Các chuyên đề bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi tiếng anh 9

Khi dùng với động từ tri giác (verbs of perception) CAN cho một ý nghĩa tương đương với thì Tiếp diễn (Continuous Tense). Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea. COULD là thì [r]

C

CCÁC CCCHHHUUUYYYÊÊÊNNN ĐĐĐỀỀỀ

BỒI DƯỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI

TIẾNG ANH

Phần 1: PHONETICS (NGỮ ÂM)

1 SOUNDS

2 STRESS - Một số quy tắc để nhận biết trọng âm

Phần 2: WORD FORMATION ( CẤU TẠO TỪ ) A- MỘT SỐ CÁCH THÀNH LẬP LOẠI TỪ

B- MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC NHẬN DIỆN LOẠI TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP: Phần 3: ĐỌC HIỂU

1 BÀI ĐỌC HIỂU DẠNG CHỌN TỪ ĐIỀN VÀO CHỖ TRỐNG

2 BÀI ĐỌC HIỂU MỘT ĐOẠN VĂN Phần 1: PHONETICS (NGỮ ÂM) SOUNDS

CÁCH PHÁT ÂM "S" CUỐI : trường hợp danh từ số nhiều nhiều động từ số

/ s / Khi sau phụ âm sau : /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ ,//

Ex: laughs, walks, cups, cats, tenths; books

/ iz / Khi sau âm sau: /s/, /∫/, / t∫/, /z/, / ʒ,/, /ʤ /, Hoặc chữ cái: s, x, z, ch, sh, ce, ge, se

Ex: washes , kisses , oranges…

/ z / Không thuộc hai loại Ex: bags , kids , days …

Ngọai lệ: bình thường chữ s phát âm /s/, có ngoại lệ cần nhớ:

- Chữ s đọc /z /sau từ :busy, please, easy, present, desire, music, pleasant, desert, choose, reason, preserve, poison

-Chữ s đọc /'∫/ sau từ sugar,sure Exercise

1 A proofs B books C points D days

2 A asks B breathes C breaths D hopes

3 A sees B sports C pools D trains

4 A tombs B lamps C brakes D invites

5 A books B floors C combs D drums

6 A cats B tapes C rides D cooks

7 A walks B begins C helps D cuts

8 A shoots B grounds C concentrates D forests

9 A helps B laughs C cooks D finds

10 A hours B fathers C dreams D thinks

11 A beds B doors C plays D students

13 A boxes B classes C potatoes D finishes

14 A relieves B invents C buys D deals

15 A dreams B heals C kills D tasks 16 A resources B stages C preserves D focuses

17 A carriages B whistles C assures D costumes 18 A offers B mounts C pollens D swords

19 A miles B words C accidents D names 20 A sports B households C minds D plays

CÁCH PHÁT ÂM “ –ED” CUỐI : Đây hình thức Past tense Past participle:

1 “-ed ” pronounced as / id /: sau / t, d / : Thường sau chữ t, d : Ex: wanted; decided 2 “-ed ” pronounced as / t /: sau / k, f, p, s, ∫, t∫ , / chữ p, k, f, th, s, sh, ch, gh :.Ex: asked; stopped; laughed

3 “-ed ” pronounced as / d / : Trừ trường hợp : Ex: moved; played; raised, used,

Ngọai lệ: Đi -ed tính từ sau phát âm /id/: aged, learned, beloved, blessed, naked, wicked, dogged, sacred, hatred, rugged,

Exercise

1 A worked B stopped C forced D wanted

2 A kissed B helped C forced D raised

3 A confused B faced C cried D defined

4 A devoted B suggested C provided D wished

5 A catched B crashed C occupied D coughed

6 A agreed B missed C liked D watched

7 A measured B pleased C distinguished D managed

8 A wounded B routed C wasted D risked

9 A imprisoned B pointed C shouted D surrounded

10 A a.failed B reached C absored D solved

11 A invited B attended C celebrated D displayed

12 A removed B washed C hoped D missed

13 A looked B laughed C moved D.stepped

14 A wanted B.parked C stopped D.watched

15 A laughed B passed C suggested D placed

16 A.believed B prepared C involved D liked

17 A.lifted B lasted C happened D decided

18 A collected B changed C formed D viewed

20 A.admired B looked C missed D hoped

CÁCH PHÁT MỘT SỐ NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ PHỤ ÂM THƯỜNG GẶP

1 /i:/ : sau các chữ cái: ea, ee, ei, ie, ese

Ex: East, easy, sea, free, see, recieve, ceiing, belief, chief, Vietnamese, Chinese

Except: break, great, steak

2 /u/ sau các chữ cái: :oo, ould, u, o,

Ex: could, should, would, bush, full, butcher, woman, wolf, foot, cook, good, look, book

Except: blood, flood,

3 /u:/: sau các chữ cái: ew, ui, ue (u-e),o oo

Ex: flew, grew, fruit, juice, clue, rule, dune, do, two, who, tomb, booth, food, tooh, tool

4 /∂/: sau các chữ cái: ear, (-)er, -ir, -or, -ur,

Ex: learn, Earth, heard, serve, girl, bird, first, world, worm, burn, hurt, fur, nurse, Thurday,

5 /e/: sau các chữ cái: ea, ead Ex: dead, bread , breath,

6 //: sau các chữ cái: th

Ex: breath, bath, think, through ,

7 / ð /: sau các chữ cái: the, th , Ex: breathe, this, that, they

8 /∫/: sau các chữ cái: sh, s, c, ch

Ex: wash, dish, sugar, sure, social, oficial, conscious, machine, chef, / t∫/; sau các chữ cái: ch, tur

Ex: chalk, church, choose, century, natural, culture, 10 /k/ sau các chữ cái: ch, c, k

Ex: chemistry, school, cancer, class, crowd, kitchen, like, king

BÀI TẬP VỀ CÁC NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ CÁC PHỤ ÂM KHÁC

1 A heat B scream C meat D dead

2 A breakfast B teacher C east D please

3 A thrilling B other C through D something

4 A idea B going C will D trip

5 A face B place C prepared D days

6 A Germany B garden C gate D gas

8 A house B harm C hour D husband

9 A hundred B exhausted C however D heat

10 A head B ready C mean D weather

11 A choir B cheap C child D chair

12 A charge B child C teacher D champagne

13 A reason B clear C mean D each

14.A motion B question C mention D fiction

15 A gather B good C large D again

16 A change B children C machine D church 17 A write B writer C writing D written

18 A share B rare C are D declare

19 A apply B university C identity D early

20 A choice B achieve C each D chemistry

2 STRESS - Một số quy tắc để nhận biết trọng âm 1/ Trọng âm thường rơi vào tiền tố(prefix) hậu tố (suffix)

→ ví dụ: dislike, unhappy, uncertain, disappointed, unashamed, forefather * Ngoại lệ: 'foresight , 'forecast , 'unkeep , 'upland , 'surname , 'subway Dưới vài hậu tố không thay đổi dấu nhấn từ gốc

V + ment: ag'ree(thoả thuận) =>ag'reement

V + ance: re'sist( chống cự ) =>re'sistance (sự chống cự)

V + er : em'ploy(thuê làm) =>em'ployer(ông chủ)

V + or : in'vent ( phát minh) => in'ventor V + ar : beg (van xin) => 'beggar( người ăn xin), liar ( người nói dối)

V + al : ap'prove( chấp thuận) => ap'proval V + y : de'liver( giao hàng)=> de'livery( giao hàng)

V + age: pack( đóng gói ) => 'package( bưu kiện)

V + ing : under'stand( hiểu) => under'standing

adj + ness : 'bitter ( đắng)=> 'bitterness( nỗi cay đắng)

2/ Nhìn chung, trọng âm thường rơi vào nguyên âm kép dài, rơi vào nguyên âm ngắn /∂/ hay /i/

* EX:a'bandon , 'pleasure , a'ttract , co'rrect , per'fect , in'side , 'sorry , 'rather , pro'duct , for'get , de'sign , en'joy

3/ Một từ hai vần vừa động từ vừa danh từ

Động từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ Danh từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ

EX: 'rebell(n), re'bell(v), export, import, increase, object, perfect, permit, present, produce, record, refuse

Ngoại lệ : 'promise (n), (v)

- Giới từ hai âm tiết trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ

Ex: between above, about, across

5/ Trọng âm thường rơi vào trước hậu tố (suffixes) sau vần : ION, IC, IAL , ICAL, UAL, ITY, IA, LOGY, IAN, IOUS, EOUS , IENCE, IENT, -GRAPHY , -NOMY , -METRY

EX: 'vision, uni'versity, phy'sician, li'brarian, Ca'nadian, Au'stralian, ex'perience, im'patience, edu'cation, a'bility, elec'tricity, bi'ology, psy'chology, Au'stralia, 'Austria, 'Asia, ge'ography, pho'tography, e'ssential, ha'bitual, me'chanical, mathe'matical, po'litical, de'licious, pho'netics, scien'tific, ge'ometry, a'stronomy

Ngoại Trừ (exceptions): 'lunatic, a'rithmetic, 'politics, 'Arabic, 'television

6) Trọng âm rơi vào vần cuối sau đây: ADE, OO, OON, EE, EEN, EER, -ESE, -AIRE, -SELF, -ETTE, -ESQUE Ex: bamboo, millionaire, engineer,

themselves, saloon, balloon, thirteen, Vietnamese, employee, agree, picturesque, Cartoon, guarantee, kangaroo, typhoon

*Ngoại lệ : 'centigrade , 'coffee , co'mmittee , 'cukoo , 'teaspoon… Exercise

1 a pollute b contractual c reject d marvellous

2 a mechanic b military c apologize d miraculous

3 a compulsory b intensity c kidding d invaluable

4 a nursery b focus c delicate d secure

5 a curriculum b kindergarten c contaminate d.conventional

6 A apology B industrial C Industry D Disaster

7 A interview B certificate C.applicant D primary

8 A certificate B apartment C individual D biology A scientific B availlable C suspicious D supportive

10 A especially B comfortably C carefully D possibly

11 A importance B subtraction C algebra D example

12 A aspect B careful C require D successful

13 A terrific B applicant C banking D ignorant

14 A recognize B challenge C symbolize D Continue

15 A continent B belong C master D access

16 A appalling B ashamed C November D architect

17 A policeman B cinema C overcoat D politics

18 A competition B intelligent C automation D information

19 A accountant B Arabic C Germany D chemistry

Phần 2: WORD FORMATION (CẤU TẠO TỪ)

A- MỘT SỐ CÁCH THÀNH LẬP LOẠI TỪ:

I- DANH TỪ:

1) Tiền tố: super-/under-/sur-/sub-/over- + N -> N

supermarket siêu thị

underachievement đạt mức

surface bề mặt

overexpenditure chi tiêu

superman siêu nhân subway tàu điện ngầm

2) Hậu tố:

a) V + -ion/-tion/-ation/-ition/-sion -> N

addition thêm vào production sản xuất conservation bảo tồn

repetition lặp lại permission cho phép

pollution ô nhiễm

b) V + -ment/-ance/-ence/-age/-ing/-al -> N

employment việc làm

attendance có mặt difference khác

marriage kết hôn swimming việc bơi lội

arrival đến

c) V + -er/-or/-ant/-ee/ -> N

driver tài xế

actor diễn viên nam accountant kế toán

employee người làm thuê

interviewee người vấn applicant người xin việc

d) N + -ist/-an/-ian/-ess -> N

physicist nhà vật lý American người Mỹ librarian thủ thư

actress nữ diễn viên musician nhạc sĩ

scientist nhà khoa học

e) Adj + -y/-ity/-ness/-ism/-dom/ -ship -> N

difficulty khó khăn responsibility trách nhiệm

happiness hạnh phúc

capitalism Chủ nghĩa tư freedom tự

friendship tình bạn

3) THE + ADJ -> NOUN

the poor, the blind, the deaf, the old, the sick, the weak, the unemployed, the disabled, the dead, the young…

1) Tiền tố:

a) dis-/mis-/re-/over-/under-/out- + V -> V

disagree không đồng ý misunderstand hiểu nhầm redo làm lại

overcook nấu chín undersell bán rẻ outweigh nặng

hơn

b) en- + N/V/Adj -> V

enable làm cho cĩ thể endanger gây nguy hiểm enrich làm giàu 2) Hậu tố:

Adj/N + -ize/-en/-ate/-fy -> V

industrialize Cơng nghiệp hóa widen làm rộng originate bắt nguồn

beautify làm đẹp lighten làm nhẹ modernize

đại hóa

III- TÍNH TỪ:

1) Tiền tố: un-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/dis- + Adj -> Adj

unlucky không may inexact khơng xác impossible

khơng thể

irregular khơng có qui tắc illogical không hợp lý dishonest không trung thực

2) Hậu tố:

a) N + -ly/-like/-less/-ish/-y/-ful/-al/-ic/ -> Adj

daily ngày childlike nít treeless khơng

có

selfish ích kỷ rainy có mưa peaceful hịa

bình

agricultural nơng nghiệp scientific khoa học successful thành

công

b) V/N + -ive/-able/-ible -> Adj

attractive hấp dẫn acceptable chấp nhận defensible bảo vệ

eatable ăn active động comprehensible hiểu

IV- TRẠNG TỪ: Phần lớn: Adj + -ly -> Adv

B - MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC NHẬN DIỆN LOẠI TỪ THƯỜNG GẶP:

1 a/ an/ the/ this/ that…

my/ her/ his…/ Mary’s + (adj) + N many/ some/ a lot of…

Ex: She is a beautiful girl

2 danh từ đo lường, tuổi tác + (adj)

Ex: This table is two meters long He’s twenty years old

3 V (MAKE, KEEP, FIND…) + O + ADJ

Ex: We should keep our room clean

4 Linking verbs (be, become, feel, look, taste, sound, smell, seem, get, appear…) + ADJ

Ex: It becomes hot today

5 đại từ bất định (something, someone, anything, anybody, everything, nobody…) + ADJ

Ex: Do you have anything important to tell me?

6 ADV + ADJ

Ex: Your story is very interesting Ex: This film is extremely boring

7 Hình thức phân từ (-ING): Diễn tả nhận thức người nói người/việc

Ex: That film is interesting (Bộ phim hay.) (Người xem nhận thấy phim hay.) Hình thức khứ phân từ (-ED): Diễn tả cảm giác người nói người/việc đem lại

Ex: I am confused about the question (Tôi bị bối rối câu hỏi.) (Câu hỏi làm bối rối.)

8 Trạng từ thể cách bổ nghĩa cho động từ

Ex: She drives carefully

LƯU Ý:

- fast (nhanh), early (sớm), late (muộn), hard (chăm chỉ) vừa tính từ vừa trạng từ

Ex: Jack is a very fast runner Jack can run very fast - Phân biệt: late (muộn) lately (gần đây) (= recently)

hard (chăm chỉ) hardly (hầu không)

- Một số tính từ tận –LY: friendly (thân thiện), lovely (dễ thương), lively (sống động),

2 You should these exercises _ (quick)

3 The industrial will lead to the country’s prosperity (develop) Some large cities have had measures to minimize air (pollute) I will come to the party because I accept the _ (invite)

6 The of the Hollywood actor, Jimmy Halton, was announced last night (die) This company offered a lot of jobs (attract)

8 We often go to the theater at weekends for (entertain) He is a famous……… (act)

10 You must the answer you choose (dark)

11 We have a lot of ………… in learning English (difficult) 12 I felt very ………… when I was a member of our school team (excite) 13 He speaks English (fluency)

14 We are very proud of our……… (friend)

15 He does exercise every morning, so he is very………… (health) 16 Her parents’ ………… makes her very sad (ill)

17 News on TV is very (inform) 18 What is his ? (nation)

19 Everybody loves beauty (nature)

20 It is cloudy and today (rain)

Multiple choice

1 He has been very interested in doing research on _ since he was at high school

a biology b biological c biologist d biologically You are old enough to take _ for what you have done

a responsible b responsibility c responsibly d irresponsible

3 Many Vietnamese people their lives for the revolutionary cause of the nation a sacrifice b sacrificed c sacrificial d sacrificially

4 They had a candlelit dinner last night and she accepted his proposal of marriage

a romance b romantic c romantically d romanticize

5 She sent me a _ letter thanking me for my invitation

a polite b politely c politeness d impoliteness As an _, Mr Pike is very worried about the increasing of juvenile

delinquency

a educate b education c educator d educative He was the only _ that was offered the job

8 Many people have objected to the use of animals in _ experiments

a science b scientist c scientific d scientifically _ is increasing, which results from economic crisis

a Employment b Unemployment c Employ d Unemployed

10 _! I have heard of your success in the new project

a Congratulate b Congratulating c Congratulation d Congratulations

11 A / an _ species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct

a dangerous b endanger c endangered d endangerment 12 Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with

a extinct b extinction c extinctive d extinctly 13 They are going to _ the pool to 1.8 meter

a deep b depth c deepen d deeply

14 The referee had no hesitation in awarding the visiting team a _

a penalty b penalize c penal d penalization

15 The referee's _ is the most important in any sport competition

a decide b decisive c decision d decider 16 Johnny used to be one of the most _ athletes in my country

a succeed b success c successful d successfully

17 The success of the 22nd SEA Games had a great contribution of many _ volunteers

a support b supporter c supportive d supportively

18 He was so _ that he could not even say a word

a nerve b nerves c nervous d nervously

19 I am really _ in the way he talks, but the way he behaves a interest b interested c interesting d interestingly

20 Thanks to labor-saving devices, women have more time to take part in _ activities

Phần 3: ĐỌC HIỂU

BÀI TẬP ĐỌC HIỂU DẠNG CHỌN TỪ ĐIỀN VÀO CHỖ TRỐNG

Bài tập chọn từ điền vào chỗ trống dạng tổng hợp nhiều dạng kiến thức ngữ pháp, từ

vựng, cấu trúc… mà học sinh học bậc học Để làm tốt dạng cần lưu ý điểm sau:

1 Phân biệt từ đồng nghĩa gần nghĩa

Đây câu hỏi kiểm tra độ thành thạo học sinh trình sử dụng ngơn ngữ Tiếng Anh có nhiều từ đồng nghĩa gần

nghĩa, chúng tương đồng nghĩa thay cho số trường hợp Tuy nhiên, chúng khác sắc thái ý nghĩa, mức độ phổ biến,mức độ trang trọng

như cấu trúc sử dụng Nên nhiều trường hợp ta thay chúng cho được Nhiệm vụ học sinh nhận khác biệt chúng để chọn từ điền cho xác

và hợp lý

Hãy xem ví dụ sau:

I _ the orchestra play at Carnegie Hall last summer

A heard B tasted C smelled D listened

Trong phương án, ta loại trừ phương án B C ta khơng thể nếm ngửi thấy nhạc

được Với hai phương án lại, em cần phân biệt khác hear listen Về nghĩa, hear có nghĩa nghe thống qua, nghe mà chưa có chuẩn bị chủ ý trước

nghe Trong đó, listen lại có nghĩa nghe cách tập trung có ý định ý nghe từ trước

Về cấu trúc, hear động từ tri giác nên sau tân ngữ + động từ nguyên mẫu khôngto Tuy nhiên, động từ listen lại kèm giới từ to theo sau tân ngữ (liste n to sth)

Xét mặt nghĩa cấu trúc heard thích hợp để điền vào câu trên, listened không thể thay

2 Xác định nghĩa từ dựa vào văn cảnh (context)

Khi làm bài, em phải đọc kỹ đoạn văn, đặc biệt phần trước sau chỗ trống c ần điền chọntừ thích hợp Bởi phương án lựa chọn nằm tổng thể đo ạn Ví dụ:

Tigers are rare in India now because we have killed too many for them However, it isn’ t simple enough

A nothing B something C everything D anything Về nguyên tắc, tất phương án dùng với động từ Tuy nhi ên, dựa

vào ngữcảnh đoạn văn ta thấy tình hình bảo vệ động vật hoang dã tình trạng đáng báo

động cần hành động để cứu loài vật có nguycơ tuyệt g

Cấu trúc too + tính từ + to sth có nghĩa q… khơng thể xác

định.Trong đó, something everything dùng câu không phù hợp nghĩa nên loại hai phương án

Nothing(khơng có gì) từ mang nghĩa phủ định với câu có nghĩa phù hợp Tuy nhiên,bản thân cấu trúc với too mang nghĩa phủ định nên

kết hợp với từ mang nghĩa phủ định trongcùng câu nên nothing bị l oại Anything

là từ dùng câu phủ định nhiên từ cịn có nghĩa nên thích hợp để dùng câu có cấu trúc too

3 Sử dụng cụm từ cố định

Tiếng Anh có nhiều cụm từ cố định Có động từ với loại giới từ nh ất định, cũngcó động từ kết hợp với (một số) giới từ lại mang nghĩa k hác với gốc động từ Người rađề để khuyết động từ giới từ để

kiểm tra mảng kiến thức học sinh Khi làm bài, cácem không nên tìm nghĩa từ đơn lẻ mà cần đặt chúng mối quan hệ với từ xung quanh Ví dụ :

1 Mobiles that are fitted permanently in a vehicle not _ on separate batteries T hey require an external aerial on the vehicle

A rely B create C carry D insist

Giải thích: create bị loại khơng có cấu trúc create on sth Các động từ lại có t hể kết hợp vớion: to insist on sth: khăng khăng, cố nài làm đó; to carry on sth: xúc tiế n, tiếp tục; to rely on sth: dựa vào, cậy vào, nhờ vào

Exercise: Read the pasage and circle the best corect answer

Water is necessary for life People can live only a few days (1) it Yet nearly 25 million people die each year because of it Both industrial nations and developing

countries are worried about the (2) and quantity of water in the world

Even though people, animals, agriculture, and industry use a lot of water, there is more than enough on the earth Water covers about three-quarters of the Earth's surface However, 97.4 percent of it is salt water Three-fourths of the Earth's fresh water is frozen in glaciers and in the great polar ice caps Most of the water we use

(3) from rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere Less than one percent of the Earth's water is usable, and we use it over and over again

One of the (4) about water is distribution Water is not always distributed where the large (5) centers are Some regions get enough rain But it is all in one or two short rainy reasons

1 A with B without C for D in

2 A characteristics B conditions C situation D quality

3 A comes B arrives C goes D gets

5 A people B men C population D women

2 BÀI TẬP ĐỌC HIỂU MỘT ĐOẠN VĂN

Để làm tốt phần đọc hiểu đoạn văn em thực vài bước sau Gạch chân từ phần yêu cầu, cần thiết học sinh đọc nhẩm từ ghi từ q trình làm

2 Đọc lướt nội dung thấy thơng tin có liên quan đến phần u cầu trả lời, em dùng bút chì gạch chân Sau đó, em tiếp tục đọc hết

3 Đọc lại lần Các em cần xem xét kỹ câu trả lời đáp án, dựa chứng cụ thể để đưa đáp án

Example:

Read the passages below and choose the correct answer among A, B, C or D

Most of the joggers who are overweight are reasonable for talking about, worrying about, and obsessing with their weight Since many people start jogging to lose weight (perhaps you're one of them) it is not surprising that body size is important More and more people are on a diet, 50% of the women and close to 25% of the men in the US are watching what they eat Body weight is the second most talked among joggers - heart disease and high blood pressure are the first! There are many factors that affect your weight They include: body type, diet, exercise level, sex and age What may be an "ideal" weight for you at the age of 27 may not be ideal when you're 54 And your ideal weight will probably be different during racing season when you're in a specific training phase

1 What are most of joggers who are overweight worried about?

A their weight B their height C their jogging D the distance To many people, _

A body size is not a problem B body size is very important C they not care about their body size D jogging is a waste of time In the US, _

A nobody is on a diet B 50% women are on a diet

C obesity is appreciate D 75% men are on a diet

4 What are the most talked among joggers?

A body size B lung cancer C died D heart disease and high blood pressure

5 There are many factors that affect your weight They are _

A body type, diet, exercise level, sex and age B high blood pressure, sex and age

Phần 4: Một số đề tham khảo

TEST

Part 1: Phonetics:

Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest in each group

6 A sound B about C shout D course A jogged B cooked C gained D smiled

8 A disappointed B orator C signature D accept A enclose B pen C center D tent 10 A choose B house C horse D course

Choose the word whose syllable is stressed differently from the rest in each group 11 A especially B comfortably C carefully D possibly

12 A importance B subtraction C algebra D example 13 A aspect B careful C baggy D successful 14 A terrific B applicant C banking D ignorant 15 A recognize B challenge C symbolize D continue

Part 2: Vocabulary - grammar and structures Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D

16 The Browns _ here since 1990

A live B are living C have lived D had lived

17 I wish I _ all about this some weeks age

A knew B have known C had known D would know 18 Vietnam is a country in _ Asia

A Southeast B Northeast C Southwest D Northwest 19 Money can't buy true _

A happy B un happy C happiness D happily 20 We can buy from a needle to an elephant in this _

A park B crossroads C shopping centre D crowds

21 The synonym of MOTHER TONGUE is _

A first language B foreign language C second language D A & B are right 22 Don't disturb me I've got _ work to

A a lot B a great deal C much D many

23 When students finish their 12th school year, they're at their _ A school-leaving age B status of children

C status of worker D none are right

A widely B wide C widen D width 25 Which prefix can go with FACE?

A super B sur C sub D out

26 Language isn't the private property of a country

A access B trade C possession D scholarship

27 Teenagers often have some physical changes during the _ from childhood to adult life

A transition B way C growth D obstacle

28 Is there anything important _ first?

A does B C doing D to

29 We didn't have any money but Tom had _

A a little B a few C little D few

30 He said that he _ his bicycle

A has lost B loses C had lost D lost Which sentence expresses the same idea as the given one?

31 There is a tendency to minimize problems A Pupils show a tend to minimize problems B Pupils don't try to overcome problems

C Pupils don't show a tend to play problems down D Pupils don't try to overcome problems much 32 They gave a great deal of thought to their work

A They thought a little about their job B They didn't think so much about their job C They thought so much about their job

D They didn't think about their job

33 They show a desire to put aside the status of the school - child

A They don't want to be adults B They want to be adults a lot C They want to leave school D They desire to leave school 34 They had little knowledge of the job of their choice

A They knew much of the job of their choice

B They almost had no knowledge of the job of their choice C They knew a lot about the job of their choice

D They were particularly keen on the job of their choice

35 They express a great determination to have a place at university A They are greatly determined to have a place at university

C They aren't determined to have a place at university

D They show a little desire to have a place at university Choose a word or phrase in each sentence that needs correcting

36 He didn't give (A) me (B) any ink, so I (C) couldn't write (D) no more

37 Either Peter (A) or Mary (B) have left (C) the door (D) unlocked

38 The film (A) on television (B) made us so (C) boring that we went (D) to bed early

39 If he (A) does a mistake, (B) will he (C) feel sorry (D) for it?

40 John decided (A) buying a new car in the morning, (B) but in the afternoon he (C) changed (D) his mind

Part 3: Reading

Read the passages below and choose the correct answer among A, B, C or D

Most of the joggers who are overweight are reasonable for talking about, worrying about, and obsessing with their weight Since many people start jogging to lose weight (perhaps you're one of them) it is not surprising that body size is important More and more people are on a diet, 50% of the women and close to 25% of the men in the US are watching what they eat Body weight is the second most talked among joggers - heart disease and high blood pressure are the first! There are many factors that affect your weight They include: body type, diet, exercise level, sex and age What may be an "ideal" weight for you at the age of 27 may not be ideal when you're 54 And your ideal weight will probably be different during racing season when you're in a specific training phase

41 What are most of joggers who are overweight worried about?

A their weight B their height C their jogging D the distance

42 To many people, _

A body size is not a problem B body size is very important C they not care about their body size D jogging is a waste of time

43 In the US, _

A nobody is on a diet B 50% women are on a diet

C obesity is appreciate D 75% men are on a diet

44 What are the most talked among joggers?

A body size B lung cancer C died D heart disease and high blood pressure

45 There are many factors that affect your weight They are _ A body type, diet, exercise level, sex and age

B high blood pressure, sex and age C heart disease and high blood pressure

D body type and heart disease

garden", the woman said "You've hurt it by bending for too long", Dr Peterson replied He then showed her (42) _ to some exercises However, (43) _ the woman left he felt very angry He went up to a friend of his who was a lawyer He told him about (44) _ the woman and asked him for his advice "Do you think I (45) _ to send her a bill?" he asked The lawyer thought for a moment and nodded "How much should I charge (46) _ giving all that advice?" Dr Peterson asked "Change her your usual fee" they lawyer said The next day Dr Peterson sent the woman a bill (47) _ a few days later he was surprised (48) _ letter from the lawyer (49) _ he opened the letter, he saw the following brief note: "Please find a bill for $50 for the advice (50) _"

46 A because B for C by D as soon as

47 A what B why C when D how

48 A when B because C if D for

49 A meet B meeting C to meet D he met

50 A should B had better C ought D must

51 A by B because of C owing to D for

52 A However B In addition C There fore D Alternatively

53 A by receiving B to receive C for receiving D receive

54 A Because B When C Until D For

55 A gave you B What I gave you C when I gave you D I gave you

Key

1 d b c a a a c d a 10 d

11 c 12 c 13 a 14 c 15 c 16 a 17 c 18 a 19 a 20 b

21 c 22 a 23 d 24 a 25 c 26 b 27 c 28 b 29 b 30 a

31 d 32 b 33 c 34 a 35 a 36 a 37 b 38 b 39 d 40 a

41 a 42 d 43 a 44 b 45 c 46 d 47 a 48 b 49 b 50 d

TEST

Part 1: Phonetics:

Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest in each group

1 A pretty B get C send D well

2 A Valentine B imagine C discipline D magazine

3 A chorus B cherish C chaos D scholar

4 A house B hour C heat D hand

5 A feat B great C seat D beat

Choose the word whose syllable is stressed differently from the rest in each group

7 A element B erosion C elephant D quantity

8 A focus B attain C emit D discard

9 A capture B apparent C horrible D tolerant

10 A especially B comfortably C carefully D possibly

Part 2: Vocabulary - grammar and structures Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D

11 If you want to learn something, you had better pay _ in class

A care B respect C attention D notice

12 Your voice reminds me of somebody, but I can't remember _

A it is B who is C who he is D who

13 Although he loved his country _ most of his life abroad

A but spent B but he spent C he spent D so he spent

14 _ the weather forecast, it will rain heavily later this morning

A On account of B According to C Because of D Due to

15 I don't _ locking the door

A remember B forget C remind D A & B are correct

16 I love this painting of an old man He has such a beautiful, _ smile

A childhood B childish C childless D childlike

17 I think you'd rather _ to the mountains for your holiday

A to go B going C go D have gone

18 I shall the job to the best of my _

A capacity B ability C knowledge D talent

19 If it's raining tomorrow, we shall have to put _ the match till Sunday

A off B away C in D on

20 It's obvious that neither the works _ to fight the new rules

A nor the manager intend B intend nor the manager

C nor the manager intends D intend nor the manager intends

21 She stopped him _ home by hiding the car key

A not drive B not to drive C to drive D.from driving

22 When he _ all the letters, he took them to the post office A has written B had written C wrote D had been writing 23 The flat _ of three rooms, with a kitchen and a bathroom

A composes B contains C includes D consists

24 After Mary _ her degree, she intends to work in her father's company A will finish B is finishing C finishes D will have finished

A Meanwhile B Nevertheless C Although D Despite

Which sentence expresses the same idea as the given one? 26 The think fog made it impossible for the plane to land

A The plane couldn't land

B We couldn't control the plane because the fog was thick C We couldn't control the plane because of the thick fog

D The thick fog prevented the plane from landing 27 I never want to see another film about space travel

A I haven't seen a film about space travel

B I have enjoyed all the film I have seen about space travel C I am anxious not to miss the next film about space travel D I am tired of seeing films about space travel

28 Whenever she went to Paris she bought a new dress A She never went to Paris to buy a new dress

B She never went to Paris without buying a new dress

C She never bought a new dress without going to Paris D She never bought a new dress when she went to Paris 29 Despite feeling cold, we kept walking

A In spite of we felt cold, we kept walking B Although we felt cold, we kept walking

C However cold we felt, but we kept walking

D However we felt cold, we kept walking

30 No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't open the door

A Try as hard as I might I couldn't open the door B Although I try, I couldn't open the door

C It is difficult for me to open the door

D I could open the door with difficulty

Choose a word or phrase in each sentence that needs correcting

31 She found it (A) hard to (B) concentrating on her book (C) because of the (D) the noise

32 Have you met (A) Bill's sisters? - I've met (B) one I didn't know he (C) had (D) other sister

33 Customs are (A) different from (B) one region (C) of the country (D) to another

34 The (A) job as a (B) booksell helps her (C) to support (D) her family

35 It (A) is possible (B) determining that French explorers reached the juncture (C) of the Kansas and Missouri rivers (D) in the seventeenth century

Read the passages below and choose the correct answer among A, B, C or D

Laurel or Hardy?

He was a music-hall comedian in England before he went to America in 1910 In those days he often (36) _ Chaplin He made his first short film in 1918 but did not (37) _ to establish himself in the competitive (38) _ of the screen comedy The first film he made with his famous fat (39) _ was called Putting pants on Philip in 1927 Many critics (40) _ that he was the more creative (41) _ of the partnership The humorist Leo McCarey (42) _ him a rare comic who was intelligent (43) _ to make up his own gaps (44) _, he was remarkably talented, while his partner was (45) _ and this was the key to understanding their relationship As a (46) _, throughout their career together he (47) _ on being paid twice as much as his friend because he believed he was (48) _ twice as much While he wrote the films and (49) _ part in their creation, his partner was incapable of creating anything at all - it was amazing how he managed to find his (50) _ to the studio

36 A copied B followed C resembled D liked

37 A succeed B reach C fail D managed

38 A job B field C position D place

39 A pair B Colleague C partner D match

40 A persist B claim C refuse D review

41 A person B member C actor D piece

42 A considered B said C described D saw

43 A even B quite C enough D also

44 A Although B Moreover C However D So

45 A less B least C little D hardly

46 A fact B conclusion C matter D result

47 A persisted B insisted C kept D demanded

48 A valued B making C worth D acting

49 A took B made C was D had

50 A car B road C route D review

Key

1 a a b b b c b b b 10 a

11 c 12 d 13 c 14 b 15 d 16 d 17 c 18 b 19 a 20 c

21 d 22 b 23 d 24 c 25 d 26 d 27 d 28 b 29 b 30 a

31 b 32 c 33 c 34 b 35 b 36 a 37 d 38 b 39 c 40 b

41 b 42 a 43 c 44 b 45 a 46 d 47 b 48 c 49 a 50 d

Part 1: Phonetics:

Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest in each group

1 A companion B compound C conclusion D contribution

2 A bear B hear C lear D tear

3 A wind B chin C blind D willing

4 A angle B alive C adverb D add

5 A drunkard B produce C consult D sunshine

Part 2: Vocabulary - grammar and structures Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D

6 He went to see the sights He had a tour

A investigating B sightseeing C reviewing D interesting

7 My brother is old enough to his own living

A earn B produce C share D demand

8 She's running slowly through the park She's

A walking B riding C jogging D driving

9 Mark Twain his childhood in Hannibal, which is on the Mississippi

A lived B spent C stayed D enjoyed

10 How you speak this fraction: 3/5?

A Three over fifth B Three-fifth C Three-fifths D Three-fives 11 Nam's parents are very with his success

A please B pleasant C pleasing D pleased

12 He is interested in research

A working B making C studying D doing

13 Boiled meat can be kept in containers and shipped to other countries

A tight-air B airtight C airsick D air-free

14 He can't buy that bicycle because he has money

A a lot of b much C little D few

15 English in many parts of the world

A is speaking B speaking C is spoken D spoken

16 Lam doesn't work as hard as he last year

A was B did C didn't D wasn't

17 I remember you before, but I have forgotten your name

A to meet B met C meet D meeting

18 She was tired her long walk

19 It is said that most are ill-prepared for their employment

A workers B children C girls D boys

20 He was the first man across the channel

A swimming B swim C swam D to swim

Which sentence expresses the same idea as the given one? 21 Taking photographs is not permitted here

A Photographers must not use flash here B Do not remove these photographs C Do not use your camera here

D Photographs are on sale here 22 I thought this film would be better

A The film was boring B The film made me bored

C I didn't like the film because it was boring D The film wasn't as good as I expected

23 You press this button to stop the machine

A If you press this button, the machine doesn't stop B You can use this button to operate the machine C This button helps you to stop the machine

D The machine can't stop without this button 24 I have never read such a good book before

A This book is the best I have never read

B This book is the best I have ever read C This is the first time I had read such a good book

D This is the first time I read a good book 25 The trip was boring but we enjoyed it a lot

A We enjoyed boring trips B We were bored with the trip

C The trip bored us D We liked the trip very much although it was boring Choose a word or phrase in each sentence that needs correcting

26 You (A) can learn (B) a lot (C) about other countries by (D) to watch television

27 (A) Since the liberation (B) many changes (C) has taken place (D) in the whole country

28 (A) My mother still (B) spends 14 hours (C) a day (D) the housework

29 Her parents (A) don't allow (B) her (C) go out (D) in the evening

30 (A) Do you know (B) Jim's brother (C) who house (D) is in your neighbourhood? Part 3: Reading

Coca Cola is a popular drink for people all over the world At first, very few people drank Coca Cola, but now it is sold in more than 160 countries More than 1,6 billion gallons are sold every year Coca Cola was invented by Dr John Pemberton in Atlanta on May, 1886 However, the name Coca Cola was given by Frank Robinson, one of Dr Pemberton's partners Later, in 1888, the business was sold to another man, Asa Candler He opened his first factory to produced this drink in 1895 in Dallas, Texas Since then, a great quantity of Coca Cola has been produced there

Since 1982, a special kind of Coca Cola has been made for overweight people - diet Coke They have used many clever advertisements to increase the amount of Coca Cola sold every year

Besides Coca Cola, there are many other drinks of the same kind sold all over the world such as Pepsi Cola, Sp-Cola and Dr Pepper However, Coca Cola is the most popular People drink Coca Cola with their meals, when they are thirsty or when they socialize with friends

It is certain that more and more people will drink Coca Cola all over the world in this century

31 Coca Cola was first made

A in the USA B in England C in Australia D in Canada 32 The name Coca Cola was given to the drink by

A Dr Pemberton B Asa Candler C Frank Robinson D Dr Pepper

33 Every year, people all over the world drink about gallons of Coca Cola A 1,6 million B 1,6 billion C 16 million D 16 trillion

34 Diet Coke is used for people

A fat B sick C thin D small

35 Coca Cola is _

A more popular than other drinks of the same kind C as popular as Sp Cola B less popular than other drinks of the same kind D as not popular as other drinks of the same kind

A YEAR IN CANADA

I was born in London and had lived in cities (36) _ most of my life The one exception is the year I (37) _ with my uncle in Canada He owned (38) _ enormous farm, miles from anywhere Every morning, I (39) _ to get up with the sun and help my uncle on the (40) _ He was such a nice man, though, that I couldn't let him know how (41) _ I was

So you can imagine my feelings when, because of my husband's work, we

(42) _ to this small village three years ago We arrived in the middle of January and (43) _ was snow everywhere The heating didn't (44) _ and it was freezing cold However, the welcome from our neighbours was warm and we continued to feel very much at home in the village I have never once (45) _ coming here

36 A in B for C to D of

38 A an B what C the D such

39 A must B had C should D ought

40 A land B field C ground D soil

41 A miserable B unlucky C convenient D fortune

42 A replaced B moved C departed D followed

43 A It B that C what D there

44 A burn B work C make D happen

45 A cared B missed C regretted D disappointed

Key

1 d a c b b b d d c 10 a

11 b 12 a 13 c 14 b 15 c 16 d 17 d 18 b 19 c 20 c

21 b 22 d 23 d 24 a 25 a 26 c 27 d 28 c 29 b 30 d

31 d 32 c 33 d 34 c 35 c 36 a 37 c 38 b 39 a 40 a

Contents: I Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs

II Noun clauses and relative clauses III Gerund and infinitive

IV Useful Structures

V Communicative function VI Tag questions

I Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs A Adjectives and Adverbs

1 Adjectives:

* Positions: - Adj + N beautiful hat

- be/ seem/ appear/ feel/ taste/ look/ keep + Adj He seems tired now - be/ seem/ look/ taste + too + Adj He is too young to drive a motorbike - be + Adj + enough She is tall enough to play volleyball

- be/ seem/ look/ taste/ smell/ + so + Adj + that The story is so interesting that I can’t put it down - How + Adj + S + V How beautiful the girl is Notes: Trật tự từ tính từ:

- Tính từ cảm nghĩ đứng trước tính từ miêu tả: an interesting young man

- Đôi dùng hai hay nhiều tính từ miêu tả câu, trật tự chúng xếp sau:

Số lượng + Chất lượng + Kích thước + Tuổi tác + Màu sắc + Xuất xứ( quốc gia)+ Chất liệu + NOUN

eg: a beautiful old French picture

- Tính từ kích thước chiều dài( big, tall, long ) thường trước tính từ hình dáng chiều rộng( round, fat, wide ) eg a long narrow street

- Khi có hai hai tính từ màu sắc,ta dùng liên từ ‘and’ eg.a red, white and green flag

2 Adverbs: từ dùng để diễn tả tính cách, đặc tính, mức độ, trạng thái dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ, trạng từ khác cho câu

* Positions: - V(trợ động từ) + Adv + V (thường) I have recently finished my homework - be/ feel/ look/ + Adv + Adj I feel completely interested in this book - V (thường) + too + Adv He studied too lazily to pass his exam

- V(thường) + so + Adv + that Jack drove so fast that he caused an accident - S + V ( + O) + Adv He drives carefully

- V (thường) + Adv + enough He worked hard enough to succeed

- Adv đứng đầu câu( câu hai dấu “,”) Suddenly, he heard a strange voice

B Degrees of comparison of Adj and Adv

1 Equal degree: S + V + as + Adj/ Adv + as + N/ Pronoun

- Có thể thay ‘as’ ‘so’ câu phủ định S + Be not + as/so +Adj + as N/ Pronoun S + do/ does not +as/so + Adv+ eg Your pen is not so expensive as mine

- Có thể diễn đạt ý nhau, nhau:

S + V + the same + (noun) + as +noun(pronoun)

eg My house is as high as his = My house is the same height as his Marry is as old as Tony = Marry and Tony are the same age 2 Comparative degree:

a Short Adjectives/ Adverbs: S + V + short Adj/Adv + er + than + Noun/ Pronoun eg.- Today is hotter than yesterday

- He runs faster than I

- Tính từ âm tiết tận phụ âm đơn ( trừ w, x, z) đứng trước ngun âm đơn gấp đơi phụ âm cuối + er big-bigger

- Tính từ âm tiết có tận : y, le, er, ow, et + er quieter, cleverer, narrower - Tính từ âm tiết kết thúc phụ âm +y, đổi ‘y’ thành ‘i’ + er happier - So sánh nhấn mạnh cách cộng thêm ‘much’ ‘far’

S + V + far/ much + short.Adj/ Adv + er + than + noun/ pronoun eg Today is much hotter than yesterday

b Long Adjectives/ Adverbs: S + V + more long Adj/ Adv + than + Noun/Pronoun eg This chair is more comfortable than the other

He speaks English more fluently than I

- Nhấn mạnh : S + V + far/ much + more + long Adj/ Adv + than + noun/ pronoun eg Hoa’s watch is much/ far more expensive than mine

He reads much more rapidly than his brother

- So sánh hơn: S + V + less Adj/ Adv than noun/ pronoun eg My TV is less beautiful than yours

He drives less carefully than I think

3.Superlative degree:

S + V + the + short.Adj/Adv + est + in( danh từ đếm số ít) + the most + long Adj/ Adv + of( danh từ đếm số nhiều) + least + Adj/ Adv

eg He is the tallest in my class

Nga is the most inteligent of all the students Those shoes are the least expensive of all

Note:

Adjectives/ Adverbs Comparative Superlative

- good/ well - bad/ badly

- many/ much

better

worse

more

the best

the worst

- little

- far

- near

- late

- old

less

farther

further

nearer

later

older

elder

the least

the farthest(về khoảng cách)

the furthest( thời gian)

the nearest(về khoảng cách)

the next( thứ tự)

the latest( thời gian)

the last( thứ tự)

the oldest( tuổi tác)

the eldest( cấp bậc tuổi tác)

4 So sánh kép( double comparatives): a Càng ngày càng, lúc

* Với tính từ ngắn: Adj + ER and Adj + er The weather gets warmer and warmer * Với tính từ dài: more and more + Adj She becomes more and more beautiful b Càng ngày , ngày : less and less + Adj

eg He is less and less hard-working c Càng

* Với tính từ ngắn: The adj + er , the adj + er eg The darker it gets, the colder it is

* Với tính từ dài: The more adj , the more adj

eg The more beautiful she is, the more miserable her husband is

* Với động từ: the more , the more The more you learn, the more you forget

Note: Nhiều hai vế khơng loại tính từ dài hay ngắn sử dụng lẫn lộn với nhau.( vế trước tính từ, vế sau động từ ngược lại )

eg The more she smiles, the more graceful she is

d Càng , Càng , * Với tính từ: The less + adj , the less + adj

eg The less difficult the lessons are, the less hard-working the students * Với động từ : the less , the less

The less I live with him, the less I like him 5 Những cách nói khác có tính cách so sánh

a Other than : khác I want to read other novels than these b Rather than: We want to be poor rather than rich c Had better: nên You’d better stay at home than go fishing

d Had rather Would rather: thích We’d rather watch a film than read a book 6 Danh từ dùng so sánh:

S + V + as + many/ much/ little/ few + noun +as + noun/ pronoun S + V + more/ fewer/ less + noun + than + noun/ pronoun

Exercises

I Choose the best answer

1 Of the four dresses, which is ……… expensive?

A the best B the most C the more D the greater The larger the apartment is, the the rent is

A expensive B more expensive C expensively D most expensive The faster we walk,………… we will get there

A the soonest B the soon C the more soon D the sooner “ Why did you buy these oranges? ” “They were ……….… I could find ”

A cheapest B cheapest ones C the cheapest ones D the most cheapest She plays the piano ……… as she sings

A as beautifully B more beautifully C as beautiful D the most beautifully The streets are getting more and ……… these days

A crowded B less crowded C more crowded D most crowded The larger the city is, ……… the crime rate is

A highest B higher C the highest D the higher You must explain your problems …………

A as clear as you can B as clearly as you can C as clear than you are D as clearly as you are Pil is ……… person we know

A the happier B the happiest C happier D happiest

10 Which woman are you going to vote for? –I’m not sure Everyone says that Joan is………… A smarter B the smarter C more smarter D more smart

11 Bill is ………

A lazier and lazier B more and more lazy C lazier and more lazy D more lazy and lazier 12 It’s too noisy here Can we go somewhere ………?

A noisier B more quiet C more noisy D quieter

13 ……… the time passes, ……….I feel ! The deadline of my thesis is coming , but I have just finished half of it

A The faster / the nervous B The more fast / the nervous C The fast / the more nervous D The faster / the more nervous 14 China is the country with……… population

A the larger B the more large C the largest D the most large

15 She sat there quietly, but during all that time she was getting……… Finally she exploded A more and more angry B the more angry

C angrier and angrier D the most angry

16 For ……… , it is certain that in the future some things will be very different A the better or the worse B the good or the bad C good or bad D better or worse 17 Her grandfather’s illness was……… we thought at first

A more early than B as early as C more earlier as D earlier than 19. _ you study for these exams, _ you will

A The harder / the better B The more / the much

C The hardest / the best D The more hard / the more good 20 His house is _ mine

A twice as big as B as twice big as C as two times big as D as big as twice II Choose the underlined part that needs corrections in each of the following questions

1 Nobody is happy than Miss Snow is ( happier) A B C D

2 He needs many more sugar than I (much) A B C D

3 Does Mary feel wellertoday than she did yesterday? (better) A B C D

4 It’s becoming hard and harder to find a job (harder) A B C D

5 The more you have, the most you want (The more) A B C D

II Noun clauses and relative clauses

I Noun clauses: - Là mệnh đề phụ làm công việc danh từ

- Noun clause: nối với mệnh đề từ nối: That, who, what, which, where, when, how, whether

- Khi dùng từ nối trên, động từ MĐ danh ngữ chia thể xác định, không chia thể nghi vấn Noun clause làm chủ ngữ câu:

eg What he said was not true

2 Noun clause làm tân ngữ câu:

eg I’ll tell you when he comes I didn’t believe what he said Noun clause làm bổ ngữ câu:

eg Money is what she needs II Relative clauses:

- Còn gọi Adj clause (MĐ tính ngữ) MĐ phụ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước

- MĐQH nối với MĐ đại từ quan hệ Who, Whom, Which, Whose, That trạng từ quan hệ When, Where, Why

- Vị trí : MĐQH đứng sau danh từ mà bổ nghĩa ** THE USES:

1.Who: - ĐTQH người, đứng sau danh từ người làm chủ ngữ cho động từ đứng sau eg This is the man He is my teacher – This is the man who is my teacher

The man is my brother He is standing overthere.- The man who is standing overthere is

eg The woman is my aunt You saw her yesterday - The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt

- Whom : bỏ - The woman you saw yesterday is my aunt

3 Which: ĐTQH vật, đứng sau danh từ vật làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ cho động từ đứng sau

eg The hat is mine It’s on the table - The hat which is on the table is mine

eg This is the book You gave it to me yesterday - This is the book which you gave me yesterday

- Which : bỏ làm tân ngữ cho động từ sau eg This is the book you gave me yesterday

4.That: - ĐTQH người vật

- That dùng thay cho Who, Whom, Which MĐQH xác định eg That is the car that he bought last month

5.Whose: ĐTQH, đứng sau danh từ người thay cho tính từ sở hữu trước danh từ Whose dùng cho vật ( = of which) Sau Whose danh từ

eg The woman whose wallet was stolen yesterday is my sister

6.When: trạng từ quan hệ thời gian, đứng sau danh từ thời gian - When dùng thay cho at / on / in + which ; then

eg I’ll never forget the day when I met her That was the time when she saw the thief

7.Where: trạng từ quan hệ nơi chốn, đứng sau danh từ nơi chốn Where dùng thay cho at / on / in + which; there

eg That is the house where we are living now

Your home town is a place where you were you born

8 Why: = for which - trạng từ quan hệ lý do, đứng sau tiền ngữ ‘ THE REASON’ - dùng thay cho ‘ FOR THE REASON’

eg Please tell me the reason why you are so sad III Phân loại : có loại relative clauses

1.Definite clause: (MĐ xác định)

- Là mệnh đề giúp ta nhận đặc điểm, tính chất đặc biệt người hay vật nói đến.Nếu ta bỏ chúng câu khơng đủ nghĩa khơng giữ nghĩa gốc ban đầu

- Liền trước sau mệnh đề khơng có dấu phẩy

- That thay cho who which mệnh đề loại eg -The man is my teacher He’s standing overthere The man who(that) is standing overthere is my teacher

- The book is very interesting I bought it yesterday

The book which(that) I bought yesterday is very interesting

2.Non-defining clause: (MĐ không xác định)

- Mệnh đề giải thích thêm danh từ đứng trước bỏ mà nghĩa câu không thay đổi

- That khơng sử dụng câu có mệnh đề loại

eg This hat, which my sister gave me on my birthday , is expensive

IV Trường hợp động từ MĐQH có giới từ( dùng với who which) - Ta đặt giới từ trước MĐQH( trước who, which)

- Ta bỏ whom which đặt giới từ sau động từ MĐQH( áp dụng với MĐ xác định)

- Khi dùng that, ta không chuyển giới từ lên trước mà phải để sau động từ eg The man is Mr Nam Hoa is talking to him

The man to whom Hoa is talking is Mr Nam

The man Hoa is talking to is Mr Nam

The man that Hoa is talking to is Mr Nam

- Nếu giới từ thành phần động từ kép ta khơng chuyển chúng trước whom, which eg This is the book which I’m looking for

• Nếu chủ ngữ câu đại từ bất định ta dùng That đại từ quan hệ eg Everything that she said yesterday was not correct

V Dạng rút gọn MĐQH:

1 MĐQH rút gọn cách dùng phân từ khứ phân từ

a Nếu động từ MĐQH thể chủ động, ta dùng phân từ thay cho mđ đó(bỏ đại từ quan hệ trợ động từ, đưa động từ nguyên dạng thêm -ing.)

eg The girl sitting next to you is my sister

Do you know the man breaking the window last night?

b Nếu động từ MĐQH thể bị động ta dùng khứ phân từ thay cho mđ đó( bỏ đại từ quan hệ trợ động từ, bắt đầu cụm từ Vpp)

eg The books written by To Hoai are interesting

2 MĐQH rút gọn cách dùng‘TO- INF, or INF.PHRASE( for+O+to inf.) eg.- English is an important language which we have to master

English is an important language to master

- Here is a form that you must fill in

Here is a form for you to fill in

• (Khi MĐ tính ngữ mà trước MĐ MĐ khơng xác định.) Exercise

Choose the best answer

1 Sunday is the day I go to Water park with my kids

A when B where C why D which That was the reason he didn't marry her

A when B where C why D which

3 An architect is someone deigns buildings

A who B whom C which D whose The boy to I lent my money is poor

A who B whom C which D that

A who B whom C which D that I can answer the question you say is very difficult

A which B who C whom D whose

7 This is the place the battle took place ten years ago

A which B in where C where D from where Saturday is the day which we usually go fishing

A during B at C in D on

9 This is the last time I speak to you

A of which B whose C that D which

10 He talked about the books and the authors interested him

A who B that C which D whom

11 Bondi is the beautiful beach I used to sunbathe

A when B where C which D why

12 Dec 26th, 05 was the day the terrible tsunami happened

A when B where C which D why 13 The woman lives next my door is doctor

A who B whom C which D whose 14 The boy Mary likes is my son

A who B whom C which D whose

15 The boy eyes are brown is my son

A who B whom C which D whose

16 The table legs are broken should be repaired

A who B whom C which D whose

17 The town we are living is noisy and crowded

A where B in where C which D at which 18 The year we came to live here was 1997

A when B which C that D in the time 19 The worker house is next to mine died this morning

A whose B whom C which D whose 20 The lady son went on a picnic with us last weekend is a teacher at our school

A who B whom C whose D that

21 Take measures you consider best

A whatever B however C whenever D wherever 22 .difficulties you may encounter, I'm sure you'll succeed

A how B whatever C however D how great 23 He is the only friend I like

A who B whom C that D whose

24 I didn't get the job which I applied

25 The man whom she is married has been married twice before

A in B on C at D to

26 I wasn't interested in the things which they were talking

A in B on C at D about

27 The bed which I slept was too soft

A in B on C at D for 28 The party which we went wasn't very enjoyable

A in B on C at D to

29 The flight which we wanted to travel was fully booked

A in B on C at D for

30 She is the most beautiful girl ever lived

A who B whom C whose D that

31 The decision was postponed, was exactly what he wanted

A who B whom C which D that

32 All the people have gone into the room are still young

A who B whom C whose D that

33 Jack has three brothers, all of are married

A who B whom C which D that

34 They gave us a lot of information, most of was useless

A who B whom C which D that

35 There were a lot of people at the party, only a few of I had met before

A who B whom C them D that

36 I have sent him two letters, neither of has arrived

A who B them C which D that

37 John won $,600, half of he gave to his parents

A whom B which C that D it

38 Ten people applied for the job, none of were suitable

A who B whom C them D that

39 Jill isn't on the phone, makes it difficult to contact her

A which B that C who D it 40 Bod is the kind of person to one can talk about anything

A who B whom C that D him

41 He is a person friends trust him

A who B whose C his D that

42 Your career should focus on a field in you are genuinely interested

A which B what C that D why 43 People outlook on life is optimistic are usually happy people

A whose B whom C that D which 45 They said they didn't have any money, was a pity

46 I haven't got a passport means I can't leave my country

A which B that C this D it 47 The part of town where I live is very noisy at night, makes it difficult to sleep

A which B where C that D this 48 That is the place the accident occurred

A where B which C on which D that 49 The boys ……… tennis over there are my new neighbor

A who plays B playing C that playing D are playing 50 He read the Old Man and The Sea, a novel ………….by Ernest Hemingway

A written B which written C writing D that wrote III Gerund and infinitive

A Gerund

Danh động từ có cấu trúc giống phân từ ( tức động từ thêm ING) : talking, learning, cutting, lying…

Danh động từ, tên gọi, động từ dùng danh từ Danh động từ chủ yếu đứng vị trí, thực chức năng, danh từ câu Nó thường :

1/ Dùng làm S : (subject)

- Swimming is good for our health - Being friendly will bring you friends 2/ Dùng làm O : (object of a verb)

- These boys like swimming

- My brother practises speaking English every day 3/ Dùng làm bổ ngữ cho S : (subject complement)

- My hobby is swimming - Seeing is believing

4/ Dùng làm O cho giới từ : (object of a preposition) - He is fond of swimming

- She is interested in learning English

5/ Dùng câu ngăn cấm ngắn (short prohibition) để thành lập danh từ kép (compound noun)

- No smoking - No talking, please - a swimming pool - a dining room - a washing machine 6/ Dùng sau tính từ sở hữu :

- Please forgive my coming late

7/ Dùng sau số động từ số cách diễn đạt định : admit, advise, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like, mind, practise, postpone, quit, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand, be worth, be busy, it’s no use, there’s no…

- We enjoy listening to music

- I can’t help laughing when she makes jokes B Infinitive

Động từ nguyên mẫu thường có giới từ to đứng trước (to do, to learn, to help, to advise…) dùng trường hợp sau :

1/ Làm S,O bổ ngữ (complement) câu : - To conceal the truth from her was foolish - He wanted to become a spaceman

- What he asked for is to be left alone 2/ Làm tính từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ :

- He was the first man to leave the room - English is an important language to master 3/ Làm trạng từ diễn tả nội dung sau :

* Mục đích hành động

- He went to the station to meet her - He bought a dictionary to study English * Kết quả, hậu quaû (sau TOO +Adj / Adv)

- She is too tired to go for a walk

- The box was too heavy for her to carry * Hiệu (sau Adj / Adv + ENOUGH)

- I’m strong enough to carry that heavy box

- He isn’t rich enough to travel everywhere by taxi

4/ Dùng sau số động từ định : afford, agree, arrange, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise,refuse, threaten, want, wish, would like…

- They promised to come back soon - He can’t afford to take a taxi

…và dùng sau số động từ có O (verb + obj + to inf) : advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, want, warn…

- They don’t allow us to smoke in the office - I taught myself to play the guitar

+ Chú ý : Một số động từ theo sau danh động từ động từ nguyên mẫu có khác biệt nghĩa câu

Remember + to infinitive : nhớ để thực - I remember to post the letter

(*) Stop + gerund : ngưng thực việc làm - She stopped mending the dress

Stop + to infinitive : ngưng làm việc khác để làm việc - He stopped to have a drink

(*) Try + gerund : thử làm việc

- I try writing in blue ink to see if my handwriting is better Try + to infinitive : cố gắng làm việc

- They tried to work as hard as they could (*) Mean + gerund : mang ý nghóa

- Failure in the exam means having to learn one more year Mean + to infinitive : dự định làm việc

- He means to take the coming exam (*) Forget + gerund : quên điều xảy

- I forgot telling her this story

Forget + to infinitive : quên làm điều - I forgot to tell her about this

(*) Regret + gerund : hối tiếc việc xảy - She regrets going to a village school

- The party was great He regretted not to go there Regret + to infinitive :Lấy làm tiếc phảiõ làm việc

- I regret to say that she can’t come tonight C Bare Infinitive

Đây động từ nguyên thể không kèm với to (infinitive without to) sử dụng trường hợp sau :

1/ Dùng sau động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal verbs) : can, could, may, might, must, ought to…

- You may go now

- They must finish the work by now

2/ Dùng sau động từ : HAVE, LET, MAKE, HELP… - I helped the child tidy his desk

- He had a painter paint the gate

- They let him enter the room without a ticket - My parents make me go to bed early

- She agreed to everything but help him with the homework

4/ Dùng sau động từ giác quan : see, watch, hear, notice, observe, spot… - We heard them sing all morning

- He saw the thief enter the hall

Chú ý : ta biết phân từ (present participle) dùng cho động từ để diễn tả hành động tiếp diễn Còn động từ nguyên thể dùng trường hợp hành động hoàn tất

- I watched them playing football for a while (trận đấu tiếp diễn) - I watched them play football yesterday afternoon (xem toàn trận đấu)

Exercise

GERUND

Choose the best answer

1 I’m worried _ my final exam in statistics

A about falling B to fall C with falling D to fallure the scholarship really surprised me

A Mike got B Mike getting C Mike’s getting D Mike gets Many northerners look forward _ a garden in the spring

A to plant B to planting C with planting D to planting of “May I have a word with you ,Mrs Adam ? ” – “ Is this in regard late yesterday ?”

A of you coming B to you coming C to your coming D of your coming Who is responsible _ the garbage – the husband of the wife ?

A to take out B for take out C for taking out D with taking out I think at the train station will surprise Aunt Kate

A your being B you are C you being D you to be “ How I turn on the T.V ? ” – “ _ the button at the right ”

A From pushing B By pushing C You pushing D To push “It’s difficult to make money as an artist ”

– “ Have you considered _ a course in business for artists ?”

A To take B about taking C your taking D taking “ Why have you decided to go back to school ”

– “ I’m tired _ as a secretary ”

A for work B to work C of working D about working 10 “ We were opponents of the political regime in our country.”

“ And that led to to the United States thirty – five years ago ”

A us coming B our coming C come D us to come 11 “ How you like American food ?”

– “ Well, it’s not bad Now I _ hamburgers ”

A used to eat B am used to eat C used to eating D am used to eating 12 We insisted _ by the manager

13 _ for director must have surprised you

A Your being nominated B You nominated

C Your nominating D You’re being nominated 14 “ What are you reading ?”

– “ It’s a magazine article your own furniture ”

A to make it B about make C about making D for make 15 a foreign language well is a long process

A Learn B Learning C To learning D Having learned 16 What you enjoy _ in your free time ?

A doing B C to D done 17 You can’t go to England without _ to Bucking ham Palace

A go B being gone C to go D going 18 Would you mind not _ ?

A to be smoking B to smoke C smoking D smoke 19 She was worried about by thieves

A being robbed B robbing C being rob D be robbing 20 You can’t stop me from _ what I want

A doing B C to D that I GERUND AND INFINITIVE

1 I can’t afford _ you any more money

A borrowing B to borrow C to lend D my lending The teacher encouraged _ good compositions

A us write B us to write c us writing d us to writing “ Stacey seems like a bright student ”

- “ She’s always the first her work.”

A to finish B finishing C to being finished with D to be finish with Please ask the restaurant clientele in the no smoking area

A don’t smoke B not to smoke C not smoking D don’t to smoke “Why have you given up your job ? ”

– “ on my present salary is impossible ”

A For me to live B To live for me C Me living D I live “What’s wrong with Henry ? ” – “ He needs ”

A cheer up B to be cheer up C cheering up D to cheered up “Why are you mad ?” – “ I dislike by my first name ”

A you call B you to call me C your calling me D you call me “ Which baseball team you support ?”

– “ We’d like ”

A the Tigers win B That the Tigers win C the Tigers will win D the Tigers to win “ May I help you ?”

– “ Yes , I need someone _ the tire on my car ”

10 “I heard Fred is going to work for the ambassader ” – “ Yes , he was lucky _ such a good job.”

A to give B about getting C to be given D to be giving 11 Can you get the teacher us less homework ?

A give B giving C to give D her giving 12 “ Mary hasn’t been feeling well lately ”

– “ Yes, we want _ by a doctor ”

A him to examine B that he be examined C him to be examined D he is examined 13 “ How did you travel so cheaply in Europe ? ”

– “ We reduced our expenses by taking the train and _ in inexpensive restaurants ”

A eat B to eat C eating D ate

14 “ Your homemade ice cream is so good What’s your secret ?” – “ _ good ice cream, you need to use a lot of cream ”

A For make B to make C Making D Make 15 “ I’d like to go bowling tonight ”

“ Don’t forget we’ve already made plans _ to dinner at the Caihouns’ ” A to go B going C for go D.go 16 “ Why are you mad , Katherine ?” – “ That traffic jam _ be late ”

A made us B caused us C had us to D forced us

17 “ My mother says I can’t marry Jim” – “ She should let your own mind.” A you make up B that you make up C you to make up D you making up 18 I can’t open the top of this apple juice “ – “ it.”

A Mark have to B Make Mark to C Have Mark D Have Mark done 19 I can hear a cat at the widow

A scratching B scratches C to scrath D was scratching 20 “ Why the police want to talk to you ?”

– “ Because we saw the money _ last night.”

A stealing B been stolen C stole D stolen

IV Useful Structures

1 It’s/ was + S + that + Predicate : ChÝnh… mµ…

eg Smoking causes lung cancer – It’s smoking that causes lung cancer

My sister gave me a computer on my birthday.- It was my sister that gave gave me a computer on my birthday

eg.It’s difficult for me to learn Russian = To learn Russian is difficult = Learning Russian is difficult

It’s not easy to speak English perfectly = To speak English perfectly is not easy

3 It’s/ was possible/ impossible for somebody to infi = S + be + possible/ impossible + to infi

eg It’s impossible for us to finish the long test on time = We’re impossible to finish the long test on time

4 It takes/ took/ will take + Smb + time + to infi = S + spend/ spent/ will spend + time + Ving

eg It takes me 30 minutes to cook dinner = I spend 30 minutes cooking dinner 5 S + be + said/ thought/ believed/ known … + that + clause

= S + be + said/ thought/ believed/ known… to infi./ to have + Vpp eg It’s said that the earth is round = The earth is said to be round 6 It’s likely that + clause (will): cã thÓ

eg It’s likely that man will conque nature

7 – S + used to + V → (đã từng…) thói quen khứ eg I used to cry when I was a child

- S + use smt + to V Sử dụng gì để làm eg I use a dictionary to look up the meaning of words

- S + be/ get used to + Ving → (quen với…) tương đương với Be accustomed to 8 Had better + (not) + to V : nên, không nên làm g×

eg You had better get up early and morning exercises He’d better not smoke cigarettes

9 Would rather + smt than + smt Thích làm việc việc = Prefer doing smt to doing smt/( prefer N to N)

eg I’d rather stay at home than go out = I prefer staying at home to going out I prefer films to books

10 Phrases and clauses of purpose.( Cụm từ mệnh đề mục đích) a Phrases of purpose:

- Nếu muốn diễn tả mục đích khẳng định ta dùng: * to infinitive

* in order to/ so as to + V ( để mà)

eg They try to study to pass their next exam They try to study in order to pass their exam

- Nếu muốn diễn tả mục đích phủ định ta dùng: so as not to, in order not to eg They study hard so as not to fail the exam

I got up early in order not to miss the train

may/ might

( MĐ trạng ngữ mục đích) eg I try to study so that I can pass the exam

I try to learn English in order that I can find a good job

Note: Nếu chủ ngữ MĐ MĐ mục đích khác ta khơng dùng Phrases of purpose

c Adverb clause of reason

Mệnh đề lí mệnh đề phụ bắt đầu với liên từ ( conjunction) lí như: because of, because,

since, as Thông thường because, since as dùng thay cho mệnh đề lí đứng

trước hay sau mệnh đề Tuy nhiên because sử dụng lí nêu phần quan trọng câu, thường sau mẹnh đề Trái lại, since as dùng lí nêu khơng quan trọng không trọng ý diễn đạt mệnh đề since as thường đặt đầu câu

She looked after the others because she was the oldest

As we live near the sea we enjoy a healthy climate Since she was busy, she didn’t go to the party

Because, since, as liên từ phụ thuộc lí Người ta cịn có liên từ kết hợp for để lí For

khơng đứng đầu câu

I decided to stop and have lunch, for I was feeling quite hungry

BECAUSE + Clause → (bởi vì…) giới thiệu mệnh đề trạng từ nguyên

- I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill - Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off

BECAUSE OF + Phrase → (bởi vì…) dùng cụm từ danh từ sau because of (preposition)

- I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of his illness - Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off 11 Phrases and clauses of result

a Phrases of result:

* TOO ( không thể)

S + be/get/ look/ seem/ become…+ too + Adj +(for O)+ to infi S + V ( th-êng) + too + Adv +(for O)+ to infi eg This coffee is too hot for me to drink

He runs too slowly to catch the bus

* ENOUGH ( đủ… để có thể)

S + be + Adj + enough ( for O) + to infi

S + V ( th-êng) + Adv + enough ( for O) + to infi eg He’s intelligent enough to get good marks They speak slowly enough to understand

b Clauses of result:

* SO… THAT(quá … đến nỗi)

S + be/ look/ seem/ smell/ taste/ feel… + so +Adj + that + S + V

( Main clause) ( Adverbial clause of result) S + V ( th-êng) + so + adv + that + S + V

eg It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything

The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more

S + V + so +many/ few + plural count N + that + S + V eg There are so many people in the room that I feel tired S + V + so much/ little + uncount.N + that + S + V

eg He spent so much money in his holiday that he runs out of money now * SUCH … THAT: (quá … đến nỗi)

S + V + such a/ an + Adj + N + that + S + V

eg It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home He is such an intelligent boy that we all admire him

12 It’s time/ It’s high time ( tới lúc mà việc nên đ-ợc làm ngay) a Followed by past tense with present meaning:

It’s time + S + Ved ( be- were).- past subjunctive It’s high time

eg It’s time we went home

b Followed by infi – It’s time + ( for + O) + to Infi It’s high time + S + Ved

eg It’s time for her to go to bed =It’s high time she went to bed 13 Clauses after Would rather( mong muèn r»ng)

a Mong muèn ë t-¬ng lai: S + would rather ( that) + S ( not) + V bare infi eg I’d rather (that) you not call me tomorrow

I’d rather (that) she be here tomorrow

b Mong muốn tại( trái với thùc tÕ, kh«ng cã thËt) S + would rather (that) + S + V past subjunctive eg I’d rather the weather were fine today

Nam’d rather (that) his girlfriend worked in the same office as he does

c Mong muèn ë khứ : ( trái với thực tế, thËt) S + would rather (that) + S + V past perfect subjunctive

eg John would rather (that) Marry had gone to school yesterday Exercise

Choose the best option

1 The weather was very cold They couldn’t go out

A The weather was very cold and that they couldn’t go out B The weather was so cold that they couldn’t go out C The weather was not so cold they couldn’t go out D The weather was very cold they couldn’t go out My teacher lives far from our school

A It’s a short distance from my teacher’s house to our school B It’s a long distance from my teacher’s house to our school

C My teacher’s house is near our school D My teacher lives near our school

B The water was very cold for us to swim in

C The water wasn’t warm enough that we couldn’t swim in it D The water was too cold for us to swim in

4 Although there was a traffic jam, Mr David managed to get to his office on time A Despite traffic jam, Mr David managed to get to his office on time

B In spite traffic jam, Mr David managed to his office on time C Despite of the traffic jam, Mr David managed to his office on time

D In spite of the traffic jam, Mr David managed to get to his office on time John began playing the organ five years ago

A John has been playing the organ five years ago B John has played the organ for five years

C John has been playing the organ for five years D John used to play the organ five years ago

6 She can’t have any more children because of her old age A She isn’t young enough to have more children

B She isn’t young to have more children

C She isn’t so young that to have more children D She is too old that to have more children I like watching TV more than listening to the radio

A I prefer watching TV to listening to the radio B I prefer watching TV than listening to the radio C I’d better watching TV to listening to the radio D I’d better watch TV to listening to the radio Unless you keep your feet dry, you will catch a cold

A You won’t catch a cold even if you don’t keep your feet dry B You will catch a cold if you don’t keep your feet dry C You will catch a cold if you keep your feet dry

D Unless you keep your feet wet, you won’t catch a cold Parents always make their children wash their hands before meals

A Children are always made to wash their hands before meals B Children are always made wash their hands before meals

C Parents always allow their children to wash their hands before meals D Parents always let their children wash their hands before meals 10 In spite of heavy rain, my brother went to work

A In spite it rained heavily, my brother went to work B Although it rained heavily, my brother went to work C Despite it rained heavily, my brother went to work D Although of heavy rain, my brother went to work 11 They think that the owner of the house has gone abroad A.The owner of the house is thought to go abroad

C.The owner of the house is thought to have been gone abroad D.The owner of the house is thought to have gone abroad

12 They cancelled all flights because of fog A All flights were cancelled because of fog B All flights because of fog were cancelled C All flights were because of fog cancelled

D All flights were cancelled by them because of fog

13 Because they made too many mistakes, they failed in the exam A They made very many mistakes that they failed in the exam

B They made too many mistake for them to fail in the exam C They made so many mistakes that they failed in the exam D They made such many mistakes that they failed in the exam V Communicative function

1 CÁC MẪU ĐỀ NGHỊ NGƯỜI KHÁC GIÚP MÌNH:

Đề nghị Trả lời đồng ý Trả lời không đồng ý

- V0 … , please

- Can you / Could you + V0…

- Would you please + V0…

- Will you + V0

- I wonder if you’d/ could + V0

- Certainly – Of course - Sure - No problem

- What can I for you? - How can I help you?

I’m sorry (I’m busy ) I’m afraid I can’t/ couldn’t

- Would / Do you mind V-ing…

- No I don’t mind

- No, of course not – Not at all

- I’m sorry, I can’t

2 CÁC MẪU MÌNH MUỐN GIÚP NGƯỜI KHÁC:

Trả lời đồng ý Trả lời không đồng ý

-Shall I…

- Would you like me to … -Do you want me to … - What can I for you ? - May I help you ? - Do you need any help? - Let me help you - Can I help you ?

-Yes Thank you

-That’s very kind of you Yes, please

Oh, would you really? Thanks a lot

No Thank you No, thank you I can manage

No, there’s no need But thanks all the same Well, that’s very kind of you, but I think I can manage, thanks

3 CÁC MẪU XIN PHÉP NGƯỜI KHÁC:

Trả lời đồng ý Trả lời không đồng ý

- May I ….? - Can I … ? Could I

- Certainly – Of course

-May I go out ?

-Do you think I could … -I wonder if I could … -Is it all right if I …

- Please – Please go ahead - Yes, by all means

- I’d prefer You didn’t -No, I’m afraid you can’t -I’m sorry, but you can’t

- Would you mind if I + QKĐ - Would you mind if I smoked ? - Do you mind if I + HTĐ Do you mind if I smoke ?

- No, of course not - Not at all

- Please - Please go ahead 4 CÁC MẪU CÂU RỦ, GỢI Ý LÀM GÌ :

Trả lời đồng ý Trả lời không đồng ý

1 Shall I / we… (do)? Let’s… (do)

3 Why don’t I / we… (do)? How about… (doing)? What about… (doing)? I think we should… (do) I suggest that we… (do)

8 It might be a good idea if we / you… (do) I think the best way of dealing with this situation would be to… (do)

10 If you ask me, I think we / you should/ could…V (do)

1 Yes, I think that’s a good idea

2 That’s

probably the best option

3 Sure, why not? Yes,

definitely By all means Good idea

No, let’s not

5 CÁC MẪU CÂU CÁM ƠN:

Trả lời

- Thank you – Thank you very much - Thanks a lot – Thanks a lot for …

- You’re welcome – That’s all right - Not at all – It’s my pleasure 6 CÁC MẪU CÂU hỏi lại nghe không rõ:

- Pardon? ( chữ thông dụng em cần nhớ) - Please say that again

- Could you repeat that? 7 CÁC MẪU CÂU MỜI:

a) Mời ăn uống: - Would you like + ăn/uống

Ví dụ: Would you like a cup of tea? ( mời bạn uống trà) Đáp lại: - Yes, please / - No, thanks

b) Mời đâu: - Would you like + to inf

Ví dụ: - Would you like to go to the cinema with me? ( mời bạn xem phim với tôi) - Would you like to go to the party? ( mời bạn dự tiệc)

8 CÁC MẪU CÂU CẢNH BÁO :

Look out! Be careful! Take care! CÁC MẪU CÂU CHUNG :

Showing interest

(Thể quan tâm)

1 Uh-huh! Right! Really? That’s interesting!

5 And? What then? Oh? What happened next?

Showing that you’re

listening (Thể bạn đang lắng nghe)

1 Now, you mentioned… So, that’s how…? Yes, I was going to ask you about that… Could you give me / us an example of…?

5 Could you explain in more detail…?

Thanking and responding ( Cảm ơn đáp lại lời cảm ơn )

1 Many thanks Thanks a lot Cheers! That’s very kind of you Thank you very much Not at all

7 It’s a pleasure / My pleasure You’re welcome Don’t mention it

10 Any time 11 That’s OK / all right 12 I’m glad to have been of some help

Apologizing ( Xin lỗi )

Sorry I’m very/awfully/so/extremely sorry

3 Excuse me Sorry, (it was) my fault I apologize Please accept my apologies Accepting an

apology ( Chấp nhận lời xin lỗi)

1 That’s all right/OK Not to worry That’s quite/perfectly all right No reason/need to apologize

5 Don’t worry about it

Giving instructions ( Đưa lời hướng dẫn )

1 Make sure… Remember… (to do) Be careful… (not to do) Don’t forget… (to do) Giving directions Go straight on

7 Take the first/second on the left / right Turn left / right Go along… as far as… 10 Take the number bus / tram

11 Get off (the bus / tram) at… (place) 12 Carry on until you see… 13 Look out for

Checking someone has understood ( K.tra xem đã hiểu hay

1 Are you with me? Did you follow that?

chưa) Does that seem to make sense Exercise Choose the best option

1 Tom: “How you do?” – Jerry: “……….”

A yes, OK B Not too bad C How you do? D I’m well A: “Bye!” – B: “ ………”

A See you lately B See you later C Thank you D Meet you again A: “ I’ve passed my exam.” - B: “……….”

A Good luck B It’s nice of you to say so C That’s a good idea D Congratulations!

4 A: “ Would you like to have dinner with me?” B: “ …………”

A Yes, I’d love to B I’m very happy C Yes, It is D Yes, so I Peter: “ I enjoy listening to pop music.” Mary: “……… ”

A I’m, too B I don’t C Neither I D So am I Ann: “ Are you going to visit Britain next month?” Kim: “Yes,……… ” A I am B I C I like D I going Bob: “ James is a very brave man.” David: “ Yes, I wish ………… his courage.” A had B will have C have had D have

8 David: “ You’ve got a beautiful dress!” Helen: “ ………… ”

A I B Thanks for your compliment C You too D OK Sue: “ I love pop music” Alice: “ ………”

A I do, too B No, I won’t C Yes, I like it D Neither I 10 Ann: “ What you usually on Sunday?” Mary: “ ……….”

A I used to drive to work B I’d be sleeping all day C I’m not doing anything D I usually sleep until noon

11 Jack: “ I’ve got to go, Sarah So long.” So long, Jack And ………” A be careful B don’t hurry C take care D don’t take it 12 Mary: “ That’s a very nice skirt you are wearing.” Julia: “ ………… ”

A That’s nice B I like it C That’s all right D I’m glad you like it 13 David: “ Happy Christmas!” Jason: “ ………… ”

A You are the same! B Same for you! C The same to you D Happy Christmas 14 Tom: “ ……… ?” Jerry: “ Once a week”

A How often you go shopping B How much you want C Are you sure D When will you get there 15 Peter: “ Sorry, I’m late.” Mary: “ ………….”

17 Mary: “ I’ve got an interview for a job tomorrow.” – Peter: “ ……… ”

A Thank you B Same to you C Good luck D See you 18 A: “Thank you for the lovely present.” – B: “ ……… ”

A Go ahead B Not at all C come on D I’m pleased you like it 19 A: Are you coming on Saturday? – B: ………

A I’m afraid not B I’m afraid not to C I’m afraid to D I’m afraid I don’t 20 A: ………… they travel abroad? – B: Once a year

A When B How C What time D How often

21 A: Do you think you’ll get the job? – B: …………

A I know so B Well, I hope so C I think so D Yes, that’s right 22 A: I’m getting married next week – B: ………

A Thanks, the same to you B Congratulations! C Well done D Sorry to hear that 23 A: How’s life? – B: ………

A Sure B Not too bad C Fine, thanks D Pleased to meet you 24 A: Excuse me, what’s the time? – B: Sorry, I ………

A don’t see B don’t have a watch C won’t know D know 25.”Have a nice weekend.”-“…”

A You are the same B The same to you C so I D Will you? 26.Would you mind if I smoke? -……

A Never mind B Yes, please don’t C Not at all D Yes, please 27.Excuse me, is anybody sitting here?- ……

A No,thanks B Yes, I’m so glad C Sorry, the seat is taken D Yes, Yes you can sit here 28.Shall we start now?-……

A Yes,we are B Yes, let’s C Of course not D No, no 29.Your desk-mate failed in the oral test? –“… ”

A I’m sorry to hear that C Oh, I know

B In which respect D It’s hard for me to express myself in English 30 A: Thank you for a lovely evening? – B: ………

A Don’t mention it B I’m glad you enjoyed it C Yes, I’d like that D Yes, that would be very nice VI.Tag questions

Câu hỏi đuôi phần câu hỏi thêm vào sau câu thường trước Câu hỏi dùng để xác nhận ý nêu câu trước vá người hỏi thường dự kiến trước câu trả lời đồng ý

Phần câu th-ờng phía tr-ớc Phần câu hỏi đuôi Câu đáp lại đ-ợc kiện

Mary is here, isn’t she ? Yes, she is

I’m all right now, aren’t I ? Yes , you are There is a meeting today, isn’t there ? Yes, there is This is a book, isn’t it ? Yes, it is Those aren’t your books, are they ? No, they aren’t Everyone is ready, Aren’t they ? No, they aren’t Somebody has come, Haven’t they ? Yes, they have Everything was cheap then, Wasn’t it ? Yes, it was No one came late, Did they ? No , no one did Nothing has gone wrong, Has it ? No, nothing has

Let’s go out, Shall we ? Yes let’s

Sit down, Won’t you/ will you ? Yes , I will Don’t look at your book, Will you ? No, I won’t He ought to practise more

regularly,

Shouldn’t he ? Yes, he should

Not a single word wasn;t it?

Exercise Cirle the best option to complete each sentence: She’s finished the course, _?

A isn’t she B doesn’t she C didn’t she D hasn’t she Let’s go out for dinner, _?

A we B don’t we C will we D shall we You’ve never had a girlfriend before, _ you?

A haven’t B have C had D hadn’t

4 You have tea for breakfast, _ you?

A didn’t B haven’t C don’t D won’t

5 You stopped at the traffic lights, _ you?

A don’t B C did D didn’t

6 Many young people want to work for a humanitarian organization, _ ? A doesn’t it B does it C didn’t they D don’t they You haven’t met each other, _?

A have you B you C did you D will you John gave you the book yesterday, _?

A did he B didn’t he C did John D didn’t it You don’t know where she is, _?

A don’t you B you C isn’t she D is she 10 You can speak English, _ ?

Nội dung: 1: Reported speech 2: Article

3: Preppositions

PART I: REPORTED SPEECH

We use direct speech ( sentence in quotation marks) when we repeat someone’s word and indirect speech when we use our own words to report what someone says

Example:

Direct speech: My mother said to me “ I will give you a present.”

(reporting verb) động từ tường thuật

Indirect speech: My mother said to me she would give me a present

* Changes in indirect speech

1 Khi động từ tường thuật dạng past form (said, told, ) phải đổi thì

Direct speech(TT) Indirect speech(GT)

Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple Go went

Present progressive Past progressive am/ is/ are going was/ were going

Past simple Past perfect Went had gone

Past progressive Past perfect progressive

was/ were going had been going

Present perfect simple Past perfect has/ have gone had gone

Present perfect progressive

Past perfect progressive

has/ have been going

had been going

Future Conditional will go

must may/ might could / would/ should / ought to

would go had to might / could / would / should / ought to

Example: Peter said: "Carol is a nice girl." -> Peter said (that) Carol was a nice girl

1 Chúng ta đổi pronouns phù hợp

Direct speech Indirect speech

She said I - my – me she - her - her

He said I - my – me he - his - him

They said we - our - us they - their - them

- Ngôi thứ hai ( You and your ) đổi trùng với tân ngữ( Người nghe) mệnh đề chính

1 Susan said: "My parents are clever scientists."

➢ Susan said (that) her parents were clever scientists

2 Tom said: "I like PE best."  Tom said (that) he liked PE best They said: "We went swimming with our friends."

➢ They said (that) they had gone swimming with their friend Betty said: "Sam toldme the truth."

➢ Betty said (that) Sam had told her the truth

3.Adverbials of time and place

Direct speech Indirect speech

TTTTT Time

right now now

ago

at once

then / at that time / immediately before

today tonight

that day that night

Yesterday

the day before yesterday

The day before / the previous day

two days before

Tomorrow

the day after tomorrow The next following day in two days' time

last week, month, last Tuesday

The previous week, month,

the Tuesday before

next week, month, The following week, month,

Place

Here there

These those

Example: She said: "I have already seen Carol today."

She said (that) she had already seen Carol that day Notes:

- Nếu tường thuật việc ln ln đúng, chân lý hay thói quen khơng thay đổi

Ex: Tom said” New York is bigger than London” → Tom said ( that) New York is bigger than London “The world is round,” he said

→ He said the world is round

He said “ I always drink milk for breakfast”

→ Peter said that he always drinks milk for breakfast

- Câu điều kiện loại 2,3 (câu điều kiện loại hai với động từ tobe) Ex: “If I were you, I would help her” he said

→ He said If he were me, he would help her

- Khi động từ tường thuật đơn (say, says), tiếp diễn ( is/ are saying), hoàn thành ( have/ has said), tương lai đơn ( will say) :

Ex: My mother says to me, “you are my little pet.” → My mother tells me that I am her little pet Ex: She has said that “ the questions are very difficult” → She has said that the questions are very difficult

- Thì khứ đơn rõ thời gian:

Ex: Tom said to me, “My grandfather died in 1990.” → Tom told me that his grandfather died in 1990

– Wish + past simple/ past perfect: “I wish I lived in Da nang”, he said

–> He said he wished he lived in Da nang – cấu trúc “it’s time somebody did something”: “It’s time he woke up”, she said

–> She said it was time he woke up

– could/ would/ should/ ought to/ had better/ used to không chuyển: “ You’d better work hard” he said

–> He said that I had better work hard

BẢNG ĐẠI TỪ

Subject Object Possessive Adj Meaning

I Me My Tôi

You You Your Bạn, bạn

We Us Our Chúng tôi,

She Her Her Cô

He Him His Anh

It It its

Câu phát biểu

Outside quotation marks Inside quotation marks

Người nói said to/ told Người nghe

Giữ nguyên cấu trúc

Câu mệnh lệnh Người nói asked/ told Người

nghe

( not) to + ìn

Câu hỏi yes/ no Người nói asked Người nghe Đổi sang câu trần thuật,

thêm IF/ WHETHER vào đầu câu

Câu hỏi wh Người nói asked Người nghe Đỏi sang câu trần thuật

CÁC DẠNG CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT I AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE: (Câu mệnh lệnh)

Câu mệnh lệnh: Là loại câu u cầu người khác làm đó, cách nhận dạng câu mệnh lệnh Đầu câu là:

Direct speech Indirect speech

Vinf

Don’t Can you Could you Would you Would you mind

Please (please cuối câu)

S + tell / ask / order + O + (not) to infinitive

E.g: The teacher said: "Keep silent and look at the blackboard!" -> The teacher told us to keep silent and look at the blackboard E.g John said: "Don't forget to call me when you get home, Anna!"

✓ John told Anna not forget to call him when she got hom

I STATEMENTS

S + said (that) / told+ O + (that) + S + V

E.g Henry said: "I am going to visit my grandparents tomorrow."

✓ Henry said he was going to visit his grandparents the following day

II QUESTIONS

Trực tiếp: “Aux verb … + S + V ?

Gián tiếp: S + ask (O) wonder + if / whether + S + V… B WH - QUESTION

Trực tiếp: S + V “WH –word + aux verb + S + V?”

Gián tiếp: S + ask + (O) / wonder + WH –word + S + V

(want to know)

WH –word: What , Why , When , Who , How old , How often , What time,

Who,

Aux verb: be, will, do, does, did, have, has…

Ex1: The old man said “Are you a good student?”

-> The old man asked if / whether I was a good student Ex2: Mum asked me: "Have you seen my daughter?"

-> Mum asked me if I had seen her daughter Ex3: Susan said: "What happened to you, Michael"

-> Susan asked Michael what had happened to him

Ex4: “Why didn’t I get a computer before?” thought the office manager

➔ The office manager wondered why he had not got a computer before

III ADVICE, REQUEST, INVITATIONS

S +

agree , decide , offer , promise , refuse … + to infinitive advise ask invite remind encourage persuade

tell … + O + to infinitive

deny , suggest , admit , regret , postpone … + Ving

apologize for, congratulate someone on , accuse

someone of , approve of , blame someone for , blame sth on sb , dream of , insist on , object to , prevent someone from , thank someone for , warn someone against, criticize sb for,

+ Ving

Ex1: Mary said, “Jim, you shouldn’t drink too much coffee.”

-> Mary advised Jim not to drink too much coffee

Ex2: He said, “Would you like to come to a party on Saturday?”

-> She asked me to come to a party on Saturday Ex3: “I am sorry I’m late “, he said

-> He apologized for being late

Ex4: “Why don’t you put your luggage under the seat?” he asked

MỘT SỐ CÔNG THỨC NHẬN BIẾT ĐẶC BIỆT

Ex: “ You had better study harder” Tom said Tom advised me to study harder “ Why don’t you forgive him?” Tom said Tom advised me to forgive him

Ex: ‘Why don’t we go out for lunch?” Mary said -> Mary suggested going out for lunch

Ex: “ Would you like to go out with me?” He said -> He invited me to go out with him

Câu cảm thán

Ex: - “What a lovely dress!” She exclaimed with delight that the dress was lovely

- “Oh! I’ve cut myself” said the little boy The little boy exclaimed with pain that he had cut himself

Một số dạng khác:

Lời chào dùng greet, Cảm ơn dùng thank, Lời chúc dùng wish Ex: She said to me “Hello!” => She greeted me

Ex: “Thank you very much for your help” => She thanked me for my help Ex: “Happy new year!” => She wished me a happy new year

MỘT SỐ BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG

I STATEMENTS (CÂU TRẦN THUẬT) S + had better

S + should -> S + advise + O + ( not) to inf Why don’t you…

If I were you…

Let’s…

Why don’t we… -> S + suggest + Ving Shall we…

How about …

Would you like ….? S + invite + O + to inf

S + exclaim with + Danh từ biểu lộ trạng thái + that Disappointment / admiration

Horror / satisfaction surprise / pain

1 She said, “I went to the cinema yesterday.”

She said He said, “I am writing a test tomorrow.”

He said You said, “I will this for him.”

You said She said, “I am not hungry now.”

She said _ They said, “We have never been here before.”

They said _ They said, “We were in London last week.”

They said _ He said, “I will have finished this paper by tomorrow.”

He said _ “I will apply for my visa tomorrow,” She said

She said _ “If I were you, I wouldn’t come here,” Lan said Lan said _ 10 Mary said “I wish I were a boy.”

Mary said _ 11 He said “I was born in 2000.”

He said _ 12 My teacher said “the sun rises in the East”

My teacher said _ 13 “You had better not contact to her,” Tom said to me

Tom said to me _

II QUESTIONS (CÂU HỎI)

1 “Where is my umbrella?” she asked

She asked _ “How are you?” Martin asked us

Martin asked us _ He asked, “Do I have to it?”

She asked _

4 ”Where have you been?” the mother asked her daughter

The mother asked her daughter _ “Which dress you like best?” she asked her boyfriend

She asked her boyfriend _ “What are they doing?” she asked

She wanted to know _ “Are you going to the cinema?” he asked me

He wanted to know _ The teacher asked, “Who speaks English?”

The teacher wanted to know _ “How you know that?” she asked me

10 “Has Caron talked to Kevin?” my friend asked me

My friend asked me _

III REQUESTS (CÂU MỆNH LỆNH)

1 She said, “Go upstairs.”

She told me _

2 “Close the door behind you,” he told me

He told me _

3 “Don't be late,” he advised us

He advised us _

4.”Stop staring at me,” she said

She told him _

5.“Don't be angry with me,” he said

He asked her _

6.“Leave me alone,” she said

She told me _

7.“Don't drink and drive,” she warned us

She warned us _

8.“John, stop making noise,”

John’s mother ordered _

9.“Don't worry about us,” they said

They told her _

10.”Meet me at the cinema “he said

He asked me _

IV REPORTED SPEECH WITH TO INFINITIVE

1 “You Should see a doctor, Hoa.”

She advised _ “If you like, I’ll help you clean the windows,” Jane said

Jane offered _ “We’ll tell Bruno about the party,” said Tom and Jerry

Tom and Jerry promised _ ”Why did you change your job?” Lam asked Linh

Lam wanted _

6 “You should join the football tea, Eric,” said the teacher

The teacher encouraged _ “Come and see me whenever you want,” he said to me

He invited _ “All right, I’ll wait for you;” he said to me

He agree _ “You can go home, boys.”

The man allowed _ 10 “Be careful of strangers and not to go out at night”

He warned us _

V REPORTED SPEECH WITH GERUND

1 “Shall we go for a swim now?”

She suggested _ “I know I’m wrong,” he said

He admitted _ “I didn’t say that,” Lan said

Lan denied _ “If only I had told him the true!”

Jane regrets _ “I haven’t finished the assignment yet I’m really sorry”

The boy apologized _ “It’s you who took my bag,” said the man to the boy

The man accused _ “No, no I really must sit for the test.”

She insisted on _ “What I always want is to become a doctor,” she said

She dreamt _ “I can’t let you use the mobile phone,” his mother said

His mother prevented _ 10 “It’s really nice of you to visit me,” she said to him

She thanked _ 11 “I like the car I’ll buy it.”

The woman thought _ 12 “I feel like going to America soon.”

She looked forward to

PART II: ARTICLES

There are two types of articles: Indefinite ( a, an), Definite ( the)

Indefinite articles ( a, an) are used before nouns that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned before

Examples: I bought an ink- pot this morning I draw a beautiful picture

“a” is used before nouns beginning with a consonant ( b, c, d, h, g, f, j, k, l, m, n, q, p, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, and z) such as: a factory, a car, …

“a” is used in Exclamatory sentences ( What + a singular countable Noun!) Ex: What a nice room! / What a beautiful girl!

“a” is used before a word phrase of quantity Ex: I have a lot of book

“a” is used after there is/ was

Ex: There is a bookshop near my house

“ an” is used before nouns beginning with a vowel ( a, e, I, o, u) such as: an ice- scream, an umbrella, an orange, an egg, an apple,…

* Note: Pronunciation changes this rule

If the next word begins with a consonant sound when we say it, such as; “university, unique meaning, union, uniform, European ” then we use a If the next word begins with a vowel sound when we say it, such as;” hour, honest man, .”

II Definite article ( the)

1 It is used when you know that listener know or can work out what particular person / thing you are talking about

Ex: “The orange tasted sour” refers to a specific orange

2.You should also use the when you have already mentioned the thing you are talking about

Ex: She has got two children The girl is eight and the boy is four 3.We use the to talk about geographical points on the globe

Ex: the Middle East, The West, the North

* But we use no article with northen, southern, eastern and western: Ex: Greece is in southern Europe

4 We use the to talk about rivers, oceans and seas, canals/ restaurant, hotel, cinema, name of magazine or newspaper

Ex: The Nile, The Pacific, The Atlantic, The Panama, The Times, The Thang tam cinema,…

5 We also use the before certain noun that are unique things Ex: The sun, The moon, The earth, …

However if you want to describe a particular instance of these you shoul use a/an Ex: “I could hear the wind”/There is a cold wind

6 We use the + adjective to talk about a group of people( including nationalities) Ex: The unemployed receive money from the government

The young must be taught manners

Boonthung, the thai, won the men’s 200 metres He ran 200 metres in 20,14 seconds 7 We use the with plural names of people and places

Ex: The Smiths, The Netherlands, The Phillipines, The Bahamas, The Alps, The Cook Islands, The United States of America, The Republic of China, …

8 We use the with musical instruments Ex: He plays the piano

9 We use the with the superlative comparison and double comparion Ex: Who is the most harworking student in your class?

The more I know him, the more I like him 10 We use the with ordinal number

Ex: My class is on the second floor

III No article:

1 With names of countries ( if singular) Ex: He has ever been to Germany 2 With the name of languages

Ex: He is very good at Chinese./ Many young people can speak English very well With the names of meals

Ex: What time you have breakfast/ luch/ dinner? With people’s name ( if singular)

Ex: My linh is a famous singer With uncountable noun

Ex: Rice is main food in Asia / She can’t drink coffee without sugar With the names individual mountains, lakes, and islands

Ex: Mount Mckinley is the highest mountain in Alaska With the name of towns, streets, stations, and airports: Ex: Can you show me the way to Xuan Truong street? She lives in Cao Bang

8 With names of sports and subjects and colour Ex: He likes learning Maths

He likes playing football

He likes green

9 After the possessive case Ex: His car is very expensive 10 In some fixed expressions Ex:

by day by car by train by air on foot on holiday at school at work at university

in church in prison in bed reach home go picnic go camping

from north to south …

MỘT SỐ BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG

I Add "a' or "an" where necessary:

1 He drove the car at ninety miles hour My brother wants to be engineer

5 We make butter and cheese from milk window is made of glass

7 cat has tail

8 coffee is drink fish swims in water 10 rose is beautiful flower 11 We eat soup with spoon

12 I can write letter in ink or with pencil

II Add "a", "an" or "the" where necessary:

1 friend of mine has two dogs and cat Put your bag in back of car

3 Which is quickest way to Star Hotel?

4 It is pity that friends you spoke of have not come Would you like cup of tea and cake?

6 It's beter to tell truth than to tell lies

7 We had dinner together at good restaurant yesterday

8 Thames, Seine and Rhine are famous rivers Mothers often tell small children stories before bedtime 10 I dislike towns but I like countryside

11 Where is hat that I bought yesterday?

12 Smith, man you met yesterday, is honest man

13 cheese, butter, iron and milk are all substances 14 Alps are highest mountain in Europe

15 He crossed Atlantic in record time

16 It's shame! There won't be another train for at least hour 17 Stay in hotel or inn near station

18 wool is one of chief exports from Australia 19 I had lunch with old friend on Saturday 20 What weather! rain hasn't stopped all day 21 Out of sight, out of mind

22 He collects butterflies, stamps and match boxes 23 cat caught mouse yesterday but lucky mouse escaped 24 I like lot of milk in my tea and few lumps of sugar 25 He came to see me last week and said it was last opportunity he would have

26 In last week of year we had lot of snow 27 nature is more wonderful than works of man

28 He works all day and every day from morning till late night 29 He asked for bread and butter: loaf of former and pound of latter

30 He won prize of hundred pounds and spent it all in week

31 He became soldier and proved to be good soldier 32 He is man for job! None other can it so well

Giới từ từ nhóm từ nối danh từ từ tương đương danh từ với phần khác câu

Ex: Bring the cakes to Jane’s house before Saturday I go to school everyday

- Giới từ dùng để diễn tả thời gian, nơi chốn, vị trí, nguyên nhân, mục đích, thể cách,phương tiện, quan hệ, di chuyển, phương hướng di chuyển, …

- Giới từ từ đơn: in, on, at, by, to, about, across, from Ex: She lives in Cao Bang from 1990 to 2008

She is in her room

- Giới từ gồm nhóm từ: in front of, on top of, because of, … Ex: The bus stops right in front of our house

Her address is on the top of the letter

II- Kinds of prepositions: 1 Preposition of time:

- Before ( trước): I shall come here before this afternoon - After ( sau) : We shall meet after o’clock

- During ( khi): Nobody likes to leave home during the stomy night - on ( vào lúc) Come and see me on Monday

- since ( từ khi): I have lived here since last night - till ( khi): I wait for you till o’clock - at ( hồi, lúc) He came here at o’clock

- in ( vào: mùa, tháng, năm): Is it hot or cold in the summer? - about ( vào khoảng: thời gian) He arrived about 10 o’clock - by ( vào lúc, trước lúc) She sleeps by day and works by night

2 Prepositions of place or position

- at ( ) I live at 17 Kim Dong street

- above ( Ở cao, cao hơn) My bed room is above the living room - in ( trong, tại) What have you got in pocket ?

- on ( trên, sát trên) There are some apples on the table - before (ở đằng trước) = in front of: They knelt before throne - by ( gần, kế bên): The telephone is by the window

- off ( cách, khỏi, rời): He fell off a horse

- Beneath ( dưới): The boat sank beneath the waves

- across ( ngang qua, chéo qua, bên kia): He shouted to me from across the room - along ( dọc theo): She í going along the corridor

- about ( quanh quẩn, gần): He is walking about the town

3.Prepositions of cause/ reason

- because of ( vì) They are here because of us

- for ( vì, vì): He didn’t answer for fear of hurting her - of (vì): She is ashamed of her husband’s behavior

- out of ( ): He did it out of curiosity

- Thanks to ( nhờ, ): Thanks to your help, I got over my difficulties - Through ( vì, do): The accident happened through heavy snow

4 prepositions of purpose

5 prepositions of manner

- with ( với) He welcome her with open arms

- Without ( khơng có) She went away without saying aword - like ( ): He walked like an old man

6 Prepositions of means

- by ( bằng, nhờ): May I pay by cheque / You can go by bus - on ( bằng, trên): He went on foot

- in ( bằng) please write in ink / This novel is written in English - through ( bằng, nhờ, từ ): We heard about it through some friends - with ( bằng): He fought with a sword

7 Preposition of relation

- about ( ) What is he angry about?

- on (về ): Would you like to attend on Shakespeare?

III- List of prepositions 1 prepositions and nouns

out of work in advance by accident from my poit of view

out of control to my mind by chance in my oppinion

out of order in addition by mistake in love

in a hurry by the way out of reach out of sight, …

2 nouns and prepositions

FOR:

- a request for: yêu cầu - a cheque for: ngân phiếu

- a wish for: mơ ước - an appetite for: khát khao

- a reason for: lý (về điều đó) - an application for: đơn xin

- a need for: nhu cầu ………

IN:

An increase/ a decrease/ a reduction/ a rise/ a fall in (the price/ the number of sth): Sự gia tăng, giảm sút giá cả, số lượng

TO:

- a damage to: hư hại

- a solution to/ for (a problem): biện pháp giải (một vấn đề) - an answer to (a question): câu trả lời ………

- a reply to (a letter): thư phúc đáp

- an attitude to/ towards: thái độ (đối với……….)

- an invitation to (a party/ a wedding etc): lời mời/ thư mời………

WITH/ BETWEEN:

- A relationship/ a connection/ contact with (sb/ sth): Mối liên hệ, lien quan, tiếp xúc với ………

- A relationship/ a connection/ contact/ contrast/ difference between (two things or people): Mối liên hệ, lien quan, tiếp xúc, trái ngược, khác (hai người, hai vật)

3 adjectives and prepositions

Ex: It is very kind of you to help me, thank you very much It is stupid of her to believe in a stranger

- angry/ furious/ about something// with someone// for something Ex: Why are you so angry with me?

- please/ disappointed/ satisfied with something Ex: Are you sastified with your examination result? - bored/ fed up with something

Ex: Are you fed up with doing the same thing everyday? - surprised/ shocked/ amazed/ astonished at/ by something Ex: We were surprised at his appearance

- excited/ worried/ upset about something

Ex: Parents always worried about their children’s studying

- afraid/ scared/ frightened/ terrified/pround of someone/ something Ex: They are very pround of their daughter

- good/ bad/ exerllent/ brilliant/ hopeless/ at doing something Ex: The young are very good at speaking English

1 OF:

- ashamed of: xấu hổ - hopeful of: hy vọng

- afraid of: sợ, e ngại - independent of: độc lập

- ahead of: trước - proud of: tự hào

- aware of: nhận thức - jealous of: ghen tỵ với

- capable of: có khả - guilty of: phạm tội( về), có tội

- confident of :tin tưởng - sick of: chán nản

- doubtful of: nghi ngờ - joyful of: vui mừng

- fond of: thích - quick of: nhanh chóng

- full of: đầy

2 TO:

- acceptable to: chấp nhận - likely to:

- accustomed to: quen với - lucky to: may mắn

- agreeable to: đồng ý - next to: kế bên

- addicted to: đam mê - open to: mở

- delightful to smb: thú vị - pleasant to: hài lòng

- familiar to smb: quen thuộc - preferable to: đáng thích

- clear to: rõ ràng - profitable to: có lợi

- equal to: tương đương với, - similar to: giống, tương tự

- favourable to: tán thành, ủng hộ - useful to smb: có ích cho

- grateful to smb: biết ơn - necessary to smt/ smb:cần thiết cho ai/cái

- harmful to smb/ for smt:có hại cho ai/

- available to smb/ for smt: sẵn cho ai/cái

- important to: quan trọng - responsible to smb: có trách nhiệm với

3 FOR:

- difficult for: khó - sorry for: xin lỗi

- late for: trễ - qualified for: có phẩm chất

- dangerous for: nguy hiểm - helpful/ useful for: có lợi/ có ích

- famous for: tiếng - good for: tốt cho

- greedy for: tham lam - grateful for smt: biết ơn việc

- necessary for: cần thiết - convenient for: thuận lợi cho

- perfect for: hoàn hảo - ready for smt: sẵn sàng cho việc

- suitable for: thích hợp - responsible for smt: chịu trách nhiệm

việc

4 AT:

- good at: giỏi (về ) - excellent at: xuất sắc

- bad at: dở( ) - present at: diện

- clever at: khéo léo, thông minh - surprised at: ngạc nhiên

- skillful at: khéo léo, có kỹ - angry at smt: giận điều

- quick at: nhanh - clumsy at: vụng

- amazed at: ngạc nhiên - annoy at smt: khó chịu điều

- amused at: vui

5 WITH:

- delighted with: vui mừng với - busy with: bận

- aquainted with: làm quen( với ) - familiar with: quen thuộc

- crowded with: đông đúc - furious with: phẫn nộ

- friendly with: thân mật - popular with: phổ biến

- bored with: chán - satisfied with: thỏa mãn với

- fed up with: chán - contrasted with: tương phản với

6 ABOUT:

- confused about: bối rối (về ) - serious about: nghiêm túc

- excited about: hào hứng - upset about: thất vọng

- happy about: vui, hạnh phúc - worried about: lo lắng

- sad about: buồn - anxious about: lo lắng

- disappointed about smt: thất vọng 7 IN:

- interested in: thích, quan tâm - successful in: thành công

- rich in: giàu - confident in smb: tin cậy vào

8 FROM:

- isolated from: bị cô lập - far from: xa

- absent from: vắng mặt ( khỏi ) - safe from: an toàn

- different from: khác - divorced from: ly dị, làm xa rời

9 ON: - keen on: hăng hái

4 Phrasal verbs

- on - in - up - out - after - over - away - off - back

Put Go Turn Call Let … Fill Break Hand Stay Trade Bring … Give Wash Look Get Hold Clear … Go Try Fall … Look Take … Get Think … Throw Get Give Pass Take … Take turn go call … Turn Come …

Notes: - be tired of: chán eg I’m tired of doing the same work every day

- be tired from: mệt eg I’m tired from walking for a long time

- be grateful to smb for smt: biết ơn vấn đề eg I’m grateful to you for your help

- be responsible to smb for smt: chịu trách nhiệm với việc eg You have to be responsible to me for your actions

- good/ bad for: tốt/ xấu cho , good/ bad at: giỏi/ dở

* Những từ dùng với nhiều giới từ không thay đổi nghĩa - be astonished at/ by: ngạc nhiên ( vì, bởi)

- discussion about/ on/ of: bàn bạc

- explaination of/ for: giải thích ( về…) - imprressed with/ by: cảm động ( bởi/ …) - succeed in/ at: thành cơng diều gì) - be surprised at/ by: ngạc nhiên ( vì, bởi, ) - talk to/ with: nói chuyện (với,…) * Những từ với giới từ khác có cách dùng khác - accompanied by ( Sb): kèm cặp

Ex: He was accompanied by his mother

- accompanied with ( sthm/ V- ing):được đệm Ex: Her singing was accompanied with

clapping - accountable to ( Sb): chịu trách nhiệm với

ai

Ex: You are accountable to me the money

- accountable for Sthm/ V-ing sthm: Chịu trách nhiệm điều

Ex: He had to be accountable for his action - agree with ( Sb): đồng ý với

Ex: I agree with you that we should take a taxi

- agree to ( Sthm): đồng ý với việc Ex: I agree to your suggestion

- angry with ( Sb): giận

Ex: She is very angry with her boy friend

- angry about ( Sthm): bực điều Ex: She is angry about your late

- apologize for ( sthm done): xin lỗi việc làm

Ex: I apologize for coming late

- apologize to Sb: xin lỗi Ex: Did he apologize you?

- arrive at ( small place): đến địa điểm nhỏ

Ex: They arrived at the village late at night

- arrive in ( large place): đến địa điểm lớn

Ex: We arrived in Singapore in 2010 - careful with ( sthm) : cẩn thận với điều

Ex: Be careful with that mad dog

- careful of ( sb): thận trọng với

Ex: My father advised me to be careful of that man

- deal with ( do/ treat): cư sử

Ex:How does your mother in law deal with you?

- deal in( sell): bán

Ex: This shop deals in antiques

- difficulty with sthm: gặp khó khăn với việc gì

Ex: Students have difficulty with listening skill

- difficulty in doing sth: gặp khó khăn việc làm

Ex: Students get some difficulties in studying E

- engaged in ( doing sthm) bận làm Ex: Students are engaged in reviewing for their examination

- engaged to ( a person): đính với Ex: John was ingaged to Mary

-get in (to)/ out of( a car/ taxi or small boat Dùng get in ( to) get out of nói việc lên ( xuống) xe hơi, taxi, tàu thuyền

- get on ( to) / off ( a bus/ train/ plane/ ship Dùng get on ( to)/ off nói lên xe xuống xe buýt, xe lửa, máy bay, tàu biển - greatful to ( sb): cảm ơn

Ex: He great to his mother

- greatful for ( sthm done): cảm ơn điều Ex: We are greatful for your help

- quarrel with ( Sb): cãi với Ex: She is quarrelling with her husband

- quarrel over ( sthm): điều Ex: They are quarrelling over property - responsible to ( Sb): chịu trách nhiệm trước

ai

Ex: The techer is responsible to the

- responsible for ( Sthm): chịu trách nhiệm vif điều

headmester safety - stay with( sb):

Ex: He stays with his brother

- Stay at( a place): đâu She stays at her uncle’s house - on time ( at the time arranged):

Ex: He came to the meeting on time

- in time ( not late): kip Ex: He is in time for the meeting

MỘT SỐ BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG

I: Nối cụm động từ cột A với từ phù hợp cột B

A B

1 put on

2 fill in

3 look after

4 try out

5 take after

6 get over

7 go off

8 go on

a continue

b complete

c test

d take care of

e resemble

f explode

g recover from

h wear

II Chọn MỘT HAI giới từ ngoặc để điền vào chỗ trống câu

1 Tell us something your holiday (about/ on)

2 I sometimes wonder my old friend, where she is now and what she's doing

(form/ about)

3 The glass is full _ water (of/ with)

4 They congratulated the speaker _ his speech (on/ with) 5 He seemed very bored life (of/ with)

6 I don't get on very well him (to/ with)

III Chọn MỘT BA giới từ ngoặc để điền vào chỗ trống câu

1 I won't see you Friday (till/ for/ in)

2 You must clean this table _ ink spots (out of/ of/ from) 3 He is just getting _ his severe illness (out of/ out/ over) 4 My house is just the street (on/ across/ beside)

5 My mother is a true friend me (for/ to/ with)

6 Aren't you glad that you went to the party with us _all? (after/ in/ with)

IV Chọn MỘT BỐN giới từ ngoặc để điền vào chỗ trống câu

1 He made a speech this subject (on/ at/ in/ from)

2 He complained the children the mess they've made (of-about/

about-to/ to-about/ about-of)

5 I will stay in London _ about three weeks (for/ during/ since/ at) 6 She reminds me _ my mother (with/ to/ by/ of)

IV Điền vào chỗ trống giới từ

1 The boat moved slowly _ the coast

2 She spends a lot _ time _ her English I'm going the shop to buy some milk

4 "Where's Tom?" - "He's the kitchen making some coffee." Shelly sat here _ me

6 The train will leave five minutes

* Thống kê số câu liên quan đến phần ngữ pháp đề thi TN THPT số năm

I Giới từ:

+ Năm 2006 * Hệ năm:

1 This student is not very good …… Physics

A at B in C with D to We are very fond …… folk music

A in B at C with D of

3 My uncle lived in Hanoi since 1990 to 1998, but he is now living in Hue A B C D ………

……… Marconi was born in Bologna ……… ( 40) northern Italy, in 1974 …… He liked to sit and read science books …………( 44) his father’s big

library ………

(40) A in B on C at D to …………

(44) A on B from C in D by

* Hệ năm:

1 Have you decided to apply …… th job yet?

A for B to C into D off We are very fond …… folk music

A in B at C with D of She goes …… a lot She hardly ever spends an evening at home A out B down C along D over

4 My uncle lived in Hanoi since 1990 to 1998, but he is now living in Hue A B C D 5 Approximately 350 million people speak English as their first language

About the same number use it as a second language It is the language …… (36) aviation, international sport, and world trade 75 % of the world’s mail is in English, ………

6 (36) A.on B to C from D of

+ Năm 2007

* Hệ năm ( Lần 1):

2 They were surprised … the news

A about B at C for D on

* Hệ năm ( Lần 2):

1 She is fed up ……… washing the dishes everyday

A to B of C with D by Are you ………… in knowing all the answers

A frightened B excited C amused D interested

3 Lindsay Lewis is married with four children In 1969 he went to Cambridge University and took a degree in economics From 1972 to 1978 he taught …… (32)India and Japan ………

(32) A at B in C on D for Children are fond with swimming in summer

A B C D

* Hệ năm ( Lần 1):

1 Glass is usually ……… sand

A made from B made with C made by D made of

2 The world’s first film was shown in 1895 by two french brothers Although it only ……(31) of short, simple scenes, with titles on the screen to explain the story

………

(31) A considered B consisted C belonged D held John’s mother thought that chocolates were bad to him

A B C D She is tired with being asked the same thing everyday A B C D

* Hệ năm ( Lần 2):

1 Many Vietnamese people are fond ……… watching footbal A of B with C in D about

2 ……… I think that you can count (35) ………… Ann to make your school a cuccess and I recommend her for the post of Director

(35) A on B for C with D to

+ Năm 2008 * Hệ năm:

1 My sister is very fond … eating chocolate candy

A of B with C about D at

+ Năm 2009 * Hệ năm:

1 Susan is very ……… of telling other what to

A fond B interested C fed up D bored Who is going to look ……… the children while you are away? A at B up C after D over My younger brother has worked in a bank since long time

A B C D

4 I go to Mexico with my girlfriend in the summer of 2006 A B C D I’m very interested ………

A in tne information you gave me

C about the information you gave me D about the information you gave it to me

6 ……… ……… Unfortunately, all the time he was talking (50) ……… me, the water was running You can imagine how the kitchen was!

Content:

I THE TENSES of VERBS II The passive voice III THE MODAL VERBS

IV THE conditional sentences

TENSES OF VERBS

I The present simple tense ( Thời đơn) 1 Form : S ( I / we / you / they) + V

S ( he / she / it) + Vs/es S + Be (am / is / are)

2 Usage:

- Thì HTĐG diễn tả thói quen, hành động xảy th-ờng xuyên lặp lặp lại

eg I watch T.V every night

- Th× HTĐG diễn tả chân lý , thật hiĨn nhiªn

eg The sun rises in the East / Tom comes from America

- Thì HTĐG đ-ợc dùng ta nói thời gian biểu ( timetables), ch-ơng trình (programmes)

eg The train leaves the station at 8.15 a.m The film begins at p.m

- Thì HTĐG dùng mệnh đề thời gian when mệnh đề If câu điều kiện hay unless

eg When summer comes, I’ll go to the beach

You won’t get good marks unless you work hard

3 Adverbs:

Always, usually, often, as a rule, sometimes, rarely, never everyday, every week, every month, every year…

II The present continuous tense( Thì tiếp diễn ) 1 Form : S + Be ( am / is / are) +V_ing

2 Usage:

- Thì HTTD diễn tả hành động diễn kéo dài thời gian tại( th-ờng có trạng từ : now, right now, at the moment, at present.)

eg The children are playing football now

- Thì HTTD th-ờng đ-ợc dùng theo sau câu đề nghị, mệnh lệnh eg Be quiet! The baby is sleeping

Note: Không dùng HTTD với động từ nhận thức , tri giác nh- : to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, glance, feel, think, smell, love, hate, realize, seem, remember, forget, belong to, believe

(Với động từ ta thay HTĐG.)

eg She wants to go for a walk at the moment - Thì đ-ợc dùng tình sau:

eg: Look! the boy ……… (feed) the elephant

SIMPLE PRESENT VS PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Thì Simple Present dùng để hành động diễn thời gian nói chung khơng thiết phải thời gian Thời gian nói chung thời gian mà việc diễn ngày (everyday), tuần(every week), tháng (every month), năm (every year), mùa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter)…

Eg: He goes to school every day

Mrs Brown travels every summer

* Thì Present Continuous dùng để hành động xảy (a current

activity) hay việc làm bây giờ (now/ at present/ at this moment),

hơm (today), tuần (this week), năm (this year)… - We are learning English now

- Mary is playing the piano at the moment

Hãy so sánh :

- I work in a bakery every day

- I’m working in a bakery this week

* CHÚ Ý :

1 Thì Simple Present thường dùng với động từ tri giác (verbs of perception) : feel, see, hear… động từ trạng thái như: know,

understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe…

+ Ngồi cịn dùng Simple Present với động từ : be, appear,

belong, have to…

+ Thì Simple Present dùng với trạng từ tần suất (adverbs of frequency) : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, rarely,

never…

- That child needs care

- This book belongs to me

- He never comes late

+ Chúng ta dùng Simple Present để chân lí hay thật hiển nhiên (a general truth)

- The sun rises in the East

- Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom

2 Thì Present Continuous còng dùng để hành động tương lai gần (a near future action)

Với trạng từ tương lai : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year,

next summer…

III The present perfect tense (Thì Hiện hồn thành) 1 Form : S + have / has + v(PP)

2 Usage :

- Thì HTHT diễn tả hành động vừa xảy ra, vừa kết thúc, th-ờng với trạng từ “just”

eg We have just bought a new car

eg You have studied English for five years

- Thì HTHT diễn tả hành động xaỷ khứ mà rõ thời gian eg I have been to Hanoi

- Thì HTHT diễn tả hành động đ-ợc lặp lặp lại nhiều lần khứ eg We have seen Titanic three times

- Thì HTHT dùng sau từ so sánh cÊp cao nhÊt.( lêi b×nh phÈm) eg It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen

- Th× HTHT dïng víi This is the first/ second time, it’s the first time eg This is the first time I’ve lost my way

- Th× HTHT dïng víi This morning/ This evening/ Today/ This week/ This term thời gian cßn lóc nãi

eg I haven’t seen Joana this morning Have you seen her?

Note - Gone to kh¸c víi Been to

eg Marry has gone to Paris (đang đ-ờng đến Pari) Marry has been to Paris (đã đến nh-ng khơng cịn Pari)

3 Adverbs : - just, recently, lately: gần đây, vừa

- ever:

- never :ch-a bao giê - already :råi

- yet: ch-a (dùng câu phủ định nghi vấn) - since :từ khi( thời điểm mà hành động bắt đầu) - for : khoảng(chỉ khoảng thời gian hành động ) - so far = until now = up to now =up to the present

- Thì HTHTTD : S + have been + Ving Sử dụng t-ơng tự HTHT nh-ng nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động

eg You have been learning English for years

PRESENT PERFECT VỚI PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) dùng để kết tình trạng (the result of the present state), việc xảy khứ không rõ thời điểm, lập lập lại nhiều lần kéo dài đến

+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện Tại Hồn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để tiếp diễn hành động (the continuity of an action)

- I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet - He has been living here since 1975

- We have been working in the garden all morning

+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous cịn dùng với động từ : lie, wait,

sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…

- They have been learning English since 1995

- The chair has been lying in the store window for ages

IV The past simple tense ( Thì Quá khứ đơn ) 1 Form : S + V- ed (regular /irregular)

2 Usage : Thì QKĐ diễn tả hành động xảy khứ, chấm dứt biết rõ

eg I went to the cinema last night

3 Adverbs : last, yesterday, ago, in 1997… -

- Khi đổi sang dạng phủ định nghi vấn nhớ đ-a động từ nguyên mẫu - Chú ý cách phát âm động từ có tận “-ED”

Động từ tận ed phát âm /d/ theo sau âm hữu (trừ âm /d/ )

Động từ tận ed phát âm /t/ theo sau âm vô ( trừ âm /t/ )

Động từ tận ed phát âm /id/ theo sau âm /t, d/

PRESENT PERFECT VI SIMPLE PAST TENSE

* Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hồn Thành) dùng để q khứ khơng rõ thời điểm liên lạc với

* Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) dùng để khứ có thời điểm rõ rệt cắt đứt với

+ CHÚ Ý :

(1) Thì Present Perfect thường với từ : up to now, up to the present,

so far (cho tới nay),

not … yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, ever (đã từng), never, several times (nhiều lần), just (vừa), recently (vừa mới), lately (mới đây)

- Have you ever seen a tiger ? - The train has not arrived yet - We have lived here for years

- I have known him since he moved here - The bell has just rung

(2) Thì Simple Past thường với tiếng thời gian khứ xác định :

yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last summer, ago

- We came here a month ago - He went to the cinema yesterday.

* Thì Simple Past cịn dùng để chuỗi hành động xảy khứ

- He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out

V The past continuous tense : Form : S + was/ were + V-ing Usage :

- Hành động xảy kéo dài thời gian khứ

- Hành động xảy (ở q khứ ) có hành động khác xen vào (Hành động xảy QKTD , hành động xen vào dùng QKĐG )

eg When I saw her yesterday, she was having breakfast - Hai hành động xảy song song lúc khứ

eg Last night, I was watching T.V while my sister was reading a book

Note: Khơng dùng với động từ nhận thức, tri giác ( thay dùng

QK§G)

3 Adverbs: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, lastyear, last summer, ago, or in a certain year in the past

SIMPLE PAST VỚI PAST CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) dùng để hành động ngắn (thình lình) xảy khứ

- I met him in the street yesterday

+ Thì Past Continuous (Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn) dùng để hành động kéo dài khứ tương ứng với hành động khác khứ

- I met him while he was crossing the street - She was going home when she saw an accident

+ Thì Past Continuous diễn tả hành động kéo dài điểm thời gian xác định khứ hai hành động liên tiếp song song với

- My father was watching TV at o’clock last night

- I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV

VI The past perfect tense (Thì q khứ hồn thành ) 1 Form : S + had + PII

2 Usage : Diễn tả hành động khứ xảy tr-ớc thời gian cụ thể

tr-ớc hành động khác khứ.( Nếu câu có hai hành động khứ , hđ xảy tr-ớc ta dùng QKHT, hđ sau ta dùng QKĐG)

eg They had live here before 1985

After the children had finished their homework, they went to bed

VII The past perfect continuous tense ( Thì q khứ hồn thành tiếp diễn ) 1 Form: S + had been + Ving

2 Usage : Diễn tả hành động khứ xảy kéo dài hành động

qu¸ khø thứ hai xảy ( hđ thứ hai dùng QKĐG) Khoảng thời gian kéo dài th-ờng đ-ợc nêu rõ c©u

eg The boys had been playing football for hours before I came

PAST PERFECT VỚI PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Past Perfect Continuous (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động trước hành động khứ khác xảy Hãy so sánh :

- She had been studying English before she came here for classes

- She had studied English before she came for classes

(Hành động had studied chấm dứt trước hành động came for classes) Và so sánh :

- It had been raining when I got up this morning (Trời tạnh mưa thức dậy.)

- It was raining when I got up this morning (Trời cịn mưa tơi thức dậy)

VIII The simple future tense (Thì tương lai đơn giản) 1 Form : S + will/ shall + V bare infi

2 Usage:

- Dùng ta định làm điều vào lúc nói eg You will give your sentences now

eg: A : I need some money

B: Don’t worry I’ll lend you some - Dùng để yêu cầu, đề nghị làm

eg Will you shut the door

Will I make you a cup of coffee - Dùng để hứa hẹn làm điều

eg: I promise I’ll call you when I arrive - Dùng shall I shall we để đề nghị gợi ý

eg Where shall we go tonight?/ Shall we go to the cinema?

- Dïng I think I’ll / I don’t think I’ll ta quyÕt lµm / ko lµm ®iỊu g× eg I think I’ll stay at home tonight./ I don’t think I’ll go out tonight

3 Adverbs : - someday, next week/ next month, tomorrow, soon or in a situation

IX Near future (Thì tương lai gần )

1 Form: S + Be + Going to + V bare inf (dự định ) S + Be +V ing (sắp sửa )

2 Usage :- Diễn tả hành động xảy t-ơng lai gần có dự định tr-ớc (th-ờng

trong câu trạng từ thời gian )

eg They are going to repaint the school

- DiƠn t¶ tiên đoán, kiện chắn xảy t-ơng lai có dấu hiệu hay chứng hiƯn t¹i

- eg: Tom’s a good student He’s going to pass the final exam Look at those clouds It’s going to rain

X The future continuous tense (Thì tương lai tiếp diễn) 1 Form: S + will / shall + Be + V ing

2 Usage :

- Diễn tả hành động xảy thời điểm xác định t-ơng lai eg I will be watching T.V at 8p.m tonight

- Diễn tả hành động xảy t-ơng lai có hành động khác xảy eg I’ll be cooking when my mother return this evening

+ Thì Simple Future (Tương Lai Đơn) diễn tả hành động xảy (có khơng có thời gian xác định tương lai); cịn Future Continuous (Tương Lai Tiếp Diễn) diễn tả hành động liên tiến điểm thời gian xác định tương lai - He will go to the stadium next Sunday

- We will / shall have the final test Hãy so sánh :

- I will eat breakfast at o’clock tomorrow (Vào lúc sáng mai, bắt đầu dùng bữa điểm tâm.)

- I will be eating breakfast at o’clock tomorrow (Vào lúc sáng mai, tôi dùng bữa điểm tâm.)

+ Trong mệnh đề trạng từ thời gian (adverb clause of time) hay mệnh đề điều kiện (adverb clause of condition), Simple Present dùng để thay cho Simple Future

- I shall not go until I see him

- If he comes tomorrow, he will it

+ Chú ý : WILL cịn dùng cho tất ngơi

XI The future perfect tense (Thì tương lai hoàn thành ) 1 Form : S + will + have +PII

2 Usage :

- Diễn tả hành động hoàn tất vào thời điểm cho tr-ớc t-ơng lai Th-ờng dùng cụm từ thời gian nh- : By+ mốc thời gian (By the time , By then when)

eg We’ll have finished our lesson by 11 o’clock When you come back, I’ll have had lunch

By the time tomorrow, we’ll have flown to Moscow

XII The future perfect continuous tense (Thì tương lai hồn thành tiếp diễn) 1 Form: S + will + have been + Ving

2 Usage : - Diễn tả hành động khứ kéo dài đến thời điểm cho

tr-íc ë t-ơng lai Th-ờng dùng cụm từ thời gian nh- : By for + kho¶ng thêi gian (By the time , By then)

eg By this time next year, my father willhave been working here for 25 years

By May, they’ll have been living in this house for 15 years

FUTURE PERFECT VỚI FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Future Perfect (Tương Lai Hồn Thành) dùng để hành động hoàn thành trước hành động khác tương lai hay điểm thời gian tương lai

- By next Christmas, he will have lived in Dalat for years

+ Để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động, dùng Future Perfect

Continuous (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn)

- By the time you receive this letter, we shall have been travelling through Russia

- By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years

Sequence of tenses( hịa hợp ) Trong câu có hai mệnh đề trở lên, động từ phải có phối hợp

1 Sự hịa hợp động từ mệnh đề chính(main clause) mệnh đề phụ ( subordinate clause) nh- sau :

Main clause Subordinate clause

1 Simple present - Simple present

- Present perfect

- Present continuous

- Simple future/ Near future

- Simple past (nếu thời gian xác định qúa khứ)

2 Simple past - Simple past

- Past perfect

- Past continuous

- Would/ was ,were+ going to + V bare inf

- Simple present (mét ch©n lý)

3 Present perfect - Simple present

4 Past perfect - Simple past

eg Marry says she will come here next Sunday People have said that London has much fog

2 Sự phối hợp động từ mệnh đề mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian nh- sau:

Main clause Adverbial clause of time

1 Present tenses - Present tenses

2 Past tenses - Past tenses

3 Future tenses - Present tenses

+ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian th-ờng đ-ợc bắt đầu với từ nối sau: - when: - until:

- as: - since:

- while: - no sooner than: - before: - hardly when: khã

- after: - as long as: chừng nào, - as soon as:

- till:

eg You will go home as soon as you have finished your exercises When I came there, it was raining hard

I often drink coffee while I am watching T.V

+ Note:- Khơng đ-ợc dùng t-ơng lai (Future tenses) mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian ( thay tại)

eg If it rains tomorrow, We’ll stay at home - Trong tr-êng hỵp dïng tõ nèi Since l-u ý:

S + V( Pr.perfect/ present perfect cont) + Since + S + V(past simple)

eg You have been studying English since you came here

EXERCISE

Exercise 1: Put the verb in brackets into the simple past or past continuous tense I (get) up at 7.00 o’clock The sun (shine), so I (go) for a walk Nancy (not/ go) to work yesterday She was ill

3 Mai ( watch) television when I (phone) her I (see) Barbara at the party She (wear) a red dress When we (go) out (rain) The postman (come) when I (have) breakfast

8 The boy (break) a window when they (play) football I (have) a bath when the phone (ring)

10 What (you/ do) on Saturday evening? – I went dancing 11 Tom (take) a photograph of me while I (not/ look) 12 What (you/ do) at this time yesterday?

13 Last night I (read) in bed when suddenly I (heard) a scream 14 Carol (wait) for me when I (arrive) 15 .(you/ watch) television when I phoned you? 16 I (not/ drive) very fast when the accident (happen) 17 I (not/ go) out because it (rain) 18 What (you/ do) when I (call) you? 19 While Maria was cleaning the department, her husband (sleep) 20 When Mark arrived, I (have) dinner, but I stopped in order to talk to him 21 When the teacher (enter) the room, the students were talking

Exercise 2: Put the verb in brackets into the simple past or past perfect tense We ………(go) to a concert last night

He ………(leave) three days ago

5 I ………… (watch) TV last night

6 My sister ……….(not/ buy) the car yesterday afternoon

7 Yesterday morning, the alarm went off and I … (get) up and then ………(go) down to the kitchen

8 Jane ……… (see) Lan’s brother a month ago in London What ……… you ………(do) last night?

- I ………(write) a letter and then ………(do) my homework

10 When we ………… (arrive) at the bus stop, the bus ……….(already/ start) 11 I ………(worry) a lot before I heard from my beloved aunt

12 We ……… (drink) a small cup of tea after we ……… (finish) breakfast 13 Tom ……… (just/ go) out when I ……….(call) at his home 14 The hostess ……… ……be sure that she ……… (see) the thief before 15 When I ………(reach) the station, the train …………(already/leave)

16 As soon as the children ……… (finish) their breakfast , they …… (run) out to play

17 The sun ……… (set) before I…… …… (be) ready to go

18 He ……… (learn) a lot of English before he ……… (go ) to England 19 He ……….(thank) me for what I ……….(do) for his parents 20 When we ……….(come) many guests ………….(arrive)

Exercise 3: Put the verbs into the correct tense of the verbs in brackets

1 Yesterday afternoon Anna (go)……… ………….to the station to meet her friend when She(get)……… there, her friend (already/ wait) ……… for her The train (arrive) ……… early

2 When I got home, Bill (lie) ……… on the sofa The television was on, but he (not watch) ……… it, he (fall) ……… asleep and (snore) ……… loudly

I (turn) ……… the television off and just then he (wake) ………… up

3 he end of the 21st century, they ……… (finish) building tall buildings in this area

4 When you ……… (come) to England this summer, please visit me When she ………… (arrive) at the station, the train ………… (leave)

6 He ……… (put) down the living room carpet at the moment I ……… (not see) her for 20 years now

8 He didn’t pass the exam If he ……… (study) harder, he (not fail) the exam

Exercise 4: Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets

1 Be quiet! The baby (sleep)……… We seldom (eat)………….before 6:30

3 Look! A man (run)………… after the train He (want)……… to catch it The sun (set)……… in the West

5 It (be)……… often hot in Summer

9 It (rain)………… much in summer It (rain)………….now

10 Daisy (cook)……… some food in the kichen at present She always (cook)………… In the morning

11 Hurry! The bus (come)……… I (not /want)……… to miss it 12 Listen! Somebody (sing)………

Exercise 5: Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets

1 How long you (study)………… E? For years

2 I (wait)………for hour, but she (not come)……… yet They (live)………… in HCM City since 1975

4 She (read)……… All the books written by Dickens How many books you (read)………… ?

5 He (not be)……… here since Christmas I wonder where he (live)………… since then

6 Jack (go)………… To Paris foi a holiday He never (be)……… there

7 You (sleep)……… so far? I (ring)……… The bell for the last 20 minutes He (write)……… a novel for years, but he (not finish)……… it yet Mary (lose)……… her hat and she (look)………for it until now 10 I (see)……… that film several times because I like it

Exercise 6:Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets

1 Listen! I (think)……… someone (knock)……… at the door Up to the present, we (write)………….almost every lesson in the book The Earth (circle)……….the sun once every 365 days

4 The farmers (work)……… in the field at the moment

5 How many times you (see)……….him since he went to Edinburgh? Rivers usually (flow)……… to the sea

7 Look! The boy (cry)………

8 Do you know that man, who (smoke)……… there? Green always (go)………… to work by bus

10 We (be)………from F We (be)………there for 20 years 11 That house (belong to)……… Mr Green

12 Mai (lose)………… her ditionary

13 I (be)………I (forget)……….that girl’s name already 14 I (wait)………for the manager for hours

15 You (ever/ see)……….a lion

16 Jack (look)………no trouble with my E lesson up to now

17 The weather generally (get)……… quite hot in July and August 18 That brown briefcase (belong)………to Dr Smith

19 Yes, I (remember)……… that older fellow’s name now 20 Michael (work)……….thirty eight hour a week

Exercise 7: Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets

1 When I (arrive)… at his house, he still (sleep)… The light (go)… out while we (have)…………dinner

3 Bill (have)……….breakfast when I (stop)……….at his house this morning As we (cross)…… the street, we (see)…… an accident

5 Tom (see)… a serious accident while he (stand)… at the bus stop While my father (read)… a newspaper I (learn) …my lesson and my sister (do)……… her homework

7 The children (play)……….football when their mother (come) ………back home

8 The bell (ring)……… while Tom (take)……… a bath

9 I (be)………….very tired because I (work)……… all day yesterday 10 He (sit)……….in a cafe’ when I (see)…………him

Exercise 8: Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets

1 They (go)…….home after they (finish)…… their work She said that she (already/ see)……….Dr Smith

3 When we came to the stadium, the match (already/ begin)……… They told me they (not/ eat) such kind of food before

5 He (ask)………why we (come)……… so early After they had gone, I (sit)……….down and (set)……… Before she (watch)…………TV, she (do )…………her homework After talking a bath, he (go)………to bed

9 What (be)……….he when he (be)………young?

10 It was the first time I (ever/ see)……….such a beautiful girl 11 Yesterday, John (go)…….to the store before he (go)………home

12 Our teacher (tell)………… us yesterday that he (visit)……… England in 1970

13 When John and I got to the theatre, the movie (start)………already 14 Before Alice (go)………….to sleep, she (call)……… her family 15 When the phone (ring)………., I (have)……… …dinner 16 Daisy (agree)……… with other members in the last meeting 17 What you (do)……… at p.m yesterday?

18 The little girl asked what (happen)……….to her ice- cream 19 He (teach)………in this school before he (leave)…… for England 20 The house (be)…… much smaller than he (think)……….at first

21 Before you (mention)… … him, I never (hear)…………of that author 22 She (win)………the gold medal in 1986

23 While you (play)……….the piano, I (write)………a letter

24 When he (go)…… to see them last night, and they (play)……… cards They (say)………they (play)……… since o’clock

25 I didn’t recognise Mrs Johnson She (change)……….a lot

Exercise 9: Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets

2 I closed the door quietly because he……….(try) to sleep How many times………(she call) you since she……… (come) to NewYork?

4 I……….(know) about this for a long time now

5 They………(watch) television – their favourite program is on at the moment

6 I wanted to be the first to tell her, but it was to late Someone… … (already/tell) her

7 The children are filthy Where………(they/be)? I’m going to bed I………(work) for hours and I’m tired I think she is the nicest person I………(ever meet)

10 Mary…………(clean) the windscreen when she………… (notice) a crack in the glass

11 I couldn’t open the front door because someone……….(lock) it 12 I agree: I………(not think) you should apologise

13 When I………(phone) her, she………(do) her homework

14 We……….(wait) for three and a half hour when John finally arrived

15 When I shouted, they………(jump) off the root and………… (run) away 16 Don’t phone her just now She………(talk) to her boss

17 Jackie………(have) a shave He looks strange without a beard 18 I………(serve) in the army for eighteen months

19 We………(travel) for about four hours when we realised that something was wrong with one of the tyres

20 Mary will be ready soon She……… (have) a bath at present 21 Sorry I………(not understand) Could you say that again?

22 We…………(stay) in the café until the rain stopped and…………(go) home 23 …………(you/be) here before? – Yes, I first…………(come) here in 2005 24 There was nobody at the office Mr Brown……… (allow) the staff to go home

25 Entering the hotel, I…………(sign) the register and……(go) up to my room 26 We……… ……(work) in the garden for hours when Nam came to visit us We………(stop) working and……… (invite) him to enjoy some tea While we………(chat) funnily, he

suddenly………(realise) that he……… (forget) another important appointment, He apologised to us and………(leave) hurriedly

Exercise 10: Choose the best answer among A,B,C, and D

1 When I ………to the party, Sally and Doug ……., John ……… drinks A was coming/ had danced/ made B had come/ danced/ made

C came/ were dancing/ was making D have come/ are dancing/ is making When I ………….there, dinner ……… so I had a drink first

A get / is prepared B get / has been prepared

C got / had been prepared D got / was being prepared

A saw / was doing B were seeing/ did C had seen/ had done D have seen/ has done ………him? – Last night

A When you meet B When did you meet C When have you meet D When will you meet

5 When we ……… to see him last night he ……… to music A come/ is listening B had come/ listened

C came/ was listening D were coming/ listens

6 She sometimes ……… to turn off the computer before she goes home A forgot B has forgot C is forgetting D forgets

7 They …………good preparation before they ………their final examination yesterday

A made / had taken B had made / took C have made/ take D will make/ take

8 It ……… quite often in Britain during the winter A is snowing B snows C snowed D was snowing He ……… for London one year ago

A left B has left C leaves D had left

10 I ……….to the market with my mother yesterday A go B went C have gone D was going

11 I usually ……….to school by bus

A went B am going C go D have gone 12 ……… you ……… out last night?

A Did / go B Do / C Have / gone D Were / going

13 When they ……….in the garden, the phone ……… A worked / was ringing B were working / rang

C worked / rang D work / rings

14 After they ………their breakfast, they ……… shopping yesterday A have / go B had/ had C had / had gone D had had / went 15 They ……… tea when the doorbell ………

A have/ is ringing B were having/ rang C had had / rang D having / ringing

16 I ……….know how to dance when I ……….six years old A don’t/ was B didn’t/ am C didn’t/ was D haven’t known/ was 17 Nam is a careful driver but yesterday he ………carelessly

A drove B had driven C drives D was driving 18 He ……… up at five every morning

A is getting B got C gets D was getting 19 What ……….he ………before you came? A does / B had / C had / done D has / done

20 While mum was watching TV, I ……….my homework A am doing B was doing C had done D has done

21 After she ………hospital, she had a long holiday A leaves B is leaving C left D has left

A already began / got B have already begun / got C had already begun / got D already began / had got

23 When I arrived at his house, he ……….a phone call A answers B answered C has answered D was answering

Exercise 11: Choose the best answer among A,B,C, and D

1 It is possible ………… a train across Canada

A take B to take C taking D to be taken I think your mother should let you ……….your own mind A make up B to make up C making up D made up I was delighted ………my old friend again

A to see B seeing C seen D to be seen I’d rather ………to Elvis than the Beatles A listen B to listen C listening D listened

5 Do you know what made so many people ………….their home? A evacuate B to evacuate C evacuated D be evacuated The exam is coming so the teacher make their students ………a lot A study B to study C studying D studied

7 her parents want her ……….a doctor

A become B to become C becoming D became I consider it my affair ………the newcomers in my class A to help B help C helped D helping

9 These employees are made………overtime A to work B work C working D worked

10 The teacher never let us ………out when ……… A to go / explaining B go/ explaining

C going / explain D gone / explained

11 The Manager had some letters to sign

A That he had to sign C so that he signed

B for signing D which are for signing

12 He advised me …… the facts before I made a decision ….the job A considering / to accept B consider / accepting

C consider / accept D to consider / to accept 13 It’s a nice surprise ………….you here

A see B to see C seeing D seen

14 It is impossible ……… such a difficult thing without any help A to B C doing D done

15 Those tourists were ……….their journey

A enough tired to continue B too tired to continue

C very tired that they couldn’t continue D too tired for continuing 16 The police let him …….after they had asked him some questions A to leave B leave C leaving D left

17 The police didn’t permit them through the military zone They forced them to go another way

18 The water was so polluted that the explorers could not drink it A The water was too polluted for the explorers to drink B The water was polluted enough for the explorers to drink C The water was too polluted for the explorers drinking D The water was polluted enough for the explorers drinking 19 His doctor advised him ……smoking, but he find it impossible … his habit

A stopped / quit B To stop/ quitting C stopping/ for quitting D to stop/ to quit

20 The company was made ……….100.000 USD in taxes A pay B to pay C paying D paid

21 I hear you are preparing ……….for Australia A leaves B to leave C leaving D left 22 The children were eager ………… their parents A to see B see C seeing D saw 23 I would rather ………….at home

A to stay B staying C stayed D stay 24 He refused ……….her ………….for herself A to allow / think B allow / to think

C allowing / thinking D to allow / to think

25 I keep getting this pain in my leg I think I would better…a doctor A seeing B to see C see D x

26 It is impossible for her ………….the office A ringing B ring C to ring D rang

27 The government has few options except …….interest rates high A keeps B to keep C keeping D of keeping 28 Have you got time ……….the report today

A finishes B to finish C finishing D finished 29 She is in a hurry She has a train ………

A catching B catches C to catch D caught

30 John, I have something interesting … you but you have to promise … it secret

A for telling / keeping B to tell / keep C to tell / to keep D told / kept

31 The guards were watching a shoplifter ….along the shop windows A go B to go C went D gone

32 The skiers would rather ………through the mountain than go by bus A to travel on train B traveled by train

C travel by train D traveling by train

33 The students stopped when the teacher entered the classroom A to talk B talk C talked D talking

34 You should a lot of grammar exercises if you want to improve your writing

A did B doing C done D

A and B but C because D although 36 _ it’s rainy, I walk home with my umbrella

A When B But C Because D Though

37 Lan suggested _ to the zoo at weekend

A goes B went C going D to go

38 This movie is not interesting How about _ to the concert?

A to go B going C go D went

39 You should _ more books on UFO if you want to know about life on other planets

A reading B read C to read D have read

40 They _ their friend at the airport tomorrow

A will see B have seen C saw D see

41 What were you doing when he _? A comes B to come C came D coming

42 There used _a movie theater here,but it closed a long time ago

A be B to be C being D have been

43 I _ English here since I graduated from university A teach B taught C have taught D am teaching

44 He used to _ full time, but now he is a part time worker A work B working C worked D is working

45 Let’s somewhere for a drink!

A go B to go C going D went

46 She said that she _ learning English with you A like B to like C likes D had liked

47 She asked me where I _ from A come B coming C to come D came

48 She me whether I liked classical music or not

A ask B asks C asked D asking

49 He asked me who the editor of that book

A was B were C is D has been

50 He wants to know whether I _ back tomorrow

A come B came C will come D would come

51 I wonder why he love his family

A doesn’t B don’t C didn’t D hasn’t

52 I remember _ her somewhere

A see B seeing C saw D to see

53 She forgot _ off the gas before going out A turn B turning C to turn D turned

54 I suggest money for the poor people in our neighborhood A save B to save C saving D saved

55 He got wet _ he forgot his umbrella A because of B because C but D and 56 We since we left school

A Didn’t B Won’t C Don’t D Haven’t

58 Tidal waves _ the result of an abrupt shift in the underwater movement of the Earth

A are B were C is D was

59 My parents not allow me _, so I had to stay home

A go B to go C going D gone

60 Do you think you will be able a space trip? A take B to take C taking D taken

Exercise 12: Give the correct tense of the verbs in brackets

1 We’ll go out when the rain (stop)………

2 I (stay)………here until he (answer)………….me Wait until I (catch)………you

4 She (not come)……….until you (be)………….ready

5 Miss Helen (help)……… you as soon as she (finish)……… that letter tomorrow

6 After the class (be)………….over, ask the teacher about that sentence I (come)……… and (see)……… you before I leave here We (go)………home as soon as we have finished our work

9 I (wait)………here until you (come)………back tomorrow

10 I (send)………you some postcards as soon as I (arrive)…… in London B-1 When you (go)……… into the office Mr John (sit)………….at the front desk Our E teacher (explain)……….that lesson to us tomorrow

3 We (wait)……….for you when you (get)……… back tomorrow What you (do)………….at7 p.m next Sunday? I (practise)……….my E lesson

5 When I (see)………… Mr Pike tomorrow, I (remind)……… him of that When you (come)…………today I (work)………at my desk in room 12 He (work)………on the report at this time tomorrow

8 Please wait here until the manager (return)…………

9 The Browns (do)………… their housework when you (come)………… next Monday

10 Don’t leave until you (see)……….her

C-1 I’ll wait until he (finish)………his novel

2 When you (come)………… back I already (buy)……… a new house Don’t come until I (finish)………lunch

4 I (hope)………… it (stop)………….raining by o’clock this afternoon The river (not begin)………to smell until some rain (fall)……… By next month I (leave)………for India

7 The film (end) by the time we (get)………….there They (build) a house by June next year

9 We (start)………….our plan next week

D-1 I’m sure they (comple)……… the new road by June

2 He (wait)……….for you when you (get)………… back tomorrow At this same time tomorrow, we (drive)……… through Pennsylvania We (see)………you next Monday

5 In years from now, the contract (come)……….to an end Who (look)……… after the children when you are away? By november I (work)……….for this company for years If you call her at 6, she (practise)………the piano then By march 15, I (be)……….here for year

10 We (move)…………to our new house at Chritmas this year

11 By the end of December, John (work)………as a reporter for 10 years 12 By the time you arrive, I (finish)……….writting an essay

13 I (give)……… him your message when I (see)………… him

14 He certainly (not do)………all his home work by 10 tonight

15 Don’t call him at 2.30 p.m He (interview)……….job applicants at that time 16 The teacher hope we (pass)………the exams

17 By this time next week, he (write)………his novel for months 18 They (arrive)………… on Wednesday

19 I hope the weather (be)………… fine tonight 20 You (finish)………your work by tonight?

THE PASSIVE VOICE (CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG )

Câu bị động tiếng Anh thường dùng với nghĩa “được” hay “bị” với mục đích sau:

1 Nhấn mạnh vào người chịu tác động hay nhận tác động người gây tác động

Ví dụ: He was rescued yesterday

2 Khi người gây tác động Ví dụ: My book was taken away

3 Khi thân người nói lý khơng nêu người gây tác động hay hành động

Ví dụ: I was informed about your business trip (Tôi thông tin chuyến công tác anh)

II MỘT SỐ ĐẶC ĐIỂM CỦA CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG TIẾNG ANH

1 Chỉ có Ngoại động từ (transitive verbs) dùng câu bị động - “Ngoại động từ” loại động từ có “Tân ngữ” đứng sau

Ví dụ: He meets me everyday

(Phân tích: “meet” gọi “Ngoại động từ” có “Tân ngữ” (me) đứng sau) - “Tân ngữ” định nghĩa phận đứng sau động từ giới từ để người hay vật chịu tác động hay tiếp nhận tác động chủ ngữ câu gây “Tân ngữ” Đại từ (me, him, her, us, you, them, it) cụm từ “My book” câu “He borrowed my book (Anh mượn sách tôi)”

thời tiếng Anh:

A HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN GIẢN:

Am/ Are/ Is + Past Participle Example:

- The floor is cleaned - Photos are taken

B QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN GIẢN

Were/ Was + Past Participle - The floor was cleaned - Photos were taken

C.TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN GIẢN

Will be + Past Participle - The floor will be cleaned - Photos will be taken

D HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN

Am/ Is/ Are + being + Past participle - The floor is being cleaned

- Photos are being taken

E QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN

Was/ Were + being + Past Participle - The floor was being cleaned - Photos were being taken

F HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH

Has/ Have + been + Past Participle - The floor has been cleaned - Photos have been taken

G QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH

Had + been + Past Participle - The floor had been cleaned - Photos had been taken

H TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH

Will have + been + Past Participle - The floor will have been cleaned - Photos will have been taken

I CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG VỚI ĐỘNG TÙ TÌNH THÁI: “can”, “may”, “must”,

S + MODAL VERBS + BE + PII

Ví dụ: This car should be repaired (Cái xe nên sửa chữa) This problem must be solved (Vấn đề phải giải quyết)

III CÁCH CHUYỂN CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG (ACTIVE SENTENCE) SANG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG (PASSIVE)

1 Cấu trúc câu tổng quát:

CHỦ NGỮ + BE (các dạng theo thời chủ ngữ) + PHÂN TỪ QUÁ KHỨ ĐỘNG TỪ CÂU GỐC (câu chủ động) + BY (BỞI, DO) + TÂN NGỮ

Ghi chú:

- Đối với động từ Theo quy tắc (REGULAR) Phân từ khứ “V-ED” - Đối với động từ Bất quy tắc (IRREGULAR) Phân từ khứ cột III bảng “ĐỘNG TỪ BẤT QUY TẮC”: Ví dụ: to take – took – taken: (taken= past participle) Câu bị đông kép:

People say/think/belive/ suppose that + Clause

People said/ thought/ believed/ supposed that + Clause

EXERCISES EXERCISE

Directions: Fill in the blank with the passive voice of the verb in ( )

1 Traffic regulations _ by drivers as well as pedestrians (must/obey)

2 A driver _ by the police (might/stop)

3 A driver _ to get out of the car (could/ask)

4 A driver _ to the police station (might/take)

5 Drunk drivers _ a sobriety test (may/give)

Drivers of their rights (must/inform)

A traffic accident to the police (must report)

EXERCISE

Put the verbs in parentheses into the correct active or passive voice

1 Last night my favorite program (interrupt) by a special news bulletin

2 When I (arrive) at the airport yesterday, I (meet) by my cousin and a couple of friends

4 I don’t have my bicycle today It’s with the repairman It (repair) right now

5 Someone has bought the small lot behind my house and a new house _ (build) on it next year

6 A: Do you understand the explanation in the book? B: No, I don’t I _ (confuse)

7 A: When your bike _ (steal)? B: Two days ago

8 A: you _ (pay) your electricity yet?

B: No I haven’t but I’d better pay it today If I don’t, my electricity supply (shut off) by the power company

9 A: Did you hear about the accident?

B: No What (happen)?

A: A bicyclist _ (hit) by a taxi in front of the dorm B: _ the bicyclist (injure)?

A: Yes He _ (take) to City Hospital

10 The Eiffel Tower _ (be) in Paris, France It _ (visit) by millions of people every year It (design) by Alexandre Eiffel (1832-1923) It _ (erect) in 1889 for the Paris exposition Since that time, it _ (be) the most famous landmark in Paris Today it (recognize) by people throughout the world

EXERCISE

Directions: Change the following sentences to the passive voice You must put out all smoking materials

_ You must fasten the seat belt

_

3 They will demonstrate safety precautions

_ You should read the safety instructions

You can store small packages in the overhead compartment

When the seatbelt light goes off, you may remove the seatbelt They may serve a meal

They might show a movie

They will serve coffee

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the active or the passive voice of the modal verbs

Safety precautions (will/demonstrate)

Flight attendants _ meals (will/serve)

Passengers their seatbelts (must/fasten)

4 Passengers coffee (will/serve)

Passengers the safety precautions (should/read)

Passengers to put out smoking materials (will/tell)

7 Passengers _ the safety rules (should/obey)

8 A movie _ on some flights (might/show)

9 Some movies sex and violence (may contain)

10 Some viewers by sex and bad language (might/offend)

EXERCISE 5: Change these sentences into passive voice

1 They can’t make tea with cold water

→

2 The chief engineer was instructing all the workers of the plant →

3 Somebody has taken some of my books away → They will hold the meeting before May Day → They have to repair the engine of the car

→

6 The boys broke the window and took away some pictures →

7 People spend a lot of money on advertising everyday → They may use this room for the classroom → The teacher is going to tell a story

12 They have provided the victims with food and clothing →

13 People speak English in almost every corner of the world →

14 You mustn’t use this machine after 5:30 p.m → 15 Luckily for me, they didn’t call my name →

16 After class, one of the students always erases the chalk board →

17 You must clean the wall before you paint it → 18 They told the new pupil where to sit

→ 19 I knew that they had told him of the meeting → 20 Nobody has ever treated me with such kindness → 21 No one believes his story

→

22 A sudden increase in water pressure may break the dam →

23 We must take good care of books borrowed from the library →

24 A man I know told me about it

→

25 We can never find him at home for he is always on the move →

26 They use milk for making butter and cheese →

27 Science and Technology have completely changed human life →

28 John used to visit Mr Cole at weekends

→ 29 Weeds cover the river bank

→ 30 Smoke filled the room

→

Change these sentences into active voice These exercises were done well

→ This dress must be washed in cold water

4 His painting will be exhibited for the first time by New Arts gallery →

5 This house was built 100 years ago

→ These artificial flowers are made of silk

→ The lessons are being written by the students now → This job has to be done at once

→ These animals at the zoo are fed twice a day →

10 The operation is going to be performed by French doctors →

11 All the arrangements have been made

→ 12 When was this radio manufactured?

→ 13 They couldn’t be found anywhere

→ 14 Is mathematics taught in this school?

→

15 Fortunately the machinery wasn’t damaged by the accident →

16 Please wait here while your luggage is being examined →

17 How are candles made?

→ 18 For a long time the earth was believed to be flat →

19 Were you taught how to apply this theory by your teacher? →

20 Apples are said to be good for our health → 21 Don’t let the dog be teased by the children → 22 It is believed that red is the symbol of luck → 23 What have been done to help the poor in this cityd? →

24 The jewelry must have been stolen while she was out →

25 Where did the treasure use to be hidden by pirates in the old time? →

1/ Yes – No question:

1 Do they teach English here?

→ Will you invite her to your wedding party? → Did the teacher give some exercises?

→ Is she going to write a poem?

→ Have they changed the window of the laboratory? → Is she making big cakes for the party?

→ Has Tom finished the work?

→ Are the police making inquires about the thief? → Must we finish the test before ten?

→ 10 Will buses bring the children home?

→

2/ Wh – questions:

11 Why didn’t they help him?

→ 12 How many games has the team played?

→ 13 Where people speak English?

→ 14 Who are they keeping in the kitchen?

→ 15 How can they open this safe?

→ 16 What books are people reading this year? → 17 How did the police find the lost man?

→ 18 Who looked after the children for you?

→ 19 How long have they waited for the doctor? → 20 What time can the boys hand in their papers? →

3/ Sentences with two objects:

→ 22 Someone will tell him that news

→ 23 They have sent enough money to these poor boys →

24 They have given the women in most countries in the world the right to vote →

25 They paid me a lot of money to the job →

4/ Sentences with verbs of reporting:

26 People believe that 13 is an unlucky number → 27 They rumored the man was still living

→ 28 They declared that she won the competition → 29 They know that English is an international language →

30 People think that Jack London’s life and writings represent the American love of adventure

→ 31 They say that John is the brightest student in class →

32 They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack →

33 They think that he has died a natural death → 34 They reported that the troops were coming → 35 People believed that the earth stood still

→

5/ Sentences with verbs “Continue and Begin” 36 We’ll continue to use this computer

→ 37 They began to plant rubber trees in big plantations → 38 People can continue to enjoy natural resources →

39 People will continue to drink Coca – Cola in the 21st century

→ 40 American people begin to love football

6/ Sentences with Phrasal verbs:

41 They gave up the research after three hours → 42 Someone should look into the matter

→ 43 Don’t speak until someone speaks to you → 44 A neighbor is looking after the children

→ 45 Your story brings back pleasant memories →

7/ Sentences with verbs of perception:

46 I have heard her sing this song several times → 47 People saw him steal your car

→ 48 The teacher is watching them work

→ 49 He won’t let you that silly thing again → 50 People don’t make the children work hard → 51 They made him work all day

→

52 The detective saw the woman putting the jewelry in her bag →

53 The terrorists made the hostages lie down → 54 Police advise drivers to use an alternative route → 55 She helps me to all these difficult exercises →

8/ Sentences of order: 56 Open your book

→ 57 Take off your hat

→ 58 Don’t that silly thing again

→ 59 Let’s tell them about it

→ 60 Don’t let the other see you

9/ Sentences with “Advise, Beg, Order, Urge, Agree, Decide, …” 61 She advised me to sell that house

→ 62 They begged us to help him

→ 63 He orders us to clean the floor

→ 64 He recommends me to the job

→

65 She urged him to visit her parents as soon as possible →

10/ Some special sentences:

66 It is dangerous for us to take the short cut → 67 You need to have your hair cut

→ 68 You must see it to believe it

→ 69 He wants someone to take some photographs → 70 We enjoy writing letters

→

MODAL VERBS I CAN – COULD

Đặc tính chung Động từ khuyết thiếu (Modal verbs)

Ngồi đặc tính trợ động từ, động từ khuyết thiếu cịn có thêm số đặc tính riêng sau:

Khơng có TO ngun mẫu khơng có TO có động từ theo sau They can speak French and English

2 Khơng có S ngơi thứ ba số Hiện He can use our phone

3 Chỉ có nhiều thì: Thì Hiện Quá khứ đơn She can cook meals

She could cook meals when she was twelve

Trong trường hợp khác ta sử dụng động từ tương đương Động từ khuyết thiếu CAN

CAN động từ khuyết thiếu, có Hiện Q khứ đơn Những hình thức khác ta dùng động từ tương đương be able to CAN dùng trợ động từ để hình thành số cách nói riêng

CAN COULD có nghĩa “có thể”, diễn tả khả (ability) Can you swim?

She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old

3 CAN diễn tả điều xảy đến (possibility) Trong câu hỏi câu cảm thán CAN có nghĩa ‘Is it possible…?’

Can it be true?

It surely can’t be four o’clock already!

4 CANNOT dùng để diễn tả điều khó xảy (virtual impossibility) He can’t have missed the way I explained the route carefully

5 Khi dùng với động từ tri giác (verbs of perception) CAN cho ý nghĩa tương đương với Tiếp diễn (Continuous Tense)

Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea (không dùng I am hearing)

COULD

1 COULD khứ đơn CAN She could swim when she was five

2 COULD dùng câu điều kiện If you tried, you could that work

3 Trong cách nói thân mật, COULD xem nhiều tính chất lịch CAN Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please?

Could you tell me the right time, please?

4 COULD dùng để diển tả ngờ vực hay lời phản kháng nhẹ nhàng His story could be true, but I hardly think it is

I could the job today, but I’d rather put it off until tomorrow 5 COULD – WAS/WERE ABLE TO

a) Nếu hành động diễn tả khả năng, kiến thức, COULD dùng thường WAS/WERE ABLE TO

He hurt his foot, and he couldn’t play in the match The door was locked, and I couldn’t open it

b) Nếu câu nói hàm ý thành công việc thực hành động (succeeded in doing) WAS/WERE ABLE TO sử dụng COULD

I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends II MODAL VERBS MAY – MIGHT

1 MAY dạng khứ MIGHT diễn tả xin phép, cho phép (permission) May I take this book? – Yes, you may

She asked if she might go to the party

2 MAY/MIGHT dùng diễn tả khả xảy hay khơng thể xảy It may rain

He admitted that the news might be true

3 Dùng câu cảm thán MAY/MIGHT diễn tả lời cầu chúc May all your dreams come true!

Trong cách dùng xem MAY loại Bàng Thái cách (Subjunctive)

4 MAY/MIGHT dùng mệnh đề theo sau động từ hope (hy vọng) trust (tin tưởng) I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction

He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction

5 MAY/MIGHT dùng thay cho mệnh đề trạng ngữ nhượng (adverb clauses of concession)

He may be poor, but he is honest (Though he is poor…)

Try as he may, he will not pass the examination (Though he tries hard…) Try as he might, he could not pass the examination (Though he tried hard…)

6 MAY/MIGHT thường dùng mệnh đề trạng ngữ mục đích (adverb clauses of purpose) Trong trường hợp người ta thường dùng CAN/COULD để thay cho MAY/MIGHT

She was studying so that she might read English books

You might listen when I am talking to you (Làm ơn ráng mà lắng nghe tơi nói)

You might try to be a little more helpful (Làm ơn ráng mà tỏ có ích chút)

8 Trong trường hợp cần thiết người ta dùng be allowed to, permit… tùy theo ý nghĩa cần diễn tả để thay cho MAY MIGHT

I shall be allowed to go to the party III MODAL VERB MUST

MUST động từ khuyết thiếu có hình thức

1 MUST có nghĩa “phải” diễn tả mệnh lệnh hay bắt buộc You must drive on the left in London

2 MUST bao hàm kết luận đương nhiên, cách giải thích hợp lý theo ý nghĩ người nói

Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad! You have worked hard all day; you must be tired MUST NOT (MUSTN’T) diễn tả lệnh cấm You mustn’t walk on the grass

4 Khi muốn diễn tả thể phủ định MUST với ý nghĩa “không cần thiết” người ta sử dụng NEED NOT (NEEDN’T)

Must I it now? – No, you needn’t Tomorrow will be soon enough

5 CANNOT (CAN’T) dùng làm phủ định MUST MUST diễn tả ý nghĩa kết luận đương nhiên, cách giải thích hợp lý theo ý nghĩ người nói đề cập điểm

If he said that, he must be mistaken If he said that, he can’t be telling the truth MUST HAVE TO

a) HAVE TO dùng thay cho MUST hình thức mà MUST khơng có We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve o’clock train

b) HAVE TO thay MUST MUST mang ý nghĩa kết luận đương nhiên, cách giải thích hợp lý theo ý nghĩ người nói đề cập điểm Người ta phải diễn tả cách khác

He must be mad (I personally thought that he was mad)

c) MUST HAVE TO dùng để diễn tả cưỡng bách, bắt buộc (compulsion) Tuy nhiên MUST mang ý nghĩa cưỡng bách đến từ người nói HAVE TO mang ý nghĩa cưỡng bách đến từ hoàn cảnh bên (external circumstances)

You must what I tell you

Passengers must cross the line by the bridge (Lệnh Cục Đường Sắt)

Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge (Vì khơng cịn đường khác) IV MODAL VERBS SHALL – SHOULD

1 SHALL là:

Một trợ động từ giúp hình thành Tương lai (Simple Future) ngơi thứ số I shall what I like

Một động từ khuyết thiếu Khi động từ khuyết thiếu SHALL diễn tả lời hứa (promise), (determination) hay mối đe dọa (threat) theo ý nghĩ người nói

If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday (promise) He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you (threat)

These people want to buy my house, but they shan’t have it (determination) SHOULD dùng trường hợp sau:

Làm động từ khuyết thiếu có nghĩa “nên” tương đương với ought to You should what the teacher tells you

People who live in glass houses should not throw stones (proverb)

Dùng thay cho must không muốn diễn tả ý nghĩa bắt buộc với must

Dùng thay cho Hiện Bàng thái (present subjunctive) V MODAL VERBS WILL – WOULD

1 WILL là:

Một trợ động từ Dùng làm trợ động từ WILL giúp hình thành Tương lai (simple future) Một động từ khuyết thiếu Khi động từ khuyết thiếu WILL diễn tả mong muốn (willingness), lời hứa (promise) hay (determination)

All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask (willingness)

I won’t forget little Margaret’s birthday I will send her a present (promise)

Trong cách diễn tả (determination) SHALL lẫn WILL sử dụng từ mang nghĩa riêng Với SHALL, người nói

Với WILL, chủ từ (subject) động từ So sánh hai thí dụ sau: (a) George shall go out without his overcoat

(b) George will go out without his overcoat

Ở câu (a), người nói định bắt George phải ngồi mà khơng mặc áo khốc Ở câu (b) George định mà khơng thèm mặc áo khốc

WOULD là:

Một trợ động từ WOULD giúp hình thành Tương lai khứ (future in the past) hay câu điều kiện

He said he would send it to me, but he didn’t If she were here, she would help us

He would have been very happy if he had known about it

Khi dùng động từ khuyết thiếu, WOULD diễn tả thói quen khứ Với nghĩa này, WOULD dùng thay cho used to

Every day he would get up at six o’clock and light the fire VI MODAL VERBS OUGHT TO – DARE – NEED Động từ khuyết thiếu OUGHT TO

OUGHT TO động từ khuyết thiếu có Hiện (simple present) Nó có nghĩa “nên”, gần giống với should Trong hầu hết trường hợp OUGHT TO thay should They ought to (should) pay the money

He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself

1 OUGHT TO dùng để diễn tả gần đúng, (strong probability) If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now

2 OUGHT TO dùng tương lai với từ xác định thời gian tương lai tomorrow, next Tuesday…

Our team ought to win the match tomorrow

3 OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle diễn tả không tán đồng hành động làm khứ

You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing Động từ khuyết thiếu DARE

DARE có nghĩa “dám, gan” xem động từ khuyết lẫn động từ thường Khi động từ khuyết thiếu, có đầy đủ đặc tính loại động từ

Dare he go and speak to her? (động từ khuyết thiếu)

You daren’t climb that tree, dare you? (động từ khuyết thiếu) He doesn’t dare to answer my letter (động từ thường)

She didn’t dare to say a word, did she? (động từ thường)

Thành ngữ I daresay có nghĩa “có thể, có lẽ” đồng nghĩa với từ perhaps, it is probable Thành ngữ thường không dùng với chủ từ khác ngồi ngơi thứ

He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later Động từ khuyết thiếu NEED

You needn’t go yet, need you?

Có điều cần nhớ động từ khuyết thiếu NEED khơng dùng thể xác định Nó dùng thể phủ định nghi vấn Khi dùng thể xác định phải dùng với từ ngữ phủ định You needn’t see him, but I must

I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday VII MODAL VERB USED TO

Động từ khuyết thiếu USED TO

USED TO hình thức động từ đặc biệt Nó xem động từ thường hay động từ khuyết thiếu việc hình thành thể phủ định thể nghi vấn

You used to live in London, usedn’t you? He usedn’t to smoke as much as he does now He didn’t use to smoke as much as he does now Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden?

Ngày người ta có khuynh hướng dùng did didn’t để lập thể phủ định thể nghi vấn cho USED TO Trong nhiều trường hợp thể phủ định hình thành cách sử dụng never You never used to make that mistake

USED TO dùng để hành động liên tục, kéo dài, lặp lặp lại khứ mà khơng cịn

People used to think that the earth was flat

Với Quá khứ đơn người ta biết hành động xảy Với USED TO người ta thấy tính chất kéo dài hành động

He was my classmate (không rõ thời gian bao lâu) He used to be my classmate (trong thời gian lâu) Phân biệt USED TO số hình thức khác

1 USED TO + infinitive: hành động liên tục khứ (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen với việc

3 (get) USED TO + V.ing: làm quen với việc He used to work six days a week (Now he doesn’t)

It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night Now he’s used to it

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences using the words listed in the box below Some gaps may have more than one correct answer

can could have to must might should

1 Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours He be exhausted after such a long flight He prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest

2 If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you walk downtown and explore the waterfront

3 Hiking the trail to the peak be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes You research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent When you have a small child in the house, you leave small objects lying around Such objects be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death

5 Dave: you hold your breath for more than a minute? Nathan: No, I can't

6 Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It have cost a fortune

7 Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone If they don't get enough water, they _ die

8 I speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child Now, I just say a few things in the language

9 The book is optional My professor said we read it if we needed extra credit But we read it if we don't want to

Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer It be in there That's the only other place it be

11 You take your umbrella along with you today The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it rain later on this afternoon

12 we pull over at the next rest stop? I really use the bathroom and I don't know if I hold it until we get to Chicago

13 Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table He have left it here last night 14 Ned: I borrow your lighter for a minute?

Stephen: Sure, no problem Actually, you keep it if you want to I've given up smoking 15 I believe she said that to Megan! She insult her cooking in front of everyone at the party last night She have just said she was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal

16 Do you chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza

17 Mrs Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer be someone in this room It be any one of us!!!

18 Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding

Pamela: It have been what you said about her brother Or, perhaps she is just nervous After all, the big day is tomorrow

19 you always say the first thing that pops into your head? you think once in awhile before you speak?

20 I was reading the book last night before I went to bed I never took it out of this room It be lying around here somewhere Where it be? be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death

Exercise 2: Complete each sentence so that it contains might, might not, must, mustn't, can or can't More than one answer may be possible

1 Don't stand up in the boat! You fall in the river! Sue says she's stuck in traffic and she be late You really start spending more time on your work Tell Peter he stay the night here if he wants to That's a really stupid idea! You be serious, surely! You realize it, but this is very important to me Don't be silly You expect me to believe you!

8 We're not sure but we go to Prague for Christmas this year Me learn to fly! You be joking!

10 Bill cooked the lunch, so you expect anything special! I Choose the best option for each sentence:

1) Young people obey their parents

a must b may c will d ought to

2) Laura, you and the kids just have dinner without waiting for me I work very hard today a can b may c should d would

3) I be delighted to show you round the factory a ought to b would c might d can 4) Leave early so that you miss the bus

a didn’t b won’t c shouldn’t d mustn’t

5) Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It have cost a fortune a must b might c will d should

6) You to write them today

a should b must c had d.ought 7) I hope I find it

a.will b mustn’t c.wouldn’t d.won’t 9) you be in Rome tonight

a.will b.may c.might d.maybe 10) We have time to help you tomorrow

a.may b.must c.will d.could 11) “ you hand me that pair of scissors, please?”

a May b Will c Shall d Should 12) Jeanette did very badly on the exam She _ harder

a.must have studied c could have studied b should have studied d must studied 13)He was very lucky when he fell off the ladder He _ himself

a could have hurt c must have hurt b should have hurt d will have hurt 14) Marcela didn’t come to class yesterday She _ an accident

a should have had c must have b might have d may have had 15) John still hasn’t come out He everything for the trip now

a must have been preparing c must be preparing b will be preparing d will have prepared 16) Thomas received a warning for speeding He _ so fast

a shouldn’t have driven c should have b would have driven d might have driven 17) The photos are black The X-ray at the airport _ them

a should have damaged c would have damaged c would damage d must have damaged

18) Tom didn’t his homework, so the teacher became very angry He _ his homework a must have done b should have done

c might have d will have done 19) My car stopped on the high way It _ out of gas

a may run c must be

b may have run d should have run 20) Robert arrived without his book He _ it

a could have lost c would have lost b should have lost d will have lost

21) “Where you think Rooney is today?” “I have no idea He _ late.” a should have left c would sleep

b would have sleep d may have sleep

22) Berbatov painted his bedroomblack It looks dark and dreary He _ a different color a had to choose c must have chosen

b should have chosen d could have been choosing 23) The children _ “thank you” to you when you gave them their gifts

a will have said c should have said b must say d should say 24) If we had known your new address, we _ to see you

a came c will come b would have come d would come 25)These two boys look identical They _ twins

a must have been c should be

b must be d should have been II Rewrite the sentence in the same meaning:

26) Perhaps Susan know the address (may)

Joanna……… 28) The report must be on my desk tomorrow (has) The report………

29) I managed to finish all my work (able) I………

30) It was not necessary for Nancy to clean the flat (didn’t) Nancy ……… 31) The best thing for you to is to sit down sit down (better)

You………

III Complete the sentences with must (not), (do not) have to, must (not), need (not), can (not), could (not), might (not), be (not) able to, had better or should

32) I _ go to the airport I’m meeting someone 33) It’s too late I _ go now

34) You _ lock the door when you go out These have been a lot of break-in recently 35) A person _ to become rich and famous in order to live a successful life

36)I don’t want to know anyone You _ tell anyone

37) Tom: What sort of house you want to buy? Something big?

Susan: Well, it _ big That’s not important But it _ have a nice garden – that’s essential

38) Ann: I think I _ go shopping We’re run out of food

Susan: We have enough food for dinner, so I _go shopping today 39) We _ repair the car ourselves We _ take it to garage

40) George has traveled a lot He _to speak for language II Answer key :

27 Susan may know the address

28 Joanna mightn’t have received my message 29 The report has to be on my desk tomorrow 30 I was able to finish all my work

31 Nancy didn’t need to clean the flat 32 You had better sit down

III Answer key :

32 have to 33 must 34 must 35 doesn’t have to 36 mustn’t 37 needn’t be 38 must, needn’t 39 couldn’t

40 can/is able to

1 Smoking is not allowed in the museum > You mustn’t smoke in the museum

2 It isn’t necessary to bring an umbrella The weather is beautiful > We needn’t bring an umbrella

3 May be you will need to buy a ticket for your child > You may need to buy a ticket for your child

4 It is essential that all new soldiers have a medical examination > All new soldiers must have a medical examination

5 Foreigners don’t have to register for military service > Foreigners needn’t register for military service 2 Choose the correct options

1 Twenty years ago, David _ speak Arabic fluently Now he’s forgotten a lot

A could B might C needed D must

2 Jessica hasn’t made up her mind about where to go to school She attend Duke University She just doesn’t know yet

A mustn’t B may not C needn’t D can’t

offering to help

A must B mustn’t C might D needn’t

4 Yesterday everyone in the office _ leave the building for a fire drill I am glad it wasn’t a real fire

A may B might C must D mustn’t

5 You play loud music at night The neighbours will call the police A mustn’t B needn’t C might not D couldn’t You stand up There are a lot of seats available on the bus A couldn’t B mustn’t C needn’t D might not People who use public parks clean up after themselves

A must B may C ought D might

8 This library book is overdue I _ better return it today

A need B must C might D had

9 Our company provides free advice on the use of our products You _ pay us A must B have to C needn’t D mustn’t

10 Whatever _ come, I will always be by your side

A must B may C could D need

11 We open the lion`s cage It is contrary to Zoo regulations

A must B mustn`t C needn`t D should 12 I arrive on time, so please start dinner without me

A could B may C may not D should

13 " you hand that book, please?" "Sure Here it is."

A Could B Should C Must D May

14 "Are these gloves necessary?" "Yes You use this chemical without gloves It will burn your skin."

A must not B don`t have to C could not D need not 15 You clean the windows The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow

A don`t have B must C mustn`t D needn`t 16 Carl studied harder; he failed the test again

A must have B should have C could have D needn`t have

17 "Would you like to go with me to the Williams` wedding next month?" "I`m not sure I be too busy with school work."

A will B might C maybe D should

18 We to take a taxi Otherwise we`ll be late

A would rather B had better C must have D will have

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (IF SENTENCES)

I Conditional Sentences (If Sentences): Type Ex: If I finish my homework, I will go to the concert (= I will go to the concert if I finish my homework.) * If clause: If I finish my homework,

* Main clause: I will go to the concert Form

If + S + V1… , S + will + Vo……

Use: Diễn tả điều kiện xảy tương lai II Conditional Sentences (If Sentences): Type

Form

(be  were)

Use: Diễn tả điều kiện xảy Ex: - If he had much time, he would help you

(He doesn’t have much time now) - If I were in your position, I could that (I am not in your position now)

III Conditional Sentences (If Sentences): Type Form

If + S + had + V3/ed… , S + would/could + have + V3/ed… Use: Diễn tả điều kiện xảy khứ Ex: If we had studied hard last year, we would have got good marks (We didn’t study hard last year and we didn’t get good marks) * Summary:

Type If clauses Main clauses

1 If + S + V1… , S + will + Vo…… If + S + V2/ed… ,

(be  were) S + would/could + Vo……

3 If + S + had + V3/ed… , S + would/could + have + V3/ed… IV Notes

1 Unless: “If … not” thay “UNLESS” (trừ phi): Ex: - We will be late if we don’t hurry

We will be late unless we hurry - If I have time, I’ll help you Unless I have time, I won’t help you

Inversion: Bỏ IF loại câu điều kiện (phải có đảo ngữ với SHOULD/WERE/HAD):

Ex: - If it should be necessary, I will go Should it be necessary, I will go

Ex: - If I were rich, I would buy a new car Were I rich, I would buy a new car

Ex: - If you had asked me, I would have told you the answer Had you asked me, I would have told you the answer

Một số từ/cụm từ thay cho IF với nghĩa tương đương: provided that; so (as) long as (miễn là); in case (trong trường hợp); on condition that (với điều kiện)

Ex: You can borrow my book provided that you bring it back

EXERCISES

I/ Delete the incorrect verb form

1 I’ll send/ send you some information if you’ll tell/ tell me your address If Kate will be/ is late again, she’ll lose/ loses her job

3 You’ll be/ are sick if you’ll eat/ eat all that ice-cream

4 There won’t be/ isn’t enough room if everyone will come/ comes If we’ll go/ go out tomorrow evening, we’ll miss/ miss that new programme on TV

II/ Put the verbs in parentheses in the correct form to complete the sentences or exchanges A: My mother always spends his money on expensive things

2 A: Conservation programs have been introduced by most governments to prevent reckless waste of land

B: If there _ (not be) proper control by the governments, the earth (be) greatly damaged now

3 A: Last month, we paid a massive electricity bill

B: If you (not waste) so much electricity, the bill _ (not be ) so large

4 If Mr Brown (save) some money when he was young, he (not be) so poor now

5 A: The invitation says six o’clock B: Well, it’s six thirty now

A: If we _ (start) earlier, we (not be) so late now

III/ Complete the following sentences, using the correct form of the verbs in brackets Tom got to the station in time to catch his train

If he (miss) it, he (be) _ late for his interview

2 It’s good that you reminded me about Lan’s birthday I (forget) if you (not remind) _ me

3 Unfortunately, I didn’t have my address book with me when I was in New York If I (have) _ your address, I (send) _ you a postcard

4 I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad It (be) _ quicker if I (walk) _

5 I didn’t know you were in hospital If I (know) , I (go) _ to visit you

IV/ Use conditional sentence type with would or could

1 We can’t bathe in this part of river because the water is too dirty

If

2 We spend too much money on electricity because we have four air conditioners in our house If

3 I can’t write to Linh because I don’t have her address

If Dick often causes accidents because he drives carelessly

If

5 We can’t give much help to the poor because we waste a lot of money on unnecessary things If

V/ Rewrite the following sentences, using Conditional Sentences Type He didn’t hurry, so he missed the train

If My brother didn’t leave the car keys, so I couldn’t pick him up at the station If my brother We didn’t go because it rained

If it hadn’t We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money

If we _ Susan felt sick because she ate four cream cakes

If Susan Without this treatment, the patient would have died

If he _ We got lost because we didn’t have a map

If he _ Peter is fat because he eats so many chips

If 10 Robert got a bad cough because he started smoking cigarettes

If Robert

11 Those people weren’t prepared to face the floods; therefore, the consequence was disastrous If _

12 We didn’t enjoy our camping trip last week because it rained all the time If _

13 That village was heavily flooded last year because trees in the nearby forests were cut down without control

If _ 14 We started our vacation too late, and we had to suffer bad weather

If _ 15 She didn’t take her friends’ advice; therefore, she failed in her business

If _ (All correct answers are A)

1 You are late If you …… a few minutes earlier, you …… him

A came / would meet B had come / would have met C come / will meet D had come / would meet I’d gone swimming yesterday afternoon if I …… time

A had had B have had C had D would have had What would you if you …… a million pounds?

A won B win C will win D had won If you didn’t this, you …… punished

A are B will be C should D would be

5 If he had told me the truth, I …… him

A would have not punished B would not have punished C would not punish D will not punish

6 If they had not given me advice, I …… again

A would have failed B would fail C would have been failed D wouldn’t fail If it ……, the match will be postponed

A rains B has rained C is raining D will rain Bill …… more photographs if he …… more film

A would have taken / had had B would have taken / had C would take / has had D would take / had had If there …… no floods last year, the crop …… better

A had been / would have been B were / would be C had / would have been D was / would have been 10 Had you told me that this was going to happen, I …… it

A would never have believed B don’t believe

C hadn’t believed D can’t believe 11 If I …… you, I’d get some rest before the game tomorrow

A were B could be C am D had been

12 If someone …… into the store, smile and say, “May I help you?”

A comes B came C come D could come

13 If I had a chance to creative work, I …… happy working in an office

A would be B will be C would have D will feel 14 …… you, I’d think twice about that decision

A don’t come B won’t come C hadn’t come D didn’t come 16 If I …… hungry, I …… something But I am not hungry now

A were / would eat B had been / would have eaten C had been / would eat D were / would have eaten 17 You won’t pass the examination …… you study more

A unless B as C if D whether

18 I’m playing tennis tomorrow …… it’s raining

A unless B if C as long as D provided 19 Tell him to ring me if you …… him

A see B saw C have seen D had seen 20 Unless she ……, she’ll be late

A hurries B didn’t hurry C hurried D.doesn’t hurry 21 Would George be angry if I …… his bicycle without asking?

A took B take C had taken D would take 22 I …… you a postcard while I was on holiday if I …… your address

A would have sent / had had B would have sent / had C would send / had D would send / had had 23 I’d have visited you if I …… you …… in hospital

A had known / were B have known / were C had known / are D knew / had been 24 …… still my friend if I were put in prison?

A Would you be B Will you be C Would you D Would you are 25 If anybody …… a , please ask me after class

A has B have C don’t have D doesn’t have 26 If I weren’t working for an accounting firm, I …… in a bank

A would be working B will work C have worked D work 27 “Can I borrow your car for this evening?”

“Sure, but Nora’s using it right now If she …… it back in time, you’re welcome to borrow it.” A brings B would bring C will bring D brought

28 We’re going to lose this game …… the team doesn’t start playing better soon

A if B unless C although D whereas

29 If I …… somebody else, I’d like to be a film star

A could be B would be C become D must be 30 What …… if they …… tomorrow?

A will you / don’t come B would you / don’t come C would you have done / won’t come D you / won’t come 31 He said, “…… watch TV all the evening if you wish.”

A You may B You have to C You need to D You should 32 If he ……, please tell me

A comes B won’t come C will come D come 33 If the earth …… move around the sun, everything …… floated

A didn’t / would be B doesn’t / would be C didn’t / will be D don’t / would be 34 If I …… that you were in hospital, I ……

A had known / would have visited B had known / would visit C knew / would visit D knew / would have visited 35 If he had taken my advice, he …… a rich man now

A would be B would have been C had been D were 36 Unless you …… smoking, you …… better

A stop / won’t feel B stop / will feel C stopped / will feel D stopped / would feel

C would have bought / had had D shall buy / have 38 If you are right, I … wrong

A am B will be C would be D would have been 39 If I …… to the party last night, I …… tired now

A had gone / would be B had gone / would have been C went / would be D went / would have been 40 Joe can’t hear …… you shout

A unless B if C providing D whether

41 You can use my car …….you drive carefully

A as long as B whether C until D unless 42 You can smoke here …….you leave a windowopen to let the smoke out

A as long as B whether C unless D until 43 George won’t lend you any money …….you promise to pay him back

A unless B providing C if D as long as 44 I’m going now …… you want me to stay

A unless B providing C provided D as long as 45 He said, “…… watch TV all the evening if you wish.”

A You may B You have to C You need to D You should 46…… immediately, I will call a policeman

A Unless you leave B If you leave C If you didn’t leave D Unless you left 47 If Jake …… to go on the trip, would you have gone?

A hadn’t agreed B didn’t agree C doesn’t agree D wouldn’t agree 48 He would be happy if he …… here now

A were B already C would be D be

49 If I could speak Spanish, I …… next year studying in Mexico

A would spend B would have spent C had spent D will spend 50 If the weather …… fine, we will start early

A is B be C was D will be

D hoped