovers”, “Women in love” and “The rainbow” are the five English novels written by Bronte, Fitzgerald and Lawrence In their works, the characters, their personal experience and behaviors are brilliantly described via the lively wording of the talented writers Besides, ten Vietnamese novels and stories such as “Sống mịn”, “Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký”, “Tắt đèn”, “Chí Phèo” and “Số đỏ” are carefully selected due to their popularity and wonderful narrative device of personal experience and behaviors We decide to collect data from stories and novels but not in other genres since stories and novels reflect the reality via the lens and skillful wording of talented writers
In this paper, sampling is a crucial step and we decide to adapt random sampling technique Wordsmith 5.0 and Navigation pane in Word documents and PDF are used as powerful tools to select behavioral clauses Concord function in Wordsmith 5.0 is exploited to collect English behavioral clauses while Search engine is used to pick up Vietnamese behavioral clauses since Wordsmith 5.0 is not applicable to Vietnamese texts These are two main reasons for choosing Wordsmith 5.0 and Navigation pane because the above novels and short stories are already available in electronic form so it is advantageous and time-saving for us to process them In addition, we can work on and store a huge amount of collected data effectively
1427 English behavioral clauses are collected and saved from the six novels As for Vietnamese data collection, Navigation pane is used to select Vietnamese behavioral clauses and 1330 Vietnamese behavioral clauses are selected and saved
3.2 Data analysis
A framework for data analysis is offered in this section All selected English and Vietnamese participants in behavioral clauses are analyzed and categorized in terms of lexico-grammar and ideational meaning and then a comparison of them in English and Vietnamese is made Theoretically, the relationships between lexico-grammar and function are very close but complex In other words, function (or meaning) is realized or expressed through lexico-grammar or linguistic expressions and according to Fontaine (2013) there is not a one-to one relationship between them
4 TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
This section is devoted to discussing two main types of participants in English and Vietnamese namely: Behaver and Range (Behavior, Phenomenon, Scope and Verbiage/Target)
4.1 Behaver in English and Vietnamese Semantic roles are associated with partially specified grammatical functions Behaver is often realized by (i) nouns subdividing into proper nouns, common nouns and pronouns and (ii) noun phrases in English
(1) All the men laughed (Lawrence, 1919) (2) The Hindu grinned, and murmured shyly (Lawrence, 1920)
(3) He groaned inwardly, under its bondage (Lawrence, 1920)
(4)In Vietnamese behavioral clauses, Behavers are also realized by both nouns and nouns phrases as following:
(4) Thất vọng, chị Dậu rũ người ngồi im (Ngô Tất Tố, 1937)
(5) Chúng tơi nằm co quắp vào (Tơ Hồi, 1941)
(6) Những kẻ khác ngồi than vãn, khóc lóc cãi vã cho qua ngày (Tơ Hồi, 1941)
“Chị Dậu” and “Chúng tôi” in (4) and (5) fall into subclass of nouns namely: proper nouns and pronouns whilst “Những kẻ khác” is interpreted as noun phrases It can be seen that there is some similarity in lexico-grammar Both English and Vietnamese Behavers are realized by nouns or noun phrases
Behaver is often fucntioned as an agent Theoretically, a person or animal having behaviors, usually endowed with consciousness is labeled as Behaver as follows:
(7) Helen sighed as her reverie fed (Bronte, 1847) (8) Gerald watched them with the steady twinkle in his eyes (Lawrence, 1920)
However, in our selected data, the Behaver, the participant involved with the behavioral process, does not have to be a conscious participant as in:
(9) The wind sighed low in the firs (Bronte, 1847) (10) The stars shuddered and broke upon the water (Lawrence, 1919)
(11) The ash tree moaned outside in a cold, raw wind (Lawrence, 1919)
(12) The cigarette trembled between his lips with laughter as he spoke (Lawrence, 1919)
Obviously, on semantic grounds of these
tree” and “the cigarette” are non-human entities without our common senses and behaviors like tremble, sigh, moan or shudder Traditionally, these cases are treated as personification - a form of figurative language that is used as a literary technique Personification means attributing human characteristics to something that is not human By using human characteristics to describe an object, animal, or even a place, personification can make descriptions more unique and figurative Within experimental analysis framework, these non-conscious beings are treated as conscious and these cases are also considered as figurative expression strategy (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004, p 203)
Consider the following examples in Vietnamese:
(13) Dọc sơng, những chịm cổ thụ dáng mãnh liệt đứng trầm ngâm lặng nhìn xuống nước (Võ Quảng, 1974)
(14) Biển đêm sóng vỗ thật dội, nó gào thét từ phía mạn Bắc loa (Trang Trang, 2012)
In (13) and (14), “những chịm cổ thụ” and “sóng” are conventionally examples of non-human entities – but they can be construed as Behaver (so endowed with consciousness in process of behaving)
Last but not least, “conscious beings” typically means a person or people but they may also be represented by a part of the body For examples:
(15) His eyes glanced momentarily at me and his lips parted with an abortive attempt at a laugh (Fitzgerald, 1925)
(16) Her lip trembled, her face broke, and, snatching up the child (Lawrence, 1919)
(5)As in above three examples, “eyes” and “lip” represent the action of behavior as involving a human’s organ rather than the whole person Halliday (2000, p 93) argues that “this is a departure from the norm of language; it owes its effect, that of deconstructing the whole person as a potentially independent agent”
Parts of our body can be construed as Behaver in Vietnamese clauses It is reflective of that our organisms behave in our everyday physical actions and observable emotion associated with individuals For examples:
(18) Mặt lão co rúm lại (Nam Cao, 1957)
(19) Hắn vừa vừa tủm tỉm cười, hai mắt nhỏ tí, gà gà đắm vào bóng chiều (Kim Lân, 1962) (20) Hai mắt tư lự nhìn phía trước (Kim Lân, 1962)
Lexico-grammar and the semantic roles of Behaver are briefly illustrated in figure The next section provides a discussion of Range in English and Behavioral clauses (see Figure 1)
4.2 Range in English and Vietnamese
According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), there are six subtypes of Range namely: Scope, Behavior, Phenomenon, Verbiage, Attribute and Value. Generally speaking, Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) suggest that Range specifies the domain of the process and defines one of the two things:
Either it is a restatement or continuation of the process itself or It expresses the extent or “range” of the process
(6)4.2.1 Behavior in English and Vietnamese
BEHAVER + BEHAVIORAL PROCESS+ RANGE-BEHAVIOR
Behavior is always realized by noun phrases in both English and Vietnamese as in:
(21) Still she dreamed her young dream (Lawrence 1919)
(22) Nụ cười đong đưa, tung tẩy khóe mắt (Nguyễn Ngọc Tư 2011)
Behavioral clauses can contain a second participant in Behaver^Behavioral process^Range model That is a Range: a restatement of the process (Eggins, 2004, tr 218) This participant is labeled as the Behavior elaborating the process Halliday and Matthiessen (2004, p 204) argue that Behavior in behavioral clauses are analogous to the Scope of material clauses For examples:
(23) She sighed a sigh of ineffable satisfaction (Bronte, 1847)
(24) Yet her mouth gave a little grimace at the words (Lawrence, 1920)
(25) He caught little, short breaths (Lawrence, 1920)
These three clauses involve two participants “She”, “her mouth” and “he” are interpreted as Behaver while “a sigh of ineffable satisfaction”, “a little grimace” and “little, short breaths” are labeled as Range-Behavior It is noticeable that (23), (24) and (25) are conventional examples of “dummy processes” which can be semantically “mixed” into Range These processes are called “dumb” since the meanings of these processes don’t make any contributions to the meaning of the clause In other words, they are significant at syntactical ground but useless at semantic ground The meaning of the whole clause can be understood with these processes and they become “dumb” in meanings (Trinh et al, 2017)
For examples:
Sigh a sigh – sigh (v)
Give a grimace – grimace (v) Catch breaths – breathe (v) Smile a smile – smile (v)
Consider the following examples in Vietnamese:
(26) Một nụ cười khô đét nở cặp môi héo hắt Lan (Nguyễn Công Hoan, 1933)
(27) Bà lão thở nhẹ một dài (Kim Lân, 1962)
In these two above cases, “Một nụ cười khô đét”, “một dài” are represented in the role of behavior which can be either physiology or psychology like breathing, coughing, smiling, staring and others in situational context “Dummy processes” are still available in Vietnamese asin:
Thở – thở (v) Nở nụ cười – cười (v) Ném nhìn – nhìn (v) Trao nụ hôn – hôn (v) Trao ôm – ôm (v) Nhảy điệu nhảy – nhảy (v) Mơ giấc mơ – mơ (v)
It is worth noting that Behavior is a subcategory of range Behavior is either an agent or an object in English and Vietnamese behavioral clauses
(28) His shuddering became less (Lawrence, 1919) (29) His mouth closed, and a frown came on his face (Lawrence, 1919)
(30) Chị Tiên nở nụ cườitrên môi thắm (Thạch Lam, 2004)
(7)4.2.2 Phenomenon in English and Vietnamese
BEHAVER + MENTAL-BEHAVIORAL PROCESS+ RANGE-PHENOMENON
Like Behavior, phenomenon is also realized by noun phrases as in:
(31) She sat down on the ground near me, embraced her knees with her arms (Bronte, 1847) (32) Bà lão khẽ thở dài đứng lên, đăm đăm nhìn người đàn bà (Kim Lân, 1962)
(33) Xuân rơm rớm nước mắt (Nguyễn Công Hoan, 1933)
There is another participant which is not a restatement of process, but is interpreted as Phenomenon enhancing the process Phenomenon of our experince includes some entities such as person, creature, object, substance or abstraction Halliday and Matthiessen (2004, p 204) identify two types of phenomenon in mental clauses: Macrophenomenon which is an act and Metaphenomenon which is a fact But they argue that in: I am watching you (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004, p 251), “you” labelled is a participant, like the phenomenon of mental clauses Since this is restricted to “watch”, it can be interpreted as “phenomenon” In our study, it is suggested that Range-phenomenon are in existence in Behaver^Behavioral process^ range – phenomenon modal as in:
(34) I laughed at him as he said this ‘I am not an angel’ (Bronte, 1847) (35) We all looked at the subject again (Fitzgerald, 1925)
(36) He turned around and stared at the scene – his wife and Catherine scolding and consoling (Fitzgerald, 1925)
(37) Vợ thấy Chí Phèo thở mùi rượu (Nam Cao, 1957)
It can be seen that Range can often be preceded by a preposition in English and this causes some difficulties in analyzing clauses in a functional framework It remains to figure out whether an element of the clause is functioning as a participant or a circumstance Especially in English, there are a considerable numbers of phrasal verbs It definitely causes some trouble to decide whether to interpret a structure as process + circumstance or process + participant-range What is more comprehensive analysis of the following?
(38)
She sniffed, and sniffed at the bottle Or She sniffed, and sniffed at the bottle
Behaver Process behavioral Cir: location Behaver Process behavioral Range (Lawrence, 1919) (38)
He glanced at me and frowned slightly