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Dùng Ving (present particple ) rút gọn khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở câu chủ động: bỏ who(m), which,whose that và đổi V về dạng nguyên mẫu thêm ING.. Ex: The people who are wa[r]
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REVIEW Unit 9-Unit 16 ENGLISH 11 ( The 2nd semester ) A Grammar:
I. Defining relative clause and non-defining relative clause:
1. Defining relative clause: (Mệnh đề quan hệ hạn chê): dùng WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH ,THAT Who (person_ + V Whom(person) + V Whose (sở hữu) +N Which (thing) That (thay cho who, whom, which)
Ex: The man is my brother He is standing overthere (who) The man who/that is standing overthere is my brother. That is the book I like it best (which) That is the book which/that I like best.
2. Non-defining relative clause: ( Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn chê) - có dấu phảy ngăn cách mệnh đề
- Không dùng THAT
- Ta dùng WHO, WHOM, WHICH, WHOSE
* Dầu hiệu nhận dạng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn chê Danh từ tên riêng: Mr Tan, My teacher, Mary…………
Ex: Mr John is teaching at this school He is a world population expert
Mr John, who is a world population expert, is teaching at this school
3. Có sỡ hữu tính từ (MY,YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, OUR, THEIR) đứng trước danh từ.
Ex: My father is willing to help you You can rely on him My father, whom you can rely on, is willing to help you. Có THIS,THAT, THESE, THOSE đứng trước danh từ:
Ex: That man is Mr Pike You saw him yesterday That man,whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike 4. THAT dùng trường hợp sau:
a Thay Who/ Whom/ Which mệnh đề quan hệ hạn chế b Sau so sánh dùng THAT:
Ex: She is the most warm-heated woman that I have met
Sau danh từ có từ ONLY, ALL, ANYTHING, THE FIRST, THE SECOND,THE LAST…… Ex: Tom is the only man that can help you
c. khi danh từ bao gồm PEOPLE+THING ,ta dùng THAT: EX: I see people and cattle that go down town
I Omission of relative pronouns: Ta bỏ WHOM, WHICH, THAT câu làm chức tân ngữ.
Ex: I like the diamond ring Mary is wearing it I like the diamond ring (which/that ) Mary is wearing. I don’t like the man We met him this morning I don’t like the man (whom/that) we met this morning
The flight was fully booked I wanted to travel on it The flight ( which/that ) I wanted to travel on was fully booked II. Relative pronouns with prepositions: ( đại từ quan hệ có giới từ theo sau)
- nối câu đại từ quan hệ WHOM WHICH Sau đảo giới từ (đứng sau động từ) đặt trước WHOM WHICH EX: She is the woman I told you about her (whom)……… (không đảo giới từ) ……….(đảo giới từ) ………
The song was interesting We listened to it last night (which)
……… (không đảo giới từ) ……… (đảo giới từ)
- Ta không đảo giới từ trước Ex: This is the book which I'm looking for
That is the child whom you have to look after
III. Reduced relative clauses: (Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ)
1 Dùng Ving (present particple) rút gọn động từ mệnh đề quan hệ câu chủ động: bỏ who(m), which,whose that đổi V dạng nguyên mẫu thêm ING
Ex: The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet The people waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet
Do you know the woman who is coming toward us? Do you know the woman coming toward us?. The man who spoke to Jim is my unlce The man speaking to Jim is my unlce.
2 Dùng V3/VED (past participle) rút gọn động từ mệnh đề quan hệ câu bị động (BE+V3/Ed) : Bỏ who(m), which,whose that BE sau ghi lại V3/ED
Ex: The Sport Games which were held in India in 1951 were the first Asian Games The Sport Games held in India in 1951 were the first Asian Games
(2)2 Dùng TO INFINITIVE rút gon mệnh đề quan hệ có từ THE FIRST THE SECOND THE LAST THE ONLY ……đứng trước danh từ Ta bỏ who(m), which,whose that đổi động từ dạng nguyên mẫu thêm TO
Ex: Yuri Gagarin was the first man who flew in to space ……… The last person who leaves the room must turn off the light
……… The is the second person that was killed in that way
……… IV. CLEFT SENTENCES:
1 nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ( Suject focus): It+is/was + NOUN (Subject) + Who/ that + V EX: The boys played football all day It ………
The dog barked at the stranger It ………
2 nhấn mạnh tân ngữ: ACTIVE: It is/ was + NOUN (Object) + that + S +V
Passive : It is/was + Noun + that + S +be+V3/Ved (by+O) EX: Hoa borrowed the book from Long It was ……… (active) The man is learning English It ……… (passive) Nhấn mạnh trạng từ : (Adverbial focus) It is/ was + Adv + That + S +V +O
Ex: He met his wife in Britain It ……… V. TAG QUESTIONS:
1 Nếu động từ câu phát biểu khẵng đỉnh động từ tag question phủ định ngược lại
Ex: The meeting started at 8.00 am., didn’t it.? Ha Noi is very beautiful, isn’t it? She was robbed, wasn’t she?.
She didn’t receive my letter, did she? Peter can speak languages, can’t he?. 2. câu hỏi đuôi đặc biệt :
let’s ………, shall we? I am ………., aren’t I? This/that ………, ………it? These/ those … , ……….they?. everything, nothing ,something …………., …… IT ? everybody, noone, some one ……… , ………….they? please + V1 (mệnh lệnh) … , will you? Nobody(one), nothing, + V (Khẳng định), V (Khẳng định)? S + V + never/ hardly/ rarely, no longer …, V (khẳng định)
VI. REPORTED SPEECH IN PASSIVE VOICE ( câu tường thuật dang bị động)
Say (said), think (thought), believe (believed), want(wanted) report (reported) , expect (expected)……… S + V (tường thuật) that + S + V + O
Cách : It +BE + V3Ved that + S + V + O
Cách 2: S +BE (chia theo câu đề) + V3/Ved + TO infinitive ……… ( động từ sau that tại)
+ TO HAVE +V3Ved … ( động từ sau that khứ) Ex: People say that those dogs are dangerous
It is said that ………
Those dogs are said ……… Ex2: It is said that he speaks English very well
He is ………
VII. CONJUNCTIONS: both ….and, not only ….but also, either ….or, neither ….nor Both ….and : đông từ hình thức số nhiều
2 Not only ………… but also: đông từ hợp theo chủ ngữ sau but also
3 either ….or neither ……… nor : đông từ hợp theo chủ ngữ sau OR / NOR Neither + NOUN + nor + NOUN + VERB : động từ ln hình thức khẳng định
Ex: Jim is on holiday and so is Carol Both ……… They were tired and they were hungry (not only… but also)
……… Jim hasn’t got a car Tan hasn’t got a car, either
Neither ……… We can leave today or we can leave tomorrow (either… or)
(3)EXERCISES
I Combine The Sentences, Using Both…… And, Either……Or, Nether… Nor, Not Only…But Also 1.Ron enjoys horseback riding Bob enjoys horseback riding (not only……but also)
……… I like tennis My husband likes tennis, too ( both……… and)
You can choose the red shirt or the blue one (either…or)
……… 4.They don’t like Paris They don’t like London either.(neither…nor)
……… 5.The show is enjoyable It is also educational (both and)
………
6.In this course students learn how to save time when drafting papers They also learn how to edit their work (both and) ………
7.Mary is not lazy She is not disobedient (neither nor) ……… This store sells hand-crafted ornaments It also sells jewels (not only but also)
………
9 My father doesn’t drink coca-cola He doesn’t drink beer either (neither…nor) ………
10.If you don’t go, your brother has to go (either…or) ……… II TAG QUESTIONS:
1.He hardly ever makes a mistake, ? 11.Let's go out for dinner tonight, ?
2.She'd save money if she bought fresh food, ?
3.She's very' funny She's got a great sense of humour, ? 12.That isn't Bill driving, ? 4.The area was evacuated at once, ? 13 Don't touch that button, .? 5.Mr Smith usually remembered his wife's birthdays, ? 14 I'm too late, ?
6.Nobody liked the play, ? 15.Nothing went wrong, ? 7.Neither of them offered to help you, ? 8.There'll be plenty for everyone, ? 16.He never works very well, ? 10.This won't take long, ?
9 There used to be trees here, ? 17.He ought to have made a note of it, ?
III.RELATIVE CLAUSES: a.Choose the best answer
1 The man hat blew off in the wind chased it across the park
A his B who C whose D that
2 The building whose walls are made of glass is the place I work
A which B where C that D what
3 The movie we are talking about is fantastic
A which B that C Ø D A, B, or C
4 The little girl I borrowed this pen has gone
A whose B from who C from that D from whom The boy the piano is my son
A who is playing B that is playing C playing D A, b, or C She gives her children everything they want
A that B who C whom D what
7 Why you always disagree with everything I say?
A who B which C when D what
8 This is an awful film It is the worst I have never seen
A who B that C what D whom
9 The hotel we stayed was not clean
A who B that C where D when
11 What was the name of the people car had broken down
A which B who C whom D whose
12 I recently went back to the town I was born
A what B where C who D which
15 The painting sun Flower, ………painted by Van Gogh, was stolen many times
A which is B which was C that is D Ø 16 ……….was a French Emperor, fought his final battle in Waterloo
A Napoleon Bonaparte who C Napoleon Bonaparte, that B Napoleon Bonaparte, who D Napoleon Bonaparte, whose b Combine each pair of sentences
1 The woman is my mother She understands me best
What was the name of the boy? You borrowed these books from him
I’ll introduce you to the man His support for the project is essential
The dam is nearly empty We receive our water supply from it
(4)5 Disney World is a famous amusement park It is located in Orlando, Florida, USA, and covers a large area of land
6 Dr Oley is our family’s dentist He is a popular dentist in the city
Romeo and Juliet were lovers Their parents hated each other
This is Mrs Jones Her son won the championship last year
Charlie Chaplin died in 1977 His films amused millions of people in the world
10 It is the important matter We are interested in it ……… IV REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSE : Ving, To infinitive, Ved/ V3
1 Maxicorp were the only company which replied my letter
……… Do you the man who is talking to my father ?
……… Applications which were sent after 23rd will not be considered. ……… George is the first person that we will interview
……… Meetings which are held every month are called monthly meetings
………
.6The most excellent students who were rewarded the scholarship would have a two-week holiday in VungTau 7.………
8 English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
……… The books that are on that shelf is mine
……… III. CLEFT SENTENCES:
1.Mike took Sally to the party on Saturday It ……… 2.The boys are taking Sandy to the match………
3.The Second World War ended on May 1945 in Europe……… 4 Sahra pay for the wedding ring ……… (active)
………(passive) IV. WAS/ WERE ABLE TO/ COULD.
NOTE: Was /were able to /could : diễn tả khả chung khứ was/ were able to cịn diển tả nỗ lực thành cơng khứ
1 Valuables can / are able to be left in the hotel safe Please ask at the reception desk We could / were able to finish the football match before it started snowing too heavy The rebels could / were able to draw on the support of over 20,000 soldiers
4 Could you / Were you able to understand Professor Larsen's lecture? I found it really difficult 5.' Do you want a game?' 'Sorry, I can't / 'm not able to play chess
6 Look at me, I can / 'm able to ride my bike without any help
7 When the fire officers arrived they could / were able to put out the flames in a couple of minutes The air was so polluted in the city center, I could hardly / was hardly able to breathe
9 I knew John had been smoking I could / was able to smell the cigarettes when I came into the room 10 Can you / Are you able to drive without your glasses?
V. PASSIVE
1 People say that the driver was listening to his walkman at the time of the crash
The driver ……… People believe that the Prime Minister will resign tomorrow
The Prime Minister ……… 3.The police think that the burglar got in through the bathroom window
The burglar is ……… 4.People know that he is armed He ……… It is believed that the man was killed by terrorists
The man ……… 6.People think that the company is planning a new advertising campaign
The company ………
It is ………
7.Everybody believed that the plan would fail It was ………
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