0 y •* \ BO 5IA0 DUC 7A DAO TAO • * THtfcJuiG DAI HOC TONG HdP HA NOT NGUYEN CHI HOA PHAT ITGON NHT* LA DCfe v i GIAO TIBP TRONG TIENG VTET H I M DAI Chuy§n nganh : l f l u g n ngon ngu* Eia h l f u /> ' / : M 5.04.08 '^ ro LUM AS PHO T I M S i KEOA HOC UGtf 7AS i ','!'-'• tr ,• ^J^ i.vv' \x< f i Ngtzod hirong dan khoa h9c: Pho t i e n s i Hoang - Tr9ng - Phi3n '•iO Hc-V.LXlW E i;i 1992 LI ^ D A U I C a c Iliac , k h i noi v^ v a i t r o oua ao"! quan 'i^ ^ i u a c o n ni3ur)'i voi n^uoi t r o o g qua t r i n h san : a i a t , d a v i e t : iV^n son loiat cua mjt nguoi t a c h r a khoi xa h f i t h l cuag v6 n g h i a ahu sy p h a t t r i ^ n oua n^on ngu n^a khons co ahung ca nhan cuag Chung song va a o i aiing v o i ahau ^ Ilhu vJy,iTJot each i a n t i e p Mac da khaag dinh r a n g , a g o n agu p h a i duyo xem :cet t r o n g moi quan h^ g i a o t i e p cua ahung a g u o i oung chung sffng ITguoi aoiilTgoa ngv: v o i t i n l i each cua mft nguod r i S n g l e l a vo nghia.Do , c a n p h a i n s h i e n cuu agon agu o bxnh d i g n noi nang ciia Otii^d voi agiroi Nhu raji nguoi d^u b i e t , n g o n nga t S n t&i duoi h a i hlnh thucrlTgoa ngu noi va ngoa agu v i e t , m a t r u o o h ^ t l a ngon nga a o i j b o l l e txong I j c h su phat t r i e a cua l o a i n g i r o i , n g o a ngu a o i l a c a i dl truo*c va ngoa az\J! v i e t l a c a i t h e o 3au.IA|.t k h a c , t r o n g qua t r i a h phat t r i e n cua moi ca a h a n , n g o n ngv n o i duyc oinh t h a n h va phat t r i e n som han agon ngu v i e t cua chxnh "^gon ngu not l a ilm t h a n h nzon ngu duqc phat Im tr^f'c t i e p C h u c nang co baui cua no l a t h o a man nhu cau g i a o t i e p hang cua n g u o i Ugay t u nhung nan) dau t i e n cua t h e kx n a y , n h a ngon hpe A.!! n^ BOGALrjBOV,trong t a c phaxn"ve n g h i e n cuu ngon ngu " da oho r a n g , d a o n g ahu co sy khu b i ^ t r o r a n g [^aa agon ngu nil va ngon agu v i e t C o cau ngu phap cua ng3n n^ rat n o i phy t h u f c n h i ^ u vao hoan canh n o i nang va vao nhung nguoi dffi tho^.Chinh -2- vi v ^ , c S n phai rao t a duqc "co cau ngu phap"cua agon ngu not va t i n r a dug^c nhung dieu ki^n ma co cau ngu phap ph^i thufc vao U^t khac,v? mglt thye t i n , c a n phai xay dyag mft hg thong mo hxnh ou phap co kha nang phan anh duiyc nhung d$c thu cua ngon ngu giao t i e p , d e giang dgy t i e n g Vlgt cho hoc sinh Vigt aaia cung nhu cho nguoi nuoc ngoai voi t u each agon ogu thu hai.Do l a y g^hia va cung l a l i can t h i e t phai t i e n hanh nghiSn cuu de t;ai:"Phat ngon nhu l a dan vj giao t i e p tieng Vigt hifn d§,i" 2.D$c diem cua giao t i e p khau agu qiii diah d^c trung ngu phap va ngu aghia cac don vj cua no.Dnc trung l o ^ i b i ^ t cua cac don v j giao t i e p l a t i n h khong day du,du!g'c the hign bang syr vang mjlt cac phan no va stf vang m^t oua cac phut^ng t i ^ n l i e n ket cac don v± v i txnh cac phat agon da v i txnh.Lx g i a i nhung Ix cho phep cac dan v i tSn tax voi tu each l a do*n v i giao t i e p l a nhigm vu thu nhat cua l u ^ an.Duti'ng n h i e n , k h i Ix g i a i khong the khong txnh den cac djc trung ngu phap va ngu aghia cua cac don vj nay.Hign nay, v^ phTO'ng di^n i f l u ^ , n g u ^ i t a chua g i a i qu^^-et t r i ^ t ds hign tmyng "txnh lu?yc";"3ero cu phap";"vi t r £ khong b l e u dgtt" cac dan vj giao tiep.Day l a nhung van de Ix lu§ii,nguoi v i e t phai de c^p den khl g i a i quyet hg th^f^^ cac do*n v i giao tifp ti?ng i g t Dae trung " t i e t kig.Ti" l a d^c trirng co ban cua g i a ^ t i ? p khau agu.DSc trung "du thua" cac don v i cung l a net khu bigt quan t r g n g giua ngon ngu noi va ngon nz^ v i f t T r o n g khau ngu -3ti5n t a x r a t nhi^u nhung dan v i " l x s i n h " k i e u :"Chj l a H o a > ^ a n ^Qa ?";"Con nha t o i / t o i d§.y chuga: no t i g n t u be";"Dung ban / 35n^ o i ! W Cac phan du- co mang ^ h i g u qua nao t r o n g g i a o t l S p hay kh8ng ? I^hl xem x e t c a c dan vi co h a i hay n h i e u dan v l v i * txnh, • k i e u : " C h ? t / t a o cung khong theo";"Anh r a ngoax / em t h a y d5 u o t " , d e t h a y r a n g , c h u n g co kha nang tuoag ung v o i cau phuc co l i e n t u : " D u c h e t / t a o cung khong theo";"Sm r a ngoai ^ era t h a y ^ ^ ^ d8 u a t " G i a x quyet cac dan v i khong co t u noi l a mft hay h a i don vj.?TT?u t h u a n h ^ chung l a mft dan v i thx phuong t h u c nao l a phuRyng thuc l i e n k ? t chung v o l ahau ?Day l a logii vSh de nhieu y k i j n Ix g i a i khac nhau.Dya t r e n co s o ngu l i g u t i ? n g V i g t , n g u o i v i e t t h u Ix g i a i h i g n tuyag aay nhu mft dan vi cua hg thong g i a o t i f p t i e n g Vlgt.DBag t h o i , v o i v i g c t h u a nhgn cac to bfgp nhu raft dan v j va chung rainh su t n tax h i e n n h i e n oua chung l a v i g c xac djnh cac dac t r u n g ngu phap va ngu nghxa cua l o ^ don v i nay.D^t r a nhung nhxgm vu nhu t r e n , n g u o i v i e t huong den h a i mye dxch co bauiduoi day : -4Ixeu t a c a c dan vj d | c thu cua g i a o t i e p khau agu -Lx g i a i cac dx?u k i g n tSn t a i cua chung 3.Vxgc n g h i e n cuu khau ng,u g|Lp r a t nhieu kho khan.Khau ngu ho§it dang aho vao cac don v j cua l o i n o i T i e n hanh phan ctaia h§ thffng khong p h a i l a v i g c lam de dang.Da khoag x t cac nha ngon agu hpc cho rangjkhong t h a mieu t a cac don v i cua khau agu(KOZEV!IIKOVA,1971.15.;IKREaTEV.l975.115.).Song,oung co nguoi t i e n hanh t r a c nghigm b i n g e a c h g h i cac cufc doi t h o f i va cho t h ^ : C h i co doen t r o n g aS 15 dojin t u o a g ung v o i each d i n h n g h i a c u a chung -4t a V? c i u (S.N.3IRASV.198 ) Chung t o i cung da t i e n hanh t r a c nghifm va nh^n t h a y : Trong 26 cu^c d o i thoaj vol120 dogn co : 0 "^ +So doan tuxj*ng ung vol cau hoi :34 = 28,4 fj -^oo dogii t u o n g ung v o l cau cau k h i e n va niaung ca-x nxy dau khong phai la c l u hoi :26 = 21,6 ^ +S^ doan l a cau t r a l e d >44 = 3^ f^ % +3o d o ^ l a cau h o i l&x» : I6 = 13,3 fS Bx^u chung t o : S o do^m voi t u each l a cau phat* vSn ^jong pnax oao gxo^ cung l a c-j.u nox.oo ao^in l a cau pnan ung nhung khong p h a i l a cau t r a l o i chiem mjt tx I g khong nho TrOTc t i n h Iixnh nay,chung t a g i a i l u y e t nhu bhe nao? "?u khong roieu t a , l x g i a i cac dan v j l a bo t r o n g mft thi!PC t h e cua hg th^ng.Cac phat ngon tuo*ng ung vai cau dan va cau ghep,khong p h g i l a t a t cacac don v i cua Ichau ngu,cung nhu t r o n g khSxi ngu,khong p h a i chx t o n t a x cau h o i , c a u t r a i o i va cau ragnh I g n h s t h e o each quan nigra t r u y ^ n t h o a g C a c doa v j khong CO h i n h t h u c nhu each -uan nigra c i a chung t a v? cau nam t r o n g moi quan h^ c h a t che v o l cac don v j " d a bay vao khong k h x " , v o i "raoi truo'ng xuag quanta na nguoi co hogit dSag t r a o d o i " , v a o ahung t r i t h u c chung oua nhung ngi?oi dffi thogix Nhu t r e n da n o i , h x n h thuc cua g i a o t i e p bang mi^ng l a long 'ira t h a n h CT^a ngfin n^mlioag Sa t h a n h n a y , c t h e l a cua h a i nguoi t r a o d o i tryre t i e p ( d o i t h o ^ ) , c o t h e l a cua raft agiJoi n o i va nhung nguoi khac cung nghe ( d j e t h o e i ) va cua nhi^u n g u o i cmig n o i v^ mft d^ t a i (dam thoijii) Theo cac t^ac g i a Xu - v i e t ,rJiung don v j g i a o t i e p t o i tlixeu na no dug'c t a c h r a k h o i dong l o i n o i , c o t h e duoc zera l a nhung don v j cu phap.Trong h o j t d^ng g i a o t i e p , c h u n g khong b j co l ^ p , log.i t r u na nhu l a mgt b© phan cua tc hop ngon agu phuc tap ho*n.Chung co moi quan h$ hen t r o n g bang nhung quan hg nhat dinh.Mot rag^t,do l a nhung quan he ngGn ngu dya vao nhung qucn hg ?u ;.'ihap pho^g phu cua cac dan v j duj'c l i e n ket;raHLt k h a c , l a nhung quan he t h u a n ve ra^t n i dung t r u y e n d i cac « « thong bao.(lTgu' phap t i e n g I'Tga.1S60.83-^4) Cac t a c g i a khang d j n h r P h a t ngon l a mgt chxet d o a n t r o n g ingt t i n h huon^r ngon ngu nao th]fc hx}n chuc aSing g i a o t x e p v e j^ft di"?u gx do.(SDD.83-S4), Quan diem moi nhat cua cac t a c g i a thufc vxgn loan lam khoa hgc l i e n xo l a : " P h a t ngon l a don v j g i a o t i e p cua lod n o i ? a a t ngon du^c xac d i n h t r o n g moi quan hg vox khax algm cau" (Tu d i e n bach khoa ngon agu h g c 9 5 ) Theo quan diem cua ngu phap chue nang t h l p h a t ngon duwc xac dinJi l a dan v^ cua l o i noi.Uo CO t h e tuong duong vox c a u , t r o n g sy phy t h u j c t r y c tiep vao ngu canli Trong l u a n van n a y , p h a t n^on duoc h i a u l a dan v i g i a o tiep cua l o i n o i N o co t h e t u o a g ung v o i c a u - t u ; c a u rajt phan; cau don; cau dan co ohan d u ; c a u trting g x a n ; c a u phuc co l i n t u va khong CO l i e n t u P h a t ngon gan l i ^ n vox n^ "bao nhat canh va co vy^c dxch thong dinh P h a t agon l a d o i tuan/;; cua l u ^ van t r o n g e a c h h i e u n a y 4.De n g h i e n cuu d^c t r u n g n^ n g h i a , n g \ r phap cua cac p h a t agon, ma d»c b i g t l a nhung phat ngon khong t u o n g ung v o i cac quan diero t r u y e n th