Chien lupc co ban eua My de ddi phd vdl bien ddng gia dau la tu bao dam ngudn cung dau md thdng qua md rdng khai thae, san xuat nang lupng trong nudc (nhu khai thae than da. dau md, k[r]
(1)Thd giai: Van dd - Su kien T p p c h i C d n g s d n
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CHIEN LUOC
AN NINH NANG LU0NG DAU MO CUA MY
THULE
Trong vdng 10 nam tdi (2009 - 2019), My dukien chi 150 ti USD de thuc Men muc tieu, Id kich thich kinh te, gidm hieu ung nhd kinh vd an ninh ndng lugng Ve vdn de an ninh ndng lugng, trudc ddy, Chinh phu My chi quan tdm den cdc ngudn cung nhdm ddp iing nhu cdu ndng lugng trong nudc Song, Men nay, qudc gia ndy chd y nhieu hon den viec phdt trien ndng lugng tdi sinh, tiet kiem ndng lugng vd cudc chien chdng Men ddi hdu
TU Tdng thdng My B.6-ba-ma len nam quyen, nude My da ed mdt sd uu tien sira ddi ve chinh saeh, dd cd van de ve an ninh nang lupng, muc tieu nham bao dam nang lupng dde lap Theo dd, tu den nam 2019, My se xda bd dan sir phu thupc vao ngudn nang lupng nhap khau tucac nudc Trung Ddng Trong gdi kieh thieh kinh tl tri gia 787 ti USD (thang 2-2009), cd 50 ti USD su dung cho ke hoaeh phat trien va md rpng tai san xuat nang lirpng (nhiing khoan dau tu Idn bao gdm: 14 ti USD su dung cho du an tai tao nang lupng; 4,5 ti USD cho cai tao he thdng dien thdng minh; 6,4 ti USD eho du an lam sach nang lupng va ti USD de cai thien he thdng dien gia dinb)
1 - Phat trien nang Immg tai sinh
Chien lupc co ban eua My de ddi phd vdl bien ddng gia dau la tu bao dam ngudn cung dau md thdng qua md rdng khai thae, san xuat nang lupng nudc (nhu khai thae than da
dau md, tu nhien), cung nhu hinh mdt sd nganh san xuat nang lupng mdi tu hat nhan va cae ngudn nang lupng tai tao
La mdt nudc cd trii lupng dau md Idn, nhung trudc day tang cudng khai thae dau nudc it dupc My ap dung ehi phi khai thae cao hon so vdi gia nhap khau va chinh saeh bao ve mdi trudng Song, trudc dien bien gia dau nhap khau tang, viec khai thae dau nudc khdng nhung gdp phan bao dam dupe ngudn cung, ma cdn trd nen ed Ipd nhuan hon Nda dau nhung nam 80 the ky XX, dac biet la giai doan 1981
-1984, My da day manh khai thae cac md dau tren khap ca nude, ddng thdi vdi viee khai thae tu nhien dupc My eoi la ngudn nang lirpng tdt nhat de thay the dau md Den nam 1986, gia dau the gidi bat dau giam My ngimg tien hanh mdt sd du an tham dd va khai thae dau, khien cho sd lupng gieng khoan
(2)The gidi: Van de - Sii kien T p p c h l C d n g s d n
giam 47% Sau nam 1998, gia dau the gidi ed xu hudng tang trd lai, nhung quy md cda nganh san xuat van khong thay ddi Hien nay, nhu cau nhap khau dau md d My da tang len 60% so vdi mue 42%; eua nam 1990 Tong thdng My B 0-ba-ma da dl xuit khai thae dau a them lue dja nhu mdt hang loat cae bien phap nham giai quyet gia nang lupng leo thang
Mdt giai phap khae dtrpc Chinh phu My ap dung dd la khai thae than da Day la ngudn eung cap bao dam 15%) nhu cau nang lupng cho ntrdc My
Khai thae than de san xuat dien cd chi phi thap hon so vdi khai thae dau va khi, song lai lam sinh van de mdi tnrdng Chinh phu My da dau tu ngan sach eho nghien cdn cdng nghe mdi de ddt than lam dien Cudi nhirng nam 90 cda the ky XX, cdng nghe Id hod bing gdm nhan tao cho phep ddt than d nhiet dp tren 1.800°C, giam tdi da cac chat thai rIn va thai ed hai ddi vdi mdi tnrdng Hien nay, Bd Nang lupng My dang ehd tri cae du an nghien cdn cdng nghe ddt than sach nham tan dung nguon cung than da de thay the diu md san xuat dien van bao ve mdi trudng d muc dp hpp ly ve mat ehi phi
Ve ke hoaeh nang lupng hat nhan, nganh san xuat bat dau phat triln tu giu'a nhung nam 70 Trudc dd, cong nghe hat nhan d My mdi dupc ung dung phd bien linh vue quan su, edn linh vuc dan su, ehi dimg lai d eae boat ddng nghien edn va triln khai Khi hai ed soc dau md lien tiep xay nhimg nam 70, My da col nang lupng hat nhan la nguon nang lupng quan trpng thay thi cho dau md Nam 1975, My dira vao hoat ddng 54 nha may dien hat nhan va sd tang dan nhung nam tilp theo (95 nha may vao nam 1987; 112 nha may vao nam 1990) Khdng ehi tang sd lirpng, quy md eua mdi nha may eung dupe md rdng Nhd dd
neu nhu vao nam 1973, eae nha may dien hat nhan eua My mdi cung cap dupe khoang 100 ti kW/h, thi din nam 1978 la gin 300 ti kW/h, nam 1988 khoang 520 ti kW/h Viec phat trien nganh dien hat nhan kbdng don thuan la de san xuat dien, ma cdn la mdt bd phan eua chien lupc phat trien nang lirpng hat nhan nham bao ve an ninh qudc gia cda My Nam 2005, Bd Nang lupng My da thdng bao ndi long viee cap phep thiet ke va xay dung cae Id phan ung hat nhan mdi de san xuat dien Theo ke hoaeh, tir den nam 2020, My tiep tue tri san xuat dien tu nang lirpng hat nhan
Ngoai nganh san xuat nang lupng tu hat nhan, mdt sd nganh cdng nghiep mdi cung da ddi nhu nganh san xuat nang lupng tai tao tir nhiet mat trdi, dja nhiet, sinh hpc, sue gid Tuy nhien, cae nganh khdng cd dieu kien de phat trien su chdng ddi cda cac the lue tu ban cac nganh san xuat nang lupng tur than, dau, tu nhien va hat nhan va chi phi cao Chinh vl the, nang Itrting tii cac ngudn tai tao khdng dupc trien khai san xuit hang loat Ndi the khdng ed nghia la My khdng eoi trpng ngudn nang lupng Cae du an nghien euu san xuat nang lupng tai tao va eae san pham su dung nang lupng tai tao van dupe chinh quyln B.Clin-ton va ehinh quyen G.Bu-so xdc tien nhu nhung chuong trinh dai ban
Ben canh viee tim kiem cae ngudn nang lupng thay the, Chinh phd My da hudng tdi viec keu gpi eat giam muc tieu thu nang lupng nude Trong nam tai khda 2008, My da su dung tdi 14,5 ti USD dl dat muc tieu Viec thuc thi ke hoaeh kich thich mdi se thdc day nang cao hieu qua eho cac tien ich cdng cdng, eai thien dupc tinh thdng minh, dp tin eay va dp an toan cda mang ludi dien qui^c gia, ddng thdi nang cao hieu qua nang lupng dien tai sinh Bd Nang lupng My du tinh, din
(3)Thd gidd: V i n d§ - Su kien T p p c h i C d n g s d n
nam 2020 nhu eau dien trung binh se giam 15%, day se la mue tieu phin diu ke hoaeh tiet kiem nang lupng Din nam 2030, ngudi tieu dung se phai tilt kiem 130 ti USD eho chi phi nang lupng va eit giam ti tan cac-bon-nic thai
Tdng thdng B.O-ba-ma cdn ehd dpng dira mpt loat bien phap manh nhu: dau tu 80 ti USD cho cac chuong trinh san xuat nang lupng tai tao nham edn van nen kinh te von phu thupc nang ne vao nhien lieu chua cac-bon cda My; yeu eau cac cdng ty kinh doanh dien lire dang dua vao ngudn nguyen lieu hda thach phai thay the 1/4 san lupng dien tu ngudn nguyen lieu tai tao de cdn van mdi trudng dang suy thoai Chinh sach nang lupng mod cda Tdng thong B.6-ba-ma la den nam 2012, 10%o dien nang eua My phai dung tu ngudn nang lupng tai tao va phat triln nang lupng hat nhan dudi tien de an loan bao dam Hien nay, nang lupng dien hat nhan cua My chiem 10% lupng dien phi cac-bon
2 - Tiet kiem nang luong
San xuat dien, 6-td, va cdng nghiep hda dau la ba ngudn tieu thu dau md Idn nhat d My Vl the, viec dieu chinh co eau nganh de tiet kiem nang lupng tap trung ehd yeu d ba nganh
Tai CO eau nganh san xuat dien d My dupc tien hanh phu hpp vdi ehien lupe giam san xuat dien bang dau va tang san xuat dien bang cae ngudn nang lupng khae Do vay, san xuat dien bang tu nhien d My eang giu vj tri quan trpng Mdt phan vl My ed trii lupng tu nhien phong phd, gidp cho ngudn eung cd the dap dng gan nhu toan bp nhu eau nudc Phan khae vi day la dang nang lupng it gay d nhiem, nen it gap phan ddi cda cac nhdm boat ddng mdi trudng Theo danh gia cda Bd Nang lupng My, hau bet nhu eau tieu thu dien ming gia tang tai My
nhung nam gan day deu dupe dap dng bing dien san xuat tii tii nhien, tu diu mo la rat it
San xuat dien tu nang lupng hat nhan eung phat trien dang ke Nhieu bang d My e6 ty le san xuat dien nang bang nang lupng hat nhan chiem den hai phan ba nganh san xuit dien Tuy nhien, tam ly lo ngai sau su eo tai mpt sd nha may dien, nen cae du an xay dung mdi nha may dien nguyen tu d My bj dinb lai Nhiing cdng nghe nang lupng hat nhan an toan hon lien tue dupe nghien euu va ap dung d My da cho phep md rpng nang lue san xuat cda cac nha may da eo Tu nam 1998 den nay, san xuat dien bang nang lupng hat nhan tang rat manh
Ddi vdi nganh san xuat va su dung d-td, giua nhung nam 90, Chinh phd My da ban hanh sac lenh nham giam mue tieu thu xang dau Mdt Id, giam mue sudung nhien lieu tren mdi dau d-td xudng 20% vdng nam bang each nghien euu eai tien ddng co lan quy md xe Hai la, keu goi ngudi dan tang eudng su dung eae phuong tien cdng cpng thay the xe rieng Tuy nhien, kinh te My thdi gian va ngudn cung dau md dupe bao dam, gia dau d mue thap, nen eae sac lenh tren khdng dupe nganh san xuat d-td ehd trpng
(4)Thd gioi: Van de - Sii kien T a p c h l C d n g s ^ "
va may bay chiem 25%; phan cdn lai la boat ddng cdng nghiep va sudi am Vdi viee 17 trieu phuong tien dupe ban hang nam va mue dp di lai cao hon, xang eang dupc tieu dung nhieu hon Chinh vl the, viec nang cao uu the cua viec su dung nhien lieu ga eho xe hod se lam giam mue tieu thu dau md
Trong thdi gian tdi, d-td dung ca ddng co dien va ddng co xang se la su lua chpn tdt nhat dl tiet kiem mdt khdi lupng Idn nhien Heu xang Trong chien lupc nang lupng mdi, Tdng thdng B 6-ba-ma xac dinh thuong mai hda cac loai xe chay bang ddng co nap dien hdn hpp; thuc day md rdng quy md thuong mai nang lirpng tai sinh, dong thdi phat trien CO sd nen tang va nhien lieu sinh hpc Mdi nam ehinh phu se nang tieu chuan bieu suat kinh te xe hod len 4% Den nam 2015, se cd khoang trieu chiec xe hod chay bang ddng CO nap dien hdn hpp dupe su dung Ngoai ra, thang 8-2009, Tdng thdng B 6-ba-ma cdng bd gdi dau tu 2,4 ti USD cho chirong trinh phat trien nganh xe hod the he mdi chay dien Cung nhu nganh khai thae dau, nganh cdng nghiep hda dau cda My da ed nhiing "cu hich" thdi ky xay eae eu sdc dau md Ly la, chien lupc tu bao dam ngudn eung va dieu tiet gia dau, gia tu nhien cua Chinh phd My da khien eho gia eae ngudn nguyen lieu d My re hon so vdi the gidi Nganh cdng nghiep hda dau cda My dot nhien cd lpi the eanh tranh hon so vdi cdng nghiep hda dau cua cac nude khae, khien eho xuat khau cac san pham hda dau eua My tang len Tuy nhien, vl chi tan dung lpi the cd ngudn eung dau va gia re de dua vao ma md rdng san xuat, ehu khdng chu trpng t(5i tai co cau dang ke nao ve mat cdng nghe, nen tu nam 1982, gia dau the gidi bat dau giam lien tue, lpi the cda nganh cdng nghiep hda dau My mat di va bat lpi the ve cdng nghe so vdi cac nudc cdng nghiep khac trd nen rd ret
Cac san phim hda diu xuat khau cua My bat diu chiu su canh tranh khdc liet tir Nhat Ban Nganh cdng nghiep hda dau cua My, vi the, bat dau giam quy md san xuat, gian lao ddng va ngiing cac du an dau tu mdi sudt thdi ky nhiing nam 80 Trong nhihig nam 90 va cac nam gan day, quy md cua nganh tiep tue hi thu hep
3 - An ninh nang luong voi van de chdng bien doi hau
Ngay tu nam 1998, Bd Nang lupng My da de muc tieu ehien lupc phat trien nang lupng, dd la: Cai thien hieu suat cua he thdng nang lirpng song song vdi viec bao dam chien lupe mdi trudng, nang cao mirc an toan nang lirpng Bao dam viec cung ung hen tue nang lupng, kbdng phu thude vao su de dpa ngung cung cap nguyen heu nang lupng tii nudc ngoai hoae gap phai su cd ve ba tang van ehuyen Thdc day ap dung cac phuang thire mdi ve an loan nang lupng va bao ve thien nhien san xuat nang lirpng Tien hanh lien tue cae nghien euu khoa hpc va cdng nghe eo ban de lam chu cac ngudn nang lupng mdi, ngudn nang lupng sinh thai sach Phat trien hcrp tae qudc te thuong mai -kinh te va cdng nghe ve nhirng van de mang tinh toan cau an ninh nang lupng
Chinh quyen My coi an toan nang lupng la mdt nhiing uru tien quan trpng nhat an ninh qudc gia Viec xay dung ehien lupc va thuc hien chinh saeh nang lining qudc gia dupe Chinh phu My quan tam sat Ben eanh viec dau tu tnic tiep cho cac chucmg trinh nghien cun va phat trien khoa hpe -cdng nghe lien nganh cap lien bang, hang nam Chinh phu My edn thuc hien mdt phan dang ke dau tu eo ban true tiep hoae gian tiep eho khu vue nang lirpng tir ngan sach cua lien bang "; if:? r-'^ r
(5)The gidi: Van dd - Syr kien T p p c h i C d n g s d n
Mdt thuc tl tdn tai la sir phu thude cua My vao nhap khau nang lupng dau da tang tdi mue ky lue Nhap khau dau md chiem 55% tdng lupng tieu thu cua My so vdi nam 1990 Nhu eau nang lupng dupe xac dinh se tang khoang 32%; vao nam 2020, cao hon nhieu so vdi tdc dp tang du kien cua san xuat nang lupng nudc Cung voi tang nhap khau dau la su gia tang tinh de hi tdn thuong eua nen kinh te bdi nhiing bat dn ve gia ea, sir khan hiem va tinh trang ngung eung cap Vi vay, Chinh phu My da thuc hien nhiing budc di nham nang cao hieu suat va bao tdn nang lupng dau md, tang san xuat nudc de U-anh su phu thude vao dau md nhap khau Theo Bp Nang lupng My, mue dieh cda chien lupc la bao ve an ninh kinh te va qudc gia bang each thue day da dang hda viee eung cap, phan phdi day du nang lupng sach Khoa hpe - cdng nghe dupc coi la cdng cu co ban cua chinh sach
Mdt cdng nghe nang lupng sach khac la nang lupng hat nhan cung ddng vai trd dang ke qua trinh giam phat thai nha kinh, ddng thdi gdp phan lam phong phd them cae ngudn eung cap nang lupng ITnh vue san xuat dien va hy-drd Thdng qua cac chuong trlnh nang lupng hat nhan nam 2010 va cac he thdng nang luxrng hat nhan the he IV, Bd Nang lupng My dang md dudng eho viec xay dung cac nha may hat nhan tuong lai, ddng thdi tien hanh eae budc nhim giam tieu thu nang lupng va nang eao hieu suat nang lupng Trudc mat, tap trung vao cdng nghe san xuat d-td, khuyen khich phat triln cac loai d-td su dung nhien heu thay thi, phat triln cdng nghe nang cao hieu suit su dung nang lupng eho cae tda nha, cae nganh cdng nghiep tieu thu nhieu nang lupng va cac nha may dien
Vdi Nghj djnh thu Ky-d-td ve giam thai gay hieu dng nha kinh, Tdng thdng My
B.6-ba-ma dac biet quan tam tdi van de bien ddi hau Ngay birde chan vao Nha Trang, dng B 6-ba-ma da tuyen bd se trd lai cac cudc dam phan nham dat dupe mdt thda thuan qudc te cudi cung ve hau 6ng da cii dai dien cap cao mang theo thdng diep "Chung tdi se trd lai" tdi tham du cudc dam phan giu'a cac "cudng qudc thai" cua Lien hpp qudc Dd la vdng dam phan mdi nhat nd lire dua mdt thda thuan cudi cung ve kiem soat thai CO, va cac khac la nguyen nhan lam Trai Dat am len Tdng thdng B 6-ba-ma eung da mdi dai dien 16 qudc gia cung tham gia "Dien dan Kinh te Idn ve nang lupng", td chuc tai Oa-sinh-ton (My, thang 4-2009); tich cue ehuan bj cho Hdi nghj thupng dinb cda Lien hpp qudc ve bien ddi hau trai dat dupc td chuc tai phd Cd-pen-ha-gen (Dan Maeh) vao thang 12 tdi nham soan thao Nghj djnh thu mdd se thay the Nghj djnh thu Ky-d-td