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tudi lac. euong vi xa bdi lam co sd. Nhung dii d trong quan ha li nhin nao di niira, mdt phat ngdn - giao tiep mudn cd hiau luc, c6 ddng den ngudi nghe {dich ngdn) thi khdi ngudn cua p[r]
(1)N H O N G N H A N TO TAO THANH P H A T NGdN GIAO Tie'P VA NGHIA TJNH THAI CClA P H A T NG6N
TRONG Tie'NG VI$T
Fhgm Tudn Khoa - Dink Thanh Hi Khoa Tiing Viet vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngi Trudng DH KHXH& NV, DHQG Hd Ni
Phat ngdn la don vi tdi tbilu ciia mdt lu0 Idi (turn at talk) troa boat ddng giao tilp Cd tbi ndi ring mdt phat ngdn t6n tai b tham td hihi quan Do la ngUdi ndi, ngudi nghe va tdc ddng ciia nhihi nhan td tiln gia dinh, tri thurc phd thdng ciia ngudi tham thoai chii < cude thoai v.v
Nhu da bill, mdt lupt Idi la mdt chudi phat ngdn hoac tdi thilu mdt phat ngdn dupe nhan vat tham thoai ndi ra, k l tir kbi bat diu 66 lijc chim dut dl cho nhin vat ndi chudi hoac mdt phit ngdn c4 minh Thf du:
(1) A Bao gidcbau di bpc?
B Da, 11 gid chau mdi di, dng a! (2) Ba lao lang gilng lai lat dat chay sang:
A Bae trai da kha rdi chii?
B Cam on cu nha chau da tinh tio nhu thudng Nh xem y hay II bl, let bet chimg nhu vin cdn moi qua
(3) A Nay, bao bac iy cd trdn di diu tbi trdn Chd ci diy choc nira hp vao thiic suu, khdng cd, hp lai trdi ihi khd Ngudi dm rl re nhu tbi nlu lai phai tran ddn, nudi miy thing cho hoan hdn!
(2)'• B Vang, chiu cung da nghi nhu cu Nhimg dl chao ngudi, chau cho nha chau an liy vai blip cai da Nbin sudng tit sang hdm qua den gid cdn gi
A Thethi phai giuc anh iy in mau di, keo niJa ngudi ta sip sira keo vao day diy! (Rdi ba lao lai lit dat trd vl vdi ve mat ban khoin)
(Ngd Tit Td, Tat den, tr 85) Trong (1) CO hai lupt Idi dng vdi hai phat ngdn Trong (2) cd hai t \b\ ling vdi ba phat ngdn; cdn (3), cd ba lupt Idi gdm bay at ngdn Cd thi doan dinh dupe dd dai (sd lupng phat ngdn) jt Idi nhd vao mdt sd nhan td sau:
a/ Nlu lupt Idi ciia ngudi ndi cd phdt ngdn hoi (nhu trudng hop i) lam ndng cd't, thi lupt Idi dd thuc chit chi la mdt phat ngdn hoi i Uudng hpp lucrt Idi ciia minh, ngudi ndi ndi "vdng vo", diing ilu phat ngdn trude kbi dua phat ngdn hoi, chang ban: "Hinh nhu din gid di bpc rdi, thi phii? Chiu chuin bi sach vd di, an com di! lanh lan keo mudn diy! The, bao gid chdu di hgcT\ Nhihig phat On "vdng vo" dd da vi pham quy tic bdi thoai vl phuong cham Stw^" - Hay ndi cho cd ndi dung dang ndi; ditng ndi nhilu hon cai idung dang ndi - ma H.F Grice da dl xuit Q(em them: [2, 229-231]
b/ Nlu ciu true cua lupt Idi ma dd cd tic tinh thdi vdi cbiic ig ''ddn nhdp" md diu thi lupt Idi dd cd thi chiia dung nhilu it ngdn Trong thf du (3), ta cd mdt tir din nhap ndy Tir tfnh thai -I nhap "ndy" bao hiau trude cho ngudi nghe quan tarn den ndi dung m(jii hoac nhilu phat ngdn bilu dat
Dae Uung ciia mdt cudc thoai, nhu da biet, khdng thi khdng cd in vat giao tiip Nhan vit giao tiep la nhihig ngudi tham gia vao )c thoai; dung ngdn ngil dl tao cac phat ngdn lupt Idi cua nh Ndi dung ciia mdt lupt Idi trao - dap cd tic ddng tuong tic giiJa tM ndi va ngudi nghe Dilu dd cd nghla, cac nhan vat giao tiep cd » lian nhan Nhung quan khdng don gian la loai quan he Mp ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe xac lap nan Quan sat thf du:
(4) Nfmb nhd Phuc ndi vdi anh Thdng la chilu mai minh ban b khdng da'n hpp dupe
(3)Q d d i S Trong phit ngdn - lupt Idi nay, U thiy cd nbin vat lian
- "Minh" (mdt ngudi nao dd ndi) ddng vai chu ngdn (ngudi ph thdng diap);
- Phuc (ngudi nghe true ti^p, ngudi nhin thdng diap) ddng vj
thuy/t ngdn quan giao tilp vdi Thdng (ngudi ving mat tnxi
cudc bdi thoai tai thdi dilm ndi);
- Thdng ddng vai dich ngdn (ngudi tilp nhan ndi dung thdng dij cua chu ngdn)
(5) Anh Thdng a tdi bao cio vdi anh chilu mai tdi bin khOi din hpp dupe
Phat ngdn (5) khdng cd nhan vat ddng vai thuyii ngdn mk chi nhan vat ddng vai chii ngdn vk dich ngdn
Nhu vay, quan lian nhan giao tilp thuc chit la quan giiJa ngudi ndi {chu ngdn) vk ngudi nghe {dich ngdn) Vi, chi mdi quan chu y phit ngdn ciia ngudi ndi bam cbii:a Uong ph ngdn mdi tic ddng din ngudi nghe; theo dd, '"hdnh ddng xuyin ngdi
(Perlocutionary act), (4) mdi dupe ngudi nghe thue bian
Quan lian nhan thudng dupe xac lap theo hai hudng: **Qu
he huimg ndi la loai quan dua tran tinh cam gia dinh, gia t ^ v.<
va quan hi hudng ngogi - dua uan nhan thurc vl tudi tic, cuong vj hdi, nghl nghiap v.v Trong quan hi hudng ndi, tudi tic, cUOng vj hdi khdng li co so dl xac lap quan lian nhan m i ihvt bac, tdn theo quan huylt thdng ddng tdc mdi la cd sd Trong kbi dd, quan
hudng ngogi, theo each ung x\i van boa ciia ngudi Viat, lai dua tr
tudi lac euong vi xa bdi lam co sd Nhung dii d quan li nhin nao di niira, mdt phat ngdn - giao tiep mudn cd hiau luc, c6 ddng den ngudi nghe {dich ngdn) thi khdi ngudn cua phat ngdn phai bdc Id dupe nghTa tinh thdi thdng qua each xung hd Uong gil tiap theo nghla "'Xicng khiem, hd tdn"" theo each umg xir Ijch su giao tiap ciia ngudi Viat
Trong CO che boat ddng ciia phat ngdn - giao tilp, nbin vflil gil tilp, hay ndi diing hon vai giao tilp ciing vdi quan lian nhin nhan Id hang dau khoi ngudn cho mdt boat ddng giao tilp chua dii ncu nhu ngudi nghe ngudi ti^p nhin thdng diap ciia
(4)r g thdng hilu, thiu triat dupe chu y cua ngudi ndi (chu ngdn); ngudi nghe (dich ngdn) khdng nim bat dupe ''Hdnh ddng ngdn f (lUocutionary act) cua ngudi ndi, thi muc dfch giao ti€p ciing
hanh vd hiau Ching ban, mdt phat ngdn: "Car dieu khien ndy rdir dua ra, mi ngudi nghe khdng nim bat dupe chu y cua ngudi yau ciu ngudi nghe mua cai dilu khiln khic chang ban) thi phit d6 khdng cd gia tri "jcwyen ngdn*' (Perlocutionary act) Tia'n giao tilp, vi th^, cd thi bi phi vd Dilu dd cd nghla: mudn cho cudc giao til^p xay binh thudng, thi nhung lupt Idi phai dupe ptuc, "dn y" vdi nhau, Mudn tha', ngudi nghe phai cd mdt tri thdc
.thdngltri thdc bdch khoa ddng hudng vdi tri thicc phd thdng cua ri ndi; nhd nd ngudi nghe mod suy dupe chit y cua ngudi ndi
khic, vl phfa ngudi ndi, cd y tudng diu vl mdt chu y dd thi trude hit ngudi ndi cin tip hop nhihig tir ngvt hvcu quan,
hpp quan ba ciu true chat che ca vl cu phap lin ngvi nghla mdt phat ngdn - giao tia'p Nhu viy, ca ngudi ndi lin i nghe ti^n trinh giao ti^p vl mdt chu dl nao dd diu phai cd kin tri thiic phd thdng lian quan din chii dl dd Ne'u khdng cd cai tri thurc chung iy thi cudc giao tia'p khdng thi cdng, thim mdc thoai trd "dng ndi ga ba ndi vit" Nhihig tri thdc phd dd dupe gpi la tien gid dinh - ngQdung ciia phat ngdn - giao tiep i ra, Uong giao tia'p, ca ngudi ndi lin ngudi nghe cdn phai y thiic thdi gian, khdng gian, hudng chu dl, trang thii tim li, quan he nhan v.v , tufc la, cin cd nhihig hilurbiet,ve hodn cdnh giao tiip g hilu bia't niy thudng dupe gpi Ik.tien gid dinh tinh hudng giao Ndi chung, tien gid dinh la nhin td khdng cd gia tri thdng bao
thi^c, khdng tham gia vao ciu tao ciia phat ngdn; la cai gia dinh igudi ndi va ngudi nghe ngdm hieu, bit tit phai ndi ra, ring bit tit phai ndi mdt each hiln ngdn iy" lai chfnh la co sd dl nghe thdng bilu dupe chu y cua ngudi ndi va nd la co sd dl nghe suy y hdm an phat ngdn ciia ngudi ndi Dilu dd c6 nghla: nhd vio tien gid dinh ciing vdi Men ngdn tir, ngi?, cu tao thinb phit ngdn, ngudi ndi gpi cho ngudi nghe mdt suy y hudng vdi hdnh ddng ngdn trung (lUocutionary act) ciia minh Tiin gid dinh va hi/n ngdn lam chdc ndng dinh hudng cho ngudi suy hdm ngdn ciia phat ngdn; suy chu y cua ngudi ndi
(5)Mdt cudc giao tilp cd thinb cdng hay khdng phu thudc phin Idn vio ndng luc hieu bii't (ability of knowledge) cua ngudi nghe ddl vdi dilu ma ngudi ndi coi la upng tam ciia phat ngdn Ndi each khic, phu thudc vao ngudi nghe cd nim bit dupe ""hdnh ddng ngdn trung" (lUocutionary act) ciia ngudi ndi hay khdng Thf du:
(6) Thdi duge, tdi din dd biy gid
Gia dinh chiing ta nghe dupe cau ndi dd qua dian thoai cua hai ngudi nao dd dang ndi chuyan vdi nbau thi chiing ta chi cd tbi nhAn biat dd la cau tra Idi mang nghla: mdt Idi hua mi^n cudng v4 viic di
den noi ndo dd ciia ngudi ndi phdt ngdn dy Nhung, nlu ching
ban ta bilt dupe hai ngudi Ud chuyan qua dian thoai la mdt cdng an khu vuc va dng quan trudng cdng an; chiing ta bilt dxsgc dia bin quan If cua hp dang xay mdt vu viae gi dd nghiam trpng thi phit ngdn "Thdi duge, tdi dan dd bay gid" khdng cdn nghla hua h^n
mien cudng ma lai cd nghla: tdi se dicng nhUng viic khdc cdn lam di din gidi quyet vu viic Trong trudng hpp nay, phat ngdn uan khdng
cdn la Idi hua hen mi la Idi cam kit vl Uach nhiam nd dat Uong bdi canh giao tilp nhu tran Thf du khic:
(7) a Chao bac a! b Lam gi diy?
Nlu nhihig phat ngdn dd khdng d nhihig bdi canh giao tilp cu thi thi khd doan dinh dupe chii y cua ngudi ndi Vdi (7.a) cd thi dd la Idi chao ma ciing cd tbi la Uri tarn biet Phat ngdn (7.b) cd hhih thik ciu tao la phat ngdn hdi ngudi nghe cin tra Jdi minh dang lam mat viae gi dd Nhung nlu dat phat ngdn dd bdi canh giao tilp: c6 mdt ngudi ban den choi nha ngudi ban khic, dii nbin thiy ban minh dang dpc bao ching ban nhung vin dua ciu hdi uan, thi cau hdi Uong bdi canh giao tiap lai la Idi chdo Thf du din lian quan den "tien gid dinh phd thdng' ciia ngudi ndi va ca ngudi nghe Ik ngudi Viat
Nhu da rd, tiln gia dinh va hiln ngdn la hai nhan td cin ylu dl doan dinh, "y tai ngdn ngoai" ciia ngudi ndi Mat khic nhu da bilt, ngQ nghla cua mdt phat ngdn - giao tiap dupe tao tir hai buih dian quan he him co vdi Dd la modus va dictum, Uong dd binh dian
nghui tinh thai (modus) phan anh cbii y cua ngudi ndi cd thi m^t «^
(6)vay, mdi quan hf giffa tiln gia dinh va phuong tian bilu dat tiidi thii nhu th^ nio? Xet mdt sd thf du sau diy:
(8) a Tdi cdng bilt viae iy ddyl
b Ngay mai lam cdng cdn kip nita Id! c Li cua t6ng giam ddc cdng ty md Igil
Trong thf du (8), cac phat ngdn din diu la cau tra Idi cho ttg ciu hoi tucmg umg: Ddi vdi (8.a), dd la ciu hdi: "Anh (dng, ba ) iiet viae iy khdngT Diy la dang thiic cua ciu bdi chfnh danh, ciu theo bilu thurc " cd khdngT\ Ciu tao ciia ciu hdi loai dinh
Dg cho cau tra Idi true tilp vao tim dilm ciia ciu bdi ddng tir thdfc ''biet" bilu dat Mi nhu da bilt, cac ddng tir nhin thiic - ndi diu cd mdt tiln gia dinh Dd la dilu dupe bilu thi b6 ngO* vi tir li dung hay sai su thuc Mat khic, nhan thiic bao gid cung c cung cd hay thay d6i theo thdi gian Ndi each khic, ddi vdi ng ddng tir nhan tbu:c diu cd tiln gia dinh la tinh thdi gian (Tbfnh ll cd thi diing bilu thiic ciia ciu bdi " dd chua? " thay vi bilu ! '\ cd khdng?'\ Trd lai phat ngdn (8.a) Phat ngdn cd hai td I thdi ''cung'' vk "day" vdi nghla dung khic nhau: Tir "cdng" mang ia "ddi chieu"; cd nghla: ngudi ndi cam kit cai nhin thiic cua minh
) vl viae iy la chfnh xic, diing vdi thuc te Tir "ddy" d cudi phat c6 nghla "khdng dinh" nhin thiic (bii't) ciia ngudi ndi dua tran bang chiing da cd trude thdi diem ndi; tiic la bang chiing cd qui khii
Tdm lai, phin tfch tran cho thiy giiia tiln gia dinh va phuong tien dat nghla tinh thai nhung phat ngdn - giao tiep cd chiia tir nhan thiic - ndi nang, diu cd mot quan he hdm thuc ve tinh gian,
Phat ngdn (8.b) cd phdt ngdn hoi tuong ling la: "Hdm (hoac gid) lim (viae gi dd) cd kip hay khdng?"
: Loai cau hdi ddi hdi d ngudi nghe lua chpn cau tra Idi ma ndi ciia nd phai phan inh diing thuc te hay thoa dang vdi y mudn cua nghe Trong phat ngdn (8.b) cd chiia ket ciu "cilng cdn nila It ciu tic ddng da'n mat nghla ciia tir "kip " ("Kip" cd nghla:
(7)lim hoac tnidc hl^t thdi ban lam) Kit ciu "cdng cdn nita Id", Uong trudng hpp cd nghla: so sdnh - ddi chii'u v/ thdi lugng tdi
thieu dii dl tiln hanh mdt hanh ddng nao dd xay trude thdi dilm ndi
vdi thdi lupng dii dl tiln hanh mdt hanh ddng tuong tu xay sau thdi dilm ndi Phat ngdn "Ngiy mai lam cdng cdn kip ni?u ld\ ", cd tiln gii dinh vl thdi gian: "Hdm (bdy gid) ma lam (viae gi dd) thi cdn Iqp thdi gian, hudng hd ngdy mai mdi lam (viae gi dd) thi tbira thdi gian."
Tir phan tfch nhu tran, cd thi kit luan: Kit ciu "cdng cdn,,
nda Id" tham gia vao ciu tao ciia phat ngdn khdng cd tic ddng din
ngif nghla cua toan phat ngdn Trong dd tiln gia dinh lai cd tic ddng den mat ngi^ nghla ciia toin phit ngdn Kit ciu niy mang nghia tinh thai: ngudi ndi diing nd d l nhdn mgnh su cam ket - khing
dinh ciia minh v^ thdi lupng du dl thuc thi mdt hanh ddng nao dd
Phdt ngdn (8.c) la cau tra Idi cua cau hdi ma ngudi ndi khdng dim chic (khdng du nilm tin) vao nhan dinh (suy nghl) ciia minh Chfnh tir tinh thai "md Igr cau tra Idi bilu thi bam f nky ciia
phdt ngdn hdi Nlu khdng cd tir tinh thai "md lai" tham gia vao ciu
tao, thi phdt ngdn tra Idi (la cua tdng gidm ddc cdng ty!) la cau tri Idi cho cau hdi chuyan biat: "Cau iy la ai?" Tiln gii dinh ciia phdt ngdn (8.c) thudc loai tien gid dinh phd thdng: da li ciia bit cti vi giim ddc t6ng cdng ty nao thi cflng cd dilu kian quan ha, kinh tl, (do cuong vi xa hdi cua ngudi cha tao ra) d l di du bpc d nude ngoii Tir tinh thai "md IgP' dat d cudi phit ngdn bilu tbi su khdng dinh cua
ngudi ndi ve dieu kien thugn Igi dd, ddng thdi^huyi't phuc ngudi nghe tin vdo su that dd
Nhu vay ddi vdi phat ngdn (8.c) phuong tian tinh thii "md lai" cd mdi lian hihj co vdi tiln gia dinh vl tri thiic phd thdng
Tran day da dl cap'din nhihig nhan td tao thinb phit ngdn giao tilp dd dac biat quan tam din nhan td tiln gia dinh - ngiif dung (tri thiic phd thdng/tri thiic bach khoa cua nhan vat giao tilp) va tiln gia dinh tinh hudng giao tilp (quan lian nhan hudng ndi^udng ngoai) chu dl cudc thoai v.v
Nhan td tiln gia dinh khdng tham gia vio ciu tao hiln ngdn cAi phdl ngdn nhung lai ddng vai trd quyi't dinh cho cudc thoai cd thinh cdng hay khdng; la ca sd tiin quyi't dl ngudi nghe thiu hilu dupe chu
(8)ngudi ndi ngim in timg phat ngdn thdng qua tir, ngir, cau cii phip cd ciu tao ciia phat ngdn
Dudi goc dd day tilng Viat thuc hanh giao tiep cho ngudi nude |oii, cho din nay, nghla tinh thai ciia phat ngdn boat ddng giao ip vk phuong tian bilu dat nd tieng Viet chua dupe quan tim Iy dii nghian cihi ciing nhu giang day, mac dii ve nhan ic, mac nhian tbira nhan nghTa tinh thdi ciia phat ngdn giao tiep la
J/ hai bo phan I thdnh phan tao nan ndi dung ngic nghTa ciia " ngdn; la "linh hdn cua phat ngdn" (C:h.Balli)
T A I L I £ U THAM K H A O VA TRICH D A N
.t Austin, How to things with words, in Nhung cdi mdi trong ngdn ngQhgc nudc ngodi, tap XVII (ban tieng Nga) DdHihi Chau (2001), Da/ cuong ngdn ngQ hoc Tap - Ngii dung hpc, NXB Giao due
La Ddng - Nguyln Van Hiap (2003), Khdi niim ve tinh thdi trong Ngdn ngQ hgc Tap chf Ngdn ngu", Sd
Cao Xuan Hao - Hoang Diing (2005), Tit dien thiigt ngiC ngdn nga hgc Ddi chiiu Anh Viet - Viet Anh, NXB KHXH
Nguyln Chf Hoa (1995), Phdt ngdn nhu la dan vi giao tiip tiing Viet Men dgi, LATS
Dinh Thanh Hue (1997), Cau giao tiip (phdt ngdn) - Dan vi tdi thieu cua viic dgy hgc tieng nudc ngodi Tap chf Nghien ciiu giao duc,Sd7
Dinh Thanh Hue (2006), Ve phuong tien bieu dgt nghTa tinh thdi vd miiu td nghTa tinh thdi cua phdt ngdn tiing Viet, in trong: Viet Nam hgc & tiihg Viet, NXB DHQG Ha Ndi
V.Z Panfilov (1997), Phgm trii tinh thdi vd vai trd cua nd cau true cua cdu vd phdn dodn, in Nhihig vdn de ngdn ngd hgc, Sd (Ban tilng Nga)
Hoang Tua (1998), Ve khdi niim tinh thdi Tap chf Ngdn ngu, Sd phu