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MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND MINISTRY OF EDUCATION INVESTMENT AND TRAINING CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC MANAGEMEN NGUYEN THI HONG VUNG GENDER INEQUALITY IN ACCESS FORMAL CREDIT IN VIETNAM’S RURAL HOUSEHOLD Major: Economic Management Code: 31 01 10 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS HANOI, 2020 The thesis is accomplished in: Central Institute for Economic Management Supervisors: Assoc Prof., Dr Tran Kim Chung Assoc Prof., Dr Vu Sy Cuong Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof., Dr To Kim Ngoc Reviewer 2: Dr Tran Cong Thang Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof., Dr Nguyen Phuong Le The thesis will be defend at thesis Evaluation Committee at Institute level to be held in Central Institute for Economic Management at (time): Access to the thesis is available at: - Library of Central Institute for Economic Management - Vietnam National Library, Hanoi INTRODUCTION Rationale Currently, women contribute 40% of the labor force in all fields, 43% to the agricultural labor force worldwide Even so, there are numerous studies showing that women are more limited than men in accessing production resources in general According to FAO 2011, in developing countries women are not only limited in access to productive resources, but if they have access to production resources, their scale and quantity are also low than men The existence of a gap between women and men in access to productive resources is one of the causes limiting women's economic opportunities, making productivity in women lower than men That creates a gender gap in income The existence of gender gaps in access to agricultural production resources greatly limits the nation's efforts to reduce poverty The development of rural agricultural household economy in Vietnam is important because Vietnam's agriculture and rural economy are dependent on 10 million small households The proportion of the population living in rural areas accounts for 66.7%, of which the female population accounts for 50.67%, the male population accounts for 49.33% However, according to FAO (2011), Vietnamese women are more limited than men in accessing credit, especially formal credit, which affects labor productivity, economic development rural Vietnam From the above reasons, the author chooses the topic of the thesis: "Gender inequality in access to formal credit of households in rural Vietnam" The purpose and meaning of the thesis The thesis has two main purposes: (i) Building a theoretical framework for analyzing gender equality in formal credit access; (ii) Alanyze credit access in aspects: macro and micro approaches; The thesis includes some main meanings as follows: (i) Contributing to the intellectual treasure of gender inequality in accessing resources, in particular here is gender in access to formal credit; (ii) Provide a theoretical framework for analyzing gender equality in formal credit access in rural households in rural areas; (iii) Identify factors affecting gender inequality in accessing formal credit in the macro approach; (iv) According to the microapproach, does determining the gender of the household head affect formal credit access? analysis of factors affecting gender inequality in the amount of formal credit; (v) Based on the research results to provide some solutions and recommendations suitable to the real situation of Vietnam in order to reduce gender inequality in access to formal credit of rural households in rural areas; The structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the structure of the thesis consists of chapters as follows: Chapter 1: Overview of research on gender inequality in access to formal credit Chapter 2: Rationale for gender inequality in access to formal credit of rural households Chapter 3: The real situation of gender inequality in access to formal credit of households in rural Vietnam Chapter 4: Some proposed solutions to reduce gender inequality in access to formal credit of rural households in Vietnam CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH WORKS ABOUT GENDER EQUALITY IN ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT 1.1 Overview of published research related to gender inequalities in access to formal credit 1.1.1 Overview of published studies related to gender inequalities in access to formal credit After an overview of international newspapers such as the "Development of gender issues through gender equality of rights, resources and voice" report of the World Bank 2001; Report "Human Development Asia Pacific"; United Nations development program (UNDP); The report "Women in agriculture, narrowing the gender gap for development" and some other studies of some authors such as Bewley, J D., & Black, M (1978); Hoover, W G, et al (1982); Munnell, et al (1996); Cavalluzzo (1998); Cavalluzzo, et al (2002); Agier and Szafarz (2013), if it is micro-approach, the factors that influence the access to formal credit of households are related to the following groups of factors: (a) factors of household head or business owners: age, gender, education level, marital status; (b) Family factors: number of people of working age, dependency, distance from home to place of loan, occupation of members, business type of households , access to land (does the household have a land use right certificate?); (c) Other factors: household's loan history (Does household have bad debt or not?), loan duration (long-term, medium-term, short-term loan) Among the factors mentioned above, most studies have shown that access to assets is the factor that most affects the access to formal credit of household The groups of factors that impact on gender equality in accessing formal credit include: (a) formal institutional factors; (b) informal institutional factors; (c) market; (d) household 1.1.2 Overview of published researches in the country related to gender inequality in access to formal credit Currently, Vietnam has very few studies related to gender inequality in access to production resources in general, and research on gender inequality in access to formal credit in particular, such as “Sexual analysis shape and propose policies to enhance the advancement of women and gender equality in Vietnam ”; "Assessing the gender situation in Vietnam"; Nguyen Quynh Hoa (2015); Pham Bao Quoc; Nguyen Thi Bup (2016); Tran Ai Ket; Huynh Trung Thoi (2013) Studies conducted in Vietnam also show that: If approached in the form of macroeconomics, the factors that affect gender inequality in access to production resources of HOUSEHOLD FACILITIES include: ( a) formal institutional factors; (b) informal institutional factors; (c) market; (d) household; 1.1.3 The contributions and research gaps of the studies were reviewed Theoretical foundations, solid criteria for assessing the real situation of gender inequality according to each aspect such as gender equality in education, gender equality in income, gender equality in the land ; The main cause of gender inequality in these aspects is the existence of gender prejudice that is a view of respect for men and women; Factors that lead to gender inequality are: (a) household head factors such as gender of the head of household, age, education level of head of household (b) factors belonging to household : number of household members, percentage of dependents, geographic location of the household ; (c) other factors General measures to overcome gender inequality in the following aspects: (a) Completing, supplementing and amending the legal system; (b) change gender stereotypes; (c) develop incentive programs for women 1.2 Research direction of the thesis 1.2.1 Research objectives of the thesis Overall objectives Analysis of the real situation of gender inequality in access to formal credit of households in rural Vietnam in two approaches: macro and micro approaches provide some recommendations to reduce the situation analysis of gender equality in the access formal credit in the rural Vietnam Detail objectives’: (i) Interpret the theoretical basis for gender inequality, gender inequality in access to formal credit; (ii) Analyze the factors affecting gender inequality in access to formal credit in households in rural Vietnam according to the macro approach; (iii) Analyze the factors affecting gender inequality in accessing formal credit in households in rural Vietnam according to the micro approach (iv) Proposing some solutions and recommendations suitable to the current situation of Vietnam in order to reduce gender inequality in access to formal credit of households in rural Vietnam; 1.2.2 Subject and scope of the thesis research The object of the dissertation's study is: gender inequality in accessing formal credit in households in rural Vietnam, specifically the rights and opportunities in the process of approaching formal credit in In rural Vietnam, male heads of households and female heads of households The scope of the thesis research - About space: The dissertation research on the whole country of Vietnam - In terms of time: The thesis analyzes and assesses the real situation of gender inequality in access to formal credit in households in Vietnam according to secondary numbers and household survey data - Regarding the content: The thesis studies two main contents: (i) gender inequality in accessing formal credit in the macroeconomic approach and (ii) gender inequality in the approach of formal credit follow the micro approach 1.2.3 Research approach to the topic follows the macro and micro approaches Macro approach, the thesis will use information through policy research on credit and gender equality in Vietnam, analysis of secondary documents, analysis of influencing factors through the reality of real factors Vietnam; Micro approach, the thesis will use quantitative models to evaluate the impact of factors on gender equality in the access to formal credit through household survey data The micro-approach allows for a better understanding of macro policy issues while providing evidence for macro-analysis assessments 1.2.4 Analytical framework of the thesis The thesis topic is based on the following analytical framework: Formal institutions Informal insitutions Observe factors Gender discrimin ation Unobserved Factors Market gender inequality in access to formal credit Household Qualitati ve analysis Quantitative analysis: Logit, OLS, Oaxaca - Blinder models Figure 1: Analytical framework of the thesis Source: Author construction 1.2.6 Data sources (i) Magazines, books, newspapers, reports of FAO, UNDP, ; (ii) VARHS Datasets 2016 1.2.7 Research Methods The methods used in the thesis are comparative method; Methods of analyzing and evaluating policy documents; Methods of descriptive statistical analysis According to previous studies, this thesis topic uses the T-test overall average test to test the hypothesis of the equality of overall averages based on independent samples drawn from population this Quantitative methods and models used in the study: The thesis uses logit model to identify the determinants of the factors affecting the access to formal credit of households in rural Vietnam and the multivariate regression model to analyze and evaluate the factors that influence the amount of formal credit borrowed Finally, the thesis uses Oaxaca-Blinder tissue (Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition) to compare the difference in the sex of the head of household with the credit line being borrowed CHAPTER RATIONALE FOR GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE FORMAL CREDIT ACCESS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN RURAL AREAS 2.1 Access to formal credit of rural households 2.1.1 Official credit and gender characteristics in access to formal credit Two basic concepts used in the thesis include: (i) The concept of formal credit: is a form of legal credit operating under the permission of the state (ii) The concept of access formal credit: Credit access is possible in using credit and gaining benefits from using credit Gender characteristics in access to formal credit T: Women have more restrictions than men in accessing credit, especially formal credit; The credit line that women have is lower than men; The costs of women to get formal credit are higher than for men; Women often have to accept higher formal credit rates than men 2.1.2 Rural households in access to formal credit This thesis uses the household concept of the Civil Code 2005: Household is a group of people who are related to marriage, descent and nurture According to the provisions of the Civil Code, a household is the subject of civil relations when the members of a family have common property for common economic activities in the relationship of land use, in production activities agriculture, forestry, fishery and in a number of other production and business sectors prescribed by law Households are classified into types: (a) Single-family households (01 person); (b) Nuclear households; (c) Extended households; (d) Mixed households The process of access to credit by rural households Household There is no need for a loan There is need for loans Do not require a loan because you find yourself ineligible Loan request denied Borrowed less than recommended Limited access to formal credit Borrowed as suggested Unrestricted access to formal credit Figure 2.2: Credit access process of rural households Source: Ferede 2012 11 Viewpoint one, according to Berger, M., (1989) [58]; Besley, T., (1995) [55] Diagne, A and Zeller, M., (2001) [79]: Official credit institutions play an important role in reducing gender inequality in the future access to official credit Because credit institutions are places where households can access formal credit In contrast to view two, some other scholars Goetz, A.M and Gupta, R.S., (1996) [84]; Momsen, J., (2008) [93] argue that credit institutions are business units, and they are not responsible for reducing gender inequalities in accessing mainstream credit and reducing inequality Gender equality in access to formal credit is the responsibility of the government Community Studies on gender in general and gender inequalities in access to formal credit generally believe that the community plays an important role in reducing gender inequalities in accessing formal credit Communities organize activities such as arts, competitions, etc to reduce gender prejudice in the community, reduce gender inequality and eventually eliminate gender inequality Family The family is the first educational institution of each person, the household plays a fundamental role in creating the human personality Therefore, family education is one of the leading factors in eliminating gender in general and gender inequality in accessing formal credit in particular 2.4 Experience of several countries in the world on reducing gender inequality in accessing formal credit of rural households and lessons for Vietnam 2.4.1 Experience of some countries in the world on reducing gender inequalities in accessing formal credit of rural households Based on the experience of some countries such as Ethopia, China, Norway, Finland, Sweden, New Zealand, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nigeria, and 12 Tazinia on reducing gender inequalities in accessing formal credit of households In rural areas, the thesis summarizes some experiences that can be applied in Vietnam as follows: - Developing monitoring stages and supervision apparatus during the construction process to implement gender equality - Integrating gender equality issues into development strategy programs and legal documents - Strengthen propaganda activities to reduce gender stereotypes about the role of men and women in society, eliminate obsolete ideas that cause gender prejudice - Strengthen sanctions on violations of legal policies on gender equality - Develop a number of specific policies to help women have favorable access to production resources and access to credit -Implement a lot of data collection and promote gender-related research - Experience in reducing gender inequality in access to formal credit by the African Economic Commission 2.4.2 Some lessons learned for Vietnam from the experience of reducing gender inequality in accessing credit officially of some countries in the world By studying experiences of reducing gender inequalities in accessing formal credit of some countries in the world, the author draws lessons for Vietnam as follows: - Developing monitoring stages and supervision apparatus during the construction process to implement gender equality - Integrating gender equality issues into development strategy programs and legal documents - Strengthen propaganda activities to reduce gender stereotypes about the role of men and women in society, eliminate obsolete ideas that cause gender prejudice 13 - Strengthen sanctions on violations of legal policies on gender equality - Develop a number of specific policies to help women have favorable access to production resources and access to credit - Conducting data collection and promoting gender-related research - Process of implementing gender inequality in access to formal credit CHAPTER CURRENT SITUATION OF GENDER EQUALITY IN ACCESS TO OFFICIAL CREDIT APPROACH OF FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS IN RURAL VIETNAM 3.1 General overview of the situation of gender inequality in access to formal credit of rural households in Vietnam 3.1.1 Situation of gender inequality in Vietnam through indicators Gender inequality is comprised of many aspects, different content and aspects, which are closely related to each other Therefore, in order to have an in-depth look at gender inequality in access to credit, the thesis first provides a general status of gender inequality in Vietnam through general indicators and basic aspects Table 3.1: Indicators for gender inequality assessment in Vietnam Index/Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 GII 0,330 0,330 0,328 0,326 0,323 0,323 0,305 0,304 GDI 0,992 1,002 1,006 1,008 1,009 1,011 1,009 1,005 HDI 0,654 0,664 0,670 0,675 0,678 0,684 0,689 0,694 Chênh lệch GDI 0,338 0,338 0,336 0,333 0,331 0,327 0,32 HDI Source: Human develop report database 2017 0,311 14 3.1.2 General overview of the situation of gender inequality in access to formal credit of rural households in Vietnam (through macro data) According to the statistical method, gender inequality in access to formal credit is expressed by two indicators: (i) Differences in the proportion of formal credit access between men and women; (ii) The ratio of the formal credit borrowed to the demand for loans between men and women Figure 1: Gender inequality in access to formal credit by households in rural Vietnam over the years 2008-2016 Source: Authors self-calculated 3.2 Analysis of the real situation of the factors affecting gender inequality in access to formal credit of households in rural Vietnam (Following macro approach) 3.2.1 Formal institutions Basically, the legal system ensures gender inequality in access to formal credit for households in rural Vietnam, ensuring equality in access to formal credit for households in rural Vietnam 3.2.2 Informal institutions 15 Informal institutions are one of the main causes of gender inequality in all areas of Vietnam's socio-cultural life, including gender inequality in access to formal credit As such, informal institutions in Vietnam have a negative effect on gender inequality in access to formal credit in rural households in Vietnam 3.2.3 Market The formal credit market is growing and improving, making it easier for people to access formal credit and there is no gender discrimination in the formal credit market, but to get credit If the loan is officially used, the borrower needs to meet the loan conditions such as collateral, the plan to use the loan, etc These are the barriers for households whose heads are women if these households are unable to meet due to the impact of gender inequality in other areas 3.2.4 Family Factors belonging to the household include: Educational attainment of the household head; Age and marital status of head of household; Household size 3.3 Situation of gender inequality in access to formal credit for households in rural Vietnam (According to the micro approach) 3.3.1 Logistic model results on factors affecting formal credit access of rural households in Vietnam Table 4: Logistic model results on the factors affecting the access to formal credit of rural households in Vietnam hhage hhgen hhedu hhmar lb dep hhfarm Coef Std.Err [95% Conf Interval] 0,011 0,804* 0,123** -2,135 0,07*** 0,236** 0,298*** 0,016 0,64 0,058 0,846 0,141 0,183 0,44 -0,02 -0,45 0,01 -3,792 -0,207 -0,122 -0,565 0,043 2,058 0,236 -0,478 0,347 0,594 1,161 16 lnland collateral preloan _cons Number of obs LR chi2(10) Pseudo R2 Log likelihood 0,368*** 0,319** 0,195*** -10.827 3.205 4.077.8 0,936 -139.443 0,026 0,001 1.689 0,319 0,317 0,193 -14.138 0,32 0,419 0,197 -7.516 Note: Statistical significance is shown as follows: *** p
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