(Luận văn thạc sĩ) a COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MEANINGS OF WATER RELATING IDIOMS IN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES TRẦN THỊ HƢƠNG A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MEANINGS OF WATER RELATING IDIOMS IN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH (Nghiên cứu so sánh nghĩa thành ngữ có liên quan đến nƣớc Tiếng Việt Tiếng Anh) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Hanoi, 2014 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES TRẦN THỊ HƢƠNG A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MEANINGS OF WATER RELATING IDIOMS IN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH (Nghiên cứu so sánh nghĩa thành ngữ có liên quan đến nƣớc Tiếng Việt Tiếng Anh) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Dr Ngô Tự Lập Hanoi, 2014 DECLARATION I, Trần Thị Hương, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is the result of my own research It is recognized that, should this declaration be found to be false, disciplinary action could be taken and penalties imposed in accordance with the University policy and rules Ha noi, 2014 Trần Thị Hương i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I offer my sincere gratitude to the faculty, staff and my fellow students at Hai Duong College, who have inspired me to continue my work in this field I owe particular thanks to my Thesis Supervisor, Dr Ngô Tự Lập and his colleagues of the faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Viet Nam National University, Ha Noi, all of whom have had an impact on my work in one way or another The direction and support of a knowledgeable and diverse group, such as this, is what makes interdisciplinary endeavours possible Finally, my special thanks go to my mother, my husband and my children for their love and support throughout this project Without their encouragement I could not have completed this thesis ii ABSTRACT Idioms, a special form of language use, are shaped in the daily lives of people Idioms can also be considered as a reliable measure of the proficiency of foreign languages in general and English in particular It is the semantic and grammatical problems that cause difficulties for learners to grasp meanings of idioms With the aim of providing in - depth information about English and Vietnamese idioms, we have tried to work out some syntactic and semantic features of idioms relating to water in English and Vietnamese Moreover, some cultural contexts hidden behind these idioms are mentioned and analyzed in this thesis The study also puts forwards some implications for teaching and learning idioms We believe that they are helpful to teachers and students as well as translators of English iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale for the study Aims and objectives of the study Scope of the study Theoretical and practical significance of the study Methodology Organization of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: IDIOMS - THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FOR THE STUDY 1.1.Idioms and meanings of idioms 1.1.1.Definition of idioms 1.1.2 Idioms and proverbs 1.1.3 Typology of idioms 1.1.4 Meaning of idioms 1.2.Culture and the relationship between language and culture 1.2.1.Culture and some characteristics of culture 1.2.2.Relationship between language and culture 10 1.2.3 Culture in idioms 11 1.2.4 The image of water in Vietnamese culture 12 1.2.5 The image of water in English culture 14 iv 1.2.6 Previous studies related to the theme of this thesis 15 CHAPTER 2: “WATER” RELATING IDIOMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE A quantitative survey of water relating idioms in English and Vietnamese 17 2 Syntactic study of water relating idioms in English and Vietnamese .17 Semantic study of water relating idioms in English and Vietnamese 21 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Similarities and differences of English and Vietnamese water relating idioms in terms of syntactic features 29 3.2 Similarities and differences of English and Vietnamese water relating idioms in terms of semantic features 31 PART C: CONCLUSION 1.Recapitulation 34 2.Implications 34 3.Limitations and suggestions for further studies 35 v PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale for the study Water is essential for life and for human kind, and it is crucial for sustainable socio - economic development As a matter of fact, 22 March of each year is declared as the World Water Day (WWD) by the United Nations in December 2003 Water is not only a physical resource but in every cultural context, it is closely linked to social, spiritual, political and environmental meanings Both English and Vietnamese are rich in idiomatic expressions of which idioms denoting water are abundant Idiomatic expressions are largely used in our daily communication conveying the common - sense wisdom and experience of a certain cultural group Mass media, textbooks and everyday language embody rich sources of idiomatic expressions It is believed that English idioms are even difficult for English native speakers and naturally more problematic for ESL/EFL learners because the figurative meanings of English idioms cannot be predicted through an analysis of their individual word meanings Apparently, teaching EFL learners to use English idioms is considerably critical for EFL teachers Learning idioms adds a lot to understand the British culture and people because language is the bearer of culture, and idioms consistently have their roots in a particular culture The purpose of identifying how the image of water is reflected in idioms metaphorically and literally and what cultural context underlines it urges me to investigate into the theme: “A comparative study of water relating idioms in Vietnamese and English” Aims and objectives of the study 2.1 Aims of the study This thesis is conducted as an attempt to: - Explore the English and Vietnamese idioms relating to water with the main focus on the cultural viewpoint - Point out the similarities and differences between the two languages in terms of idioms relating to water 2.2 Objectives of the study The objectives of this study are to: - Investigate English and Vietnamese idioms relating to water - Clarify the cultural differences and similarities - Provide some suggestions for teaching, learning and translating English idioms denoting water 2.3 Research questions The study tries to answer the following questions: - What are the general syntactic, semantic and cultural features of English and Vietnamese water relating idioms? - What are similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese water relating idioms from cultural viewpoint? Scope of the study In this research, both English and Vietnamese idioms relating to water are discussed in terms of syntactic, semantic and cultural features All English and Vietnamese idioms are collected from two dictionaries: “Vietnamese Dictionary of Idioms and Proverbs” (2010) by Nguyễn Lân and “The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms” (2004) by Oxford University Press Theoretical and practical significance of the study The study is an attempt to look into idioms for the Vietnamese postgraduates of English Thus, once completed, its outcome may offer significant benefits to Vietnamese learners and teachers of English In addition, the findings of this study will familiarize Vietnamese teachers of English with meanings of idioms that their students may use in class and that they might consider as errors or mistakes Furthermore, in regard to Vietnamese learners, the research may provide them with deep and comprehensive insight into water relating idioms Last but not least, researchers of the related fields can use this study for reference and carry out further and deeper investigation Methodology In this study, the major methods applied are descriptive, comparative and contrastive analysis It is carried out on carefully collected materials from two dictionaries The first dictionary is “Vietnamese Dictionary of Idioms and Proverbs” by Nguyễn Lân (Literature Publishing House in 2010) The second one is “The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms” (Second Edition) by Oxford University Press in 2004 The data are analyzed and synthesized to find out the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese water relating idioms Organization of the study The thesis is divided into three main parts: - Part One is an Introduction to the study and includes rationale, aims, the research questions, objectives, scope, significance and the design of the whole paper - Part Two is the Development which is composed of three chapters Chapter One, as implied in the title “Idioms: theoretical background for the study”, presents the theoretical background related to the issue Chapter Two is concerned with “Water relating idioms in English and Vietnamese” covers the syntactic and semantic study of water relating idioms in English and Vietnamese Chapter Three deals with “Findings and Discussions” (i.e analysis of data, results) - Part Three is the Conclusion which summarizes significant findings of the investigation, elaborates contributions of the research, puts forward practical suggestions for future research as well as addresses notable limitations Phận nghèo tới chỗ mô hand to mouth nghèo 15 Chọc gậy xuống nước It’s no use doing something 16 Chọc trời quấy nước To describe a daring person who can take any risks fearlessly 17 Có nước, có cá To imply a positive attitude towards life 18 Có nước , có Sufficience, without any shortage 19 Con mạ, cá nước Mother plays a vital part in a child’s life 20 Còn nước, tát To try to overcome difficulties although little can be saved 21 Cờ bạc khát nước To despise someone who fails but saves himself 22 Cơm bưng nước rót To give a thoughtful care to someone 23 Cơm niêu nước lọ To describe a miserable life 24 Cơm trời, nước giếng To live a peaceful and simple life 25 Của nước To describe someone who is extremely rich 26 Đau bụng uống nước sơng, To ironize somebody who has stomach ache or đau mắt lấy nhựa xương rồng mà soreyes bôi 27.Đắt chè rẻ nước Tea is more important than water 28.Đồng chua nước mặn To describe the fields which are unable to cultivate due to salt and alum 29.Đồng trắng nước To describe the fields which are not productive or places where people not live in comfort 30 Đời cha ăn mặn, đời khát To despise fathers who have bad influences on nước 31 Đục nước béo cò their children from their bad behaviours To make a profit from others’ conflict IV 32 Được lẫn nước Gains in every aspect 33 Êm cát, mát nước Something is very smooth and fresh 34 Gạo chợ, nước sông A simple life of those who live from hand to mouth 35 Gạo trắng nước Life is comfortable in the country favoured by nature 36 Giọt máu đào ao nước lã Blood is thicker than water 37 Hễ nóng nước toan vơ rế To describe someone who always asks for help whenever in trouble 38 Hết nước hết It’s impossible to persuade somebody 39 Khác lọ nước Two things which are different in form but same in content 40 Khôn ăn cái, dại ăn nước A joke when people eat both the liquid and the solid part of a dish; also, to imply that the solid part is more nutritious 41 Khơn ngoan tâm tính lịng, lọ People are born to be wise uống nước đồng khôn 42 Kiếm ăn xa, độc nước To ironize somebody who earns his living by burgling or cheating others 43 Kiêng ăn nước Use something dislikeable in another form 44 Lạ nước lạ To describe a situation when a newcomer travels to or settles down in a place he has never been to before 45 Lặn ngòi ngoi nước To describe a hard life 46 Lên cạn xuống nước To work very hard V 47 Lội nước sợ ướt chân To despise lazy people 48 Lỡ làng nước đục, bụi To describe unhappiness resulted from awkward situations 49 Ma thiêng nước độc It is easy to catch an illness in the faraway mountainous areas 50 Mạch nước chảy trong, dòng A good wife should be a person born into a respectable family 51 Mắng tát nước vào mặt To reprimand somebody soundly 52 Mặt nước cánh bèo To describe women of adrift lives 53 Mèo uống nước biển chẳng bao Overloaded work is not worth limited ability cạn 54 Mềm lạt, mát nước To behave gently and courteously to please others 55 Mưa xối nước It’s raining cats and dogs 56 Nghiêng đồng đổ nước sông To resist waterlogged fields 57 Ngồi giếng mà khát nước To complain of living in a comfortable life but still being starved 58 Ngựa xe nước There is a lot of traffic 59 Người có lúc vinh có lúc In one’s life, luck comes and goes (to console nhục, nước có lúc đục có unlucky people) lúc 60 Người dưng nước lã To imply those who have no relationship with somebody 61 Nhạt nước ao bèo To behave in a cold and heartless way 62 Nhạt nước ốc To talk about tasteless food or uninteresting stories VI 63 Nhờ ông vải, húp nước xuýt To ask a person in high position for help but get nothing 64 Nhờ phèn nước To remind that great achievements come only with support 65 Như bát nước đầy To treat somebody in a kind and lavish way 66 Nói dao chém nước Strong words without effect 67 Nói nước đổ đầu vịt ( Nói Like water off a duck’s back nước đổ khoai) 68 Nói tát nước bè It’s no use talking to somebody who refuses to listen to you 69 Non xanh nước biếc To describe beautiful nature 70 Nước chảy bèo trôi To talk about people cannot control themselves 71 Nước chảy chỗ trũng To complain about the fact that the poor is getting poorer and the rich is getting richer 72 Nước chảy đá mòn Constant dropping wears away stone 73 Nước chảy tới To live in a perfect harmony with everyone 74 Nước chảy hoa trôi To describe people cannot control their own life 75 Nước chảy ngược lên đường To talk about awkward and unreasonable happenings 76 Nước chảy xuôi, bè kéo ngược There is no unity in a community, people have contradictory opinions 77 Nước chè tàu, giầu cơi thiếc To talk about a formal welcome 78 Nước chờ mạ, mạ chờ nước To criticize farmers who not cultivate crops in time 79 Nước có nguồn, có gốc To remind people of their ancestors and VII descents 80 Nước cát làm doi, To advise people to unite and help each other chi ta chẳng tài bồi cho 81 Nước dẫy, sóng dồi To describe circumstances when lots of difficulties come all at once 82 Nước đánh phèn To turn over a new leaf 83 Nước đến chân To be about to fall into a dangerous situation 84 Nước đầy đổ đĩa khôn bưng Sharing with others is usually impossible with the rich 85 Nước đến chân nhảy To despise somebody with no prior preparation for possible happenings 86 Nước đổ bốc chẳng đầy thưng No sentiment can be gained as before between two relatives if there is a serious argument 87 Nước đục, bụi To describe one contradictory situation when bad people are believed to be good and noble people are supposed to be mean 88 Nước gạo tắm cho voi It is worthless to something 89 Nước dòng chê chê Judgement of others depend on one’s own đục, vũng trâu đầm , hì hục khen mood and purposes ngon 90 Nước khe, chè núi To talk about a simple life of a seclusionist 91 Nước lã ao bèo To talk about something tasteless 92 Nước lã mà vã nên hồ, tay From zero to hero không mà đồ ngoan 93 Nước lên nước lại ròng Life is up and down To advise people not to become discouraged by failure or accident VIII 94 Nước lớn đò đầy To imply a danger of death in a circumstance 95 Nước lụt, chó nhảy bàn độc To despise bad people who take advantages of a difficult situation to wrong for their own benefit 96 Nước mắt cá sấu To cry crocodile’s tears 97 Nước mưa cưa trời To talk about bad effects of rain 98 Nước Nhược, non Bồng To compare a landscape with Heaven 99 Nước nóng cịn có nguội To advise angry people to try to calm down 100 Nước, phân, cần, giống vital factors to gain high productivity are sufficient water, good fertilizer, regular care and selective breeds 101 Nước sôi lửa bỏng Some urgent confusing problems are necessary to be solved 102 Nước suối có đục Good natured people always keep their innate virtues 103 Nước thẳm non xa To describe the sadness of a person who lives faraway from home 104 Nước mà giếng hôi phèn To describe a good person who lives in a bad environment 105 Nước trôi hoa rụng To talk about a withered life of an underworld woman 106 Nước trước bẻ hoa To criticize human traders who exploit women falling into their hands 107 Nước vỏ lựu, máu mào gà As Chinese legend goes, prostitutes used liquid from pomegranate’s rind and blood from cockscomb to cheat playboys 108 Nước vơi nước lại đầy, tình To keep in mind affection and gratitude in IX chưa trả, ngải quên spite of changes 109 Nước xa khôn cứu lửa gần We cannot depend on strange people for help in danger 110 Phân tro không no nước Water is of the first element in the growth of rice, many fertilizers cannot make up for this 111 Rồng đen lấy nước nắng, rồng To indicate a common sense that noticing the trắng lấy nước mưa colour of clouds forecast rainy or sunny weather 112 Rồng vàng tắm nước ao tù, người The complaint of a wife marrying a foolish khơn với người ngu bực husband 113 Rừng thiêng, nước độc To indicate dull places in the forests and mountains 114 Sắc nước To talk about a sharp knife or sword 115 Sắc nước hương trời To describe a very beautiful woman 116 So kè To despise somebody who calculates anything 117 Sông nước vừa, The selfish argument of men in the polygynian trai vợ chưa lòng society 118 Sông sâu nước Preventing high water flowing in order not to die of drowning 119 Sờ nồi không gạo, sờ gáo không To complain of poverty and neediness nước 120 Sự chi lo ơng đị khát nước Unrelated things should be ignored 121 Tát nước theo mưa To work in a good and favourable condition 122 Thân gái mươi hai bến nước To talk about women in the feudal society who cannot control their lives 123 Thí chén nước, phước chất To talk about a person who wants to give little non away but gain much X 124 Tiếc thay chậu nước trong, để To make a complaint when pure things are cho bèo tấm, bèo ong dạt vào contaminated 125 Tiền nước thủy triều No one can know for sure they are forever rich 126 Tiền nước To talk about someone who has a lot of money 127 Trăm dơ lấy nước làm Water is needed to clean dirty things 128 Trâu chậm uống nước đục The early bird catches the worm 129 Trâu chậm uống nước dơ, trâu ngơ A slow person gets nothing, meanwhile, a ăn cỏ béo foolish person gains all 130 Trên đời rẻ bèo, đến The response of a person who is usually nước lụt bèo trèo lên sen scorned by others 131.Tức nước vỡ bờ Over oppression leads to resistance 132 Uống nước dễ quên người đào To despise those who show no gratitude to mạch helpers 133.Uống nước không chừa cặn To despise greedy and impolite people 134 Uống nước lã cầm To imply a situation when there is nothing to eat though a person is hungry 135 Uống nước nhớ nguồn ( Uống To praise somebody who is loyal and grateful nước nhớ kẻ đào giếng) (Uống nước song nhớ mạch suối) 136 Ứa nước mắt To be moved to tears 137.Vàng tâm xuống nước tươi, anh To show the virtue of heroes who are not hùng lâm nạn cười vui afraid of danger and death 138 Vắt cổ chày nước To despise extremely stingy people 139.Vắt đất nước, thay trời làm mưa To show the brave spirit of farmers when fighting against drought 140.Vớt trăng nước, mò kim To something useless without outcome duềnh XI APPENDIX 2: SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF WATER RELATING IDIOMS Noun phrase structure No English Vietnamese A fish out of water Ao sâu nước Hewers of wood and drawers Ao tù nước đọng of water Milk and water Bùn lầy nước đọng Oil and water Cá mạnh nước Water under the bridge Cá nước chim trời ( Chim trời cá nước) Cá nước duyên ưa Cá sống nước Cánh bèo mặt nước Cờ bạc khát nước 10 Cơm bưng nước rót 11 Cơm liêu nước lọ 12 Cơm trời, nước giếng 13 Đồng chua nước mặn 14 Đồng trắng, nước 15 Đục nước béo cị 16 Gạo chợ, nước sơng 17 Gạo trắng nước 18 Khác lọ nước 19 Ma thiêng nước độc 20 Mặt nước cánh bèo 21 Mưa xối nước XII 22 Ngựa xe nước 23 Người dưng nước lã 24 Non xanh nước biếc 25 Nước chảy bèo trôi 26 Nước chảy chỗ trũng 27 Nước chảy đá mịn 28 Nước chảy hoa trơi 29 Nước chè tàu, giầu cơi thiếc 30 Nước dẫy, sóng dồi 31 Nước đục, bụi 32 Nước khe, chè núi 33 Nước lã ao bèo 34 Nước lớn đò đầy 35 Nước mắt cá sấu 36 Nước Nhược, non Bồng 37 Nước, phân, cần, giống 38 Nước sôi lửa bỏng 39 Nước thẳm non xa 40 Nước trôi hoa rụng 41 Nước trước bẻ hoa 42 Nước vỏ lựu, máu mào gà 43 Rừng thiêng, nước độc 44 Sắc nước hương trời 45 Sông sâu nước 46 Thân gái mười hai bến nước 47 Tiền nước thủy triều 48 Tiền nước \ XIII Verb phrase structure No English Vietnamese Be blown out of the water Ăn cỗ trước, lội nước theo sau Pour (or throw) cold water on Chọc gậy xuống nước Take to something like a duck Chọc trời quấy nước to water Fish in troubled water Có nước, có cá Come hell or high water Có nước , có Hold water Cịn nước, tát Make someone’s mouth water Đau bụng uống nước sơng, đau mắt lấy nhựa xương rồng mà bôi Test the water Được lẫn nước Tread the water Hết nước hết 10 Cast your bread upon the Kiếm ăn xa, độc nước waters 11 Kiêng ăn nước 12 Lặn ngòi ngoi nước 13 Lên cạn xuống nước 14 Lội nước sợ ướt chân 15 Mắng tát nước vào mặt 16 Nghiêng đồng đổ nước sông 17 Ngồi giếng mà khát nước 18 Nhờ ông vải, húp nước xuýt 19 Nhờ phèn nước 20 Nói dao chém nước 21 Nói nước đổ đầu vịt ( Nói nước đổ khoai) XIV 22 Nói tát nước bè 23 Nước dòng chê chê đục, vũng trâu đầm hì hục khen ngon 24 So kè 25 Sờ nồi không gạo, sờ gáo không nước 26 Tiếc thay chậu nước trong, bèo bèo ong dạt vào 27 Tát nước theo mưa 28 Tức nước vỡ bờ 29 Uống nước dễ quên người đào mạch 30 Uống nước không chừa cặn 31 Uống nước lã cầm 32 Uống nước nhớ nguồn ( Uống nước nhớ kẻ đào giếng) (Uống nước song nhớ mạch suối) 33 Ứa nước mắt 34 Vắt cổ chày nước 35 Vắt đất nước, thay trời làm mưa 36 Vớt trăng nước, mò kim duềnh Adjective phrase structure No English Vietnamese Dead in the water Búng nước Like water off a duck’s Của nước back Đắt chè rẻ nước Êm cát, mát nước XV Khôn ăn cái, dại ăn nước Lạ nước lạ Lỡ làng nước đục, bụi Mềm lạt, mát nước Nhạt nước ao bèo 10 Nhạt nước ốc 11 Như bát nước đầy 12 Sắc nước Prepositional phrase structure No English In deep water (or water) In hot water In smooth water Of the first water Vietnamese Sentence structure No English Blood is thicker than Vietnamese Cá gặp nước, rồng gặp mây water Still water runs deep Cá lên khỏi nước cá khô, làm thân gái lõa lồ khen Cạn đầm uống nước khe Cây khô xuống nước khô, Phận nghèo tới chỗ mơ nghèo Con mạ, cá nước Đời cha ăn mặn, đời khát nước Hễ nóng nước toan vơ rế XVI Giọt máu đào ao nước lã Khôn ngoan tâm tính lịng, lọ uống nước đồng khôn 10 Mạch nước chảy trong, dòng 11 Mèo uống nước biển chẳng cạn 12 Người có lúc vinh có lúc nhục, nước có lúc đục có lúc 13 Nước chảy tới 14 Nước chảy ngược lên đường 15 Nước chảy xuôi, bè kéo ngược 16 Nước chờ mạ, mạ chờ nước 17 Nước có nguồn, có gốc 18 Nước cịn cát làm doi, chi ta chẳng tài bồi cho 19 Nước đánh phèn 20 Nước đến chân 21 Nước đầy đổ đĩa khôn 22 Nước đến chân nhảy 23 Nước đổ bốc chẳng đầy thưng 24 Nước gạo tắm cho voi 25 Nước lã mà vã nên hồ, tay không mà đồ ngoan 26 Nước lên nước lại ròng 27 Nước lụt, chó nhảy bàn độc 28 Nước mưa cưa trời 29 Nước nóng cịn có nguội XVII 30 Nước suối có đục 31 Nước mà giếng hôi phèn 32 Nước vơi nước lại đầy, tình chưa trả, ngải quên 33 Nước xa không cứu lửa gần 34 Phân tro khơng no nước 35 Rồng đen lấy nước nắng, rồng trắng lấy nước mưa 36 Rồng vàng tắm nước ao tù, người khôn với người ngu bực 37 Sơng nước vừa, trai vợ chưa lòng 38 Sự chi lo ơng đị khát nước 39 Thí chén nước, phước chất non 40 Trâu chậm uống nước đục 41 Trăm dơ lấy nước làm 42 Trâu chậm uống nước dơ, trâu ngơ ăn cỏ béo 43 Trên đời rẻ bèo, đến nước lụt bèo trèo lên sen 44 Vàng tâm xuống nước tươi, anh hùng lâm nạn cười 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When analyzing semantic features of water relating idioms, we can acknowledge that lots of idioms contain appalling issues of water such as bad water conditions (In hot water: in a situation of. .. Syntactic study of water relating idioms in English and Vietnamese .17 Semantic study of water relating idioms in English and Vietnamese 21 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Similarities and. .. use of water relating idioms in English and Vietnamese 28 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Similarities and differences of English and Vietnamese water relating idioms in terms of syntactic