Routledge handbook of the study of the commons

ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF THE STUDY OF THE COMMONS The “commons” has come to mean many things to many people, and the term is often used inconsistently The study of the commons has expanded dramatically since Garrett Hardin’s The Tragedy of the Commons (1968) popularized the dilemma faced by users of common pool resources This comprehensive Handbook serves as a unique synthesis and resource for understanding how analytical frameworks developed within the literature assist in understanding the nature and management of commons resources Such frameworks include those related to Institutional Analysis and Development, Social-Ecological Systems, and Polycentricity, among others The book aggregates and analyses these frameworks to lay a foundation for exploring how they apply according to scholars across a wide range of disciplines It includes an exploration of the unique problems arising in different disciplines of commons study, including natural resources (forests, oceans, water, energy, ecosystems, etc.), economics, law, governance, the humanities, and intellectual property It shows how the analytical frameworks discussed early in the book facilitate interdisciplinarity within commons scholarship This interdisciplinary approach within the context of analytical frameworks helps facilitate a more complete understanding of the similarities and differences faced by commons resource users and managers, the usefulness of the commons lens as an analytical tool for studying resource management problems, and the best mechanisms by which to formulate policies aimed at addressing such problems Blake Hudson is a Professor of Law at the University of Houston Law Center, Houston, Texas, USA Jonathan Rosenbloom is a Professor of Law at Drake University Law School, Des Moines, Iowa, USA Dan Cole is a Professor of Law at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA, with a joint appointment in the School of Law and in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF THE STUDY OF THE COMMONS Edited by Blake Hudson, Jonathan Rosenbloom and Dan Cole First published 2019 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business  2019 selection and editorial matter, Blake Hudson, Jonathan Rosenbloom and Dan Cole; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Blake Hudson, Jonathan Rosenbloom and Dan Cole to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 With the exception of Chapter 26, no part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Chapter 26 of this book is available for free in PDF format as Open Access from the individual product page at www.routledge.com It has been made available under a Creative Commons AttributionNon Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hudson, Blake, editor | Rosenbloom, Jonathan D., editor | Cole, Daniel G (Daniel Gerard), editor Title: Routledge handbook of the study of the commons / edited by Blake Hudson, Jonathan Rosenbloom and Dan Cole Other titles: Handbook of the study of the commons Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2018037489 (print) | LCCN 2018048086 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315162782 (eBook) | ISBN 9781138060906 (hbk) | ISBN 9781315162782 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Common heritage of mankind (International law) | Global commons | Commons Classification: LCC KZ1322 (ebook) | LCC KZ1322 R68 2019 (print) | DDC 341—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018037489 ISBN: 978-1-138-06090-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-16278-2 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK CONTENTS List of figures List of tables List of contributors ix xi xii   Introduction: commons analytical frameworks and case studies Blake Hudson, Jonathan Rosenbloom and Dan Cole PART I Theoretical frameworks and alternative lenses for analyzing commons   Bridging analytical frameworks and disciplines to which they apply Konrad Hagedorn, Philipp Grundmann and Andreas Thiel   Using the Ostrom Workshop frameworks to study the commons Michael Cox 27  4 Polycentricity Josephine van Zeben 38   Connecting commons and the IAD framework Michael D McGinnis 50   Anticommons theory Michael Heller 63 v Contents   Knowledge commons Michael J Madison, Brett M Frischmann and Katherine J Strandburg 76   Commons storytelling: tragedies, comedies, and tragicomedies Brigham Daniels 91   Common-pool resource appropriation and conservation: lessons from experimental economics Esther Blanco and James M Walker 10 Humanistic rational choice: understanding the fundamental motivations that drive self-organization and cooperation in commons dilemmas Daniel A DeCaro PART II 106 117 Commons interdisciplinary case studies 133 11 The US public lands as commons Bruce Huber 135 12 Water commons: a critical appreciation and revisionist view Eduardo Araral, Maitreyee Mukherjee, Faye Victoria Sit Ying Qi and Serik Orazgaliyev 144 13 Commons analysis and ocean fisheries Bonnie J McCay 157 14 Coastal commons as social-ecological systems Achim Schlüter, Stefan Partelow, Luz Elba Torres-Guevara and Tim C Jennerjahn 170 15 Climate as a commons Jouni Paavola 188 16 Governing wildlife commons: wild boars, wolves, and red kites Christian Schleyer, Nina Hagemann and Katharina Rauchenecker 17 Ecosystem services as commons? Tatiana Kluvankova, Stanislava Brnkalakova, Veronika Gezik and Michal Maco vi 198 208 Contents 18 Urban commons of the Global South: using multiple frames to illuminate complexity Seema Mundoli, Hita Unnikrishnan and Harini Nagendra 220 19 Ostrom in the city: design principles and practices for the urban commons Sheila R Foster and Christian Iaione 235 20 Infrastructure and its governance: the British Broadcasting Corporation case study Brett Frischmann 256 21 Medical information commons Mary Anderlik Majumder, Peter D Zuk and Amy L McGuire 22 Ethical standards for unconsented data access to build genomic and other medical information commons Barbara J Evans 23 Technology dependent commons Nina Wormbs 281 294 308 24 From historical institution to pars pro toto: the commons and their revival in historical perspective Tine De Moor 319 25 Customary authority and commons governance Frank Matose, Phil René Oyono and James Murombedzi 334 26 The role of pseudo-commons in post-socialist countries Insa Theesfeld 345 27 Facilitated self-governance of the commons: on the roles of civil society organizations in the governance of shared resource systems Frank van Laerhoven and Clare Barnes 28 Commons, indigenous rights, and governance Iliana Monterroso, Peter Cronkleton and Anne M Larson 29 Globalization, local commons, and the multiscale ecosystem framework (MEF) Timothy O Randhir vii 360 376 392 Contents PART III A global context 399 30 Bigger issues in a smaller world: the future of the commons Cheryl Chan, Fatima Noor Khan and Sajida Awan 401 31 Protecting the global commons: the politics of planetary boundaries Oran R Young and Falk Schmidt 412 Index 425 viii FIGURES   2.1 Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework   2.2 Revised SES Framework with multiple first-tier components   2.3 Institutions of sustainability   3.1 Model of the scientific process   3.2 A combined representation of the two frameworks   5.1 Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework   6.1 The standard solution to commons tragedy   6.2 Revealing the hidden half of the ownership spectrum   6.3 Ordinary use as the end point   6.4 The trilogy of ownership   6.5 The familiar split in ownership   6.6 The new spectrum of use   6.7 Goldilocks’ quest for the optimum   6.8 An ownership puzzle   6.9 The full spectrum of ownership   6.10 The full spectrum of property, revealed   6.11 Value symmetry in an anticommons and a commons   6.12 Substitutes versus complements 10.1 Framework for Humanistic Rational Choice Theory 14.1 Resource systems at the coastal interface 14.2 Diversity of characteristics of resource systems 14.3 Diversity of characteristics of the governance system 14.4 Diversity of characteristics of the resource units 14.5 Diversity of characteristics of actors involved 14.6 Coastal interdependencies: links and missing links 20.1 Infrastructure 20.2 Infrastructure optimized for market demand 20.3 Infrastructure with commons management 20.4 BBC infrastructure with commons management 23.1 Spectrum chart from the Swedish Post and Telecom Authority (PTS) 24.1 Micro-perspective: how to achieve resilience on the commons? ix 11 12 13 29 30 53 64 64 65 66 66 67 67 68 68 69 70 70 121 173 175 177 179 180 183 260 261 262 264 313 327 Index 342; genomic data 281, 294–307; global 148–149, 330, 401–404, 406, 407–410, 412–413; historical perspective 319–333; IAD framework 50, 55; indigenous peoples 376–391; infrastructure 258–263; knowledge 52, 76–90, 290, 404, 405, 406–407; medical information 281–293, 294–307; multiscale ecosystem framework 392–397; new 77, 237, 321, 401, 402, 404–410; oceans 157, 165; pseudo-commons 346, 347, 348–357; public lands as 135–143; resource management 345–346; storytelling 91–105; technology dependent 308–318; urban 220–234, 235–255; water 144–156; wildlife 198–207; see also common pool resources; open access commons; “tragedy of the commons” “commons buy-outs” 248 communication: cooperation 119, 122, 125, 126–127, 128; digital tools 249–250; group cohesion 151 community 162, 361 community attributes 11, 24, 30, 52–53, 58 community-based commons management 28, 60, 154, 162, 164, 211–212, 361–362 community-based organizations (CBOs) 362 community empowerment 214 community institutions 183, 365, 367–368, 369, 370, 371 Community Interest Companies (CICs) 248–249 community land trusts (CLTs) 245, 246–247 community networks 251–252 competence 120–121, 127, 128 competition 44, 45, 117, 150 complexity 408, 409, 410 conflict: Africa 339; ecosystem services 229; environmental governance 189; human-wildlife 198, 199, 201, 202, 203–204; indigenous peoples 381, 383, 384; intangibility of commons 407; urban commons 224, 239; US public lands 138; water commons 144, 145, 148 conflict resolution 42, 57, 238, 288; Californian Gold Rush 137; ecosystem services 213; medical information commons 289; polycentricity 44, 45, 60; procedural justice 291n12; see also dispute resolution congestion 99, 171, 237 connectivity 249, 251–252 consent 286–287, 295–298; unconsented data use 294–295, 297, 298–305 conservation 21, 23–24, 110; coastal commons 172; conservation areas 382–383; easements 73; ecosystem services 210; externalities 107, 113; indigenous rights 385; Lion Guardians model 215; protected areas 404, 405; regulation 117; rhinoceros populations 395; US public lands 137; wildlife 203 constitutional choice 53–54, 176 content 257–258, 266, 267–270, 275, 276, 278 Contreras, Jorge 288, 291n5 conversion 21, 223, 229 Cook-Deegan, Robert 79 cooperation 15, 68, 102, 117–128, 236; Californian Gold Rush 137; coastal commons 176; communication 126–127; conservation of public goods 110; design principles 238; enforcement 122–124, 125–126; experimental economics 107, 108, 112; fairness 290; group size 151; historical perspective 321–322, 330; knowledge commons 87; pseudo-commons 357; urban commons 240; water commons 144–145, 146, 149, 151–153; wealth distribution 152–153; see also collective action; self-governance; self-organization cooperatives 248, 249, 329, 331n9; historical perspective 322–323; housing 244–245; postsocialist countries 349, 357; principles 357n2 copyright 74, 77, 78, 81–82, 271 Cote d’Ivoire 341 Cournot, Antoine-Augustin 70, 71 Cox, Michael 27–37, 364 CPRs see common pool resources creative industries 272–273 credible commitments and threats 101–102 Critical Institutionalism (CI) 363, 365–366, 371 Cronkleton, Peter 376–391 Cronon, W 222 crowdfunding 247–248 crowding 95 CSI see Cement Sustainability Initiative CSOs see civil society organizations cultural commons 76, 404, 405, 407 cultural ecosystem services 208, 223, 224, 228–229, 231 culture 203–204, 223, 377, 410 customary authority 334–344 customary rules 378–379, 385 Czech Republic 350 dangerous anthropogenic interference (DAI) 414–415 Daniels, Brigham 91–105 Dannenberg, A 110 data 29, 34 data protection 300, 303 data sharing 282, 283–284, 286, 288; genomic data commons 294–295; transparency 303–304; unconsented 294–295, 297, 298–305 data transparency 298, 299, 303–304 De Moor, Tine 319–333, 408 De Tocqueville, A 40 DeCaro, Daniel A 117–131 decentralization 284, 338–339, 345, 354, 362 decision making 17, 19, 30, 326; autonomy 364; BBC 266, 268; ecosystem services 210; 428 Index equity 396; fragmented 64; IAD framework 60; indigenous peoples 384; polycentricity 39, 43, 44, 45, 50, 60; rational choice theory 117; rights 382; SES framework 32; shared 117, 118, 119, 122–126, 128 Dedeurwaerdere, Tom 79 deforestation 208, 396 degradation 106, 107, 109–110, 208 DeHousse, R 46 Del Mar Delgado-Serrano, M 173 demand 260–261, 262; access rules 326; BBC 263, 267; infrastructure 259 democracy 40–41, 128, 362; participatory 124–125; transparency as 303 democratic equality 289 Democratic Republic of Congo 340, 341 Demsetz, Harold 64 Denmark 242 Denzau, A T 175 design principles 28, 42, 80, 93, 164, 355, 364; ecosystem services 211; IAD framework 56–58, 61; urban commons 236–237, 238, 239–252 despotism 334, 338 determinism 314 Detroit 251 developing countries: atmospheric sinks 190, 191; carbon dioxide emissions 416; community governance 363; historical perspective 319; lifestyles 420–421; wildlife 198; see also Global South Di Falco, S 111–112 Dickinson, D L 110 Dietz, Thomas 282, 284 digital technologies 240, 249–250, 277, 405 disasters 190 Disco, Neil 315–316 Disneyland 96–97 dispute resolution 60, 82, 101, 238, 340; see also conflict resolution droughts 149, 190, 196 drug patents 71 Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative (DSNI) 246–247 Easter, K W 152 EBM see Ecosystem Based Management ecology, urban 223, 230 economic growth 18 economic value 69–70, 178, 179, 269, 272, 278, 347 economics: anticommons theory 69–71; experimental 106–116; fisheries 159; focus on the individual 162; infrastructure 258; institutional 18; market-oriented solutions 165; new institutional 188 economies 190 economies of scale 151 Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) 172 ecosystem services 109, 111, 113, 170, 208–219; Sampangi Lake 226, 227; urban commons 223, 224, 225, 228–229, 230–231; wildlife 199, 201 ecosystems: climate change impact on 196; coastal commons 172, 183; conservation 23–24; degradation 107; Institutions of Sustainability framework 14; multiscale ecosystem framework 392–397; protection of 232; resilience 208, 209; urban 221 Ecuador 380, 384 education: BBC 277; wildlife management 204 efficiency 40, 41, 46, 47n2, 327, 396 Eichenberger, R 45 Eikeland, S 355 Eisenberg, Rebecca 71 electricity 259 Ellet, Charles 70 enclosures 220, 319–320, 406 endangered species 137, 202, 402, 416 energy 72, 140, 191; Germany 423n7; “nexus governance” 420; renewable 203, 251–252, 419, 423n6 enforcement 42, 117–118, 119, 122–126, 128, 282; atmospheric sinks 189; Central Europe 348; coastal commons 170, 177; NEPA 137; polycentricity 45; urban commons 228; US public lands 140; water commons 145, 146; see also sanctions Engel, C 111 Engels, Friedrich 346–347 Enkvist, P.-A 194 environmental history 222–223, 230 equity 178, 232, 327, 328–329, 396, 421 ethics: medical information commons 287; unconsented data use 295, 299, 300–301, 302 Ethiopia 111–112, 339 Europe: broadcasting 311, 312; Central and Eastern 348–349, 351–352, 357; climate change 195; collaborative housing 244; collective action 322; forest commons 211, 212, 214; historical perspective 320–321, 328, 330; lifestyles 420–421; mesh networks 251; wildlife 198, 199, 200–201, 202, 203, 204–205 European Union (EU): carbon dioxide emissions 419; digital platforms 250; General Data Protection Regulation 303; polycentricity 45, 46; post-socialist countries 349, 351; social impact investing 248; wireless networks 251 eutrophication 171, 179 Evans, Barbara 285, 288, 291n5, 294–307 excludability 107, 144, 345, 347; atmospheric sinks 189; ecosystem services 170; genetic commons 406; Grotius’ ideas 402; intangibility of commons 407, 409, 410; low cost exclusion 257–258; new commons 404, 405, 406; Ostrom’s work 147–148; water commons 146; see also non-excludability 429 Index experimental economics 106–116 experimentalism 240 externalities 18–19, 106–107, 108–110, 113, 179, 208; climate change 412–413; coastal commons 174, 176, 177; insiders-outsiders 111; intellectual resources 279n7; positive 269, 283; wildlife 199 extinction of species 416 Frenken, Koen 331n9 Frey, B 45 Frischmann, Brett M 51–52, 76–90, 237, 256–280, 283, 285, 291n10 Frohlich, N 151 Fujie, M 150–151 full exclusion 69 functional, overlapping, and competing jurisdictions (FOCJ) 45–46 Facebook 276, 277 facilitated self-governance 361, 363–368, 370–371 Faden, Ruth 299 fairness 117, 128, 137, 286, 289, 290, 421 Falk, A 151 Faroe Islands 166n3 federalism 41, 43 Feiring, B 380 Fennell, L A 64, 237 Fernandez, J W 223 financial capital 265, 274, 369 fish species 174, 178–179, 180, 182 fisheries 23, 51, 95, 144, 146, 157–169; coastal commons 170–171, 173, 175, 179–180, 181; governance 177; Institutions of Sustainability framework 13; Ostrom’s work 147–148; sustainable 80 fishing 63–64, 68, 74, 112, 224, 315 Fleischman, F 33 floods 149, 190, 196, 325 FOCJ see functional, overlapping, and competing jurisdictions Folke, C 211 food 21, 420 forestry 10, 18, 23, 144; carbon 211, 214; coastal commons 180; conservation policies 210; governance 177; Institutions of Sustainability framework 13; International Forestry Institutions project 34; Mount Kilimanjaro 395; Ostrom’s work 147; pseudo-commons 354–356; sustainable 80; US public lands 140–141 forests: Africa 339; boundaries 174; coastal commons 173; customary rights 342; ecosystem services 211, 212–214, 216; impact of technological development on 308; indigenous peoples 376–377, 382, 383–384, 385, 386; model 356, 358n8; pseudo-commons 350, 354–356; wooded groves in Bengaluru 228–229 Foster, Sheila R 231, 235–255 framing 18 France: broadcasting 312; cooperatives 249; historical perspective 321; neighborhood agencies 243; wildlife 200, 203 Frank, R M 100 free riding 51, 59–60, 101, 326; customary authority 334; knowledge commons 78, 81; medical information commons 288; water commons 144, 145, 146 GA4GH see Global Alliance for Genomics and Health Gabon 341 game theory 29, 31, 91; anticommons theory 70; experimental economics 107, 108, 113; fisheries 159; water commons 145 Gangadharan, L 110 García-López, G 154 Gardner, Roy 108, 150 genetic commons 405, 406 genetic testing 296 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 15 genomic data commons 281, 294–307 Germany: broadcasting 312; collaborative housing 245; collective action 322; energy 423n7; greenhouse gas emissions 193; historical perspective 322; Miethauser Syndicat model 248; wildlife 200–204; wireless networks 251 Gezik, Veronika 208–219 Ghana 341 Ghent 241 GHGs see greenhouse gases Gibson, C 33, 151 Glazyrina, I 355, 356 Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) 285, 287 global commons 148–149, 330, 401–404, 406, 407–410, 412–413 global governance 401, 404, 408–409, 410 Global South 220, 221, 230, 231, 363, 421; see also developing countries globalization 191, 211, 310 GMOs see Genetically Modified Organisms Gneezy, U 112 “good governance” 46 Gordon, H Scott 95, 108 governance 7, 59–60, 77; adaptive 284, 289, 291n7; analytical frameworks 8; BBC 257, 263, 265, 266, 274, 277, 278; centralized 345; climate 190–195; coastal commons 170, 171–173, 175–177, 182, 183; collaborative districts 242–243; colonial 336–337; community 362–363; cooperation 117, 122, 123, 128; customary authority 334–335, 337–338, 339, 340–342; definition of 60, 188, 189; democratic 118; Earth system 412; ecosystem services 208–209, 210, 216; environmental regulation 430 Index 10; equity 328; fisheries 164; global 401, 404, 408–409, 410; heterogeneity of structures 16; historical perspective 324, 326, 330; indigenous commons 377, 381, 385, 386; infrastructure 258, 261–262; Institutions of Sustainability framework 13; intangibility of commons 407; knowledge commons 78, 82, 84, 85, 86–87, 88; medical information commons 284, 285, 286, 288–290; multi-level 45, 46; multiscale ecosystem framework 395, 396; new commons 406–407; new institutionalism 188; nexus 420; planetary boundaries 413; polycentricity 38–42, 46–47, 50–51, 60–61, 83, 189, 192, 228, 232; Russian forestry 356; self-other merging 121; SES framework 12–13, 30, 58; shared 80; transboundary nature of commons 407–408; urban commons 221–222, 224, 228, 231–232, 236, 238–240, 252; US public lands 140; water commons 149, 150; wildlife 203–204; see also regulation; rules Governing the Commons (Ostrom, 1990) 28, 50–51, 56, 60, 68, 93, 108, 144 government intervention 262, 268; see also state government organizations 175–176, 177 Granby Four Streets CLT 247 grazing 51, 161, 165n1, 325; IAD framework 11, 59; individual decision making 15; multiple use resources 98–99; resource management 346; “tragedy of the commons” 59, 92, 345; urban commons 224; US public lands 137–138, 140; see also livestock Greece 251 “green economy” 421 “Green Sectors” 10, 13, 15, 23 greenhouse gases (GHGs) 99, 195, 412–413, 423n1; atmospheric sinks 189–192; Cities for Climate Protection 193, 194; emissions reductions 421, 422, 424n9; planetary boundaries 414, 415, 418; see also carbon dioxide Grossman, Robert 290n1 Grotius, Hugo 157, 402, 403, 404 group access 66, 68, 69, 73 group exclusion 69 group merging 120–121, 123, 126, 127 group size 150–151 groves 228–229 Grundmann, Philipp 7–26 Hackett, S 109 Hagedorn, Konrad 7–26 Hagemann, Nina 198–207 Hanisch, M 46 Hardin, Garrett 1, 51, 59, 63, 237, 378; collective action 330; cooperation 323; data commons 291n5; enforcement 125; fisheries 158; historical perspective 321; influence of 363–364; multiple users 211; open access resources 146, 345; overuse 328; public lands 135; rent dissipation 108; resource units 177; self-governance 360; SES framework 32; shifts in commons narrative 407; socialism 346; storytelling 92–93, 98–99, 103; unmanaged/ unregulated commons 27–28, 148, 161, 345, 349; urban commons 222 Hasenkamp, G 200–201 Hazlett, Thomas 71 Heal, Geoffrey 419 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996) 298–299, 300, 302, 303, 304 Heikkila, T 55 Heinmiller, T 154 Helfrich, S 231, 383 Heller, Michael 63–75 Hendrix, G S 112 Henrich, J 211 Hess, Charlotte: common pool resources 379; conflict resolution 288; institutional approach 241; knowledge commons 76, 77; new commons 237, 404, 406 heuristics 9, 10, 17, 18, 19 HGP see Human Genome Project Hillman City 244 Hinkel, J 32 HIPAA see Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Honduras 380 horticulture 10, 13, 23, 224, 226, 227 housing 244–245, 247, 248 HRCT see humanistic rational choice theory Huber, Bruce 135–143 Hudson, Blake 1–3, 166n4 Hughes, Jacquie 274 human capital 265, 266, 274, 278, 369; BBC Academy 274; BBC content 269, 270; definition of 278n6; investment in 271, 273 Human Genome Project (HGP) 281, 283, 291n4 humanistic approaches 117–118, 119 humanistic rational choice theory (HRCT) 119–122, 124–128 hunting 198, 200–201, 204, 336 Huxley, T H 95 hybrid governance: climate governance 192, 193–194; ecosystem services 209, 210, 214, 216 hybrid systems 68 hypotheses 29 IAD see Institutional Analysis and Development framework Iaione, Christian 235–255 IBU see International Broadcasting Union Iceland 160 ICLEI see International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives 431 Index ICZM see Integrated Coastal Zone Management ideas 419–420 IDS see International Development Studies IFRI see International Forestry Institutions project Igboin, B 335 IGF see Internet Governance Forum IIASA see International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis India: carbon dioxide emissions 419; community governance 363; GHG emissions 424n9; resource extraction in Africa 339; urban commons 221, 222, 223–229, 230; water commons 148, 150, 152, 153 indigenous peoples 337, 376–391 individual transferable quotas (ITQs) 160–161, 171 Indonesia 148, 152 inequality 152–153, 320 informal governance 86 infrastructure 51, 97; Africa 339; BBC 257, 263–266, 268, 273–278; climate change adaptation 196; commons management 258, 261–263, 273–274, 278; design principles 56; green 212; knowledge commons 86, 88; overview of infrastructure commons theory 258–263; technology 314; urban commons 228, 231, 236, 237, 238, 247, 251; water 153 innovation 78, 79, 83, 86 insiders-outsiders 111 Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework 2, 11, 16, 24, 29–31, 33–35, 50–62, 237; action arenas 19; facilitated selfgovernance 371; knowledge commons 77, 78, 80–81, 83; Management and Transition Framework 10; medical information commons 284; Ostrom Workshop 27; polycentricity 38, 43; public lands 135, 139–140; self-governance 361; SES framework 12, 32; storytelling 91; water commons 149 institutional change 19, 111, 112–113, 348; CSO approaches 366–368, 369, 370; historical perspective 324, 328, 329, 330; International Development Studies 365; planetary boundaries 422 Institutional Ecological Economics 10 institutional economics 18 institutions 7, 27, 108, 210; analytical frameworks 8; Californian Gold Rush 137; collective action 319, 320–321, 322–327, 329–330; Critical Institutionalism 365–366; customary authority 341; democratic 117; ecosystem services 208–209; environmental regulation 10; facilitated self-governance 371; historical perspective 321, 325, 327, 329; indigenous commons 385, 386; institutional design and institutional crafting 367–368; institutional linkages 408; Institutions of Sustainability framework 13; integrative 16–17; knowledge commons 78, 86; medical information commons 284, 285; multiscale ecosystem framework 396; path dependency 154; planetary boundaries 422; “tragedy of the commons” 100–102; transactioninterdependence-institutions nexus 20–22; urban commons 222 Institutions of Sustainability (IoS) framework 13–14, 16 intangibility 78, 405, 407, 409, 410 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) 172 integrative institutions 16–17 intellectual capital 265, 266, 279n7 intellectual property (IP) 77–78, 80, 81–83, 86, 270, 405–406 interdependencies 15, 16; coastal commons 172, 182–184; global 178; institutional change 19; social goods 278n1; transactioninterdependence-institutions nexus 20–22 interdisciplinarity 17–22, 36, 103, 123, 401; coastal commons 171; complexity of the commons 409, 410; ecosystem services 210; historical perspective 320, 321; new commons 406–407; new institutionalism 188; sustainability science 165; urban commons 223, 230 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 415 International Association for the Study of the Commons 28, 404 International Broadcasting Union (IBU) 311, 316 International Cooperative Alliance 331n8 International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) 192–193 International Development Studies (IDS) 363, 365 International Forestry Institutions (IFRI) project 34 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) 422 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 404 Internet 276, 316, 401, 405 Internet Governance Forum (IGF) 251 invasive species 172, 395, 418 investment: BBC 268, 271, 272–273, 278; coastal commons 174–175, 181; social impact investing 248–249; urban commons 247–249 IoS see Institutions of Sustainability framework IP see intellectual property IPCC see Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change iPlayer 271, 273 Iran 148, 190 irrigation 31, 51, 93, 144–145, 146; coastal commons 176–177, 182; IAD framework 11, 149; Ostrom’s work 147; post-socialist countries 350–352; proximity to markets 150; 432 Index resource users 151–152; water scarcity 149; wealth distribution 152–153 Italy: collaborative housing 245; collaboratories 244; cooperatives 249; historical perspective 322; neighborhood agencies 243; Policy Innovation Labs 242; wireless networks 251 ITQs see individual transferable quotas Jacobs, Jane 235 Janssen, M A 109, 127 Japan 146, 147, 164, 193, 419 Java 152 Jayaraman, T K 152 Jefferson, Thomas 136 Jennerjahn, Tim C 170–187 Jentoft, S 10 journalism 267, 268–269, 276 justice 117; multiscale ecosystem framework 396; polycentricity 45; privatization 178; procedural 120–121, 123–125, 127–128, 289, 291n11, 291n12; tech 240, 249, 251 “k groups” 419 Kaye, J 287 Kazakhstan 148 Kenya 215, 339, 394 Khan, Fatima Noor 401–411 Klosko, G 290 Kluvankova, Tatiana 208–219 knowledge: BBC 269, 270, 271, 273; coastal commons 180; genetic 406; intangibility 407, 410; medical information commons 283; pluralism 408; traditional 377 knowledge commons 52, 76–90, 290, 404, 405, 406–407 Komarov, B 354 Kooiman, J 10 KP see Kyoto Protocol Kramer, D 35 Kranakis, Edna 315–316 Kunreuther, Howard 419 Kyoto Protocol (KP) 191, 424n9 Kyrgyzstan 352–353 La Borda 245 LABoratory for the GOVernance of the Commons (LabGov) 244 land: customary authority 340; hunting rights 200; indigenous peoples 376, 378, 379, 380–381, 382, 385, 386; land grabbing 339; ownership 74; US public lands 135–143 land trusts 245, 246–247 land use change 225, 227, 395, 414 Lange, P 370 language 8–9, 17, 18, 19 large-scale commons 407–408 Larson, Anne M 376–391 Latin America 376–378, 380–384, 386 law: customary authority 341; endangered species 137, 202; fisheries 161; hunting rights 200, 201; indigenous rights 379, 380, 382–383, 386; international 190, 401–402; interstate commerce 165, 166n4; knowledge commons 82, 86, 87; Roman 157, 402; unconsented data use 295, 297, 298–304; urban commons 238–239, 245–247; US public lands 136–137, 138, 139; water rights 153; wildlife 202; see also policy; regulation leadership 180 legal pluralism 334, 338 legitimacy 120–121, 124, 127 Leibbrandt, A 112 Lemley, Mark 71 Lenin, Vladimir 346, 347 leskhozy 355–356 Leslie, H M 32, 172 Lesotho 341 Lewis-Mendoza, J 385 Libman, A 354, 355, 358n7 lifestyles 420–421, 423 Lindenberg, S Linebaugh, Peter 235 Lion Guardians community conservation model 215 litter 171, 177 livelihoods: coastal commons 170, 178, 179, 181; CSO interventions 361, 368, 369–370; experimental economics 109, 113; indigenous peoples 377, 384, 386; Mount Kilimanjaro 395; Sampangi Lake 226, 227; Sustainable Livelihoods Approach 365, 369, 370; urban commons 221, 222, 223, 224, 229 Liverpool 247 livestock 21, 23–24, 173, 201, 202; see also grazing “living labs” 244 Lloyd, William Forster 321 local autonomy 56, 57 local commons 392–397, 403 local governments 193, 239, 349 local needs 163, 213, 238, 239 Maasai 215, 339 MacIntosh, W C 95 Maco, Michal 208–219 Madagascar 341, 418 Madison, Michael J 76–90, 237, 283, 285, 405 Majumder, Mary Anderlik 281–293 Malawi 341 Mali 341 Mammen, U 203 Management and Transition Framework 10 Manfredo, M J 198 433 Index mangroves 173, 175, 177–179, 180, 182 Marconi, Guglielmo 310, 315 Margreiter, M 109 mariculture 173, 174, 178 market failures 257–258, 260, 322–323 markets 64; BBC 258, 260, 268; climate governance 194, 195; ecosystem services 209, 211, 214; infrastructure 261; low cost exclusion 257–258; positive externalities 269; proximity to 149, 150; urban commons 239 Marx, Karl 346–347, 354 Matose, Frank 334–344 Mattei, U 378, 386n3 McCay, Bonnie J 157–169 McDowell, A G 137 McEvoy, A F 158 McGinnis, Michael D.: frameworks 9, 28, 29; IAD framework 50–62; polycentricity 39, 41, 46; SES framework 183–184 McGuire, Amy L 281–293 McLeod, K 172 MEA see Millennium Ecosystem Assessment meadows 146, 147, 149, 177–178 medical information commons (MIC) 281–293, 294–307 MEF see multiscale ecosystem framework Meinzen-Dick, R 150, 151, 153–154 mental models 180, 181, 184 mesh networks 251, 252 Messmer, T 198 Mexico 154, 164, 363, 377, 382, 384 Mexico City 242 MIC see medical information commons micro-foundations 20–21 micro-grids 251–252 Middle Ages 322 Miethauser Syndicat model 248 migration 335–336, 339 Milan 245, 248 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) 208 Miller, Franklin 295 MindLab 242 mining 96, 140, 383 Mirovitskaya, N 346, 347, 349 Mnisi-Weeks, S 340 mobility: coastal commons 174, 177–178; wildlife 199, 204 model forests 356, 358n8 models 9, 28, 29 monitoring 42, 101, 148, 238, 364; coastal commons 177; design principles 56, 57; ecosystem services 213; multiscale ecosystem framework 396; participatory approaches 162; water commons 145; wildlife 204 monopoly 71, 72–73, 74, 257 Monterroso, Iliana 376–391 motivation 117, 123, 126; conservation 210; humanistic rational choice theory 120–121; knowledge commons 87; rule acceptance 123 Mount Kilimanjaro 395–396 Mozambique 341 Mukherjee, Maitreyee 144–156 multi-level governance 45, 46 multiscale ecosystem framework (MEF) 392–397 Mundoli, Seema 220–234 Munro, A 111, 112 Murombedzi, James 334–344 Murota, T 355, 356 Nagendra, Harini 220–234 Nahrath, S 200 Namibia 112, 341, 394 Naples 246 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 282, 283, 291n3 National Cancer Institute (NCI) 281 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 137 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 281, 285, 287, 291n8, 297 national parks 135, 136, 356 natural capital 369, 420 natural disasters 190 nature 7, 336–337, 347 nature-related transactions 13–15, 16, 17, 18–20, 22, 23 Naughton-Treves, L , 199 NCI see National Cancer Institute neighborhood agencies 242–243 Nemes, V 110 NEPA see National Environmental Policy Act Nepal 151, 152, 363 nested enterprises 42, 57, 58, 83, 102, 213, 238, 239 Netherlands: cooperatives 331n9; fisheries 160; historical perspective 322, 323; sanctions 328 networks 251–252 new commons 77, 237, 321, 401, 402, 404–410 new institutionalism 188 New York City 235, 242, 247, 248, 251 New Zealand 160 Newfoundland 158–159, 160, 162–163, 164–165 news 267, 268–269 “nexus governance” 420 NGOs see non-governmental organizations Nicaragua 377, 380, 382, 384, 385 Niger 341 NIH see National Institutes of Health non-commodities 16 non-excludability 78, 107, 145, 146, 257, 290, 417; see also excludability non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 362, 366, 368; coastal commons 176, 177; postsocialist countries 350; Russian forestry 356; SES framework 32; urban commons 221 434 Index non-renewable resources 21, 189 non-rivalrous consumption 145, 257, 259, 262, 417; BBC 265, 270; data 283, 288; knowledge resources 291n10 nondiscrimination 259, 261–262, 263, 274 norms 109, 117; BBC 266; coastal commons 180; collective action institutions 325; cooperative 152; indigenous peoples 379, 385; medical information commons 289; unconsented data use 301; urban commons 222; water rights 153; wildlife management 200 North, Douglas C 35, 93, 175, 348 North Sea 316 Nozick, R 290 nutrient flows 174, 176 Obydenkova, A 354, 355, 358n7 OCC see Open Commons Consortium oceans 157, 165, 172, 184, 402; acidification 182, 308, 417; lack of governance 412; see also coastal commons; fisheries O’Hara, S L 353 Okereke, C 403, 406 Okoth-Ogendo, H W O 340 Olson, Mancur 106, 150, 330, 423n7 open access commons 27–28, 51, 59, 146, 170, 345, 364; anticommons theory 66, 68, 69; Californian Gold Rush 137; fisheries 159; governance 177; green infrastructure 212; knowledge commons 78; new commons 406 Open Commons Consortium (OCC) 281, 290n1 openness 282, 283 operational choice 53–54, 55, 176 Oppenheimer, J 151 optimal use 67–68 Orazgaliyev, Serik 144–156 ordinary use 65–66 Osés-Eraso, N 109 Ostrom, Elinor: adaptive governance 291n7; appropriation 106; collective action 35–36, 364, 369, 408; common pool resources 145–148, 211, 288, 379; common property 51, 346; community-based commons management 162; conflict resolution 288; cooperation 68, 108, 112, 122, 124; decentralization 354; democratic governance 118; design principles 28, 42, 56–58, 61, 80, 93, 164, 211, 236–237, 355, 364; enforcement 126; fisheries 163; frameworks 9, 28, 29; genomic data commons 294; governance 60; group cohesion 151; historical commons 319; IAD framework 11, 31, 50, 52–58, 80–81, 83, 91, 139; institutional approach 237, 241, 323; institutions 101, 210, 323; knowledge commons 76, 77, 78, 79, 82; markets 150; medical information commons 282, 283, 284–285, 289, 291n3; new commons 406; Nobel Prize 79, 93, 146, 331n12; polycentricity 38, 39, 41–43, 45–47, 50–51, 232, 236, 242; power issues 35; property rights 212, 222; resource units 177; rights 379, 381–382; sanctions 328; self-governance 11, 118–119, 128; self-organization 345; SES framework 12, 32–33, 50, 58, 141n1, 171, 183–184, 221, 392; urban commons 227–228, 230, 235, 236, 237–238; water commons 144, 145, 151 Ostrom, Vincent: common pool resources 145; constitutional choice 54; institutional approach 323; polycentricity 38–41, 43–47, 60, 192, 236 Ostrom Workshop 27–28, 31–32, 36, 38, 41, 45 the Other 336, 337 overuse 145–146, 328; anticommons theory 65, 66–68, 73; tourism 171; water commons 153 ownership 63–66, 67–69, 71–73, 74; atmospheric sinks 189; colonial governance 337; community land trusts 245; community networks 251; ecosystem services 212; Grotius 402; hunting rights 200; indigenous commons 379, 383; post-socialist countries 350; pseudo-commons 346; rights 214; Soviet Union 347, 354; urban commons 221; US public lands 136, 142n12; see also private property; public goods Oyono, Phil René 334–344 ozone layer 412 Paavola, Jouni 10, 188–197 pacts 246 Pahl-Wostl, C 10 Palanisami, K 152 Panama 377, 380 Panayotou, T 209 Pardo, Arvid 161, 403, 404 Paris 243, 250 Paris Agreement (2015) 192, 415, 416 parks 135 Partelow, Stefan 170–187 “participant-centrism” 284 patents 71, 72–73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 271 path dependency 154, 222, 231 Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) 285 Patrick, S 401 Pavitt, C 127 payments for ecosystem services (PES) 214, 216, 339 PCORI see Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute Pennington, Mark 291n6 People-Centred Research Foundation 285 Peru 377–378, 380, 381, 382, 384, 385 PES see payments for ecosystem services Pfaff, A 109 Philippines 146, 147, 149–150, 363 physical capital 265, 266, 274, 369 435 Index Pieraccini, M 404 planetary boundaries 413–423 Platteau, J P 152 Plumwood, V 337 poaching 394, 395, 396, 397 Poland 357 Polanyi, Michael 45 police 42 policy 54–55, 58, 111; climate change 415; common pool resources 362–363; ecosystem services 210; facilitated self-governance 371; fisheries 162, 165; planetary boundaries 414; US public lands 136–137, 139, 141; see also law; regulation Policy Innovation Labs 241–242, 243–244 politics: facilitated self-governance 371; planetary boundaries 417; urban commons 238–239 pollution 21, 74, 145–146, 171; acid rain 316; atmospheric 97–98, 99; biodiversity loss 208; ecosystem services 223; London smog 308; marine 157, 410; Mount Kilimanjaro 395; planetary boundaries 414; regulation 10; transaction-interdependence-institutions nexus 20; transferable permits 68; urban 221; water 15, 316 polycentricity 38–49, 50–51, 60–61, 189, 236; climate governance 192, 194, 195; co-cities 240; collaborative districts 242–243; knowledge commons 83; urban commons 228, 232 “pooling” 83, 239–240, 247–248, 251–252; see also common pool resources post-colonialism 337–338 post-socialist countries 348–357 Poteete, A R 35, 211, 369 poverty 152, 377, 423 power issues 35, 145, 371, 418 PPSC see Privacy Protection Study Commission Pradhan, J 152 Predator Compensation Fund 215 Prediger, S 112 privacy 277, 283, 286; digital 410; genomic data commons 294, 295, 296, 304; medical information commons 287, 291n9; unconsented data use 298, 299, 302, 303, 305 Privacy Protection Study Commission (PPSC) 300–304 private goods 145; IAD framework 31; infrastructure 259, 262–263; urban commons 220, 221, 224; water 146 private property 51, 64–66, 69, 73, 139, 140, 170; “bureaucratic” 347; coastal commons 171; governance 177; resource management 346; wildlife 200; see also property rights privatization 63–66, 101, 146, 148, 223, 345; anticommons theory 68; coastal commons 170, 178; colonialism in Africa 336; conservation policies 210; fisheries 160, 170–171; historical perspective 322–323; IAD framework 11; India 224; intellectual property rights 405–406; postcolonial states 338; Russia 347; US public lands 136, 138 pro-social behavior 112 procedural justice 120–121, 123–125, 127–128, 289, 291n11, 291n12 production 10; externalities 106, 108–109, 113; production-related transactions 22, 23 property rights 35, 64–65, 73, 112, 345; Alkhanay National Park 356; China 349; coastal commons 170, 175, 176, 177; commonproperty regime 346; customary authority 340, 341, 342; Czech Republic 350; ecosystem services 210, 212; fisheries 159, 160, 161; grazing 138; knowledge commons 78; lack of 208; Ostrom’s work 147–148; post-socialist countries 351; privatization 101; pseudocommons 357; regulation 363; unregulated commons 148; urban commons 222, 227; wildlife 198–199, 200, 204; see also private property protected areas 336, 402, 404–405, 406 provision 364; appropriation and provision dilemmas 366, 368, 369–370; IAD framework 56, 57; provision-related transactions 22, 23 provisioning ecosystem services 208, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228–229, 231 pseudo-commons 346, 347, 348–357 psychological processes 118, 119, 120–122, 123–124, 127–128 public benefit standard 302–303 public choice theory 31, 39, 40 public-community pacts 246 “public entrepreneurship” 236 public goods 51, 59–60, 145; appropriation 109–110; BBC 257, 260, 264, 270; climate change adaptation 196; coastal commons 172; common pool resources 106, 107; ecosystem services 113; historical perspective 330; IAD framework 31; infrastructure 259, 260, 261, 262–263; insiders-outsiders 111; journalism 269; medical information commons 290; planetary boundaries 417–419, 421, 422; polycentricity 42; pure 99–100; urban commons 220, 221, 224, 230, 231 public interest 256, 257, 263, 265, 278 public lands 135–143 public-private-community partnerships 240, 244, 245 public-private partnerships 224, 225, 281 public space: BBC 276; commons-as-public approach 283 public trust doctrine 157, 165 Puerto Rico 247 436 Index Qi, Faye Victoria Sit Ying 144–156 quasi-commons 349 quotas 68, 69; fisheries 158, 159, 160–161, 171; hunting 200 R&D see research and development radio 308, 309–312, 313, 314–315, 316 Rae, Douglas 235 Raiffeisen Bank 322, 323 Rambert, Maurice 311 Ramos, P 173 Randhir, Timothy O 392–397 Rasran, L 203 rational choice theory 117, 118–119, 128; humanistic 119–122, 124–128 rationality 40, 106, 119, 320 Rauchdobler J 124 Rauchenecker, Katharina 198–207 Rawls, John 283, 289, 290, 291n11 Raworth, Kate 423n2 real estate investment cooperative (REIC) 248 recipes 100 reciprocity 122, 124, 127, 341, 352 recreation 94, 231; Sampangi Lake 226–227; urban commons 224, 229; wildlife 198, 199; see also tourism Red Hook Brooklyn 251 red kites 202–203, 204 Reggio Emilia 244 regional commons 148–149 regulating ecosystem services 208, 223, 224, 225 regulation 42, 63, 146, 345; air pollution 97–98; anticommons theory 71, 73; coastal commons 170; digital information 405; ecosystem services 209, 214; fisheries 159; global 413, 421; group exclusion 69; historical perspective 328–329; impact on anti-social attitudes 112; indigenous rights 379, 382, 383–384, 386; infrastructure 262; Mount Kilimanjaro 395–396; pollution 10; public lands 135; radio 310; urban commons 238–239; US public lands 139; see also governance; law; policy; rules REIC see real estate investment cooperative Reichman, Jerome H 79 renewable energy 203, 251–252, 419, 423n6 renewable resources 21, 189, 238 rents 107, 108, 110 reputation 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127 res communis 402, 404 research and development (R&D): BBC 270–271, 275, 278; climate governance 194, 195; drug patents 71 resilience: ecosystems 208, 209; institutions 323, 324, 327, 330; multi-level commons 408; multiscale ecosystem framework 396; urban 228, 229, 230 resource systems 14–15, 23, 33, 364, 368; coastal commons 173–175, 176, 180, 183; naturerelated core activities 21–22; polycentric governance 60–61; SES framework 12–13, 24, 30, 31–32, 50, 58; urban commons 221; water commons 153 resource units 33, 145–146, 148, 368; coastal commons 176, 177–179, 183; SES framework 12–13, 30, 31–32, 58; urban commons 221; water commons 153 resources 51, 52; coastal commons 170; degradation externalities 110; design principles 56; ecosystem services 208; environmental governance 189; global 330; historical perspective 324–325, 327; IAD framework 81; indigenous peoples 378, 382, 386; infrastructure 258–262; institutional approach 241; Institutions of Sustainability framework 14; intangibility 407, 409, 410; knowledge commons 82, 84, 87–88; multiple dimensions 99; non-collective use of 15; resource extraction in Africa 339; scarcity 109; technology 316; urban 221, 236, 238; US public lands 138; see also common pool resources; fisheries; forestry; water Rhine 316 rhinoceros populations 394–395, 396 rights: access 140, 236, 385; bundles of 153–154, 222, 346, 381–382; Californian water rights 100; customary 337, 341, 342; data transparency 303; fisheries 161; grazing 137–138, 140; hunting 200–201; indigenous peoples 376–386; medical information commons 286, 287–288; ownership 214; public 157; rightsbased approach 232; water 153–154; see also property rights risk aversion 111–112 rivalry 107, 144, 145, 345; BBC 265; urban commons 237; water commons 146; wildlife 198; see also non-rivalrous consumption; subtractability Rivera, J 151 Rochdale principles 322, 331n8 Rockenbach, B 111 Rockström, Johan 413–416, 421, 422, 423n2 Rollins, R 109 Roman law 157, 402 Romania 351 Rome 244 Rose, Carol 73, 94, 96, 244, 282–283 Rosenbloom, Jonathan 1–3 rules 19, 27, 30–31, 52, 325–326; BBC 266; coastal commons 177, 179, 180, 182; collective action dilemmas 364; congruence with changing social and environmental conditions 57, 58; cooperation 126; customary 437 Index authority 340; design principles 42, 56, 238; fisheries 159; formal and informal 348–349; historical perspective 328–329; indigenous commons 378–379; knowledge commons 77, 82, 87; medical information commons 284; polycentricity 38, 43–45, 60, 192; rule acceptance 120, 123, 124, 127; rule-making 42, 56, 57, 164, 213, 328; urban commons 222; US public lands 140; water commons 145, 151; see also governance; regulation rules-in-use 11, 24, 30, 31, 52–53, 108; design principles 58; ecosystem services 212; knowledge commons 82–83, 88 Russia: carbon dioxide emissions 419; expropriation of public property 347; forestry 354–356; greenhouse gas emissions 193; raw materials 358n6; water commons 148; see also Soviet Union Rutte, C 405 sacred sites 405 “safe operating space” 413–423 Sage Bionetworks 281, 291n3 Salehyan, I 112 Samakov, A 405 Sampangi Lake 226–227, 231 San Juan 247 sanctions 42, 56–57, 101, 108, 121, 238; coastal commons 177; collective action dilemmas 364; ecosystem services 213; historical perspective 328–329; medical information commons 289; see also enforcement Sanderson, S 199 Sandler, T 151 Sassen, Saskia 235 savannas 393, 394 scale 392, 393, 394, 396 scarcity: appropriation decisions 109; economic concept of 347; fish 159; water 149–150, 153, 196 Schaub, M 203 Schauer, Frederick 299, 303 Schelling, Thomas C 419 Schlager, E 33, 212, 222, 230, 379, 381–382 Schleyer, Christian 198–207 Schlüter, Achim 170–187 Schmidt, Falk 412–424 science 308 science and technology studies 314 scientific research 85 Scoones, I 369 SCOT see social construction of technology Scotland 203 SCSI see Sustainable Cement Sustainability Initiative SDGs see Sustainable Development Goals sea level rise 172, 182, 191, 196 Seattle 244 security 120–121, 123, 125, 126, 127–128 Sehring, J 353 self-determination 117, 355; humanistic rational choice theory 120–121, 123, 124–125, 127; indigenous peoples 380–381 self-governance 53–54, 60, 360–375; China 349; cooperation 118–119, 120, 128; design principles 238; ecosystem services 211, 212, 216; enforcement 126; equity 328; facilitated 361, 363–368, 370–371; historical perspective 319, 322, 326, 329, 330; IAD framework 11; knowledge commons 77, 86; new commons 237; polycentricity 40, 42–43, 44, 46; postsocialist countries 349; psychological processes 128; rational choice theory 126; Russian forestry 356; see also self-organization self-interest 106, 108, 117, 118–119, 121, 126, 128, 158 self-management 212, 213 self-organization 118–119, 345; cooperation 120, 125, 127, 128; ecosystem services 209, 213, 214, 216; historical perspective 322, 326, 330; housing 245; irrigation 151, 353; multiscale ecosystem framework 396; pseudo-commons 357; Russian forestry 354–355, 356; see also self-governance self-other merging 120–121, 123, 126, 127 Sen, A 369 Senegal 341 SES see Social-ecological Systems framework SESMAD see Social-ecological Systems Metaanalysis Database Shapiro, Carl 71 Shivakoti, G P 151 Siu, L L 287 SLA see Sustainable Livelihoods Approach Slovakia 213 Slovenia 213 Smith, M E 163, 165 social and economic pooling 240 social bonds/social impact bonds (SBs/SIBs) 249 social capital 152, 180, 249, 355, 369; BBC 269, 270, 271–272, 278; post-socialist countries 351; urban commons 235, 239 social change 312–314 social construction 7, 8, 9, 13 social construction of technology (SCOT) 314, 317 social dilemmas 27, 111, 211, 364; “collectiverisk” 110; common pool resources 106, 107, 109; cooperation 117; ecosystem services 209, 210, 211; historical perspective 321; knowledge commons 77–78, 80–81, 83, 85–87, 88; medical information commons 283; rational choice theory 119 social-ecological systems: analytical frameworks 8, 9–10, 16, 17, 19, 22–24; coastal commons 438 Index 170, 171, 180; CSO interventions 368; urban commons 221; wildlife 198, 203–204 Social-ecological Systems (SES) framework 2, 12–13, 16, 24, 30, 31–35, 141n1; coastal commons 171, 172, 173–182, 183–184; collective action 14; connections with IAD framework 50, 58–59; multiscale ecosystem framework 392, 393, 394; Ostrom Workshop 27; polycentricity 38, 43; urban commons 221–222, 227–228, 230 Social-ecological Systems Meta-analysis Database (SESMAD) 34 Social Finance Group 249 social goods: BBC 264, 271–272; infrastructure 259, 260, 261, 262–263; interdependencies 278n1 social impact investing 248–249 social media 276, 277, 278 social movements 362, 377, 378, 379–380, 420 social project financing 248–249 social psychology 117, 119, 120–122, 123–124, 127 social sciences 18, 31, 159, 161, 165, 230, 326–327 social value 259, 260–261, 263, 268–269, 274, 278 socialism 346, 347, 349, 350–351, 356, 357 soil erosion 20, 396 soil fertility 111–112 solidarity funding 248 Somalia 341 Soroos, M 346, 347, 349 South Africa 340, 341, 394–395, 419 South Kivu 342 Southern Sudan 341 Soviet Union 311–312, 346, 347, 348, 354, 357; see also Russia space 95, 315, 316, 402, 409 Spain: collaborative housing 245; historical perspective 322; irrigation 93, 146, 147; wildlife 203; wireless networks 251 spillovers: BBC 264, 266, 268, 270, 273, 275, 278; human capital 271; infrastructural resources 259, 260–261, 263; journalism 269; knowledge commons 83 Sri Lanka 146, 147, 153 Stalin, Joseph 346 state 188–189; actors 362; ecosystem services 209; shift from customary authority to state control 342; Soviet system 347; urban commons 221, 231–232, 239, 240; see also government intervention; government organizations state property 65–66, 139, 346, 347 Steffen, Will 414–417, 423n4 Stern, Paul C 282, 284, 403–404 stewardship 412, 420 Stokes M 124 storytelling 91–105 Strandburg, Katherine J 76–90, 237, 283, 285 subtractability: ecosystem services 209, 231; experimental economics 107; genetic commons 406; Grotius’ ideas 402; intangibility of commons 407, 409, 410; new commons 404, 405, 406; urban commons 237; see also rivalry Sudan 341 supporting ecosystem services 208, 224, 225, 227 sustainability 10, 230; cities 232; global 423n6; “green economy” 421; Institutions of Sustainability framework 13–14; multiscale ecosystem framework 392, 396; planetary boundaries 413, 417, 420, 423 sustainability science 163, 165 Sustainable Cement Sustainability Initiative (SCSI) 192, 193–194 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 416, 418, 420–422, 423 Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) 365, 369, 370 Sweden 203, 204, 213, 322 Switzerland 146, 147, 161, 200, 248 Sylvain, Olivier 251 SynAthina 250 Tajikistan 352 Tanaka, Y 111, 112 Tang, S Y 150–151, 152 Tanzania 215, 337, 340, 341, 363, 395–396 Tarko, V 43–44, 45 tech justice 240, 249, 251 technical systems: analytical frameworks 7, 8, 9–10, 16, 17, 19, 22–24; nature-related core activities 21 technology 96, 308–318, 409; BBC 271, 273, 279n11; coastal commons 180, 181; digital tools 249–250; educational 277; global governance 401; knowledge commons 86; low cost exclusion 257; networks and connectivity 251–252; social change 312–314; urban commons 239–240; wireless 98, 251, 252 Ternström, I 151, 152 territorial demands/claims 377, 380–381, 383 territoriality 380, 385, 386n8 Theesfeld, Insa 345–359 theory 28–29, 35; analytical frameworks 8, 9; IAD framework 11, 31 Thiel, Andreas 7–26, 202 Thomas, B K 366 Tiebout, Charles 38–39 timber 355, 356; indigenous territories 382, 383, 384; US public lands 136, 140–141 Titanic disaster 309 toll goods 220 Toonen, A J 43 Torres Guevara, Luz Elba 170–187 tourism: coastal commons 171, 174–175, 176, 177, 179, 181; economic value 178; governance 176, 177; Mount Kilimanjaro 395–396; wildlife 199, 201 439 Index traffic 96–97, 99, 171 “tragedy of the anticommons” 64, 67–69, 73, 74 “tragedy of the commoners” 161, 162, 401 “tragedy of the commons” 27–28, 59, 63, 74, 345, 401; coastal commons 183; data commons 291n5; economic value 69; fisheries 158; IAD framework 11, 80; institutions 100–102; knowledge commons 78; marine ecosystems 157; multiple users 99; open access resources 51, 146; recipes 100; self-governance 360; SES framework 32; storytelling 92–93, 102–103; unacknowledged limits 95–96; unregulated commons 148, 161; urban commons 222; US public lands 138; water commons 144–145 The Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin, 1968) 1, 92, 237, 323, 407 transaction costs 15–16, 31, 102; group size 151; wildlife 198, 199–200, 204 transaction-interdependence-institutions nexus 20–22 transboundary commons 407–408, 409, 410 transparency 298, 299, 303–304 transportation 258, 262, 315 Trump, Donald 419 trust 117, 120–121, 122, 127, 128; BBC 270, 271–272, 276–277; enforcement 125, 126; group cohesion 151; medical information commons 304–305; post-socialist countries 351, 352, 357; public trust doctrine 157, 165; role in collaboration 408; voting 123, 124; water commons 152 trusts 245, 246–247 TURFs (territorial use-right fisheries) 163–164, 165 Turin 241, 243, 246, 250 Turkey 146, 147–148 Turkmenistan 148, 353 typhoons 149–150 Uganda 111, 341 Uhlir, Paul F 79 Ulybina, O 354, 356 UNCLOS see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea unconsented data use 294–295, 298–305 underuse 63, 64–65, 67–68, 72, 73, 74 UNDRIP see United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UNFCCC see United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Kingdom: BBC 256–258, 260, 261, 263–278; broadcasting 312; Community Interest Companies 248–249; dissolution of commons 319–320; Domesday Book 301; Localism Act 246; London smog 308; Rochdale principles 322 United Nations (UN) 161, 379, 402, 403, 413, 418 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 402, 403 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) 379, 380 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 191, 195, 414–416, 418 United States: air pollution 97–98; Benefit Corporations 249; broadcasting 311, 312; carbon dioxide emissions 416, 419; community land trusts 246–247; Endangered Species Act 416; fisheries 160, 161, 165; hegemonic role 418–419; hunting 204; interstate commerce 165, 166n4; lifestyles 421; medical information commons 281, 286; mesh networks 251; patents 72; polycentricity 41, 42, 45, 46, 60; public lands 135–143; self-governance 40; social impact investing 248; unconsented data use 295, 297, 298–304; urban slum clearances 235; water commons 154 universality 267 university labs 244 Unnikrishnan, Hita 220–234 Uphoff, N 149 urban climate 209, 211–212, 213–214, 216 urban commons 220–234, 235–255; analytical frameworks 221–223, 230; city as commons 237–239; Co-Cities Project 240–241; digital tools 249–250; financial mechanisms 247–249; institutional mechanisms 241–245; legal tools 245–247; networks and connectivity 251–252; research studies 226–229 urbanization 210, 220, 221, 224, 227, 230, 237 utility 327, 328 Uzbekistan 353 van Laerhoven, Frank 360–375 van Zeben, Josephine 38–49 Vanneste, S 72 Vatn, A 18–19 Vedeld, T 151 Viladrich-Grau, M 109 village shareholding companies 243 Villamayor-Tomas, S 154 voluntary governance 194, 195 von Eschen, D 153 Voronkov, V 348 voting 122–125, 126 Wade, R 152 Walker, James M 106–116 Warming, Jens 159 Warren, Robert 38–39 waste 21, 221, 412 water 144–156, 316; Californian water rights 100–101; climate change impact on 196; “nexus governance” 420; pollution 15; polycentric governance 60; pseudo-commons 350–353; Sampangi Lake 226; shared 440 Index governance 80; transaction-interdependenceinstitutions nexus 20; see also irrigation; oceans water user associations (WUAs) 154, 349, 350–351, 352–353, 358n5 wealth distribution 152–153 weather events 190, 196, 325 well-governed commons 92, 93 Wijkman, P M 401 Wikipedia 77, 80, 94 wild boars 198, 201 wildlife 198–207, 336, 394–395, 396–397 Williamson, Oliver 15, 79 Wind, M 46 wind turbines 203 wireless technologies 98, 251, 252 With Andersen, Håkon 316 wolves 198, 201–202, 203, 204 wooded groves 228–229 Wormbs, Nina 308–318 WUAs see water user associations Xu, T 349 Yadama, G 150 Yakowitz, J 286 Yoon, Yong 69–70 Young, Oran R 412–424 YouTube 276 Zdravomyslova, E 348 Zerbe, R O 137 Ziedonis, Rosemary Ham 71 Zimbabwe 394 Zuk, Peter D 281–293 441 .. .ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF THE STUDY OF THE COMMONS The ? ?commons? ?? has come to mean many things to many people, and the term is often used inconsistently The study of the commons has expanded... Gerard), editor Title: Routledge handbook of the study of the commons / edited by Blake Hudson, Jonathan Rosenbloom and Dan Cole Other titles: Handbook of the study of the commons Description: Abingdon,... of Law at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA, with a joint appointment in the School of Law and in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF THE STUDY OF