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Trong giai doan sap tdi, thdnh phd' htfdng dd'n phat tnen ngudn nhan Itfc dtfa tren viec dam bao tinh hai hda trong cd cd'u va pbdn phdi lao dpng giffa cdc ngdnh nghe, khu vtfc kinh t[r]
(1)QUANTRI-QUANLV
THI TRlTOfNG LAO DONG CHAT LlJCfNG CAO Cf THANH PHO HO CHI MINH
• DUdNG TIEN HA MY
TOM TAT:
Lao dpng, dac biet la lao ddng chd't Itfdng eao gdp phdn dang kd vdo stf phdt tridn kinh td' - xa hpi, ddng thdi tao ldi the canh tranh cho dia phtfdng va khu vtfc Tuy nhien, tbi trffdng lao ddng eua TP Hd Chi Minh hien vffa thtfa, lai vtfa thie'u Hien ttfdng cd thd se tid'p didn manh me thdi gian tdi, vdi stf chuyen dich cd ca'u giffa eac khu vtfe kinh td' De xua't dtfdc dtfa la can phai co stf phoi hdp chat che gitfa cac ben hen quan, nham dam bao cung va cau lao dpng khdng di chech htfdng
Ttf khda: Cung lao ddng, cdu lao dpng, cha't Itfdng eao, TP Ho Cbi Minh
1 Gitfi thidu
Con ngffdi la nguon Iffc quan cho phat tiien kinh td' ciing nhtf tao ldi the canh tranh giffa cdc qud'c gia, khu vtfc Gido sff kinh te' hpc ngffdi My Lester Thurow Carl cho rang "sff khac biet nhd't canh tranh kinh te' irffdc ddy va thdi dai ngdy Id d chd ngffdi dang tao ldi the'canh tranh VQ canh tranh quyd't dmh the' ky XXI Id giao due vd ky nang ciia ngffdi lao ddng" Chie'n Iffdc phdt tridn kinh t e - x a hdi 2011 - 2020 ciia Viet Nam eiing khdng dinh:
Phat trien va ndng eao chd't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Iffc, nhd't la nguon nhan Itfc cha't Itfdng eao la mdt dot pha chien Itfdc, Id ye'u td' quyd't dinh day manh phdt trien vd tfng dung khoa hpe, edng nghe, cd cd'u lai nen kinh te', chuyen ddi md hinh tang trtfdng va Id ldi thd' canh tranh quan nhd't, bao ddm eho phdt trien nhanh, hidu qua va ben vtfng
TP Ho Chi Minh, mpt nhffng ddu tdu phat trid'n kinh te'cua ca nffdc - khdng nam ngoai xu the' Muc tieu eua phd giai doan 2015 -20201a td'c dp tang trffdng tdng san pham ndi dia (GDP) binh quan dat khoang 12%, tffdng tfng 2.450,097 ty ddng theo gia thtfc te' De'n cud'i nam 2020, GDP binh qudn dau ngtfdi dtf kid'n dat khoang 9.547 USD De lam dtfdc dieu nay, Thanh phd' da de chtfdng trinh trpng diem can phai tdp trung thtfc
hien Mdt sd'do Id chffdng trinh ndng cao ehd't Itfdng ngudn nhan Itfc Dieu dtfa tren thtfc te' la mat cdn dd'i cung edu lao ddng bidn vdn dang dien ra, tao dp Itfc len sff phdt trien ciia cdc nganh nghe vd ITnh vtfc kinh td' d dia phffdng
2 PhtfiAig phap nghien ctfu
Nghien ctfu stf diing cdc thdng tin vd dff lieu thtf cd'p ttf cdc tdi hdu, bai bdo, bao cao da dffde edng bd' va ngoai ntfdc Cac phtfdng phdp nhtf phffdng phap phdn tieh, tdng hdp, be thd'ng hda, phtfdng phap so sanh ddi chie'u, phtfdng phap thd'ng ke md ta dtf lieu dtfdc dp dung nhdm ddnh gid thffc trang lao dpng ehd't Iffdng cao d TP Ho Cbi Minh cung nhffde xud't eac giai phdp phdt tnen ngudn nhdn Iffc tbdi gian sap de'n
3 Ke't qua nghidn ctfu
(2)TAP CHi CONG THIfdNG
chuyen giao vd de xua't eac giai phdp khoa hpc" Trong do, Le Van Ky (2018) dinh nghTa lao dpng CLC ngdnh cdng nghiep bao gdm nhtfng lao ddng "cd tnnh chuydn mdn ky thuat td't nghidp ttf cao ddng dai hpc trd len va cdng nhan ky thuat bac cao" Nghidn ctfu eiia Nguyen Phan Thu Hdng (2017) xde dinh mpt nhtfng dac diem quan trpng eua ngudn nhan Itfc CLC la "nhtfng lao dpng cd trinh dp ky thudt chuydn mdn dffpc ddo tao tff cao dang trd len hay cd bde thd ttf 4/7 trd ldn " Nhff vay, mac du van tdn tai nhffng khac bidt cdch xde dinh, nhdn Iffc CLC nhin chung Id nhffng lao ddng cd trinh dp hpc va'n vd trinh dp chuyen mdn ky thudt cao
Theo quan diem ciia Vien Khoa hoc Lao dpng va Xa hpi (2011) thi nhdn Iffe co chuyen mon ky thudt trinh dp cao la nhffng lao dpng qua dao tao dai hpc trd len, trff mpt sd trffdng hdp dac biet Khdi nidm dffde Nguydn Ba Ngoc va Cbtf Thi Ldn stf dung nghien ctfu de cap dd'n cung lao dpng chuydn mdn ky thudt trinh dp cao (LDCMKTC) Theo dd, cung LDCMKTC Id "sd Itfdng lao ddng da dffde dao tao co trinh dai hpc
trd len, rieng ddi vdi lao ddng trffe tie'p thi LDCMKTC bao gom cdng nhdn lanh nghe cd trinh dp cao dang nghe va tffdng dffdng trd ldn" (Nguyen Ba Ngpc va Cbtf Tbi Lan, 2014)
Ttfdng ttf quan diem cua Vidn Khoa hpc Lao dpng va Xa hpi (2011) va nghien ctfu eua Nguyen Bd Ngpc va Cbtf Thi Ldn (2014), bdi viet se tdp trung nghien ctfu nhdm ddi ttfdng lao ddng CLC da qua dao tao dai hpc (DH) vd sau DH
3.2 Thdc trpng lao dpng chd't lW"g cao (f TP Hd Chi Minh
Stf phdn bd lao dpng qua dao tao DH va sau DH gitfa cdc nganh nghe d phd Ho Chi Minh kha khde bidt Nhffng ngdnh nhff: D^u - Dia chat, Ndng - Ldm nghiep - Thuy san, Luat - Phdp ly va quan ly dieu hanh thu hiit nhieu lao ddng qua ddo tao DH va sau DH (Bang I),
Trong dd, mdt so' nganh nhff: Cdng nghe thdng tin, Kinh doanh tai san - Ba't ddng san, Truyen thdng - Quang cdo - Thie't kd', Y dffde - Chdm sdc sffc khoe, Dich vu ttf vd'n - Chdm sdc khac hdng thu but sd Itfdng lao ddng qua dao tao DH vd sau DH it hdn (Bang 2)
Bang Thong ke nhan Itfc c d c ngdnh thu hut nhi4u loo d o n g quo d a o tqo DH vd sau DH d TP Ho Chi Minh giai doqn 2013 - 2018
STT 1 2 3 4
Nganh nghe Dau - Oia chat Nong - Lam nghiep - Thiy san
Luat - Phap iy Quan iy dieu hanh
Tong lao ddng DH va sau DH (Ngudi)
1,631 1.384 4.267 10.935
Tong lao dQng (Ngudi)
1.880 1.725 4.517 12.927
Ty 1$ lao dOng DH va sau DHASng lao dOng (%)
87 80 94 85
Ngu, : Trung tdm du bdo nhu cdu nhdn lUc vd thdng tin thi trudng lao ddng TP Ho Chi Minh
vd linh todn cua tdc gia
Bang Thong ke nhdn luc c a c ngdnh thu hut it lao d p n g d d o t q o DH v d sau DH 6 TP Ho Chi Minh giai doqn 2013 - 2018
Nganh nghe
T ^ g lao dQng DH va sau DH
(Ngudi)
iSng lao d^ng (Ngudi)
7^l$laodOngDH va sau DH/T^g lao dOng (%)
Cdng nghe thdng tin 10.142 54
Kmh doanh tai san - Bat ddng san Truyen thdng - Quang cao - Thiet ke hpa Y dupe - Cham soc siic khde
Djch vu thdng tin tu van - Cham sdc khach hang •^ a I 2.947
(3)QUANTIIiqUANLV
Sff phan bd'khdng ddng deu dan dd'n hien tffdng vtfa dff thffa vtfa thie'u hut tren thi trtfdng lao dong
Bang cho thd'y Ke' toan - Kilm todn va hanh chinh van phong Id nhtfng nganh co so' Itfdng lao ddng DH va sau DH dff tiiffa nhidu nhd't Cu the giai doan 2013 - 2018, ngdnh Kd' todn - Kidm todn dff thffa khoang 36.448 lao ddng DH va sau DH Trong do, so Iffdng lao dpng qua ddo tao DH ITnh vffe hanh chinh vdn phdng dff thtfa la 15.487 lao dpng DH vd sau DH
Mpt hidn tffdng khd dac biet dien dd'i vdi nhdm nganh Van tai - Kho bai - Xua't nhdp khau va Cd - Tff dpng hda So Iffdng lao dpng qua dao tao DH va sau DH dff thtfa cua ngdnh Van tai - Kho bai - Xua't nhdp khau vd Cd - Ttf dpng hoa lan Iffpt la 4.933 ngffdi va 4.290 ngffdi Tuy nhien, neu xet tdng lao ddng lam viec nganh nghe tffdng tfng, nganh Van tai - Kho bai - Xua't nhap khau hien dang thieu hut khoang 30.809 lao dpng Trong do, nganh Cd - Tff ddng hda thid'u hut khoang 20.314 lao ddng Dieu phan nao minh chffng cho vd'n de "thffa thay thie'u thd" cua mpt so'ngdnh nghe tren thi trffdng lao dpng
Trong kbi nhffng ngdnh nghd ndi trdn dien hien tffpng cung lao dpng qua dao tao DH vd sau DH vffdt cau lao ddng, d mpt so ngdnh nghe khde nhtf cdng nghe thdng tin, kinh doanh, truyen thdng va y dtfpc, cung lai khdng theo kip eau lao ddng, (Bang 4).^
Xet ve ca so Iffpng va ty trong, viec thie'u hut
ngudn nhdn life dffdng nhff dien ngbidm trpng nhd't dd'i vdi ngdnh cdng nghd thdng tin Cu thd, cau lao ddng DH vd sau DH eua ngdnh ndy khoang 22.678 ngffdi cung lao ddng cbi dat 10.142 ngffdi Nhff vdy, ngdnh Cdng nghd thdng tin dang thie'u hut khoang 12.536 lao ddng DH vd sau DH, chie'm ty Id 30% so vdi tong thieu hut
Trong dd, cac nganh Truyen thdng - Quang cdo - Thie't kd hoa va Y dtfdc - Cham soc stfc khde cd sd Itfdng thie'u hiit lao dpng dao tao DH va sau DH lan Itfdt Id 2.012 ngtfdi vd 1.349 ngtfdi, ty tren tong thid'u hut ttfdng tfng ciia hai nganh la 17% va 19%
Doi vdi cdc nganh cdn lai nhff Kinh doanh tai san - Bd't dpng san, Kinh doanh - Ban hang, Dich vu thdng tin ttf vd'n - Cham sdc khdch hdng vd Dich vu phuc vu, vide thie'u hut mac dil didn nhtfng vdi ty le khd tha'p (tff 1% den 5%) Dieu gdi y rang, cdc nganh ndi tren cd the doi hdi nhieu lao dpng cd trinh dd thd'p bdn
3 Dinh htfdng phat trien lao dpng d TP Hd Chi Minh
Trong giai doan sap tdi, thdnh phd' htfdng dd'n phat tnen ngudn nhan Itfc dtfa tren viec dam bao tinh hai hda cd cd'u va pbdn phdi lao dpng giffa cdc ngdnh nghe, khu vtfc kinh te', dac bidt la cdc nganh diem, nhff: Dien ttf - Cdng nghe, Cd ttf dpng, Hda chd't, Tdi chinh - Tin dung - Ngan hang Cu thd, dd'n nam 2020, dtf kid'n se hoan muc tieu ty le lao dpng qua dao tao nghe nghiep dat 90% Trong do, dd'i vdi cac ITnh vtfc cdng Bang Ngdnh nghe co cung lao dong vtfdt cau lao dpng qua ddo tqo DH vd sou DH
d TP Ho Chi Minh giai doqn 2013 - 2018
STT
4
Nganh nghe Ketoan -Kiemtoan Hanh chinh van phong
Kien true - Ky thuSt cong trintl xay dung Nhan su
Van tai - Kho bai - Xuat nhap khau Cd - Tu dong hoa Cong nghe thuc pham Hoa chat - Hoa duoc - lyly pham , Quan iy kiem dinh chat ludng
T^ng lao dOng DH va sau DH du thUa/thleu hut (Ngudi)
36.448 15.487 6.778 6.175 4.933 4.290 3.268 3.166 2.962
Tong lao dQng dU thUa/thleu hut (Ngudi)
45.737 13.211 2.905 6.614 -30.809 -20 314 304 2.229 2,515 Ngudn: Trung Idm dU bdo nhu cdu nhdn luc vd thdng tin tin trudng lao ddng TP Ho Chi Mmh
vd tinh todn cua tdc gid
(4)TAP CHl CONC THIfllNG
Bdng Nganh nghe co cau loo dpng vi^dt cung lao dong qua ddo tgo DH va sou DH d TP Ho Chi Minh glol doqn 2013-2018
STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nganh nghe
Cdng nghe thong tin Kinh doanh tai san - Bat dong san Kinh doanh - Ban hang
Truyen thong - Quang cao - Thiet ke hoa Y dupe - Cham soc sUc khde
Dich vu thdng tin tu van - Cham sdc khach hang Djch vu phuc vu {giup viec nha, bao ve )
T ^ g lao dQng DH vasauDHdU ihital
thie'u hut(Ngudl) -12.536
-1.671 -6.250 -2.012 -1.349 -2.248 -1.847
long lao dOng du thUa/thieu hut(Nguai) 42.298 -31.287 -198.601 -11.572 -6.968 -43.395 -163.803
Tyl$laodOng DHvasauDHda thiJfaMileu hut(%)
30 5 3 17 19 5 1 Ngudn: Trung ldm du bdo nhu cdu nhdn luc vd thdng tin thi IrUdng lao ddng TP Ho Chi Minh
vd tinh todn cua tdc gid nghe, dich vu irlnh dp cao vd cdc nganh kinh te'
trpng didm, trdn 90% lao ddng qua ddo tao Thanh phd cung htfdng de'n cung cd'p 10% lao dpng cd trinb dp vd cha't Itfdng cao, ddng thdi xay dtfng cdc chtfdng tnnh chinh sach hop ly nham dam bao tren 90% lao ddng qua ddo tao ddp tfng cac yeu cau thtfc tien cua boat ddng san xua't va dich vu
Ve cP cd'u nhdn Itfc qua ddo tao, de'n nam 2020, thdnh phd cd khoang 4,2 trieu lao ddng dtfdc dao tao qua he thd'ng day nghe vd 913 nghin lao ddng qua he thd'ng giao due dao tao Ve cd cd'u cd'p bac dao tao, dd'n nam 2020 so lao ddng bdc so cd'p vdo khoang 3.905 nghin ngffdi (chid'm ty le 76,44%), bdc trung cd'p Id 385 nghin ngtfdi (chid'm ty Id 7,55%), bac cao dang la 144 nghin ngtfdi (chie'm ty le 2,82%), bac dai hpc la 612 nghin ngtfdi (chie'm ty Id 12%) va bde sau dai hpc la 62 nghin ngffdi (ehid'm tylel,21%)
Mpt dac diem quan trpng khac dinh htfdng phat tridn lao ddng cua TP Hd Chi Minh Id viec tai phdn bd ngudn nhdn Iffe giffa eac khu vffe eua nen kinh td' Theo dd, so Iffdng lao ddng tiong khu vtfc cd xu hffdng gidm dan, ttf 99.222 ngffdi nam 2010 xudng cdn 77.196 ngffdi nam 2020 Ngffdc lai, so' lao dpng khu vffe El va khu vtfc Hi deu gia tdng theo thdi gian Cu the, lao dpng khu vffe 11 tang ttf 1.670.102 ngtfdi nam2010 len 2.403.456 ngtfdi ndm 2020 Trong dd, sd Itfdng lao ddng khu vffe III tdng tff 2.049.367 ngffdi nam 2010 len 3.196.081 ngffdi nam 2020 Dieu ndy nham phii hpp vdi stf chuyen dieh cd cd'u gitfa cac khu vffe kinh te TP Hd CM Minh
4 Thao lu^n va kd't lu$n
Lao ddng la ngudn Iffc quan trpng thuc dly nen kinh te phdt trien Tuy nhien, nhiftig phan tich trdn eho tha'y rang thi tfffdng lao ddng CLC d TP Ho Chi Minh dd'i mat vdi tinh trang thid'u hut nhdn Itfc tiong mpt so' nganh nghe vd dtf thffa nhdn Iffc ttong nhffng nganh nghd khac Trong giai doan sap tdi, cd cau nen kinh te' eua phd' dff kie'n se chuyen djch theo htfdng giam ty ttpng khu vtfc I va tdng ty trpng khu vffe 11 va III Do do, ne'u hoat ddng dao tao khdng cd nhffng thay ddi phii hdp, thi hidn tffdng md't cdn bang cung edu cd the se tie'p tuc didn manh me hdn, gdy dp Itfc ldn stf phdt trien cua kinh td'dia phtfPng
Dd ban che' van dd ndi tren, can phai ed stf phdi hdp chat che giffa cdc bdn lien quan Theo do, cac cd quan chtfc ndng can nghien ctfu de dtfa cdc quy dinh, chinh sdch khuyd'n khich stf phdt trid'n ngudn nhan Iffe mot each hdp ly giffa cdc nganh nghd, ddc biet la cac iTnh vffe kinh te' ttpng diem Dd'i vdi c(3 sd dao tao, viec dff doan va ndm bat cdc tin hieu eung nhff nhffng dieh ehuydn cung cdu hen thi trffdng lao dpng Id yeu cau vd cung quan trpng Dffa tten nhtfng dff doan nay, trffdng hpc co thd' didu ehinh boat dpng nghien ctfu, giang day va ngdnh nghe dao tao de phii hdp hdn vdi yeu c^u thtfe tien Cud'i eiing, can dd'y manh stf gdn ke't giffa doanh nghiep va tttfdng hpc Bdi ehi nhtf vay, cung va cau lao ddng mdi dtfdc ke't nd'i vdi nhau, gop phan giam tiiieu hidn ttfdng mdt sd'nganh flitfa nhan stf mdt sd nganh khac thie'u nhdn stf, hoac hien ttfdng "thtfa thay thid'u thd" nhtf hien •
(5)QUAN TRj-QUAN LY
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1 Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam (2011) Vdn kiin Dgi hgi dgi bieu todn qudc ldn ihUXl Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia, Hd Ndi 2 Bam DUc Vupng (2012) ThUc trang vd gidi phdp phdi trien nhdn lUc Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hoc xd hdi, Hd Noi 3 Hodng Vdn Chdu (2010) Phdt trien nguon nhdn lUc chd't lupng cao cho hgi nhgp kinh te- vdn de cdp bdch sau khdng hodng Tgp chi Kinh ti' ddi ngoai (38), tr 28 - 21
4 Li Vdn Ky (2018) Phdt trien ngudn nhdn lUc chdt lupng cao ngdnh cdng nghiip cua tinh Thanh Hod Ludn dn tii'n Si Hoc viin Chinh tri qudc gia Hd Chi Minh
5 Nguyen Bd Ngoc, ChU Thi Ldn (2014) Thi trudng lao dong chuyin mdn ky thudt trinh dd cao d Viet Nam Tap chi Kinh tevd Phdt triin Dgi hgc Kinh ti'TP Hd Chi Minh Sd201 thdng 3/2014
6 Nguyin Phan Thu Hdng (2017) Phdt triin nguon nhdn luc chdt lUdng cao tai Tdp dodn Ddu Khi Viet Nam din ndm 2025 Lugn dn tii'n sT, Dai hoc Kinh le -Ludt
7 Viin Khoa hoc Lao dgng vd Xd hgi (2011) Cdc gidi phdp ndng cao lao dgng chuyin mdn ky thudt trinh cao ddp Ung yeu cdu phdt tnen nen kinh ti' theo hudng cdng nghiip hda, hiin dgi hda De tdi cdp Nhd nudc, md sd: KXOl-04/11-15
8 Trung ldm dU bdo nhu cdu, Sd Lao ddng - Thuang binh vd Xd hdt Thdng ki cdu nhdn lUc tU ndm 2013 di'n thdng 4/2018
9 Uy Ban nhdn ddn TP Ho Chi Minh (2012) De dn Quy hoach phdt tnen nhdn luc TP Hd Chi Minh giai dogn 2011 - 2020
Ngay nh^n bai: 19/4/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va su'a chffa: 29/4/2019 Ngay chdfp nh§n dang bai: 9/5/2019
Thdng tin tdc gid: ThS D U C J N G T I E N H A MY Trtfcfng Dgi hpc M^ TP Ho Chi Minh
THE CURRENT HIGH QUALITY LABOUR MARKET OF HO CHI MINH CITY
• Master DUONG TIEN HA MY Ho Chi Minh City Open University
ABSTRACT:
Workforce, especially high-quality labours, greatly contiibutes to promote the socio-economic development and create competitive advantages for localities and regions However, Ho Chi Minh City's labor market is facing botii redundant and lacking issues The city's labor market may still experiences these issues in the coming years with the economic restructiiring process As a result, it is necessary for stakeholders to coordinate closely to ensure that flie labour supply and demand not deviate from each other