Didu nay cho thay, do nhung didu kidn ljch sti nhat djnh, ngudi Viet chua dii sire sing tao ra he tu tudng cita ridng minh va bit bude phai tidp nhan cac tu tudng tu bdn ngoai, song [r]
(1)'/.•'\ '.] ^V,\ : A
TAM GIAO DONG NGUYEN: ^
MOTPHlfC TH€ TINH THRN DOC DRO VI€T NRM
PGS, TS H T R O N G HOAI'''
PGS, TS NGUYtN THI NGA<"'
Trong lich su dan tdc Viet Nam, tam giao ddng nguydn dugc xem li mdt die sic cita he tu tudng truydn thdng Tam giao ddng nguydn cd nghia la, ca ba tdn giao: Nhg giao, Phat giao va Lao giao ddu la ban nguyen, la ndn tang tu tudng cita dan tdc, dugc xa hdi quan phuang thira nhan, nhat la cic tridu dai Dinh, Ld, Ly, Tran
Nho giio dugc hinh tir Trung Hoa vdi nhidu dai bidu xuat sic nhu Khdng tir, Manh tir, Tuan tir Qua nhidu giai doan, Nho giao lien tuc dugc bd sung, phit tridn vi trd he tu tudng cita nhidu tridu dai phong kidn Trung Qudc
Nho giio la mdt he thdng cic quan diem phirc tap vd nhidu linh vuc, song cic nha nghidn cim ddu thdng nhat cho ring, Nho giao chil truong vd mdt xa hdi thii binh, thjnh tri, cd tdn ti thdng qua vide giio hda dan chiing bing nhirng quy pham dao diic ma do, vua la ngudi cd mgi quydn uy
'•' van phong Hpe vien Chinh trj - Hanh chinh trj quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
'"' Vi?n Tri^t hpe, Hpe vi?n Chinh \x\ - Hanh chinh qu6c gia H6 Chi Minh
va lam mdng edt cho xa hdi So dl nhu vay bdi vua la thidn tir, la trdi, cdn nhirng ngudi khae la thin dan, thao dan CQng vi Id trdn ma cd ngudi cho ring Nho la nhu, la dao cita ngudi quan tir, va khang djnh Nho giao vd thuc chat la mgt hgc thuydt cd tinh
chat dire tri >^ Nho giao dua mgt he thdng cac quy
pham, chuan muc dd ngudi noi theo nhu: tam cuong, ngii thudng, ngii luan, tam tdng, tii dire ; phan chia xa hdi hai loai ngudi - quan tii va tidu nhan; xay dung mau ngudi ly tudng gdm cd cac pham chat nhu nhan, tri, dQng hay nhan, nghia Id, tri, tin, dd Id cd vai trd die bidt quan trgng Nho giio cung coi trgng vide giio due ngudi dd lam thay ddi tinh ngudi, va nhan manh dao trung quan he vdi vua (ggi la trung quan), dao hidu quan he vdi cha me va gia tgc
Nho giao dugc du nhap vao Viet Nam cimg vdi cac the luc phong kidn Trung Hoa Thdi diem du nhap la thdi nha Han, va die biet dugc day manh dudi thdi Sy Nhiep (187 - 226) - dd la Han nho Ddn thdi nhi Tdng, Nho giao tiep tuc dugc
(2)tmyen ba vao nudc ta vdi sir khic bidt nhit djnh ve ngi dung, ndn ggi la Tong nho
Phat giio ciing la mdt trio luu tu tudng Idn cd ngudn gde tir An Do vi dugc du nhap vao Viet Nam vao khoang the ky thir sau Cdng nguyen Theo cac ngudn sii lieu cdn lai, thdi diem va dudng du nhap cua Phat giao vio Viet Nam chi li udc doin bdi khdng gidng cac tdn giio khic, Phat giao vao Viet Nam bang phuang thirc hda binh
Phat giio Tat Dat Da - ma sau ggi la Thich ca mau ni, ngudi An Do sing lap vao khoang thd ky thir VI trudc Cdng nguydn Cung gidng mgi tdn giio khic, Phat giio Cling dugc bd sung, phit tridn qua nhidu giai doan vdi sir phan chia nhidu tdng phai khic Hien tai nd bao gdm hai tdng phai Idn la Tidu thira va Dai thira Ngi dung cua tu tudng Phat giio vd cimg phong phii nhung rat phiic tap Song vd co ban, nd cho ring, nhan sinh vd th\rc chat la khd va chii tmong tidn hanh sir giai thoit ngudi khdi bd khd tran tuc nhim dat ddn canh gidi hanh phuc, khdng khd dau li Nidt ban Dd tidu dift ndi khd, Phat giio cho ring, phai tidn hinh tu tap nhim doan tuyet tham san si, khai md tri tue de nhan thirc diing ve thuc tudng cita van vat va trdn co sd dd mi hanh dgng dung Ndi cich khic, phii di theo dudng tmng dao hay bit chinh dao (tim dudng chinh) Vi Id ay, nghien cim vd Phat giao, nhidu ngudi cho ring day la mdt tdn giio cd tinh xuat the, bdi nd quan nidm cugc sdng tran gian la
tam bg va ngin ngiii va cugc sdng d cdi
Nidt ban mdi la vinh ctiu
Khoing thd ky thir hai, Phat giao dugc du nhap vao Viet Nam bing nhieu dudng khic nhau, va sdm hinh nhung tmng tam Phat giao Idn cita khu vuc Ddng Duong Trong hoan canh bj nha Hin dd hd va Nho giao thjnh hanh, song ngudi Viet van tidp nhan Phat giio Phat giio van tidp tuc phit trien va trd qudc dao Viet Nam gianh dugc dde lap tu chii vio nim 938
Ciing vdi Nho giio va Phat giao, Lao giao cung dugc du nhap vao Viet Nam vi trd thinh mdt nhirng ndn ting tu tudng chit ydu cua dan tdc thdi ky phong kidn Lao giio Lao tir ngudi Tmng Qudc sing lap, dugc bd sung va phit tridn bdi Trang tii vao khoang thd ky thir VI tmdc Cdng nguydn
Lao giao cho ring, dao la khdi nguydn cita van vat Dao khdng cd hinh hii, bidn ddi lidn tuc vi khdng cd thd md ta dugc (dao dao bit thudng dao, danh danh bat thudng danh) Sir van ddng, bidn hda cita dao la CO sd hinh thinh van vat Vd nhan sinh, Lao giio chit tmong vd vi, tiic li hinh ddng hgp le tu nhidn, thuan ly bdi ndu khdng nhu vay sd la trii vdi dao Sau niy, qui trinh phit tridn, Lao giao nguydn thiiy trd thinh dao tu tidn, luyen dan dd mong tmdng sinh bit tii vi biia chit, phii phdp dd huy ddng, sir dung siic manh sidu nhidn
Du nhap vao Viet Nam, Lao giao chi cd tdng ma khdng cd phii, tire chi cd tu tudng mi khdng hinh cic mdn phai cu thd vi phat tridn chti ydu la khuynh hudng bita chii, phii phdp Khuynh budng niy khdng chi dugc phd bidn rdng rai dan gian, ma ca d chdn cung dinh ciing sir dung nd
(3)khi dat nudc gap thidn tai, djch benh hay gap hga ngoai xam
Nghidn ciiu tam giao vdi tu each la ndn tang tu tudng ciia dan tgc Viet Nam trgng mdt thdi ky lich sii lau dai, cd may diem can chii y la:
Thit nhat, ca ba tdn giao Nho, Phat,
Lao ddu cd ngudn gde tir nudc ngoai (Trung Hoa va An Do) Van dd dit dd giai dap d day la, tai ngudi Viet lai cd thd thira nhan ba tdn giio dd lim ndn tang tu tudng cua minh, ma khdng lira chgn mdt he tu tudng nio khic hay tu minh sang tao mdt he tu tudng ridng?
Day la van phirc tap, song chiing tdi cho ring, cd le ngudi Viet da sdm nhan nhiing uu trdi, nhung hgp ly cac tdn giio dd, mac dii van tim thay nhung ban che ciia timg tdn giio Didu cho thay, nhung didu kidn ljch sti nhat djnh, ngudi Viet chua dii sire sing tao he tu tudng cita ridng minh va bit bude phai tidp nhan cac tu tudng tu bdn ngoai, song viec tidp nhan la hoan toan chit ddng, tidp nhan cd chgn Igc vdi muc dich xay dung mgt ndn vin hda dgc lap, giiir gin va bao toan cuong thd qudc gia Suy nghi trdn day cing dugc cting cd tim hidu vd thai cita tung trieu dai phong kidn Viet Nam ddi vdi timg tdn giao
Sau chidn thing cita Ngd Quydn tmdc quan Nam Han nim 938 trdn sdng Bach Ding, dan tgc ta bude vao thdi ky dgc lap, tu chit Liic nay, ydu cau dat la, phai xay dung mdt he tu tudng cho thd che phong kien Trong bdi canh dd Phat giio la mgt lira chgn dugc uu tidn Cd hai ly chti ydu sau day dd giai thich ve sir lira chgn
Mgt Id, thdi ky dai ca dan tdc phai
ddn mgi ngudn lire cho cugc dau tranh gianh quydn dgc lap tu chii, vi vay, dd ciing cd siic manh dan tdc, xay dung va phat trien dat nudc sau chidn tranh thi didu cot tii nhat la phai thu phuc nhan tam, vd ve dan chiing ve nhiing mat mat, dau thuong Dd dap img nhu cau thi Phat giao la tdn giao thich hgp, bdi nd khuyen day ngudi ring cugc sdng tren coi tran chi la tam bg va cugc sdng d cdi Nidt ban mdi la vinh vien Nd day ngudi ring, phai thuc hien dao tir bi hy xa dd Igc than tam, dd ngudi khdng ed chap vd tao vat, de ngudi thuong yeu nhau, cimg vuon den cdi cue lac Nd ciing khuydn ngudi khdng tham lam, khdng dam md sac due bdi chinh sir tham lam khdng lam ngudi giau cd hon ma ngugc lai lam ngudi dau khd hon Hai la, sau mgt thdi ky dai chdng xam lugc phuong Bac, ngudi Viet nhan thay ring, Nho giao, Lao giio la nhirng tdn giao cita kd xam lugc, dugc phat tich tir dat nudc cita ke xam lugc Vi vay, vide tir chdi sii dung Nho giao, Lao giao la mdt le tu nhidn Nhd dd, cac tridu dai nhu Dinh, Tidn Ld, Ly, Tran, Phat giio dugc cgi trgng die biet
.>-.' i-Tuy nhidn, qua trinh xay dung dat nude, ngudi Viet ciing nhan thay rang, tu ban than nd, Phat giao ciing cd nhirng ban chd, va dd xay dung mgt nha nudc phong kidn tap quydn manh thi can phai dua vao mgt tu tudng khae Trong didu kidn dd, Nho giao trd sir lira chgn cd tinh uu tien, bdi nd cd kha ning dua nhiing djnh chd xa hgi, dua mgt md hinh td chiic xa hgi phuc vu myc dich ciia tang Idp quan lai Nho giao cho ring, xa hdi cd ba quan he rudng cot la vua tdi, vg ehdng, cha Sau dugc
(4)khai quit, bd sung thdm hai quan he niira la anh em va be ban Cic quan he trdn day ddu cd muc dich tdn thd vj iri cao nhat cita nhi vua ddi vdi xa tic va vj tri ngudi cha gia dinh xa hdi phong kidn
Ngoai cic djnh chd trdn, Nho giio cdn cd hang loat nhiing quy pham rat chi tidt dd didu chinh cic quan he xa hdi v i hinh thinh mdt he thdng cac gii trj dao dire ridng Vi vay, mac dit cic tridu dai Dinh, Tidn Ld, Ly, Tran, Nho giio khdng dugc trgng dung vdi tu cich li qudc dao, song van tdn tai nhu mgt sir bii dip cho nhung thidu hut cita Phat giao dd phuc vu muc dich cita nha nudc phong kidn tap quydn Ciing vi ly mi nhidu nha nghien cuu khang djnh, d Viet Nam cd the cd qudc dao, nhung chua bao gid cd tinh trang dde tdn tdn giao nhu nhumg qudc gia khae, nhat li d phuang Tay Ngay ca sau nay, tridu Nguyen rat coi trgng Nho giao thi cic ton giao khic nhu Phat, Lao van tdn tai ma khdng bj ky thj Didu niy li mdt die bidt, bdi nd khdng gidng d phuong Tay, mdt tdn giio nao dd dugc thira nhan la qudc dao thi cac tdn giao khic bj ky thj Chinh vi the m i ljch sir Viet Nam khdng he cd chidn tranh tdn giio
Trong ba tdn giio, Nho, Phat, Lao, thi Lao giao chua bao gid dugc cac tridu dai phong kidn thira nhan la qudc dao, song dieu thu vj li, Lao giio cung chua bao gid bj ky thj Ngugc lai, rat nhidu ngudi Viet Nam, ke ci gidi su ting Phat giio, gidi Nho si cung nhidu ngudi quan tam nghidn cim va d mirc nhit djnh ddu chju inh hudng cua tdn giao Ly co ban bdi, Lao giao la tdn giio nang tinh vu khoat (vidn vdng) Ve mat chit thuydt, ndu xet
quan nidm cita ngudi sing lap, dao dd cho ring, vil tru liic dau li hdn mang ggi la thai cue Sau dd van ddng, bidn hda ma tao vat Trong vii tru, cd ba nhan td dugc ggi li tam tii la thidn, dja va nhan Trong ci the ngudi, tam tii dugc xem li lidu ngi hay tidu vii tru, cdn cii bdn ngoai la dai nga hay dai vu tru Vd ban chat, lieu ngi va dai nga ddng nhat Vi vay, ngudi cung chinh la vii tru va ngugc lai Vd thai ddi vdi nhan sinh, nd day ngudi can sdng hda hgp vdi tu nhien, khdng ndn lim xao trdn tu nhidn, bdi tu nhidn li mdt trat tu hoan hao Trong qua trinh phat tridn vd sau, Lao giio phan cac khuynh hudng kbac v i cang ngiy cang khic xa so vdi chil thuyet ban dau Tuu trung cd hai khuynh hudng chinh la lu lien va biia phap kidu sa man (phit thiiy, biia chii) Khi du nhap vao Viet Nam, hai khuynh hudng niy trd ndn uu trdi, nhat la chdn dan gian Ly giai ve hidn tugng niy, nhidu nhi nghidn cim cho ring, sd dl ngudi dan noi thdn da sir dung dao Lao theo khuynh hudng sa man la bdi nhirng ngudi nghdo khd, be nhd ay mudn tdn tai thi can sire manh Tang Idp thdng trj ciia mdt qudc gia dat khdng rdng lim, ngudi khdng ddng lam nhung phai thudng xuydn ddi mat vdi hga xam ling cita nhiing the lire hiing manh ban minh nhidu lan ciing cd nhu cau sire manh Mudn vay phai sir dung biia chii, phii phep dd tim sir hd trg lir nhung sire manh sidu nhidn Thuc td cho thay, d chdn dan da, ngudi dan bat luc tmdc cudng quydn hay nhiing bat hanh, nii ro cua cugc sdng thi ddu can den vai trd ciia nhirng phap su, va d chdn cung dinh, thidn tai, djch benh hay hga ngoai xam de dga thi nhidu vj vua cung lap dan cau dio mong
(5)dugc sire manh sieu nhidn che chd Cdn gidi tri thirc Viet, ngoai vide img hd cic hanh ddng trdn, ban than hg cGng tim thay dao Lao nhirng tu tudng, nhiing quan diem ma Nho giio bay Phat giao khdng cd dd bd sung cho hinh trang tri thiic
Thu hai, mac dit la tdn giao ngoai nhap,
giiia cic tdn giao ddu cd rat nhidu khic bidt, mdt sd tang lir, dao si cita timg tdn giao cd phd phan cic tdn giao khic, song d Viet Nam chua cd cai ggi la chien tranh tdn giao, kd ca dao Thidn chiia dugc du nhap vao thdi can dai Chiing ta cd thd ly giai hidn tugng nhu sau:
Viet Nam la mdt qudc gia nim d vj tri thuan Igi cho vide giao luu, tiep bidn cac ndn vin hda khic tren thd gidi Tir sdm, ngudi Viet da giao luu vdi hai ndn vin hda Idn la An Do va Tmng Hoa, va chinh noi day, tir dau da didn sir tidp bidn vin hda dgc dao Dgc dao la bdi hai ndn van hda giao luu vdi thi sir tiep bidn la hidn nhien, song nhu da bidt, cd tidp bien tu nhidn va cd tidp bidn cudng birc Vdi Phat giio, sir tiep bien dien hdt siic tu nhidn den mirc tdi van chua xic djnh dugc thdi didm va dudng ma Phat giao du nhap vao Viet Nam Cd the ndi, nd dugc du nhap mdt each em tham
Vdi Nho giao va vin hda Tmng Hoa, van dd hoan loan khae Khi phong kidn Tmng Hoa dd hd nudc ta ban mgt nghin nim thi dd cung la thdi gian hg muu toan du nhap vin hda dd ddng hda van hda Muu toan dugc thuc hidn bang dudng bao lure Dd la nhirng su that ljch sir Hon mdt nghin nam ay, ngudi Viet khdng chi bj ip birc ve mat kinh td, chinh trj mi cdn bj ip birc vd mat vin hda Nhung vdi tmydn
thdng ydu nudc quat cudng, dd ciing la thdi gian cic thd he ngudi Viet viing day lat dd ich ip birc ca vd mat vin hda Kdt qua la, khdng nhiing ndn dde lap ciia dan tdc dugc khdi phuc ma ban sic vin hda cita dan tdc cGng dugc bao tdn Dieu ciing cho thay sire manh cita ndn van hda Viet Nam, y chi va ca tri tue cita ngudi Viet Nam
Cd mdt nghich ly nhung la mgt su that la, ngudi Viet Nam cd Idng yeu nudc ndng nan, bidt dimg day ehdng mgi thd lire ap birc xam lugc dit cugc chidn dau ay tan khdc va keo dai, song ban hdt, ngudi Viet Nam rat ydu chuong hda binh Trong ljch sir ciing hidm cd dan tgc nao dinh thing giac ngoai xam lai cap thuydn, cap ngua cho hang binh trd vd, va tham chi cdn huong khdi tir td cho linh hdn kd bai Iran Ly bdi, dd cQng la linh hdn cita nhirng ngudi, bdi dd cung la nhan loai Vi vay, bat cir he tu tudng nao phit hgp vdi ndn vin hda dan tdc, phit hgp vdi nhu cau xay dung va phit tridn dat nudc, khdng de dga chu quydn lanh thd ddu dugc ngudi Viet Nam chgn Igc va tidp nhan Dd la ly eit nghia tai ca ba tdn giao Nho, Phat, Lao deu dugc ngudi Viet tidp nhan, sir dung va trd cai ggi la tam giao ddng nguydn Dieu ciing ly giai vi cac phong trio chdng thuc dan Phap ciia cac si phu yeu nudc di vao bd tic, be tu tudng phong kidn da ldi thdi, ngudi Viet Nam lai chap nhan he tu tudng macxit nhanh chdng den nhu vay CQng nhd due khoan dung ma ngudi Viet Nam bidt chat Igc tinh hoa cae hgc thuydt Ddng, Tay, bidt han chd nhung xung dot phat sinh tir nhung khic bidt ve tu tudng, ve vin hda
(Xem tiep trang 32)
(6)manh me ciia each mang khoa hgc - cdng nghd hidn dai, kinh td tri thirc, xu thd loan cau hda kinh te; nhimg dien bidn phirc tap, khd ludng cita cude dau tranh giai cap, dau tranh dan tgc, ciia tinh hinh chinh trj, quan sir trdn thd gidi; sir chdng phi quyel liet cita cac the luc thit djch ddi vdi cich mang nudc ta; sir phat tridn mdi cita tinh hinh kinh td - xa hgi dat nude, lam cho ndi dung nhiem vu bao vd Td qudc cua nhan dan ta cd bude phat tridn mdi Van dung tu tudng cita Hd Chi Minh vd khang chidn va kien qudc tinh hinh hidn can phai ket hgp chit che, hii hda cic boat ddng kinh id - xa hdi vdi qudc phdng - an ninh Dd xay dimg mdt nude Viet Nam giau manh va mdt ndn qudc phdng loan dan viing manh chiing ta phai khdng ngimg nang cao nhan thirc chinh trj, nhan rd ban chat, am muu vi boat ddng chdng phi cua kd thii, kidn quyet lam that bai chien lugc "dien bien hda binh" kdl hgp vdi bao loan, lat dd cua cic thd lire thii djch vdi each mang Viet Nam Ngoii vide xay dung quan dgi nhan dan cich mang chinh quy, tinh nhud, luc lugng quan dgi phai tich cue tham gia lao ddng sin xuat, lam kinh te, xay dung nhirng xi nghiep qudc phdng lam in gidi, tidp thu cdng nghd tidn lidn, timg bude hien dai hda quan dgi; md rdng md hinh khu kinh id - qudc phdng, gdp phan xay dung thd Iran qudc phdng - an ninh, kinh id, vin hda - xa hgi
Quin triet tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, Dang ta xic djnh: Xdy dung chu nghia xd hqi vd bdo ve Td qudc
Id hai nhiem vu chien lugc cua cdch mqng Viet Nam
Day li dudng nhat dung, dudng Hd Chi Minh da lira chgn va ddng hinh ciing dan tgc, dd chiing ta thuc hidn muc tidu xay dung thinh cdng chit nghia xa bdi va bio vd vung chic Td qudc Viet Nam xa hdi chii nghia
(1),(4) Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap, t.5, NXB Chinh tri quoc gia, HaNoi, 2002, tr.25,tr.59
(2),(3) Sdd, t.4, U.432, U.99
TAM GIAO
>^
DONG NGUYEN:
MOT PHtJt! THK (Tiep theo trang 58)
Hidn nay, chu nghia Mac -Ldnin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh la ndn tang tu tudng xa hdi ta, song tam giao van cdn giii nhung gia trj tich cue nhat djnh ddi vdi ddi sdng xa hgi va ngudi thdi hidn dai Trong didu kidn kinh te thj trudng djnh hudng xa hdi chii nghia, nhirng gia trj vd dire tir bi cita dao Phat, dao tu than cita nha Nho, quan nidm nhan sinh xem ngudi la mot bg phan ddng nhat vd chat vdi vu try cita dao Lao hay Idng bic cita Chita trdi va nhieu gia trj khae van phit huy tic dung tich cue cude sdng duang dai
Tdm lai, cd thd ndi ring, Tam giao ddng nguydn la mot phirc the tinh than die bidt cita ngudi Viet Nam Cd hidn tugng nay, suy cho citng, li ngudi Viet Nam khoan dung, van hda Viet Nam la ndn vin hda md Nhd vay nd khdng chi ddn nhan ma cdn cd kha ning hap thu cac gii tri ngoai lai song van bao tdn dugc ban sac cita minh Ban sac ay hidn van dugc luu gill va chi phdi suy nghi, hanh ddng cita ngudi xa hgi duong dai