Di dân từ các tỉnh ngoại vi vào Hà Nội những năm gần đây: Tình hình và giải pháp : Đề tài NCKH. QK.01.03

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N O I KHOA KINH TE * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ^ ^ •> Dl DRN Tl/ CnC TINH NGOfll VI VflO HR NOI NHUNG NflAA GflN DflV: TINH HINH Vfl Gim PHflP Ma so: QK.01.03 Chu trl de tai: TS Ta Dure Khanh Can bg tham gia neu c6: Th.S Le Thi Hodi Thu Th.S Nguyin HOu Sd Th.S Bui Thi Thiem OAI HOC TRUNG TAM T, C GIA HA N C ' : - :i[^j THU VIEN pr/ ^'ti Ha Noi, 2005 PHAN MO DAU Doi tirgng va pham vi nghien ciiru Di dan la mot hien tugng kinh te xa hoi da ton tai d Viet Nam tir nhieu nam qua tren pham vi hep va vdi sir quan ly chat che ciia cac chuang trinh tap trung cua nha n u d e Di dan Iiic chi la viee nha nude va cac td chufc kinh te cua minh dua dan di khai hoang, xay dung viing kinh te mdi, thuc hien tiep tuc cua cai each rugng dat nhdm md rgng dien tfch dat canh tac nong nghiep va phan phdi rugng dat theo nhan khau nong thon Mat khac di dan tap trung luc la chuang trinh dua lao dgng tir thi dugc coi la nai tap trung luc lugng lao dgng khong san xuat vat chat can phai dugc dua vi nong thon de cai tao tu ban va cac phan kinh te ca the khong thugc khu vuc qudc doanh Vdi muc tieu nhu vay, cac chuang trinh di dan c6 td chirc c6 phan nao tang eudng dugc lire lugng lao dgng cho cac dja phuang nhat la khu vuc midn niii va gop phan tang dugc mot sd dien tfch dat nong nghiep tir nhung manh dat trudc day hoang boa hay la dat rirng chuyen muc dfch dung de san xua't luang thuc.Di dan liic gop phan vao phat trien hinb thu'c quang canh nong nghiep Di kem qua trinh nay, viec dua lao dgng phd ve nong thon da lam cho ti le dat tren lao dgng hau nhu khong cai thien dugc bao nhieu Hau qua de lai cua nbiJng chuang trinh di dan da tac dgng sau sdc den qua trinh phat trien cua chfnh nong nghiep va tao nhung kho khan cho viec phat trien luc lugng san xuat tai cac phd Idn va cac khu cong nghiep Tuy nhien, tir sau nen kinh te nude ta chuyen sang nen kinh te thi trudng van de da c6 mot binh dien mdi va mang mot ban chat kinh te hoan loan khac.Di dan mot mat la qua trinh di chuyen lao dgng tir nong nghiep sang cong nghiep, tir nong thon phd nhu la mot tat yeu ciia qua trinh tang tmdng kinh te ciia mot nude nong nghiep kem phat trien giau lao dgng; mat khac la qua trinh phan bd lao dgng mot each bieu qua thong qua ca che thi trudng dang dan hinh d nude ta Trong qua trinh viec di dan tir cac tinh ngoai vi, ma thuc chat la cac tinh ddng bdng bdc bg vao Ha Ngi CO mot quy mo va tdc cao chua timg thay Tac dgng kinh te va ca chinh tri, van boa, xa hoi da thuc sir lam nhieu cap quan ly va hoach dinh chinh sach cua nha nude va Ha Ngi quan tam Da c6 nhieu cong trinh nghien cuu xung quanh van de nhu: - Di dan den Ha Ngi, thuc trang va khuyen nghi cac giai phap dieu tiet, quan ly Ts.Trinh khdc Tham va Ts Doan mau Diep - Du an VIE/95/994: Tai lieu Hoi thao qudc gia tang eudng nang luc xay dung chfnh sach di dan ngi dja Viet Nam - Vai tro cua di dan nong thon - thi sir nghiep phat trien nong thon hien - TS Tran Van Dung - NXB Chfnh tri Quoc gia, 2004 Nhimg cong trinh da phan tfch van de di dan dudi giac nghien ciiu tac dgng chfnh sach lao dgng va dan sd cua qudc gia hoac tap trung vao nhirng van de didu tiet quan ly qua trinh tren ca sd tap trung cac no luc cua dia phuang va nha nude.Viec phan tfch qua trinh di dan dudi giac la mot qua trinh di chuyen tat ye'u lao dgng tir nong nghiep nong thon sang cong nghiep, phd Phuang phap nghien curu Ket hop phan tfch ca che boat dgng ciia qua trinh di chuyen lao dgng giira nong nghiep va cong nghiep vdi cac hinh thiic boat dgng cu the ciia thi trudng lao dgng; de lam ro ve ban chat kinh te xa hoi cua qua trinh di dan tir cac tinh ngoai vi vao Ha Ngi - Sii dung phuang phap di vat bien cbiing ket bgp phan tfch va tdng hgp de nghien ciiu va xii ly sd lieu hinh khai niem va phat trien he thong ly thuyet, tir di den nhiing ket luan, nhan dinh ciing cac giai phap kien nghi cho van de di dan tir cac tinh ngoai vi vao Ha Ngi Dong gop cua de tai - De tai da be thong hoa duge nhimg nguyen ly ve di chuyen lao dgng tat yeu tir nong nghiep, nong thon sang cong nghiep, thi qua trinh phat tridn kinh te cua mot nude nong nghiep giau lao dgng ket hgp vdi qua trinh hinh va phat trien he thong thi tmdng lao dgng - Trinh bay dugc nhiJng dac trung chu yeu cua qua trinh di dan tir cac tinh ngoai vi vao Ha Ngi thdi gian qua - Phan tfch nhung khfa canh phap ly va quan tri cua qua trinh di dan tir cac tinh ngoai vi vao Ha Ngi - De nhung giai phap thiet thuc va kha thi gop phdn tao dung he thong chfnh sach lien quan den nhiing van dd ve di dan gdn vdi phat trien kinh te ciia Ha Ngi va phu hgp vdi qua trinh nang cao bieu qua phan bd lao dgng giira Ha Ngi va cac tinh ngoai vi ddng bang Bdc bg Nhdm nghien citu TS Ta Diic Khanh - Khoa Kinh te DHQGHN Th.S Bill Thi Thiem - Khoa Kinh te DHQGHN Th.s Le Thi Hoai Thu - Khoa Luat DHQGHN MUC LUC • • PHAN I: CO sd LY LUAN CUA DI DAN TlTCAC TINH NGOAI VI VAO HANOI I Mo hinh di chuyen lao dgng tir nong thon vao thj II Hoat dgng cua thi trudng lao dgng vdi viec di dan 2 15 PHAN II: THU'C TRANG CUA DI DAN HA NOI VA NHUNG TAC DONG CUA DI DAN T6I KINH TE HA NOI 28 I Dac trung cua cac ludng di cu: 30 II Tac dgng cua di dan tdi v^n de dap ling nhu cdu lao dgng ciia Thu 34 III Tac dgng cua di dan tdi giam bdt lao dgng du thira d nong thon va thiic day qua trinh phat trien kinh te xa hoi 35 IV Tac dgng cua di dan tdi qua trinh phan bd lai ngudn nhan lire, dong thdi ciing thuc day viec sir dung c6 bieu qua ngudn nhan lire 38 V Di dan tac dgng tdi nhu cdu hgc tap va nang cao trinh cho ngudi dgng VI Tac dgng cua di dan tdi van de that nghiep va giai quyet viec lam VII Nhu cau phat trien nha d VIII Nhu cdu chira benh PHAN III: DI DAN TlTCAC TINH NGOAI VI VAO HA NOI NHUNG KHIA CANH PHAP LY CUA VAN DE I Sa luge vai net ve van de di dan tir cac tinh ngoai vi vao Ha Ngi II Mot sdkhfa canh phap ly Can CO mot khai niem thong nhat ve di dan: Ve quyen cU trii cua ngudi dan va van de bg khau Van de viec lam Van de trat tu, an loan xa hoi eiia Thu Do lao 40 45 47 48 51 52 54 55 57 60 66 PHAN KET LUAN: MOT SO KIEN NGHI VE CHINH SACH CUA NHA NU6C VAHANOI 68 PHAN I: CO sd LY LUAN CUA DI DAN TD CAC TJNH NGOAI VI • • VAO HA NOI L MO HINH DI CHUYEN LAO DONG TU^NONG THON VAO THANH THI Trong mo hinh chung nhat ve kinh te vT mo chiing ta c6 the thay nen kinh te don gian chi gdm hai khu vuc, khu vuc san xuat nong nghiep ( trdng liia) va khu vuc san xuat cong nghiep (det).Ngudi dan mo hinh dan gian chi CO hai nhu cdu ca ban dai dien la hang cong nghiep (det) va hang nong san thuc pham (gao).Vi luang thuc, thuc pham la nhu cdu song cua ngudi nen thu nhap cua ngudi ta tmdc bet phai dung trang trai cho viec mua gao sau phan lai dung de mua hang cong nghiep(det).Do vay nhihig ngudi c6 thu nhap thap hau nhu chi du mua gao, nhirng ngudi da thoa man nhu cau ve gao thi mdi tieu diing hang cong nghiep.Vi vay cac ca nhan giau ban nhu cau ve hang cong nghiep va hang nong nghiep khong tang ciing ti le.Khi mot nen kinh te phat trien den mot giai doan nhat djnh thi hdu bet sd tang thu nhap sc danh de tang cdu vi hang cong nghiep Khi tien bg ky thuat den vdi cong nghiep, nang suat cua cong nghiep tang len, gia hang cong nghiep re ban tuang ddi so vdi gao thi ngudi ta khong hdn da cdt giam chi tieu hang hoa de mua nhieu han hang boa khac da re ban; c6 chang chi la liic thu nhap cua bg da du de mua dugc nhieu hang boa dang CO gia re ban Vdi mo hinh dan gian ciia chiing ta, dieu kien ndn kinh te dong, cac hang hoa dugc thoa man tir chfnh nen kinh te nude.Khu vuc cong nghiep khac vdi khu vuc nong nghiep san xuat gao la d chd, khu vuc san xuat nong nghiep luon can c6 ca lao dgng va dat dai.Nang suat lao dgng cong nghiep tang,ky thuat cong nghe tien bg dugc dac trung bdi sd lao dgng mot met vai giam hay sd met vai mot lao dgng san xuat se tang.Trong nong nghiep viec san xuat gao phu thugc vao lugng dat dai cd dinh.Vi khong phai chju ddu vao cd dinh nhu dat dai nong nghiep nen cong nghiep, nen tang lao dgng phu them cho cong nghiep chiing ta thay san lugng se tang theo trinh ky thuat va cong nghe cong nghiep.San pham bien c6 the coi la khong ddi va doc lap so vdi sd lao dgng dugc thu hiit vao nghanh Trong nong nghiep lai khac can ban, cang nhidu lao dgng thu hiit vao day san pham bien cua lao dgng giam ddn mot each ro ret; va tien trinh ngugc lai xay lao dgng thoat khdi nong nghiep, tdng san lugng gao se giam san pham bien cua mdi lao dgng lai tang.Trong nen kinh te thj trudng canh tranh, tidn luang cua lao dgng dugc quy djnh bdi gia tri cua san pham bien cua anh ta.Neu su phat trien kinh te dgng cham dugc den ngheo doi thi tien luong cua lao dgng phai tang len, vi ngudi lao dgng khong c6 sd hiiu dat, tai san, la tang Idp ngheo nhat xa hoi Nhung neu tien luang tang thi san pham bien ciia lao dgng nong nghiep phai tang.Neu ky thuat nong nghiep tri tre thi mot each de cho didu xay lao dgng phai thoat khdi nong nghiep de sang ITnh vuc cong nghiep ( chiing ta vdn gia dinh mo hinh dan gian chi eo hai nghanh nong nghiep va cong nghiep).Didu lieh sir da xay vdi cac nude da phat tridn, khu vuc cong nghiep c6 ti trgng lao dgng nhieu ban so vdi nong nghiep dat nude mot giau ban.Dieu eung diing vdi cac nude dang phat trien; nhien nhu se thay d phdn sau dieu khong phai la hoan loan tu nhien Trong mo hinh da neu tren, tien luang dugc xac dinh bdi gia tri san pham bien nong nghiep chii khong phai theo gia trj san pham bien cong nghiep.Gia sir gao la ngan ddng /Kg va vai la 25 ngan d/m; san pham bien cua lao dgng nong nghiep la 10kg gao va eiia cong nghiep la m vai thi lao dgng se dich chuydn tir nong nghiep c6 luang thap(50 ngan ddng) sang cong nghiep c6 luong cao(75 ngan d6ng).Viec dich chuyen lao ddng tiep tuc cho den san pham bien nong nghiep Id 15 kg gao, vi liic gia trj san pham bien la bdng ca hai khu vuc(75 ngan ddng).Lao dgng dugc phan bd lai giiJa hai khu vuc nong nghiep va cong nghiep d mii'c luang can bdng Nhirng ngudi lao dgng ITnb vuc nong nghiep d nong thon va nhihig ngudi lao dgng ITnh vuc cong nghiep d phd ddu la ngUdi lieu diing va la ngudi san xu^t.d mot miie gia cho trudc vi vai va gao va mot sir phan bd ban ddu ve lao dgng va dat dai giua hai khu vuc Khi san lugng hai khu vuc dugc xac dinh va gia tri san pham bien cua lao dgng hay tien luang ca hai khu vuc cung gia tri san pham bien ciia dat dai eung dugc xac dinh Trang thai can bdng chung nen kinh te dugc xac lap thong qua tac dgng tir gia ca san pham tren thi trudng tdi gia tri san pham bien cua lao dgng hai ITnh vuc lam thay ddi tuang quan tidn luang nong nghiep va cong nghiep Lao dgng djch chuyen qua lai giira cong nghiep va nong nghiep lam thay ddi miic san lugng tUOng ddi giira chiing va tao sir can bdng chung tren tat ca cac thj tmdng Khi nang suat lao dgng nong nghiep la rat thap, mot lugng Idn lao dgng va dat dai cdn phai c6 de san xuat mot don vi luang thuc Neu nang suat cong nghiep gia sir khong ddi thi sir can bdng chung se dugc thiet lap theo hudng dai bg phan lao dgng se hoat dgng nong nghiep Bay gid gia sir nang suat nong nghiep tang len tien bg ky thuat dieu se anh hudng den tieu diing va ddi sdng cua ca lao dgng nong nghiep va cong nghiep.Tuy nhien vice tieu diing cac san pham ciia nong nghiep va cong nghiep se thay ddi theo cac each khac Cau ve san pham cong nghiep tang manh va nang suat nong nghiep tang dam bao cho viec riit bdt lao dgng khdi nong nghiep dua vao cong nghiep lam gia tang san pham cong nghiep dap ling cho qua trinh nay.Qua trinh tang nang suat lao dgng se chi can ft lao dgng han de dap ung nhu cau luang thuc cho nen kinh te va nang sua't tang se keo lao dgng khdi nong nghiep, cdu vi san pham cong nghiep tang len se dugc dap ling bdi tang cung tuang ling cho cong nghiep va thu hiit nhimg lao dgng giai phong khdi nong nghiep vao boat dgng cong nghiep.Noi each khac, tien bg ky thuat giai phong lao dgng khoi nong nghiep thi ddng thdi tao cau lao dgng d nai kbac( a day la cong nghiep) Qua trinh giai phong lao dgng khdi nong nghiep cang nhanh ban nang sua't nong nghiep da dugc phat trien dat den mot miic nhat djnh vi nhu cau theo thir hang tir luang thuc den san pham cong nghiep la mang tfnh quy luat nen kinh te.Chiing ta thay d day viec mot ti le cao lire lugng lao dgng cong nghiep d cac nude phat trien tien trinh di len ciia minh la mot tac dgng, ket qua cua mot khu vuc nong nghiep da phat trien cao chu" khong phai la nguyen nhan don gian kinh te phat trien Tien bg ky thuat nong nghiep vi vay luon doi hoi viec hd trg gia dudi nhieu hinh thiic khac cho san pham nong nghiep d cac nude phat trien neu khong mudn lam cho thu nhap cua lao dgng nong nghiep thap ban tuang ddi so vdi lao dgng cong nghiep.Trong cac nude dang phat trien vi nhieu ly nhu sir quy mo phan tan thieu tap trung, thoi quen td chiic lobby chfnh tri v v Trong cac nude ngUdi nong dan gap kho khan viec dua tien bg ky thuat vao nong nghiep trinh van hoa thap kem va ft c6 kha nang chiu riii ro Tuy nhien nhieu each khac theo nang suat ciia lao dgng nong nghiep c6 the tang len San phdm bien cua lao dgng tang sd lugng nhan td ddu vao khac ngoai lao dgng tang len Hai dau vao quan trgng nong nghiep la nude va phan bon.Ngoai cac bien phap cai tao ddng rugng,nghien eiiu gidng mdi, phong trir sau benh Trong nhieu nude dang phat trien, tinh trang dan sd qua dong lai tap trung d cac viing nong thon, tien hanh lao dgng dudi hinh thirc lao dgng nong nghiep San pham bien cua lao dgng nong nghiep se rat thap, keo theo tidn luang lao dgng nong nghiep thap han nhieu so vdi tien luang lao dgng cong nghiep Mat khac kha nang tfch luy vdn thuan Igi ban cong nghiep da dd dang nang cao san pham bien cua lao dgng cong nghiep va do mire luang khu vuc Dieu tac dgng manh ban den viec giai phong lao dgng khoi ITnh vuc nong nghiep vi lai vdi sd lao dgng ft ban san pham bien ciia lao dgng nong nghiep tang len va lam tang tien luang eiia bg; tien luang lao dgng nong nghiep dugc day len, mot miic can bang mdi cao ban ve tien luang dugc thiet lap giira hai khu vuc, nong nghiep va cong nghiep Tien trinh le phai boat dgng nhanh ebong va dua cac nude dang phat tridn c6 nhieu lao dgng ITnh vuc nong nghiep trd cac nude cong nghiep c6 ti le lao dgng thap nong nghiep Tuy nhieu ngudi ta da dua nhieu ly de giai thfch tinh trang qua nhieu lao dgng tap trung nong nghiep nong thon d cac nude vdi miic tien luong thap dd giai thfch thuc te do.Mgt sd ly nhu tien bg ky thuat cong nghiep tap trung vao nhirng cong nghe tham dung vdn han la lao dgng, boat dgng cua cong doan cac nghanh cong nghiep da ngan can viec hap thu lao dgng thong qua giiJ tidn luang lao dgng cong nghiep d mii:c cao gia tao, nen kinh te tap trung da ngan can nhieu lire lugng kinh te boat dgng de phan bd lai lao dgng Ngay nay, nhieu nude dang phat trien khong phai tu minh tfch luy de tang dau tu cho phat trien vdn cho cong nghiep, hg c6 the vay mugn vdi chi phf thap tren thi trudng vdn Hg c6 the dd dang vay mugn cong nghe tinh ngoai vdi chi phi thap.Tien bg cong nghe, ky thuat kha nhanh cong nghiep la mot dac diem thuc te cua khu vuc cong nghiep cac nude dang phat trien Viec nghien ciiu tac dgng qua lai giiJa cong nghiep va nong nghiep qua trinh phat trien bay gid dugc tap trung theo hudng nghien ciiu tac dgng cua vice tang nang suat lao dgng cong nghiep nhu la khdi dau cua qua trinh tac dgng qua lai nay.Vdi nang suat nong nghiep d mire cd djnh ban dau, viec tang nang sua't cong nghiep lam giam sd lao dgng can c6 cho mot sd lugng hang cong nghiep, gia san phdm cong nghiep se thap ban Nhung nang suat cong nghiep tang se khong c6 sir phan bd lai lao dgng, nhihig ngudi dan thj khong c6 nhu cau tang them ve gao(san pham nong nghiep) nhirng ngudi dan nong thon khong chuyen chi tieu ciia minh tir gao sang vai (san pham cong nghiep) Neu tdng sd cau giir nguyen, tdng sd cung cung se khong ddi su can bdng.Didu c6 nghTa sd lao dgng san xuat nong nghiep van nhu cii vi nang suat nong nghiep khong CO gi thay ddi va nhu vay c6 the noi, tien luang lao dgng nong nghiep (dugc tfnh theo gia trj san pham bien lao dgng nong nghiep) khong nhay cam vdi viec tang nang suat cong nghiep.Tien luang hai khu vuc se khong ddi neu khong c6 dich chuyen lao dgng giira hai khu vuc.Dieu c6 ve nhu ky la tien bg ky thuat lam tang gia trj san pham bien cua lao dgng, nhirng ciing CO the thay dugc vi liic viec tang nang suat da lam cho gia san pham cong nghiep re ban eiing mire vdi san pham bien eiia lao dgng cong nghiep tang len.Tien luang lao dgng cong nghiep vdn nhu trudc, khong c6 sir thay DITA LAO DONG VIET NAM DI LAM VIEC NircfC NGOAI MOT so VAN OE PHAP LY ThS L§ THI HOAI THU K h a i q u a t c h u n g v e q u a t r i n h dUa lao d o n g Viet N a m di lion v i e c d nU6c ngoai Viet N a m chinh thiic dua lao dong ii lam viec nu6c ngoai tir nam 1980 theo chuong trinh **Hop tac Quoc te ve lao dong" Hoat dong khong chi ddn t h u a n la sU trao doi ve kinh te, ma no mang y nghia chinh tri, la su hdp tac giup dd lan giua Viet Nam va cac nUdc xa hoi chu nghia Trong khoang thoi gian tii nam 1980-1990, nhieu van ban phap luat ve iinh vuc ditdc ban h a n h nhU: cac *Quyet dinh, Chi thi, Nghi quyet cua Hoi dong Bo truong, cac Thong tu, Nghi quyet lien Bo, lien Nganh vdi so lUdng khong nho, ma van ban phap luat dat nen mong cho Ilnh vuc hdp tac lao dong la Quyet dinh 46/CP 11/02/1980 "yi dua cong nhan va can bp di boi dUdng nang cao trinh va lam viec co thdi h a n tai cac nu6c xa hoi chu nghia" Ngay 29/11/1980, Ho: dong Chinh phu da ban h a n h Nghi quyet so 362/CP ' V e hdp tac sU dung lao dong v^i cac nudc xa hoi chu nghia" Nghi quyet da neu TO: Trong ke hoach p h a t trien kinh te, van hoa, nhiem vu h e t siic n a n g ne va cap bach dat la phai tiep tuc phat buy tiem nang to Idn ve siic lao dong cua ca nUdc" Co th§ noi, d giai doan mac du cac nganh, cac cap da co nhiing no luc Idn, song v6i dac diem la nu6c cham phat trien, cd sd vat chat ky t h u a t qua ngheo nan cong them hau qua nang ne cua chien tranh chung ta khong the tan dung dUdc het tiem luc lao dong san co Trong do, cac nu6c xa hoi chu nghia lai rat c^n den nguon n h a n lUc doi dao Vi vay, hdp tac lao dong da trd t h a n h van de biic thiet giU£ Cac ben Thong qua hdp tac lao dong, chung ta ' Khoa Luat - Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Not Xuau Quy l^Hki • So l-ZOOS CO the giai quyet viec lam va dao tao nghe cho nhiing lao dong ma chiing ta chua sii dung het dong thdi giiipcac nUdc ban ve nhu cau nguon lao dong, md rong hop tac lao dong voi cac nUdc xa hpi chu nghia tren nguyen tac binh dang Cling CO Ipi D^u t h a p nien 90, tinh hinh nUOc va tren the gidi co nhieu bien doi Idn anh hUdng trUc tiep den hoat dong hdp tac lao dong Cac Hiep dinh ky ket giua Viet Nam vdi cac nUdc xa hoi chii nghia khong the tiep t u c Chu trUdng cua Dang va Nha nUoc ta la phat trien, mo rong hdp tac lao dgng v6i cac nUdc co nhu cau lao dong va dam bao hieu qua ve k m h te xa hoi Tren tinh t h i n do, 9/11/1991 Chinh phu da bar h a n h Nghi dinh 370/HDBT quy dinh Quy che ve dua ngUdi lao dong Viet nam di lam viec co thdi han d nUdc ngoai So vdi cac van ban trUdc Nghi dinh 370/HDBT quy dinh chat che hdn ve to chiic quan ly thuc hien, dong thdi no cung de cac chu trUdng bien phap diing dan mang lai hieu qua cao linh vUc hdp tac lao dong vdi nUdc ngoai Ciing vdi sU phat trien ve nhieu mat cua dat nUdc, mot sU kien dang ghi n h a n la Bo luat Lao dong dUdc Quoc hoi khoa IX ky hop thii thong qua 23/6/1994, d a n h dau mot bUdc p h a t trien quan trong, dap ling kip thdi cac yeu ciu dieu chinh cac quan he phat sinh linh vuc lao dong Bo luat Lao dong la sU the che hoa dUdng loi doi mdi cua Dang va sU cu the' hoa cac quy dinh Hien p h a p nam 1992 ve lao ^png, sU dung va quan ly lao dong De thi h a n h cac quy dinh cua Bo l u a t Lao dong, 20/1/1995, Chinh phu da ban h a n h Nghi dinh so 07/CP quy dinh chi tiet mot so' dieu cua Bp luat Lao dong ve dua ngUOi lao dons Viet Nam di lam viec c6 thoi h a n d nudc OAN CHU & PHAP LUAT • 15 Ngay 20/9/1999, Chinh phu da ban h a n h Nghi d i n h so' 152/1999/ND-CP "Quy dinh viec ngudi lao dong Viet Nam va chuyen gia Viet Nam di lam viec co thoi han nUdc ngoai" Nghi dinh duoc coi la mot budc tien mdi, md rong dang ke doi tuong dUdc phep dUa ngUdi lao dong nudc ngoai lam viec, quy dinh quyen va nghia vu cua cac cd quan hiiu quan,'*cac dia phUdng \aec dua ngudi lao dong Viet Nam di lam viec co thdi h a n d nUdc ngoai Cho den ca nudc co 15 doanh nghiep chuyen doanh xuat khau lao dong (XKLD) va 141 doanh nghiep san xuat kinh doanh nganh nghe khac dupe be xung them chiic nang XPvLD Trong c6 85 doanh nghiep Nha nUdc Trung Udng 57 doanh nghiep Nha nudc dja phUdng, 11 doanh nghiep thupc cac to chiic doan t h e d trung Udng va doanh nghiep ngoai quoc doanh lam thi diem Ke tii Nghi dinh so 152/1999/ND-CP dUdc ban hanh, qui mo so lUdng doanh nghiep tham gia xuat khku lao dong so ludng thi trudng va so' lao dong dudc dua di lam viec d nudc ngoai da tang len dang ke Neu n h u trudc day, thuc hien Nghi dinh 07/CP, chiing ta mdi cd 87 doanh nghiep x u a t ' ^ h a u lao dong binh quan moi ddn vi dua di dUdc 170 lao dpng/nam; thi sau Nghi dinh so' 152 cd hieu luc, so doanh nghiep xuat khau lao dong da tang len 159 va so lao dong binh q u a n dua di dat 260 ngUdi/nam(^\ Hdn 20 nam qua, cong tac dua lac dong Viet Nam di lam viec d nUdc ngoai da dai dudc nhiing t h a n h tUu d a n g ke, la: - Tao viec lam cho hang van lao dong, chuyen gia Chi tinh rieng nam 2000, den 31/12/2000 ca nUdc da dUa 31.468 ngudi, dat 125% so vdi ke hoach Chinh phu giao, tang 44,3% so vdi nam 1999 Vdi khoan thu 1,25 ty USD, xua't kh^u lac dong da vudn len trd mot nhiing linh \'Uc ddng gop tren ty U S D h a n g nam cho nen kinh te^^) C6 the ndi viec dua ngudi lao dong Viet Nam nudc ngoai lam viec thdi gian qua da mang lai hieu q u a kinh te dang khich le .- T h o n g qua lat) dong d nUdc ngoai, ngudi lao ddng da dupe nang cao trinh chu mon ky t h u a t , ngoai ngii tiep thu dupe nh cong nghe va tac phong san xuat cdng ngr tien tien, titng budc dap itng cac yeu cau cu nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa d a t n: giiip cho Nha nudc giam dUdc khoan chi h a n g nghin ty dong d^u tu dao tao nghe cho lam viec mdi cho ngudi lao dong - Su quan tam chi dao cua chinh phu, bp, b a n nganh, dia phuong su jihoi hdp d: bp cua cac nganh Ngoai giao Cdng an ' chinh T u phap, Ngan hang ciing vdi su i dong n a n g dong ciia cac doanh nghiep x; khau lao dong viec to chuc bo ma> i: tu can bp tai chinh de khai thac thi truo: tim kiem doi tac va ky ket hop don^: - Chinh sach che doi vdi lao dong sau i ve nudc duoc giai quyet chu dao chi tra tro ; thoi viec chi tra den bii cua Lien hdp quoc c cac doi tupng dUdc hudng chien t r a n h vii Vinh dupe thuc hien kip thdi cong tac quan lao dong da tap trung chi dao thao go cac k khan, hudng dan cac doanh nghiep xu ly 1: thdi n h u n g vudng mac phat sinh tii: k h a u ciia qua trinh trien khai thuc hien h dong dac biet la cac thi trudng mdi nh SaMoa Libia Dai Loan, Tuy nhien, ben canh nhung uu diem n( tren, so vdi muc tieu va yeu ca.u biic thiet ph giai quyet viec lam che hang trieu ngudi dong h a n g nam thi sc lupng lao ddng dua < lam viec d nude ngoai cdn thap, chUa tuor xiing vdi tiem nang lao ddng ciia nudc t, N h u n g nhudc diem chu yeu linh vuc n^ la: ' - Thi trUdng lao ddng chUa dupe dau tu the dang, hinh thiic cung ling lao dpng chua c dang Van cdn khong it thi trudng lao dor nude ngoai Idn nhUng lao dpng cua ta chua vt dUdc trUdc het la thi trUdng cac^ nudc viir vjnh Viec tiep can, md rong thi trudng h-, dpng mdi d nUdc ngoai cdn gap nhieu khd khai n h a t la ve thong tin thi trUdng mdi Nliiin hinh thiic dUa lao dpng di lam viec o nuc ngoai mdi d hinh thiic cung ling lao dpng Vie dau t h i u n h a n lUc, dau thau phan n h a n luc v, ^ a u t h a u fcron gdi theo cac du an cdn gap nhie khd k h a n , vay, so lao dpng dUa di d mu (1) Xem " Lam gi de co doanh nghiep manh ve xuat khau lao dong" T.S Iran Van Hang - Tap chi Lao dong va xa h so 7/2002 (2) Xem I'Xuat khiu lao ddng mdt ndm nhin lai' Tuan Cuong - Tap chi Lao d6ng va xa h6i so 2/2001 16 • DAN CHU & PHAP LUAT XMM^II Quy J^Lu • S ddng - Can cc' chinh sach che hd tro cac doanh nghiep trone viec dao tao iao done xuat knau Hicr :a: nguoi lao ddng X'let Nam co rat nhiei: uu Qiem song ciing van yeu diem, neu khdng & chu trUdng, chinh sach dao tac hop i\ pnu nop thi hp kho co kha nang dupc chap nhan c md: sd thi trudng su dung lao done nudc ngoai -^ Tiep tuc cai each thu tuc hanh chinh iinh vuc xuat khau lao ddng giam bdt phien cho ngud: di lao ddng d nude ngoai va doanh nghiep dua ngUdi Viet Nam di lao ddng d nuoc n^okiJ Tom lai, CO the n6i, (mp theo trang u 2002 la mot rram danh nam 2002 cung dUoc chan chinh dang ke, khac phuc Dupc su quan tarri ch: dao nhiing so hd, tieu cue van cua cac vj lanh dao cap tren de Dac biet, nam 2002 la nnu Chu tich nuoc Thu tuong nam cudi ciing ciia viec thuc Chfnh phu v.v Be Tu phap da hien Nghi dmh 184/CP tren phdi hpp v6J cac bp, nganh hufu thuc te [dang le Nghi dmh quan timg budc thao go nhung het hieu luc tCr 1/1/2001 nhung vubng mac neu tren Den vi chua CO nghi dmh mOi thay -1 "09 Son L ZZ 573 - Binn Bac Trung Bo - (Vorth Central ~hann ^ o a Coast 3526.2 3798.6 3839.4 3917.2 9023.5 ^"53 2*55- :'^0.' 3^37' 3258.- **50.4 •'55.3 "59 * *'7' 554 '^56 Quang 3;nn 575.2 ~0* * "03'5 "3.' "'3 Quang ~n 134.5 -^-i -50 -L55 463 ~ XX ,5 ,p ^ Z'JL izo -^a ~ n n ~^L'a ~ " : r - ^ u e an so va Lao '::onc - -• • C.Z Z,l :; 37 21 Ty le that nghiep d khu virc thj Unemployment rate in urban area 1996 2000 2001 2002 2C03 5.88 6,44 6,28 6.01 5,78 7.57 7.34 7.07 6.54 6,37 6.49 6.73 '6,10 5.94 6.02 5.62 5.11 5.19 6,96 6.87 6.72 5.32 5.45 South Central Coast 5.57 6.31 6.16 5.49 5.46 Tay Nguyen - Central Highlands 4,24 5,16 5.55 4,92 4,39 Dong Nam Bo - South East 5.43 6,20 5,92 6,31 08 4,73 6.15 6,08 5,52 5.26 Ha Noi 7,7^ 95 ^39 ^^ OS Da Nang 5,53 5,95 5,5'! 5.30 TP no Chi Minn 5.55 5,45 5.0- "2 Dong Nai 4,0* 4-5 z CA NLTOC - WHOLE COUNTRY Phan theo vung - By region Dong bang song Hong - Red River Delta Dong Bac - North East 6.42 Tay Bac - North West Bac Trung Bo - North Central Coast Duyen hai Nam Trung 86 Dong b^ng song CLTU Long Mekong River Delta Mot so Idn - Some large cities r '6 22 Ty le thdi gian lam viec di/dc sur dung cua lao dong d nong thon Rate of working time used in rural area 1996 2000 2001 2002 2003 72,28 74.18 74,26 75,30 77.66 75,88 ^5,66 75 36 75,38 78 2^ 73,01 73 05 75.90 77 09 73,44 72.73 7'.08 74,25 73.43 "'2,12 72,52 "4 50 75 60 South Central Coast 70.93 "3,92 74 60 "4 35 77 31 Tay Nguyen - Central HIgniands 75,OD jx 99 30.43 Dong Nam Bo - South East o I o3 Z 20 CA NLfOC - WHOLE COUNTRY Phan theo vung - By region Dong D^ng song Hong - Red River Delta Dong Bac - North East > 78.30 Tay Bac - North West B^c Trung Bo - North Central Coast Duyen hai Nam Trung Bo 11 I 0,-Z 45 Dong bang song CUu Long Mekong River Delta 63,35 J a n 5' 73 38 78 277 Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi mot thang nam 2001-2002 theo gia thiTc te phan theo nhom thu nhap va phan theo dja phUdng Monthly average income per capita In 2001-2002 at current prices by income quintile and by province Nghin dong - Thous dongs • Binh qu^n Chung General average CA N U d c - WHOLE COUNTRY Trong - Of wnich Nhom Nhom Nhom Nhom Nhom Quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile 356,1 107,7 178,3 251,0 370,5 872,9 353,1 120,7 190.5 258,4 368,1 828,3 Ha Noi 621.0 204.5 368.4 499.8 672,8 1360.5 Hai Phong 410,2 127,7 225,4 312.0 434,7 952.5 VTnh Phuc 265,0 106,4 162.5 220.0 293.1 543,2 Ha Tay 312,7 107,4 162.8 221.9 303.9 768,0 Bac Ninh 326,5 142.9 216.6 273,7 352,3 648.3 Hai Dirong 275,7 113.2 169.5 225,1 302,5 569,1 Himg Yen 296.7 121.4 179.9 231 312.1 539.8 Ha Nam 258,5 106,8 158.6 206.0 270.5 551,9 Nam Oinh 279,5 119,6 177.7 225.9 294.5 579.9 Thai Binh 282.6 133.3 195.1 239,8 308.1 537.2 Ninh Binh 257.9 109.0 ^57,9 207.6 280,6 535,0 Dong B i c - North East 268,8 95,1 151,7 211.9 297,4 588,0 Ha Giang 195.6 95.5 '26.2 155.4 195.0 407,4 Cao B i n g 210.0 77,2 110.1 148,9 221,8 493.1 Lao Cai 205,9 78,8 '06.4 147.4 222.9 475,2 B^c Kan 190,9 52,3 101,4 142.7 215.3 434.6 Lang Son 271,1 96,3 '48.7 201.9 277.5 632.1 Tuyen Quang 250,1 '08.5 *53.3 206.3 270.4 502,9 Yen Bai 252.8 ^00.8 '42.5 195.5 292.5 532.7 Thai Nguyen 269,3 38.2 '46.2 210.9 304.4 597.2 Phu Tho 256.2 102.:^ '48,1 198.4 271.7 560.6 B I C Giang 270.3 119,3 201-3 240,1 293.2 497,5 Quang Ninh 432,4 157.5 274.3 378,5 499,5 853.5 Oong b4ng song Hong Red River Delta ' Giao due Y te VH, TT & MSDC - Education, -^eaith Culture and Living standard 5 276 Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi mot thang nam 2001-2002 ^ theo gia thirc te phan theo nhom thu nhap, phan theo thj nong thon, phan theo gidi tinh chu ho va phan theo vung*'' Monthly average income per capita in 2001-2002 at current prices by income quintile, by residence, by sex of householder and by region^^ Nghin dong - Thous dongs Binh quan chung General Trong -Of which ' l^hom Nhom Nhom Nhom Nhom averaqe Q™^''^ ^ Quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile 356,1 107,7 178,3 251.0 370,5 872.9 Thanh thi - Urban 622.1 184.2 324,1 459.8 663.6 1479.2' Nong thon - Rural 275.1 100.2 159.8 217.7 299.4 598,6/ Nam - Male 332.5 104,9 171.4 237.9 345.4 803.4 ; NU- Female 446,2 123.3 215.3 317,0 473,9 1101.5 Red River Delta 353.1 120.7 '90.5 253,4 368.1 828.3 Oong B i c - North East 268,8 95,1 151.7 211 297.4 588.0 Tay Bac - North West ^97,0 - ' C "1 '*0.9 145.9 105.6 446,6 235,4 38,9 135.7 1335 250,4 518.7 South Central Coast 305,9 *12.9 182.'' 244.2 333.4 656.9 Tay Nguyen - Central Highlands 244,0 35,5 *40.4 185.6 262.1 546.7 Oong Nam Bo - South East 519,7 165.4 303.0 452,3 634,6 M93.2 203 277 339,3 360.1 CA NUOC - WHOLE COUNTRY Phan theo thj, nong thon By residence Phan theo gidi tinh chu ho By sex of householder Phan theo vung - By region Oong bang song Hong B§c Trung 36 North Central Coast Duyen hai Nam Trung So Oong b I n g song CU^J Long Mekong River Delta 371,3 D Mdi nnom 20% so no - Each quintile contains 20% :' 'c.sencas 282 Chi tieu cho ddi song binh quan dau ngudi mot thang nam 2001-2002 theo gia thirc te phan theo nhom thu nhap va phan theo dja phUdng Monthly average living expenditure per capita in 2001-2002 at current prices by income quintile and by province Nghin dong - Thous dongs Binh quan Trong do' Of which chung General average CA NLfOC - WHOLE COUNTRY Nhom Nhom Nhom Nhom Nhom Quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile 269.1 123,3 169.7 213,7 290.3 548.5 271,2 131.9 174,2 215.5 279.0 555.3 Ha Noi 518.0 196.5 317.6 478,4 645,9 953,0 Hai Phong 319,8 153.7 196.0 278.1 342,7 627,0 VTnh Phuc 192.0 ^11.1 '47,2 206,2 216,5 279,9 Ha Tay 208,2 118.5 ^69,9 196.5 2^' 315,1 Bac Ninh 237,5 146,5 '90.4 210,6 270.3 370,5 Hai Duong 227,9 132.0 ^78,9 208,6 264 356.6 Hung Yen 207,6 134,8 '71,1 198.2 2^0.9 322.9 Ha Nam 188.6 126,2 •50.0 180,5 •92,7 292,6 Nam Oinh 206,3 126,0 ^58,4 188,0 223,4 330,0 Thai Binh 201,7 129.5 158.6 186,3 203.6 329.7 Ninh Binh 203,7 ^22,6 '55,3 180.9 223.3 331,3 Oong B i c - North East 220,2 112.7 151,5 186,9 248.2 401,8 Ha Giang 166.4 99.5 '24.4 146,2 '52.5 297,4 Cao Bang 189.3 108,5 ã26.4 151,2 ã90,6 369,4 '14.2 138,5 ô 175,8 38,3 1^-^ Lao Cai 244,3 B^c Kan 163,4 93.4 -15.1 141,5 '84.4 235,4 Lang Sdn 227,3 121.2 "55.1 203.6 Tuyen Quang 210.2 118.6 '56.1 189.9 231.3 355,2 Yen Bai 217,2 114,5 -52.0 166.3 231,5 -19,7 Thai Nguyen 253,5 130,5 '98-5 219 263,2 455,1 Phu Tho 204,9 112,2 •37 181.2 "234,3 359.0 Bac Giang 204,1 120.1 •59.6 177,1 Quang Ninh 322.3 176,3 _J.o ; 294.2 Oong bang song Hong Red River Delta 429.-1 324 380 z^ ^ 285 Chi tieu cho ddi song binh quan dau ngu'di mot thang nam 2001-2002 theo gia thifc te phan theo khoan chi va phan theo dia phu'dng Monthly average living expenditure per capita in 2001-2002 at current prices by type of expenditure and by province Ngmn dong - Tnous dongs Tdng sd Total Chia -• Of wnich Chi khdng phai an, Chi an, udng, nut udng hut Eating, drinking