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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION ****** DANG THI MAI TRAM DEVELOPING AGRICULTURAL IN QUANG NGAI PROVINCE TOWARDS ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE Specialization: Geography Code: 9.31.05.01 SUMMARY OF GEOLOGICAL PHD THESIS Ha Noi, 2020 The work was completed in HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Scientific Instructor: Prof.Dr Nguyen Viet Thinh Assoc.Prof Dr Pham Viet Hong Reviewer 1: Assoc.Prof Duong Quỳnh Phuong Office: University of Education – Thai Nguyen University Reviewer 2: Assoc.Prof Nguyễn Thị Trang Thanh Office: Vinh University Reviewer 3: Ph.D Đỗ Văn Thanh Office: Hanoi National University of Education The thesis will be defended in front of the University's Thesis Evaluation Council at Hanoi National University of Education at on day month year The thesis can be found at the library: - National Library in Hanoi - Library in Hanoi National University of Education - Library of Faculty of Geography – HNUE LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATING TO THE THESIS PROTOCOL Dang Thi Mai Tram (2018), Indigenuos knowledge are used developing Quang Ngai’s agriculture by using ecological farming in the context of the present area, Proceedings of the 10th National Scientific Conference on Geography, Da Nang University of Education, pp.451 – 457 Dang Thi Mai Tram (2020), Analysis of production models by towarsd eco-agriculture in Quang Ngai, Journal Research of Human Geography - Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, ISSN 1859 – 1604, pp.47-53 Dang Thi Mai Tram (2020), The premises, opportunities and challenges to develop agriculture towards eco-agriculture in Quang Ngai province, Journal of Science – Ha Noi National University of Education, ISSN 1859 – 1612, pp.153-161 PREAMBLE The reason for choosing the topic Traditional agriculture, in certain extent, has already been ecological agriculture However, in the process of intensifying intensive farming to increase productivity, pursuing increasing production has caused many environmental problems, food safety That has caused the world agriculture to face many big problems such as environmental pollution, poor soil, biodiversity decline, and pest outbreak Quang Ngai province has many conditions to develop agriculture with the diversity of nature, natural resources and socio-economy Quang Ngai agriculture has played an important role in the province's overall economic structure over the past years, contributing about 19% of GRDP in Quang Ngai province, accounting for 49,2% of employees working in economic sectors, help 84,9% of the rural population make a living and provide food for 15,1% of the urban population In which, cultivation and husbandry are the two main production sectors, accounting for 58,6% and 35,7% of agricultural production value However, the development of this industry is mainly based on advantages of resources and low efficiency; improper farming techniques, overuse of chemical fertilizers, excessive use of plant protection chemicals, unsecured processing and preservation have caused many environmental damage, consumer poisoning, and metastasis for the health of future generations At the same time, the development of agriculture to create quality products, add value and compete in the market is an urgent issue in Quang Ngai province In order to select solutions for Quang Ngai agriculture development, it is not only economically efficient but also protects the environment and ensures food safety for the society PhD student and instructors have chosen the research direction with the title “Developing agricultural in Quang Ngai province towards ecological agriculture” Research objectives and missions” 2.1 Objectives Based on the overview of agricultural and ecological agriculture theoretical basis, thesis’s objectives evaluate influencing factors, analysis of current status of agricultural development and distribution in Quang Ngai province in the direction of ecological agriculture Base on, propose solutions to develop agriculture in Quang Ngai province towards ecological agriculture 2.2 Missons To achieve the set goals, the thesis focuses on solving the following tasks: - Systematize the overview of agricultural and ecological agriculture theoretical basis - It valuates influencing factors related to agriculture and ecological agriculture - Analysis of current status of agricultural development in the direction of ecological agriculture and agricultural models in the direction of ecological agriculture in Quang Ngai province in terms of geography period of 2010 – 2017 - Proposing solutions to develop agriculture in the direction of agriculture in Quang Ngai province until 2025 with a vision to 2030 Research scope 3.1 Regarding to the space Research space for agricultural development towards ecological agriculture in the territory of Quang Ngai province, consists of 14 administrative units Which divided into ecological sub-region: mountains, plains and islands Case studies were select in the districts of Binh Son, Nghia Hanh and Quang Ngai City These are the areas where agricultural models are implemented in the ecological agriculture direction, which are bright spots in the new rural program in Quang Ngai 3.2 Regarding to time Research period to assess the current situation is from 2010 to 2017 which is a period of drastic change of Quang Ngai agriculture towards ecological agriculture Time of orientation research and forecast until 2025, vision to 2030 3.3 Regarding to the research content The thesis researches agriculture in Quang Ngai towards ecological agriculture in the fields of cultivation and husbandry The thesis analyzes a number of agricultural production models in the direction of typical agricultural practices: fruit trees intercropping with shortterm crops; beef raising and poverty alleviation; large fields; safe vegetable production Research points of view and methods 4.1 Points of view The thesis uses leading views in researching socio-economic geographic and specific approaches to research topics related These are System view, Aggregate view, Territorial perspective, Historical and prospect view, Sustainable development perspective, Ecological perspective, Market and Policy approach view 4.2 Research methods The research methods have been applied: Methods of collecting and processing documents, Field method, Sociological survey method, Expert method, Statistical method, Map-GIS method and SWOT method Scientific and practical significance of the thesis 5.1 Scientific significance - Contributing to elucidating some theoretical issues on agricultural development towards ecological agriculture - Define a system of indicators for assessing agriculture along the direction of ecoagriculture to be applied at the scale of researching agricultural geography in province 5.2 Practical significance - Analyzing the impact of geographical, natural and socio-economic factors on the development of Quang Ngai agriculture in the direction of eco-agriculture - Clarify the current situation of agricultural development towards ecological agriculture in Quang Ngai, on the basis of identifying advantages, difficulties and challenges in converting agriculture to become more ecological - Propose a system of solutions to implement agricultural agricultural development in the direction of agriculture in Quang Ngai Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusions, references and appendices, the thesis content is presented in chapters CHAPTER SCIENTIFIC BASIS ON AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE 1.1 Overview of research issues In the world The studies mentioned here are all English documents Agricultural researches in terms of ecology The concept of ecological agriculture is expressed most fully in Food, Globalization and Sustainability (2012) Farming practices and methods are analyzed in the project Ecological agriculture in China: Principles and Applications (2007) with the direction of farming development and expansion of ecological agriculture not only in China but also in the United States and Brazil In the Agroecologically efficient agricultural systems for smallholder famers: contribution to food sovereignty (2011), the authors argued that in order to build a sustainable agricultural ecosystem, it is necessary to learn how to design farms, farming systems and landscapes based on ecology The debate about productivity and demonstrating that eco-agriculture really yields productivity is clarified in research Is Ecological Agriculture Productive?(2008) Agricultural studies in the direction of creating safe agricultural products The authors of The Conversion to Sustainable Agriculture: Principles, Processes, and Practices (2010) confirms that a change in the food production system is needed, through which many elements of agricultural farming systems need to be adjusted in the transition to a sustainable food production system In the Agroecology and the Search for the Truly Subtainable Agriculture (2005) have outlined many initiatives to replace the negative aspects of industrial agricultural production that are blooming around the world to promote eco-agriculture, produce nutritious and safe food In the Organic agriculture in the twenty-frst century (2016) emphasized that there is no single approach to feed safely the planet, which requires a blend of organic farming and other innovative farming systems to ensure safe food In the Regulations, standards, and certifications for agricultural exports - A practical guide for producers and exporters in Asia (2007) gave instructions to producers and businesses on how to Good Agricultural Practices – GAP (GlobalGAP, JGAP, ThaiGAP) and the method to obtain those certifications All of these certifications come from the needs of consumers with safe food Agricultural studies in the direction of reducing input, increasing value and rational use of resources In the Sustainable Agriculture (2003) bring the benefits of natural agriculture out, it has many complex interactive processes to control pests, weeds and regulate crop growth Some of the basic features of organic farming are given as follows: Promote existing biological cycles; Maintaining local environmental resources; Not dependent on external resources; Pollution reduction; Maintain the genetic diversity of the area In the report Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century (2010) proposed solutions for future agricultural development: pest-resistant varieties, soil conservation, integrated pest management, diverse crop use (cover crops, crop rotation) and biological methods Most scientists and agricultural developers argued that designing an agriculture that respects the limits of local natural resources is a necessity Typical documents from this perspective are Green agriculture: foundations for biodiverse, resilient and productive agricultural systems In Vietnam Agricultural researches in terms of ecology In the Sustainable Agriculture - Basis and Application (1995) was shown that understanding and grasping the ecological rules of agricultural ecosystems is important to actively regulate the operation of planting and pets systems In the study of Agriculture and Environment (1999) came up with the concept and principles of ecological agriculture development In the study of Agricultural ecology (2004) was presented that the nature of agricultural production is to control agricultural ecosystems Agricultural studies in the direction of creating safe agricultural products In the project Deeply involved in the global value chain in terms of implementing WTO commitments: The case of Vietnam's agricultural sector (2012) refers to the conditions necessary to ensure international trade competition on Vietnam's agricultural products in current conditions In the Agricultural Policies in Viet Nam (2015) be paid to ensuring food security and requirements, standards of agricultural exports The establishment of safe agricultural and the establishment of disease-free production zones, hi-tech production zones and concentrated production zones apply good agricultural practice processes In response to the development of domestic market and international trade The Government of Vietnam has also issued the legal basis for the development and circulation of safe agricultural products of VietGAP standards through the consolidation of Circular 16/VBHN-BNNPTNT Regulations on product certification Aquatic products, animal husbandry are produced in accordance with good agricultural production practices and organic agricultural products through Decree 109/2018 / ND-CP on Organic Agriculture Agricultural studies in the direction of reducing input, increasing value and rational use of resources Strategy for Agriculture & Rural development the period of 2011-2020 (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2009) points out that the scarcity of energy and natural resources requires changes in technology and organizational structure of agricultural production, using effective technologies to avoid polluting the environment, causing ecological imbalances In the Project on Restructuring agriculture towards higher value-added and sustainable development (Government, 2013), there have been concentrated agricultural development orientations based on the rational use of resources, development distribution consistent with the ecological conditions of each region Monograph on Vietnam's Agricultural Transition: adding value, reducing inputs (World Bank, 2016) is a colorful picture of Vietnam's agricultural sector, highlighting the future of agriculture to ensure "adding value, input reduction” In Quang Ngai Researching towards safe food production Decision No 635 / QD-UBND date 24/9/ 2010 "Approving the project of planning on safe vegetable production areas in delta districts of Quang Ngai province in the 2009-2015 period, with orientations toward 2020" to develop and develop safe vegetable areas, implement and manage them according to VietGAP standards and barcode traceability technology Decision No.2052 / QD-TTg dated 10/11/2010 on "Approving the master plan on socio-economic development of Quang Ngai province up to 2020" has guided the planning to form specialized areas such as high quality rice areas High quality, clean vegetable intensive areas apply the process, apply modern techniques, strongly develop husbandry to ensure food hygiene and safety Decision No.148 / QD-UBND dated 25/05/ 2015 "Project of restructuring agricultural sector towards increasing added value and sustainable development for the period 2015 2020" orientation for agricultural development in accordance with directions to increase added value and sustainable development, create brands, create key specialty goods of the province to attract markets Research on indigenous agricultural production Decision No 116 / QD-UBND on “The project of each commune with one product for the period of 2018-2020 and orientation to 2030” has created a premise for the development of local agricultural conservation and local production methods Quang Ngai area More specific issues on farming practices in the plains and mountains associated with the culture of each region were analyzed in the study Quang Ngai - Traditional and modern (Hoang Chuong, 2006) Indigenous knowledge in cultivation of some specific crops such as cinnamon, tea, areca, garlic is systematically in the project Researching some indigenous knowledge values proposing conservation and development solutions to contribute to the socio-economic development of Quang Ngai province (Doan Ngoc Khoi et al, 2009) Through the reality of the production of long-standing farming systems of Quang Ngai ethnic minorities, the formation and characteristics of the cultivating systems are analyzed in the topic: Rotational, retirement, intercropping, and Cultivation and crystallization of indigenous knowledge of people practicing shifting cultivation in mountainous areas (Ngo Duc Thinh, 2009) 1.2 Rationale of agricultural development towards ecological agriculture Some concepts In this section analyze the concepts and concepts of different authors related to agriculture, agro-ecosystems, and agro-ecology Agriculture is the basic material production of society, using land with plants as the main means of production to create food, food, some materials for industry (The Encyclopedia of Agriculture, 1991) Agriculture is a biophysical and economic activity, which is a direct result of farmers' decisions and actions, strongly influenced by their socio-economic, institutional and biophysical environment for production activities (Ganesh Shivakoti 2005) The agricultural ecosystem is a ecosystem created by human and maintained on the basis of objective laws of nature, with the aim of satisfying the multi-faceted and increasing demand The ecosystem is a typical artificial ecosystem, directly controlled by humans With relatively simple and homogeneous composition, the ecosystem is less sustainable, easily broken; in other words, it is an ecosystem that is not closed in material and unbalanced cycle (Tran Duc Vien, 2004) There are many different definitions of ecological agriculture, such as: Ecological agriculture is a comprehensive production management system to promote and strengthen ecosystems, rely on nature and minimize the use of external inputs (REAP – Canada, 2003) Factors affecting agricultural development in the direction of ecological agriculture In this section, presenting factors affecting the development of agriculture in the direction of agricultural human resources such as geographic location, natural factors and natural resources (terrain, soil, water, climate, organisms) and human socio-economic factors (agricultural policies, population, labor, markets, science and technology, infrastructure, technical facilities and services of agriculture, capital, linkages in agriculture , agricultural extension, indigenous knowledge) The policy factor is the key to initiate and shape the development of the agricultural human resources models, while the market has a production-oriented role, capital and science and technology factors facilitate the selection of production techniques appropriate production, overcome difficulties and provide technical support for efficient production, agricultural services to ensure the maintenance of eco-stable and efficient production processes, linking agricultural agriculture to for agricultural development in the direction of commodity production and increase the value of agricultural products Criteria for assessing agricultural development in the direction of eco-agriculture This section presents the qualitative and quantitative indicators used in the case study of agricultural development towards ecological agriculture for rice, fruit trees, vegetables and beef cattle 1.3 Practical basis for agricultural development towards eco-agriculture Agricultural development towards eco-agriculture in some countries around the world Experience from Israel: In the context of limited land and water resources for agriculture, the success of of eco-agriculture in Israel is based on the policy of high-tech application to agricultural production, the investment and research and development policy for agricultural production Experience of China: China has developed ecological agriculture has developed based on the reuse of material resources in mixed farming, cultivation, animal husbandry, agricultural product processing and tourism Ecological agriculture is implemented in Western China, emphasizing the increase in land use coefficients, improving the efficiency of energy input from photosynthesis, and placing energy measures into agricultural ecosystems Experience of Thailand: The Thai Government encourages and supports the establishment of research centers and the application of scientific and technological advances in agriculture, with special emphasis on the conversion of dominant and appropriate plant and animal breeds suitable for each region Persistently propagandize and mobilize people to learn and improve their knowledge and skills in agricultural production 10 Agricultural development in the direction of eco-agriculture in Vietnam In the history of Vietnam's agricultural development, ecological cultivation has existed for a long time Vietnamese farmers already know how to apply the systems of rotational cultivation, multi-cultivation, intercropping, intercropping, and combined farming From the 90s of the twentieth century, the model of eco-economic village developed in different ecological regions, from the midland of the Northern mountainous region, the Red River delta's lowland to the Central coastal sandy area The model of eco-economic village has contributed to the rational use of agricultural resources, hunger eradication, poverty reduction and improving the quality of life for farmers, protection of the ecological environment and creation of a green-clean landscape, healthy and safe society Vietnam's agriculture sector in the first decade of the twenty-first century has had many changes in production methods, strongly applying science and technology to agricultural production; Many new agricultural production models have been applied and developed such as hydroponic agriculture, organic agriculture, and hi-tech agriculture In the South Central region, agriculture has developed in the direction of commodity production, high technology application, productivity, quality, efficiency and competitiveness, environmentally friendly, linking production with processing, with domestic and export markets Some typical cases in Quang Nam and Ninh Thuan provinces Lessons learned in agricultural development oriented to agriculture from the rest of the world, in Vietnam, in the South Central region suggest the application of agricultural development in the direction of agriculture for practical use in Quang Ngai province 11 CHAPTER FACTORS AFFECTING THE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN QUANG NGAI TOWARDS ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE 2.1 Geographic location In this section, the geographical features of Quang Ngai province are presented, affecting the formation of the innate characteristics and development advantages The province's geographical location is favorable for agricultural development in the direction of diversified agricultural agriculture, in the condition of transferring scientific and technological achievements, approaching the consumer market 2.2 Natural factors Topography: The common feature of Quang Ngai topography is the mountains encroaching on the sea, the terrain is transitioning from the high mountainous terrain in the West to the coastal plain in the East Each terrain area is suitable for the group of plants and animals and the techniques, methods of farming and tending different agriculture towards ecological agriculture However, mountainous topographic conditions promote soil erosion, on the other hand in low-lying plains prone to flooding Land resources: Quang Ngai area is 515,786 hectares of natural land In which, there are main groups of soil with 27 different types, with a total area of 485,950 ha, accounting for 94.26% of the natural land area The variety of soil types facilitates diversification in cultivation Quang Ngai soil quality is relatively fertile, not yet polluted, this is a great potential for agricultural production However, in some localities, especially in the mountainous midlands, the soil has become faded Climate: Quang Ngai's climate is typical tropical, the base temperature is high and less volatile, light mode, rainfall, humidity, abundant wind mode are favorable to diversify crops and livestock, diversify agricultural production in localities from mountainous areas through plains to islands However, Quang Ngai has suffered from many natural disasters Water: Water is supplied mainly from surface water of Thach Nham irrigation canal system and lakes, rivers and streams and 121 reservoirs, 454 spillways in the province The quality of surface water is generally ensured for the development of agriculture and agriculture in the direction of the agriculture of agriculture in Quang Ngai Groundwater reserves are relatively poor but of good quality, and can be exploited on a small scale for daily life and cultivation and husbandry activities However, in the dry season, droughts, irrigation water and saltwater intrusion often occur in estuarine and coastal areas 12 Biodiversity: Biodiversity is being seriously reduced Tropical rainforest with many forest types However, deforestation for many years has reduced the quality and area of forests, affecting wildlife habitats The development of agroforestry model will be very effective both socially and economically 2.3 Socio-economic factors Agricultural policy Agricultural policies that encourage agricultural development in the direction of ecoagriculture must include Strategy for Agriculture and Rural development in the period of 2011-2020, The scheme of Restructuring the Agricultural sector towards increasing added value and sustainable development, Policies to encourage cooperation, link production with consumption of agricultural products, schemes and projects on development of clean agricultural production areas and agricultural restructuring in Quang Ngai province Population, labor Population: The population of Quang Ngai Province in 2017 was 1,263,572 people Ethnic group: Kinh ethnic group accounts for 86.7%; ethnic minority 13.3% Ethnic minorities include the Kor, the CaDong and the Hre ethnic minorities with different cultural and farming characteristics that have created a diversity of agricultural production knowledge This is the factor that sustains the diversity of indigenous agriculture Labor resources: In 2017, the labor force was 756.8 thousand people, accounting for 61.1% of the provincial population, an average of about 5.3 thousand people entering the working age each year In the labor structure, the labor force of agriculture, forestry and fishery is 372.6 thousand people, accounting for 49.2% of the total labor force of the province In agriculture, forestry and fisheries, labor in agriculture accounts for the majority The proportion of trained agricultural labor has increased access to production resources, ability to capture markets, increase the efficiency of implementing policies and apply scientific and technological advances Market Internal market: has the most important role for the province's agriculture, providing food for the population of nearly 1.3 million people, diverse needs and increasing purchasing power, at the same time due to the developing industrial parks, tourists and processing industries 13 Out-of-province market: Agricultural products of Quang Ngai province are consumed in markets in the South Central Coast and Central Highlands The main export market is China Science and technology: Technology for breeding and restoring plants is being developed Promote mechanization in production Gradually apply clean agricultural models applying high technology Infrastructure, material and technical facilities Infrastructure: The transportation system is relatively complete, full of various types and means of operation, especially recently, rural transport has been greatly improved Electricity system: from the national grid system and hydroelectric plants in the province The electricity system is widely and stably distributed Information and communication system: The radio and television coverage is diversified in content and rich in form; Cell phone signal is available throughout the province Technical facilities and agricultural services Irrigation infrastructure: Quang Ngai has 717 irrigation works to serve agricultural production (122 reservoirs; 459 spillways, 06 dams to prevent salinity and 130 pumping stations) These projects have ensured 59167.6 of irrigation, meeting 74% of actual local production needs Quang Ngai has research centers for seeds under the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Department of Science and Technology, and a system of agricultural material trading facilities, stations, hatcheries, warehouses and storage of agricultural products However, these facilities are small in scale, so they not meet the need to provide bulk supplies, as well as storage and storage of agricultural products Agricultural processing industry: In addition to factories processing tapioca starch (Tinh Phong, Son Hai) and Bio-ethanol Dung Quat biofuel plant, Pho Phong Sugar factory, in general, agricultural processing industry small scale Capital sources: Agriculture in the direction of eco-agriculture has attracted investors Quang Ngai has 20 investment projects for safe agriculture with a total capital of of VND 193.8 billion The links in agriculture: The "four houses" linkage has been strengthened, the role of the "houses" has been well implemented and brought about high efficiency for agricultural production in the direction of eco-agriculture 14 Agricultural extension: Agricultural extension has implemented many successful models From theoretical training models of production techniques to practical models of ecological agriculture Indigenous Knowledge: The diversity of indigenous knowledge has helped develop eco-agricultural production 2.4 Overall evaluation Advantages and opportunities: The local labor force is suitable for the development of ecological agriculture Agricultural product consumption market of eco-agriculture is increasingly expanding Access to science and technology Guidelines and policies of the Party and the State give priority to and encourage the development of eco-agriculture Highly qualified human resources for ecological agriculture development Difficulties and challenges: Environmental change, biodiversity decline, environmental degradation, disease prevention, and initiative in water resources Consumption level, practices and standard of living, underdeveloped post-harvest and consumption technologies, technical and managerial qualifications, and a sense of responsibility of agricultural workers are still low compared to requirements development demand for human resources 15 CHAPTER CURRENT SITUATION OF QUANG NGAI AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE IN PERIOD OF 2010-2017 3.1 Current situation of quang ngai agriculture development Agriculture still plays an important role in the economic structure of Quang Ngai province In particular, the structure of agricultural production value accounted for the largest proportion and tended to decrease with 64.5% (2010) down to 56% (2017) The average growth rate of agricultural production value is 3.8% / year The scale of agricultural industry is increasing, the value of production value in 2017 is 1.9 times higher than that of 2010 The structure of agriculture in Quang Ngai has shifted in a positive direction, in line with market trends In the structure of agricultural land, agricultural land accounted for 26.4% (2010) increased to 39.3% (2017) The volatility of land area has a direct impact on the crop industry The cultivation industry has an average growth rate of 3.1% / year (2010-2017) Production value of cultivation accounts for 58.6% of agricultural production value (2017) Breeding industry: In the 2010-2017 period, the average growth rate of production value of the husbandry industry will reach 4.7% / year The production value structure of animal husbandry accounts for 35.7% of the agricultural production value (2017) Some forms of agricultural production organization in Quang Ngai province There are forms: production households, farms, cooperative groups, cooperatives, agricultural enterprises, specialized farming areas Agro-ecological sub-regions This section presents the characteristics and strengths of the development and distribution of agriculture towards the direction of agriculture in the three agro-ecological sub-regions Ecological sub-region (Plains, islands), Ecological sub-region (Midland), Ecological sub-region (Mountain region) 3.2 Assess the situation of agricultural development in Quang Ngai towards ecological agriculture Some typical research models of Quang Ngai agriculture development in the direction of ecological agriculture Model of a large field (rice) in Duc Thang commune, Mo Duc district Fruit tree planting model in Dong Truc Lam village, Hanh Nhan commune, Nghia Hanh district, Nghia Hanh district 16 Model of vegetable production in Sung Tuc hamlet, Nghia Ha commune, Quang Ngai city Model of raising beef cattle in Nghia Hanh district Evaluating the typical research model of Quang Ngai agriculture development in the direction of ecological agriculture: The development of models brings several benefits such as: Changing farming practices that abuse chemical substances The increased adoption of mechanization in largescale models has brought about high efficiency in cost savings and reduced production losses and freed labor for workers Provide safe agricultural products on the market Change production thinking towards meeting the needs of safe agricultural products of consumers Providing environmental ecological services The models bring about economic efficiency, improving people's lives, helping to reduce poverty These models have brought about many economic, social and environmental effects However, their development also encountered many difficulties Some of the major difficulties are: Branding and market access issues Small farmer thinking is difficult to change and embarrassing in accessing commodity markets Lack of production land and investment capital for agricultural production of agricultural products The issue of plant varieties and animal breeds has not been paid much attention by the research centers Infrastructure systems (electricity and warehouse systems in agricultural production areas of agriculture and rural areas) are still limited People applying techniques and processes of care in the direction of agriculture-based people are still very confused Inability to control disease in livestock Application of high technology in agricultural production has resulted in large investments and technology transfer, causing difficulties for expansion 3.3 Assessing the achieved results of Quang Ngai agriculture development in the direction of eco-agriculture The results achieved: Creating a number of quality agricultural products on the market; Farmers' life is stable, developing supplementary income in agriculture; Providing ecological services to the environment and people Advantages and difficulties in developing Quang Ngai agriculture towards ecological agriculture Advantages - Using plant varieties suitable to ecological conditions and climate change - Increasing the use of ecological technologies and techniques in production; Strengthen the application of new farming techniques to cope with climate change and epidemics; Applying reasonable mechanization and application of information technology electronics and telecommunications in production is increasingly focused 17 - Producers use a variety of methods of crop rotation, intercropping and crop diversification Experienced in using organic fertilizer, and used in combination with the addition of micronutrients N, P, K in cultivation - Most of the land area and water resources are of good quality to ensure agricultural development towards ecological agriculture - The policy of land consolidation, exchange of crop structure and crop varieties has been actively implemented and brought about high efficiency - Cooperating in the production, processing and consumption of products It has been implemented on a number of products such as sugarcane and cassava and tends to increase and expand to rice and other crops - More and more businesses are interested in and are attracted by safe livestock projects, safe vegetable cultivation, medicinal plants, and organic rice - Relocating breeding areas away from residential areas, carrying out well the sanitation of husbandry environment and preventing epidemics Disadvantages - Farming areas are far from irrigation works which often lack water - Small producers still not have access to the market for microbiological fertilizers, organic fertilizers and microbial products - Lack of production land for small farming households; difficulties in transferring arable land to agricultural enterprises - Access to and participation in agricultural production chains towards ecological agriculture of producers is limited Therefore, producers not have access to the consumer market - Modeling of agricultural products towards ecological agriculture has not met and attracted the needs and tastes of consumers - Activities of agricultural territorial forms in production development towards ecoagriculture are still small and not really effective, lacking in direction - Research on technical development and technology application in agricultural project models in the direction of eco-agriculture is not yet popular - Research to support the development of models has not been conducted throughout, leading to the failure of models, or successful models that are not encouraged to be replicated - Most of the farming households are small-scale and fragmented, making it difficult to concentrate the area for agricultural production in the direction of ecoagriculture The awareness of producers about agriculture in the direction of ecoagriculture is limited, so organizing production to meet the strict regulations of food safety standards is a big challenge 18 CHAPTER ORIENTATIONS AND SOLUTIONS FOR QUANG NGAI AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS ECOLOGICAL AGRICUTURE 4.1 Basis for orienting and proposing solutions to develop agriculture in Quang Ngai towards ecological agricuture International and domestic context - Impacts of the market and regulations on agricultural standards of international markets: To meet consumer demand, producers are required to ensure the quality and safety of their products produce The above requirements are marketed by certifications (organic agriculture, GAP, ISO 14001, traceability certificates ) - Impacts of climate change on agricultural development: The impact of climate change on agriculture can be devastating in many areas, these effects are exacerbated by temperature increased and more extreme climate Climate change has profound implications for agriculture and unevenly affects the poor These problems have put agriculture in a state of no way out It requires us to have the knowledge and technology to agriculture in a different way - Impacts of agricultural development destroying resources Due to increasingly strict regulations on the quality of agricultural products in the commercial market, the agricultural sector is increasingly concerned with quality factors and food hygiene and safety, towards a clean agriculture The agriculture sector, from its immediate interests, has focused on the long-term and sustainable development Policies and institutions on rural development of the Party and the State on agricultural development towards ecological agriculture The guidelines and policies of the Party and State of Vietnam as well as in Quang Ngai have identified the important contents in the development of agricultural human resources: "Accelerating the restructuring of agriculture, building ecological agriculture overview" 4.2 Viewpoints, objectives and orientations for agricultural development in Quang Ngai in the direction of eco-agriculture to 2025 and vision to 2030 Viewpoint - Developing Quang Ngai agriculture towards commodity production, ensuring good practices (VietGAP, organic agriculture) - Developing agricultural and natural agricultural products 19 - Build and development agricultural products with geographical indications Objectives General objective: Agricultural development of Quang Ngai focuses on maximizing the advantages of agricultural resources; Ensure stable growth, improve efficiency and competitiveness through increased productivity, quality and added value; better meet the needs and tastes of domestic consumers and boost exports; Improve income and living standards for rural residents, ensure both immediate and long-term food security, contribute to hunger eradication and poverty alleviation; Strengthen the management of natural resources, minimize other negative impacts on the environment, improve risk management capacity, and proactively prevent natural disasters and epidemics Specific objectives - Build a region specializing in the production of high-quality commodity rice - Building concentrated maize growing areas in alluvial grounds and soil along rivers and streams Strengthen the application of rotation and intercropping of other short-day crops - Developing raw material areas for processing industries such as cassava, sugarcane and peanut - Expand the area and production techniques of good agricultural practices for vegetables, beans and food crops - Establish safe vegetable production areas (including over 100 hectares of VietGAP certified vegetables) concentrated in alluvial areas along large rivers - Develop safe fruit production areas in association with VietGAP standards on hilly land in mountainous areas - Focus on researching on garlic production towards environmental sustainability (water saving, soil conservation); building geographical indications for cinnamon - native tree of Kor ethnic people; attaching importance to restoring and developing Minh Long clean tea region; to develop medicinal plants under the forest canopy and specialty trees in the mountains (Siamese chili, vegetables, bitter melon) into concentrated production areas with a large volume of goods - Focus on developing VA06 grasses and hybrid grasses to feed cattle - Beef cattle, identified as key industry Cattle and buffalo herds have been developed and distributed more in line with ecological conditions and help reduce poverty in mountainous areas Pig herds meet commodity production with the development of lean 20 pigs towards food safety standards Poultry population has rapidly increased to meet the growing and popular demand of this industry At the same time, focusing on developing special breeding products such as: "Kieng Sat pig", " H’re chicken " and other special breeding products of each locality Orientation Development orientation by product group - Pork, poultry ensure food safety - Focusing on developing high quality rice, organic rice, safe vegetables and beef cattle - The product group is a local specialty (Ly Son garlic, cinnamon Tra Bong, Tea Minh Long, Kieng Sắt pig, H're chicken and other special products of each locality) Development orientation by industry - Crop industry: Group of raw materials for processing industry: Focusing on investment in developing material areas (cassava, sugarcane) to supply raw materials for above-mentioned processing plants the province towards increasing value added and sustainable development; Special tree group: focusing on developing the brand of Ly Son garlic and Tra Bong cinnamon to become the main specialty goods; Diverse and attractive products attract domestic and international markets, creating high added value - Livestock industry: Focusing on developing beef cattle raising in the delta, raising buffaloes in the direction of meat in mountainous areas, developing pig herds towards lean and raising poultry in the direction of biosecurity to provide products According to consumer demand in Quang Ngai and Vietnam Give priority to developing husbandry at farm and family scale; Limiting small-scale animal husbandry in households; Associate livestock development with environmental protection Developing process industry, promoting product consumption Development orientations according to regions Mountainous area: devoloping sugarcane, raw cassava and medicinal plants under the forest canopy; develop buffalo meat, domestic animals, specialty crops Delta region: developing areas producing high-quality rice and organic rice; safe vegetables, peanuts, fruit trees Developing specialty agricultural products according to local advantages To develop husbandry and cultivation with a focus on high-tech applications along the value chain, and to build safe livestock production areas Island area: developing Ly Son garlic in association with developing eco-tourism 21 4.3 Solutions to develop Quang Ngai agriculture along the direction of eco-agriculture Develop, implement and effectively implement policies and institutions to support agricultural development towards eco-agriculture Application of scientific and technical advances to support agricultural production towards eco-agriculture Strengthen agricultural extension in the deployment and learning of agricultural farming models and techniques in the direction of eco-agriculture Organize the monitoring and coordination of agricultural production in the direction of eco-agriculture Strengthening infrastructure, material and technical Enhancing the role of farmer organizations (Cooperative groups, cooperatives) Strengthen management and use of natural resources in eco-agricultural production Strengthen the application of indigenous knowledge with scientific advances in agricultural production Develop safe agricultural market and trade information page 22 CONCLUSION Agricultural development in the direction of agricultural agriculture is an inevitable and objective trend of agricultural development in the future Most countries in the world have had a shift to agriculture towards agriculture in order to protect production resources, adapt to climate change, bring safe food sources, stabilize the lives of the poor and protect the poor environmental protection In Vietnam, agricultural production in the direction of eco-culture has been increasingly focused, generally consistent with the general trend Develop products suitable for local ecological characteristics In the specially developed areas in the urban areas, mainly modern production organizations apply advanced technologies to save water, reduce labor pressure, save labor force with organic production specialized in large-scale farming, model hydroponic vegetables In rural areas, underdeveloped and underdeveloped regions produce in a model close to nature, using and respecting land and water in production; return it all into nature Efficiency from agricultural development towards the direction of eco-culture is shown through many socioeconomic indicators Quang Ngai has a favorable geographical location, diverse natural conditions, potential socio-economic conditions And which is diverse ecosystems; the local labor force is suitable and is being focused on training; policies to prioritize and encourage the development of agricultural products (at the provincial and central levels) are concerned; Applied science and technology in accordance with development conditions; rich native flora This is an important basis for the development of agriculture in the direction of agriculture However, the process of agricultural cultivation in the direction of ecoagriculture still faces many obstacles, which is the fact that the market is not really dynamic; the policy has not been implemented closely and effectively, the mechanisms and incentives for agricultural development in the direction of agricultural agriculture are not clear; Labor is not ready and difficult to receive the transition starting from awareness to good agricultural practice production process; major difficulties in accessing capital sources and technology transfer (net houses, net houses; economical irrigation technology; techniques in processing and preserving agricultural products ); natural conditions of the monsoon tropics with many diseases and pests, together with unusual and extreme changes in weather and natural disasters 23 Agricultural development in Quang Ngai towards ecological agriculture in the period of 2010 - 2017 has achieved important results: - Forming economically efficient production areas, rational use of resources and social stability Model of hilly fruit tree planting, model of peanut intercropping with maize, cassava and other short-day crops; Rotating peanuts with maize, the model of large rice fields is replicated and developed according to the commodity production trend - Building large field models and organic rice production models; models of safe vegetables, organic vegetables, VietGAP vegetables, hydroponic vegetables; model of planting medicinal herbs under forest canopy; cassava intercropping model; model of medicinal pig raising; raising VietGAP pigs; raising chickens and native pigs The effectiveness of the model has a positive impact and strongly promotes agricultural development towards ecological agriculture - The products of agricultural development towards eco-agriculture have partially met the needs of the market, ensuring a secure source of agricultural products for people in Quang Ngai Create effects in changing perceptions and changing habits of consumers and producers through the benefits of agricultural production towards eco-agriculture Agricultural development towards agricultural products in Quang Ngai should be placed in the context of climate change, market requirements and the province's competitive advantages as a basis for a rational and effective development orientation In order to successfully implement the agricultural sector development in the direction of agriculture and forestry in Quang Ngai province, it is necessary to have an effective combination of groups of solutions In which, the postgraduate emphasized on group of policy solutions and solutions for the application of scientific and technical advances in the production of agricultural products In which, the province should focus on the group of policies to directly support production factors for farmers including soil preparation techniques, seeds, agricultural materials ; further strengthening the role of farmers' organizations and agricultural extension ; The immediate solutions that need to be implemented are the organization of supervision and coordination, on the construction of market information pages and the trade of agricultural products in the direction of provincial ecology; The long-term solution is to strengthen infrastructure, material and technical facilities, management and use of natural resources in agricultural production, and apply indigenous knowledge towards the ecological direction of ethnic minority people with with scientific and technical progress ... village, Hanh Nhan commune, Nghia Hanh district, Nghia Hanh district 16 Model of vegetable production in Sung Tuc hamlet, Nghia Ha commune, Quang Ngai city Model of raising beef cattle in Nghia Hanh... bitter melon) into concentrated production areas with a large volume of goods - Focus on developing VA06 grasses and hybrid grasses to feed cattle - Beef cattle, identified as key industry Cattle... specialty goods; Diverse and attractive products attract domestic and international markets, creating high added value - Livestock industry: Focusing on developing beef cattle raising in the delta,