Những vấn đề pháp lý về hợp đồng bảo hiểm hàng hoá xuất nhập khẩu ở Việt nam hiện nay : Luận văn ThS. Luật: 6 01 05

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI TRUING DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN TRAM HOMG TJ-IAMH N H O N G V A N O E P H A P LY V E H O P DONG BAG HIEM HANG • HOA XUAT NHAP KHAU VIET NAM HIEN NAY • NV - / L / X ^ ^ CHUYEN NGANH : LUAT KINH TE MA SO : 6.01.05 LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC LUAT Egirai hirang din: TS TRAN DINH HAG (VIEN NGHIEN CUV NHA NlfOC VA PHAP LVAT) HaNoi 12-2000 BANG GIAI THICH CHLfCAI VIET T A T - TTR: Phirofng thuc loan dien chuyen tien buon ban ngoai thu'cmg ( telegraphic transfer reimbursement) - GIF: Phuang thiic giao hang co sa buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms: Tien hang, bao hiem va cuac phi ( cang den quy dinh)- Cost insurance and freight - FOB: Phuang thuc giao hang ca sa buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms: Giao len tau ( cang boc hang quy dinh)- Free on board - CFR: Phuang thuc giao hang ca sa buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms: Tien hang va cuac phi ( cang den quy dinh)- Cost and freight - CIP: Phuang thuc giao hang ca sa buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms: Cuac phi va bao hiem tra tai ( nai den quy dinh)- Carriage and insurance paid to - XNK: Xuat khau, nhap khau - QTC 90: Quy tac chung ve hap dong bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bfing dudng bie'n ban hanh theo Quyet dinh 305-TC/BH 9-8-1990 ciia Bo truang Tai chinh ve viec ban hanh Quy tSc chung v^ bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bang duang bien - HDBH: Hap dong bao hiem - HDTM: Hap dong thuang mai - Quy che 581a: Quy che tam thai ve hap dong bao hiem ban hanh kem theo quyet dinh 581 a/TC/TCNH 1-7-1996 cua Bo truang Tai chinh - AFTA: Khu vuc mau dich tu ASEAN • TNHH: trach nhiem huu han ILU: Hoi nhung nguai bao hiem Luan Don (institute of London underwriters) ICC: Cac dieu kien bao hiem Hoi nhung nguai bao hiem Luan Don soan thao: ICC (A), ICC (A), ICC (C) Incoterms: Dieu kien thuang mai quoc te (International commercial terms) MUC lUC Loi mo dau Chirong 1: Noi dung phap ly ve giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK * Vai net ve khai niem hang hoa XNK va HDBH hang hoa XNK dirac de cap luan van 1.1 De nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 10 1.1.1 Khai niem De nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 10 1.1.2 Hinh thiic, ban chat phap ly cua De nghi giao ket hop dong bao hiem hang hoa XNK 12 1.2 Giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 14 1.2.1 Nguyen tSc giao ket 14 1.2.2 Doi tugng giao ket 18 1.2.3 Chu the giao ket 21 1.2.4 Hinh thuc, thii tuc giao ket 24 1.2.5 Hieu lire hap dong, thai han cua hop dong 27 Chuong 2: Noi dung phap ly cua HDBH hang hoa XNK 32 2.1 HDBH hang hoa XNK va nhung dac diem dac thu 32 2.1.1 Khai niem HDBH hang hoa XNK va nhung dac diem dac thCi 32 2.1.2 Nhu cau dieu chinh phap luat doi v6i quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK 37 2.2 Noi dung phap ly cua HDBH hang hoa XNK 39 2.2.1 Khai niem 39 2.2.2 Noi dung phap ly cua HDBH hang hoa XNK 40 Chirong 3: Thirc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK a Viet Nam hien va mot so kien nghi bu6c dau 51 3.L Thuc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK 51 3.1.1 Nguyen tSc thuc hien 51 3.1.2 Quyen va nghia vu ciia cac chu the 52 3.1.3 Chuyen nhuang, chuyen giao HDBH 55 3.1.4 Phuang thuc va noi dung boi thuang thiet hai 56 3.2 Thirc te thirc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK a nude ta hien va mot so kien nghi h\x6c dau 59 3.2.1 Thuc le thuc hien 59 3.2.2, Mot so kien nghi bu6c dau 65 a Quan diem tiep can xay dung phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK 65 b Xay dung Luat bao hiem hang hoa XNK thong nhat mo hinh, cau true ciia he thong phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he bao hi6m thuang mai 66 c Mot so noi dung ca ban can chu y xay dung phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK 68 Phan ket luan 71 Danh mue tai lieu tham khao Ldl Ud DAU I TINH CAP THIET CUA DE TAI: Mot nen kinh te on dinh va phat trien ben vUng phai la mot nen kinh te huong ngoai, mo rong va khong ngung nang cao cac quan he kinh te quoc te, c6 cac quan he hang hoa XNK Trong mot bao cao gan day ciia Bo Tai chinh trinh Thu tuong Chinh phu v6 du" an Luat kinh doanh bao hiem c6 doan viet: Dung truoc yeu cau phat trien manh me va toan dien ciia nganh bao hiem dieu kien hoi nhap quoc te, can s6m xay dung va ban hanh luat kinh doanh bao hiem lam co s6 de hoan thien he thong phap ly, cung co va nang cao vai tro cong tac quan ly Nha nuoc doi voi nganh kinh te quan va giau tiem nang Cung tai bao cao co doan: Tiem nang bao hiem nuoc ta chua duoc khai thac het, chang han gia tri bao hiem xay dung lap dat cho cac cong trinh dau tu nu6c moi chi dat 12% (1997) va 23% ( 1998) so voi tong von dau tu xay dung co ban; gia tri bao hiem hang hoa nhap khau chi dat 19% (1997) va 20% (1998) tren tong gia tri kim ngach nhap khau Dac biet, bao hiem hang hoa xuat khau, ty tren rat nho, m6i chi dat 3,8% (1997) va 5,7% (1998) tren tong gia tri kim ngach hang hoa xuat khau Ly giai thuc trang nay, ben canh nhung nguyen nhan yeu kem ve tai chinh, cong nghe bao hiem, trinh can bo , cung phai ke den nhirng han che ciia phap luat ITnh vuc bao hiem a nu6c ta hien Su thieu hut mot so van ban luat lam CO so phap ly dieu chinh boat dong kinh doanh bao hiem, co ITnh \uc bao hiem hang hoa XNK, HDBH hang hoa XNK, dang tro mot van de co tinh thori su Xet mot each tong the, he thong phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK o nu6c ta hien qua nhieu bat cap, han che, chua that su dap ling duoc yeu cau phat trien cua cac quan he kinh te XNK mo cua va hoi nhap nhu hien Thuc te dang goi md cho chung ta nhieu dieu m6i me can nghien ciiu va tim toi Theo nhiJng thoa thuan da ky ket giiJa Viet Nam va cac nuoc ASEAN, s6m muon gi thi mot khu vuc mau dich tu (AFTA) cung duoc thiet lap ma theo do, cac quoc gia vien phai xoa bo hoan toan hang rao thue quan va phi thue quan[49,12] Dieu vijfa la ca hoi nhung dong thdi cung la nhung thach thuc 16n de Viet Nam vuan len tu khang dinh minh tren tru5ng quoc te, chi it cung la khu vuc Mat khac theo lo trinh ma Hiep dinh thuang mai Viet - My vua ky ket, chi khoang tren du6i mu5i nam nua Viet Nam phai ma cua hoan toan thi trudng cho cac cong ty My, co viec ma cua thi truang bao hiem Khong han che v6i cac dich vu bao hiem cho cac xi nghiep co von dau tu nuac ngoai, ngu5i nu6c ngoai lam viec tai Viet Nam, cac dich vu tai bao hiem, cac dich vu bao hiem trongvan tai, cac dich vu tu van, giai quyet khieu nai va danh gia riii ro Cu the la: - Ba nam sau Hiep dinh c6 hieu luc duac lap lien doanh v6i doi tac duac phep kinh doanh dich vu bao hiem a Viet Nam Phan von gop Hoa Ky khong qua 50% von phap dinh cua lien doanh - Nam nam sau co hieu luc ciia Hiep dinh duac lap cong ty 100% von Hoa Ky Cac cong ty cung cap dich vu co von dau tu Hoa Ky khong duac kinh doanh cac dich vu dai ly bao hiem, cac dich vu bao hiem bat buoc Tuy nhien, han che se duac bai bo doi vai lien doanh la nam sau Hiep dinh co hieu lire va nam doi v6i cong ty 100% von Hoa Ky - Doanh nghiep bao hiem lien doanh, cong ty 100% von Hoa Ky va chi nhanh ciia cong ty bao hiem Hoa Ky phai tai bao hiem tai cong ty tai bao hiem Viet Nam mot ty le toi thieu la 20% va han che se duac bai bo sau nam nam Hiep dinh co hieu luc R6 rang la, ben canh nhung thuan lai ca ban, chung ta dang dung truac kha nhieu nhung thach thiJc va kho khan hoi nhap kinh te quoc te Thuc te dang dat cho cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach, cac nha lap phap hang loat van de biic xuc, noi com can nghien cuu va giai quyet Viec nghien cuu va tiing buac hoan thien he thong phap luat ve bao hiem, co che dinh phap luat ve hap dong bao hiem cung duac xem la mot nhu cau, doi hoi mang tinh th5i su ^^7^^^ /^/ Y ^ V ^ ^^'^^ Y^'^'Jr- Chinh vi le do, chung toi manh dan chon de ta/ nhung van de phap ly ve HDBH hang hod XNK a Viet Nam hien lam de tai luan van tot nghiep thac si luat hoc n TINH HINH NGHIEN CUU: Tren the gi6i, nhung nghien ciJu ca ban ve boat dong kinh te bao hiem, hap dong bao hi6m co tuf rat s6m va da dat dugfc nhung ket qua nhat dinh, dang de chiing ta tham khao, hoc hoi Chang han co the ke' day cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia tien si David-Bland ve de tai Bao hiem-cac nguyen tac va thirc hanh (the principle and practice)-NXB Tai chinh 1999; Hap tac tai chinh cac nuac ASEAN, nhutig trien vong ngan hang, tai chinh va bao hiem (Vien Chau A Thai Binh Duang- Michael T Skully); Dieu kien bao hiem Uy ban ky thuat va dieu kien (Technical and clause committee) Vien nhung nguai bao hiem Luan Don ( Institute of London Underwriters- viet tat la ILU ) soan thao O nuac ta thcfi gian gan day, van de cung da bat dau thu hut su quan tam ciia cac nha nghien cuu, a nhung goc do, miic va pham vi, muc dich khac vai mong muon lam the nao de xay dung a Viet Nam mot nganh kinh te bao hiem, mot he thong van ban phap luat ve bao hiem, HDBH thong nhat, khoa hoc Tat nhien co ITnh vuc phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK - boat dong mang tinh chien luac cua mot n6n kinh te huang ngoai Dang chii y a day la cong trinh nghien cuu mot so van de co ban ve kinh te bao hiem ciia PGS-PTS Bui Tien Quy; van tai va bao hiem ngoai thuang cua PGS-PTS Nguyen Hong Dam; de tai doi mai chinh sach va hoan thien ca che quan ly Nha nuac doi voi boat dong kinh doanh bao hiem Vu tai chinh cac ngan hang va to chuc tai chinh Ha Noi thuc hien thang 3-1995 Dieu dang noi la, bao hiem va nhung van dt phap ly xoay quanh HDBH cung da gianh duac su quan tam nghien ciiu ciia khong it sinh vien luat cac trudng dai hoc Chang han nhu: Luan van cu nhan luat ve de tai mot so van de phap ly ve bao hiem hang hoa XNK chuyen cha bang duang bienthang 6-1998 ciia Nguyen Thu Huang - khoa Luat Truang Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi; luan van cu nhan luat ciia tac gia Dao Duy Bau Trudng Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi ve de tai phap luat hap dong bao hiem thuang mai va thuc tien ap dung Viet Nam hien - thang 10-1999 Tuy nhien can phai noi la, nhung cong tiinh nghien cuu ke tren, tinh chat de tai, miJc do, dieu kien, cung nhu muc dfch nghien cuu, nen cac tac gia m6i chi di sau vao tim hieu ban chat kinh te ciia bao hiem la chu yeu Rieng cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia tac gia Nguyen Thu Huang, CO de cap den khia canh phap ly ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK, nhung pham vi ciia de tai, nen tac gia chi di sau vao tim hieii nhung van de phap ly ciia boat dong bao hiem hang hoa XNK noi chung qua trinh chuyen cha bang duang bien Cong trinh nghien cuu ciia tac gia Dao Duy Bau, vai nhiem vu, muc dich nghien cuu la lam sang to nhung noi dung phap ly ciia HDBH thuang mai, nen du da co duac quan diem, each tiep can diing huang nghien cuu, dua mot so giai phap ca ban khac phuc ban che, nhien, ket qua cung mai chi dung lai a tam khai quat chung ciia phap luat ve HDBH thuang mai NhiJng van de phap ly ve HDBH hang boa XNK, va mot so kien nghi bu6c dau nham tiing buac hoan thien no, van la de tai tuang doi m6i me, cha dai duac nhieu nguai quan tam nghien cuu Cung can nhan manh la, van de phap luat ve bao hiem thuang mai, CO nhiJng noi dung cua phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK, nhung nam gan day, da tra doi tuang nghien cuu ciia khong it du an cac to chuc quoc te thuc hien, nhu: Chuang trinh h6 tra chuyen doi kinh te a Viet Nam ciia hen minh Chau Au, co van de tro giiip xay dung hoan thien luat kinh doanh bao hiem Hoac nhu chirong trinh nghien ciru thirc trang thj trucmg bao hiem nong nghiep o Viet Nam to chiic luong thuc the gioi (FAO) tien hanh vao cuoi nam 1999, va da dua 10 kien nghi doi v6i Viet Nam linh vuc bao hiem nong nghiep, khong ngiing hoan thien nhirng quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam dieu chinh cac quan he bao hiem, HDBH Dieu da nhan tha'y la, nhung cong trinh nay, chua phai la nhiJng nghien cuu thuan ve phap luat HDBH hang hoa XNK, dij co de cap nhung chua that su tuang xiing, chua dap ling v6i yeu cau cua thuc tien dang dat Nhin chung cac tac gia chii yeu di vao nghien cuu a tam vi mo ciia kinh te' bao hiem, phap luat bao hiem nhieu han la di vao nghien cuu cu the cac noi dung ciia phap lual \c hop dong, cung nhu phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK Cung can noi them la, ca cau to chuc va boat dong cua mot so truang Dai hoc nhu Dai hoc kinh te, Dai hoc Tai chinh-Ke toan, da hinh cac khoa doc lap nghien cuu ve bao hiem Du vay, v6i chu'c nang cua mot truang kinh te, cong tac hoc tap va nghien ciiu a day khong hoan toan tie'p can tu goc ciia phap luat, khong nham muc dich xay dung, hoan thien phap luat bao hiem Van de CO duac de cap nhung a muc ban che, chii yeu thien ve cac khai niem, thuat ngu kinh te, hieu qua kinh te ciia HDBH Chang ban nhu each tinh toan miic phi bao hiem, cac chi phi phat sinh Trong qua trinh thuc hien hap dong bao hiem, each thong ke, danh gia muc riii ro, thiet hai, ca sa ky thuat ciia HDBH m MUC DICH NGHIEN CUU: Muc dich ciia luan van la nghien cuu luan giai mot each tuang doi day dii ve nhung noi dung ca ban ciia su dieu chinh phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK a Viet Nam hien Tren ca sa do, ket hgp su phan tich, danh gia thuc trang ap dung phap luat giao ket, thuc hien HDBH hang boa XNK, tac gia dua mot so kien nghi bu6c dau v6i mong muon nhung kien nghi ciia minh la tai lieu tham khao giiip ich phan nao cho cac nha nghien cuu, cac nha lap phap viec xay dung che dinh phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK a nuac ta nhung nam tai Nhiem vu cu the la: - Nghien cuu lam sang to mot so quan diem tiep can ca ban xay dung phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK - Trinh bay va phan tich nhung noi dung phap ly ca ban ciia su dieu chinh phap luat ve giao ket, thuc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK a nuac ta hien tham phan Viet Nam qua trinh thuc hien nghia vu theo hgp ddng va qua trinh thu ly, giai quyet vu viec Viec danh gia, xac dinh quyen va nghia vu phap ly ciia cac chii the tham gia quan he HDBH hang boa XNK, tren thuc te cdn kha nhieu bat cap Ngudi nhan trach nhiem bao hiem thudng chii dong viec "tu" de cho minh mot sd quyen thuan Igi, ban che nhiing nghia vu nao cd the tao dieu kien de thoai thac, hoac "khau trii" trach nhiem phai bdi thudng thiet hai cho ngudi mua bao hiem Trong dd, ban than cac chii the mua bao hiem lai luOn phai roi vao the bi dong, kh6ng it trudng hgp, ngudi mua bao hiem phai chiu qua nhieu thiet thdi theo kien trien mien ma van kh6ng cd ket qua chi don gian vi khong dugc doanh nghiep bao hiem hudng dan, giai thich cac dieu khoan mang tinh chung chung, map md tir giao ket hgp ddng Dieu neu nhu khong phai la "nghe thuat kinh doanh", thi ciing cd the tam ggi la nhiing cai "bay" ciia mdt sd doanh nghiep bao hiem Viet Nam dang qua say sua vdi su bao cap, hd trg ciia Nha nude, v6 hinh trung nd da tu lam mat di ban chat nhan van vdn cd ciia boat ddng bao hiem! Cd mot thuc te' la, hien d nude ta, QTC 90 dugc ap dung khdng chi cho cac loai hang boa XNK bang dudng bien ma ke ca van chuyen hang khong, dudng bg Cling chu yeu ap dung theo nd Tuy nhien cung cd mot sd trudng hgp ngudi mua bao hiem va ngudi ban bao hiem thoa thuan vdi ve viec ap dung dieu kien bao hiem ICC 1.1.82 by air eiia ILU va luat phap Anh giao ket va thuc hien HDBH Neu nhu vay thi tham quyen giai quyet tranh chap phat sinh tir HDBH phai toa an nude Anh giai quyet Nhung thuc te la cac toa an Vict Nam van thu ly va xet xii Va dudng nhu mgi viec dugc giai quyet theo phap luat Viet Nam Thuc hien cac quy dinh cua phap luat ve giam dinh hang hoa, xac dinh trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai cho cac doanh nghiep bao hiem cdn nhieu khd khan, lung tiing, nhat la nhiing trudng hgp cd lien quan den yeu td nude ngoai, tai lieu, chiing cii dugc xem xet, danh gia d nude ngoai Theo sd lieu thdng ke 63 chua day dii, tinh den cudi nam 1999, tren dia ban phd Hd Chi Minh da cd tdi gin 30 CO quan giam dinh hang boa XNK, vdi dii moi hinh thiic sd hiru khac nhau, k^ ca 100% vdn nude ngoai Kh6ng it trudng hop, cung mot co quan giam dinh nhung cd den hai, ba y kien khac nhau, tham chi cdn tratmau thuan[47,l] va le duong nhien nhiing trudng hgp nhu vay, phan I6n su thiet hai va bat Igi kinh te, thudng ngudi mua bao hiem phai ganh chiu Trong dd nhiing quy dinh ciia phap luat hen quan den pham vi trach nhiem BH, dieu khoan bao hiem, dieu khoan loai tru cdn qua chung chung, bat dinh cao, thuoc tung y chi chii quan, hay su quy djnh ciia ngudi bao hiem Chang ban nhu quy dinh ngudi dugc bao hiem cd nghia vu cung cap day du thdng tin lien quan den ddi tugng bao hiem, nhung dd la quy dinh mang tinh chung chung, chii lam ma xac dinh dugc chinh xac nd bao gom nhung nghia vu gi? Qiia truu tugng va qua rong nhu the da tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho viec "van dung sang tao" phap luat ciia cac doanh nghiep bao hiem viec tii chdi bao hiem cho hang boa XNK bi tdn that ma minh da ban bao hiem! Hay cd the neu mot vi du thuc tiln khac: Viec khdng chen Idt ngo xuat khau sang Trung Qudc theo HDBH sd 17/HX 95 giiia Bao Viet va Vinatea 5-101995, cd phai la thuoc nghia vu ciia ngudi mua bao hiem hay thuoc trach nhiem ciia ngudi chuyen chd, ngudi ban bao hiem? Tren thuc te, viec khong chen lot "cain than" theo tap quan thuong mai qudc te' da din den thiet hai toan bg cho Id hang 230 tan ngd hat la qua rd rang Ai se la ngudi chiu trach nhiem ve su thiet hai nay, qua la viec khdng don gian va nd dugc xuat phat tir nhu'ng can nguyen nhu da neu tren Thuc tien van dung phap luat ve bao hiem hang boa XNK hien dang sinh van de la, hau nhu cac doanh nghiep bao hiem khdng thira nhan tinh phap ly bat buoc thuc hien ciia mot sd van ban Bg Tai chinh ban hanh quy dinh ve bao hie'm, chang han nhu QTC 90 hay Quy che 581a Theo cac doanh nghiep bao hiem thi, nhiing van ban dd khdng phai la "Luat" va kh6ng bat buoc ap dung ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep bao hiem[37] Hay ndi diing hon, nhung quy 64 dinh cac van ban dd chi cd gia tri la "tai lieu tham khao", hoac it la co sd de doanh nghiep bao hie'm soan thao rieng cho minh mot bg quy tac mdi ma hoan toan khong can den QTC 90 hay Quy che 581 a la gi! Ve viec cung phai neu rd rang, nhiing ddng diu tien ciia Quy che 581a, cac nha lam luat da ghi: "Nhiing quy dinh quy che ap dung chung cho tat ca cac hgp ddng bao hiem, tru hgp ddng bao hie'm hang hai quy dinh Bo luat Hang hai Viet Nam 12-7-1990" 3.2.2 Mot so kien nghi buac dau a Quan diem tiep can xay dung phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK: • Chii y tinh chat ciia mdi quan he HDBH hang boa XNK, bdi nhung le sau: - Thudng cd ye'u td nude ngoai tham gia hgp ddng - Ludn chiu anh hudng, chi phdi va dieu chinh ciia thdng le, tap quan qudc te ve buon ban, van chuyen hang boa XNK (tinh chat cua cac quan he ngoai thuong) - Gia tri tai san bao hiem mua ban, trao ddi XNK thudng rat Idn, tinh chai, chiing loai hang boa cung da dang, phiic tap • Phai xay dung mdt co che' thdng nhat, ddng bg thuc tien ap dung cac quy dinh ciia phap luat ve bao hiem hang hoa XNK Dieu cd y nghia cue ky quan trgng ddi vdi khdng chi la quan ly nha nude ve bao hie'm ma cdn tao dugc su tin tudng, tam ly on dinh cho cac chii the, dii nude hay qudc te, mua bao hiem tai Viet Nam, chiu su dieu chinh ciia phap luat Viet Nam Neu chiing ta khdng danh su dau tu thich dang cho van de nay, tat yeu la, khong chi cac ddi tac nude ngoai se khdng mua bao hiem ciia doanh nghiep Viet Nam, ma rdi ca ngudi Viet Nam, nhung dieu kien cho phep, cung di tim cho minh mdt ngudi bao hiem nude ngoai • Phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK phai phu hgp vdi cac quy dinh ciia phap luat qudc gia va thong le qudc te ve bao hiem thuong mai, nhat la bao hiem hang boa XNK; phu hgp vdi nhiing nguyen tac chung ciia qudc te ve mua ban, van chuyen, cung nhu phuong thiic toan hang hoa XNK 65 dinn iruug ^a V«M UU cu gia tri la "tai lieu tham khao", hoac it la co s6de' doanh nghiep bao hie'm soan thao rieng cho minh mot bo quy tSc mdi'ma hoan toan khdng can den QTC 90 hay Quy che 581 a la gii Ve vi^r n^ ~ 51 vc Viec cung phai neu rd rang, nhirng ddng dau tien ciia Quy che 581a, cac nha lam luat da ghi: "Nhung quy dinh quy che ap dung chung cho tat ca cac hop d6ng bao hiem, tru hgp ddng bao hiem hang hai quy dinh Bo luat Hang hai Viet Nam 12-7-1990" 12.2 Mot so kien nghi buac dau a Quan diem tiep can xay dung phap luat v6 HDBH hang hoa XNK: i Chu y tinh chat ciia mdi quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK, bdi nhiing le sau: Thirdng cd yeu td nude ngoai tham gia hgp ddng Luon chiu anh hudng, chi phdi va dieu chinh ciia thdng le, tap quan qudc te ve buon ban, van chuyen hang hoa XNK (tinh chat ciia cac quan he ngoai thuong) Gia tri tai san bao hiem mua ban, trao ddi XNK thudng rat Idn, tinh chat, chung loai hang boa ciing da dang, phiic tap Phai xay dung mot co che' thdng nhat, ddng bd thuc tien ap dung cac quy dinh ciia phap luat ve bao hiem hang hoa XNK Dieu cd y nghia cue ky quan trgng ddi vdi khdng chi la quan ly nha nude ve bao hie'm ma cdn tao dugc sir tin tudng, tam ly on dinh cho cac chii the, du nude hay qudc te, mua bao hiem lai Viet Nam, chiu sU dieu chinh ciia phap luat Vici Nam Neu chiing ta khdng danh sir dau tu thich dang cho van de nay, tat yeu la, khong chi cac ddi tac nude ngoai se khong mua bao hiem ciia doanh nghiep Viet Nam, ma roi ca ngudi Viet Nam, nhirng dieu kien cho phep, cung di tim cho minh mot ngudi bao hiem nu'dc ngoai Phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK phai phu hgp vdi cac quy dinh cua phap luat qudc gia va thong le qudc te ve bao hiem thuong mai, nhat la bao hiem hang hoa XNK; phu hgp vdi nhung nguyen tac chung ciia qudc te ve mua ban, van chuyen, cQng nhu phuong thuc toan hang hoa XNK 65 CQng cSn thdng nhat vdi ve quan die'm rang, phap luat HDBH hang hoa XNK la quy dinh bat huge thuc hien nhung phai dua tren nguyen tac thuong lugng, thoa thuan va thong nhat y chi ciia cac chii the Dd la tinh "md" khOng the thieu quan he bao hiem hang hoa XNK, phu hgp thong le va xu hudng kinh te qudc te nhu hien b Xay dirng Luat bao hiem Iiang hoa XNK thong nhat mo hinh, cau true cua tie thong phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he ve bao hiem thuong mai Dat van de nay, chiing toi biet cd rat nhieu y kien khong tan hoac cho rang, den nhu luat kinh doanh bao hiem cdn du thao hang chuc nam nua la noi gi den Luat bao hiem hang boa XNK Diing la cd mot thuc trang nhu the, song dd la chuyen ciia cac nha lap phap va nd cd nhieu nguyen nhan khac de ly giai van de Cdn d day chiing ta dang nghien ciiu va ciing dua m6t sd kien nghi vdi mong mudn cang hoan thien hon nira nhirng quy dinh ciia phap luat Viet Nam dieu chinh cac mdi quan he ve bao hiem hang hoa XNK, vdn dl rat phiic tap va nhay cam Kinh nghiem mot sd nude cd nen kinh te phat trien (Anh Nhat Ban), cho thay, d nude hg, cac nghiep vu bao hiem ve hang boa van chuyen, dugc chia hai nhdm co ban nhu sau: - Nhdm nghiep vu bao hiem hang boa van chuyen ngi dia ( Inland transit insurance polily) - Nhdm nghiep vu bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen hang hai ( Marine cargo insurance policy) Va nhdm nghiep vu bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen hang hai dugc bde tach hai loai nghiep vu bao hiem la: -I- Nghiep vu bao hiem xuat khau, nhap khau ( Import- Export insurance policy) + Nghiep vu bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen ven bien ( Coastwise or Coastal insurance policy) 66 Du kh6ng phan dinh rd loai nghiep vu bao hie'm hang hoa XNK neng nhung rd rang la, loai nghiep vu bao hiem hang boa XNK kh6ng the ddng nhat vai cac nhdm hoac loai nghiep vu bao hie'm khac nhu bao hiem van chuyen noi dia, hay bao hiem van chuyen ven bien van de d day la, tCmg dieu kien va dac diem, hoan canh ciia mdi qudc gia ma ngudi ta xay dung cho minh mot he thdng phap luat ve bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen XNK, cung khac Tuy nhien phai thdng nhat vdi d chung mot die'm CO ban, dd la: tinh bat huge thuc hien va ap dung thdng nhat ddi vdi cac chii the, nhat la ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep bao hie'm Va dac biet, he thdng cac quy dinh ciia phap luat ve bao hiem hang boa XNK phai ham chua nd nhung "tinh md", "tinh hudng ngoai" tdi thieu Cd th^ tham khao Luat Thuong mai nude ta vira mdi ban hanh nam 1997, de thay rd hon dieu Dieu quy dinh ve ap dung dieu ude qudc te, phap luat nude ngoai va tap quan thuong mai qudc te hoat ddng thuong mai vdi nude ngoai ghi rd: 1- Trong trudng hgp dieu ude qudc te ma Viet Nam ky ket hoac tham gia cd quy dinh khac vdi quy dinh ciia Luat thi cac ben hgp ddng ap dung quy dinh ciia dieu ude qudc te dd 2- Cac ben hgp ddng dugc thoa thuan ap dung phap luat nude ngoai neu phap luat nude ngoai khdng trai vdi phap luat Viet Nam hoac trudng hgp dieu ude qudc te ma Viet Nam ky ket hoac tham gia cd quy dinh ap dung phap luat nude ngoai 3- Cac ben hgp ddng dugc thoa thuan ap dung tap quan thuong mai qudc tc neu tap quan thuong mai qudc te khdng trai vdi phap luat Viet Nam O nu6c ta hien cQng dang ton tai hai nhom nghiep vu bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen chu yeu la: - Nhom nghiep vu bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bang dudng bien, ap dung theo QTC90 ban hanh kem theo Quyet djnh 305-TC/BH 9-8-1990 cua Bo truang Tai chmh Tren thuc te day la nhom nghiep vu bao hiem hang hoa XNK van chuyen bang dudng bien 67 - Nhdm nghiep vu bao hiem hang boa van chuyen lanh tho, ap dung theo Quy tac bao hiem hang boa van chuyen lanh tho Viet Nam ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh 09/QD-TCBH, 9-1-1992 ciia Bg trudng Tai chinh ve viec trien khai bao hiem hang boa van chuyen lanh tho nude cong hoa XHCN Viet Nam Mac dii vay, su phan biet neu tren ciing chi mang tinh tuong ddi, tham chi cd su chdng cheo giiia cac phuong thiic bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen ngi dia va van chuyen qudc te (XNK) Ngay nhu tai Dieu ciia QTC 90, cac nha lap phap cung ghi rang: " Quy tac chung ap dung cho viec bao hiem hang boa van chuyen bang dudng bien Quy tac cdn cd the ap dung cho ca viec bao hiem hang boa van chuyen ndi tiep bang dudng bg, dudng s6ng hoac dudng khOng" Va Dieu ciia Quy tac bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen lanh tho cung xac dinh:" Quy tac cdn dugc van dung cd thoa thuan rieng trgng hgp ddng bao hiem cho viec bao hiem hang boa van chuyen tii Viet Nam di cac nude lan can va van chuyen tir nude ngoai ve dugc phep qua canh qua Viet Nam de sang cac nude lan can bang cac phuong tien van tai ndi tren" Dieu hien nhien la, van ban Luat bao hiem hang boa XNK se khong the thieu nhirng quy dinh quan ve hgp dong c Mot so ngi dung ca ban can chu y xay dung phap luat vS HDBH hang hoa XNK: • Md rong pham vi, phuong thiic bdi thudng thiet hai BH hang boa XNK tao su chu dong cho cac chii the qua trinh thuc hien hgp ddng bao hiem hang boa XNK Mat khac, phap luat HDBH hang boa XNK cung can quan tam de'n van de thdi ban toan bdi thudng thiet hai ma ngudi bao hiem phai cd trach nhiem thuc hien Thdi han dd dugc tinh toan dua tren co sd ciia nhirng tai lieu, hd so khieu nai hgp le, hgp phap ciia ngudi dugc bao hiem giii cho ngudi bao hiem Neu ngudi bao hiem thay rang nhung tai lieu hd so dd cd day dii can cii phap ly de chiing minh trach nhiem bao hiem ciia minh thi thdi ban 68 luat dinh phai thue hien hanh vi toan bdi thudng thiet hai cho ngudi dugc bao hi^m Tham khao van de Quy tac chung bao hie'm hang hoa van chuyen lanh tho Viet Nam, ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh 09/QD-TCBH 9-1-1992 ciia Bg trudng Tai chinh Tai Dieu 20 ghi ro Sau kiem tra va xac nhan hd so khieu nai ciia ngudi dugc bao hiem la hgp le va tdn that thuoc trach nhiem bao hiem, ngudi bao hiem se toan bdi thudng cho ngudi dugc bao hiem vdng 30 ngay, ke tii' nhan dugc hd so khieu nai hgp le Nhiing quy dinh nhu vay ciia phap luat bao hiem hang boa XNK la cue ky can thiet, nd khdng chi gdp phan bao ve quyen Igi vat chat cho ngudi bao hiem ma la van de khac phuc kip thdi nhiing riii ro, thiet hai kinh doanh, lay lai su on dinh, thang bang can thiet boat dong buon ban hang boa XNK • C6ng ude qudc te' dieu chinh van don cho phep ngudi chuyen chd dugc mien trach nhieu trudng hgp: Ngudi chuyen chd chi chiu trach nhiem ddi vdi tdn that "Idi thuong mai" chii hoan toan khong chiu trach nhiem bdi thudng vi "Idi van don" Vi the xay dung cac quy dinh phap luat ve quyen, nghia vu cua cac chii the tham gia quan he hgp ddng bao hiem can phan biet rd rang, cu the nghia vu va trach nhiem ciia mdi ben quan he HDBH ddi vdi hang boa XNK da dugc mua bao hiem Chang ban nhu van de nhu the nao la hanh vi cung cap thdng tin mot each day ve ddi tugng bao hiem ciia ngudi mua bao hiem? Gidi ban ciia nd den dau? bao gdm nhiing yeu cau cu the gi: 1,2,3, ? • Quan tam den su khac biet cac phuong thiic mua ban hang hoa ngoai thuong cd anh hudng den quan he HDBH cho chinh hang hoa ngoai thuong dd Mdi phuong thiic mua ban ngoai thuong khac deu cd nhirng anh hudng nhat dinh ddi vdi ngudi mua bao hiem va ngudi ban bao hiem Chang ban nhu thdi diem chuyen giao quyen sd him, trach nhiem bao hiem ciia ngudi bao - hiem, nghia vu ban che, phdng ngiia riii ro 69 Nhiing dieu khoan quy dinh pham vi, trach nhiem bao hiem va nhung dieu khoan mien tru trach nhiem bao hie'm ciia ngudi bao hiem theo hgp ddng da ky ket phai het siic rd rang, cu the, tuyet ddi tranh tinh trang quy dinh chung Chung, rac rdi hoac mau thuSn, chdng cheo giiia cac ngi dung din den nhieu each hieu, each giai thich khac ve cung mot van de, va nhu vay ngudi bi thiet hai khOng khac chinh la ngudi mua bao hiem Van de kh6ng chi cd gia tri ddi vdi ngudi mua bao hiem ma cdn cd y nghia "canh tinh" cho cac doanh nghiep bao hiem Viet Nam trude xu the canh tranh va phat trien eiia nen kinh te bao hiem Nhu da trinh bay phan tinh cap thiet ciia de tai, nam 1998, bao hiem hang boa xuat khau mdi dat 5,7% tren long gia tri kim ngach hang boa xuat khau, va 20% tren tong gia tri kim ngach hang hoa nhap khau Trong dd theo "16 trinh" Hiep dinh thuong mai Viet - My da ky ket, khoang 10 nam tdi thi trudng bao hiem thuong mai Viet Nam se dugc md ciia hoan toan de cac cdng ty ciia My vao boat dong Xay dung phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK phai tiem can vdi cac quy dinh, thdng le va tap quan qudc te mua ban va toan ngoai thuong Chang ban nhu viec tieu buy hang boa hi am mdc, khOng bao dam ve sinh thuc vat theo luat phap Trung Qudc vu tranh chap bao hiem giiia Vinatea va Bao Viet nhu da phan tich Rdi van de toan ngoai thuong qua L/C, hay ap dung cac dieu kien thuong mai qudc te (Incoterms), thi thdi diem de xac dinh chuyen giao quyen sd hiiu hang boa tinh tii nao? Trong nhiing trudng hgp nhu vay, phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK cung phai tinh den va cd su dieu chinh nhat dinh, khudn khd ciia muc tieu bao ve quyen Igi hgp phap ciia cac chii the tham gia quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK Van de can quan tam d day la, phap luat can thiep the nao de cd the giai quyet tdt nhat quyen, nghia vu cho cac chii the; khac phuc, dieu chinh kip thdi su xung dot phap luat rat hay xay giua phap luat bao hiem Viet Nam va phap luat bao hiem nude ngoai, ke ca cac dieu ude, thdng le qudc te ve bao hiem 70 PHAN KET LUAN Khi chiing tdi hoan luan van nay, cung la liic Qudc hoi khoa 10 ky hgp thii dugc td chiic tai Ha Ngi Ngay phien hgp dSu tien, bao cao kinh texa hoi ciia Chinh phu, Thii tudng Phan Van Khai da phan tich kha rd ve kha nang on dinh va tang trudng kinh te ciia Viet Nam nam 2001 Cu the la, tri tdc tang trudng GDP d miic 7,5 den 8% Va theo Thii tudng, de bao dam tdc tang trudng nay, mot mat vua day manh san xuat -kinh doanh, mat khac phai cd cac bien phap, chinh sach cu the hd trg va khuyen khich cac boat dong xuat nhap khau, dac biet la xuat khau Yeu cau la, boat dong xuat nhap khau phai tang gap ddi so vdi nam 2000 Nhu vay la, hoat ddng xuat nhap khau hang boa d nude ta thdi gian tdi se cd nhirng ddng thai mdi theo chieu hudng tich cue, the hien su quan tam va nhan thiic mdi ciia Chinh phii Viet Nam ve mdt nen kinh te' hudng ngoai, md ciia va hdi nhap Va dieu dd mdt lan niia cang cho chiing ta thay gia tri va y nghia cue ky to Idn cua he thdng cac van ban phap luat linh vuc bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap khau d Viet Nam, ciing nhu nhiing co che bao dam cho cac van ban dd dugc thuc hien tren thuc te Cd the khang dinh rang, phap luat bao hiem, gid day da trd mdt bg phan kh6ng the tach rdi cac hoat ddng xuat nhap khau, la c6ng cu hiiu hieu day nhanh tdc phat trien ciia loai hinh kinh te nang ddng nay, gdp phan thu hiit vdn dau tu nude ngoai vao Viet Nam, tao dieu kien cho cac doanh nghiep xuai nhap khau yen tam md rong quy md boat ddng san xuat-kinh doanh Va dieu de nhan thay la, khdng rieng gi Viet Nam ma hau het cac qudc gia tren the gidi, da nhan thiic rat rd y nghia, vai trd ciia phap luat bao hiem, dac biet la phap luat ve bao hiem linh vuc xuat nhap khau ddi vdi su nghiep phat trien kinh te xa hoi Ban than cac nha lap phap Viet Nam sudt nhiing nam qua, nhat la tii' chiing ta giQ bd co che kinh te cu, chuyen sang nen kinh te thi trudng, da danh nhieu cdng siic, tien ciia cho van de Hy vgng rang, Luat kinh doanh bao hidm duoc ban hanh se tao hanh lang phap ly mdi, gdp phan tao mdt "san choi" 71 binh dang, th6ng thoang va thdng nhat cho thi trudng bao hiem thuong mai d Viet Nam ndi chung va thi trudng bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap khau ndi rieng Trong khu6n khd nghien ciiu nhiing van de phap ly ve hgp ddng bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap khau d Viet Nam hien nay, tac gia cd the dua mot sd ke't luan mang tinh khai quat ve van de nhu sau: Mot la, phap luat ve bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap d Viet Nam, dac biet la cac quy dinh, che dinh linh vuc hgp ddng, dang la mot van de mang tinh thdi su dat cho cac nha lap phap Hay ndi each khac don gian hon, d Viet Nam hien chua cd mdt van ban phap luat cd gia tri phap ly cao, tuong ddi dn dinh dieu chinh boat ddng bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap khau Su thieu hut, khap kbilng, tham chi mau thuSn, chdng cheo ciia nhiing quy dinh phap luat nhu mot dieu kien thuan Igi tao sir lam dung, tien ciia cac doanh nghiep bao hidm viec ap dung luat, cung nhu qua trinh dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi boat dong bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap khau Hai Id, tii nhirng dac trung, tinh chat cung nhu vi tri cua boat dong bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap khau su nghiep phat trien kinh te dat nude, cho phep chiing ta dua Idi khang dinh rang, viec xay dung va hoan thien Luat bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap khau, dd cd che' dinh ve hgp ddng lam ndng cdt de dieu chinh cac quan he linh vuc la can thiet, can dugc trien khai thdi gian tdi Dac biet la, phai chii y den tinh dac trung, tinh "hudng ngoai" ciia loai quan he xa hdi qua trinh xay dung phap luat cung nhu de cac bien phap, CO che dieu chinh chiing thuc tien Cd vay mdi tao dugc su hoa nhap qudc te, tao CO sd phap ly de cac doanh nghiep bao hiem Viet Nam cd dieu kien tiep can va khai thac bao hiem tii phia cac ban hang nude ngoai hg boat ddng linh vuc xuat nhap khau vdi Viet Nam Ba Id, ban hanh va hoan thien the che phap luat la can thiet, mang tinh tien de, nhung dd chua phai la tat ca Dieu cdt loi ciia van de chinh la he thdng co che, chinh sach bao dam cho nhiing quy dinh dd dugc thuc hien tren thuc te, ke ca viec kien toan he thdng cac co quan td tung, cac td chiic kinh te, cd anh hudng 72 hoac lien quan den hoat dong bao hiem hang hoa xuat nhap nhap Chang han nhu van de kien toan va quan ly cac ca quan giam dinh hang hoa xuat nhap khau; xac dinh dia vi phap ly cho cac ca quan hoat dong chuyen mon, nhat la ho thuc hien viec giam dinh hang hoa bi ton that, hoac nhu ton that lai xay a nuac ngoai 73 DANH MUC T A I LIEU THAM KHAO Bg luat Dan su \ Bg luat hang hai 1990 ! Luat hang kh6ng dan dung 1992 k Luat thuong mai 1997 i Phap lenh hgp ddng kinh te 1989 ) Nghi dinh 17/CP 16-1-1990 ve hudng dan thi hanh Phap lenh hgp ddng kinh te 1989 ' Nghi dinh 100/CP 18-12-1993 ve kinh doanh bao hiem Nghi dinh 74/CP 14-61997 ve siia ddi, bd sung Nghi dinh 100/CP 18-12-1997 ve kinh doanh bao hiem I Quyet dinh 305-TC/BH 9-8-1990 ciia Bg trudng Tai chinh ban hanh Quy tac chung ve bao hiem hang boa van chuyen bang dudng bien O.Quyet dinh 09/QD-TCBH 9-1-1992 ciia Bg trudng Tai chinh ve men khai bao hiem van chuyen lanh tho Viet Nam 1.Thdng tu 78/TT-BTC 9-6-1998 quy dinh ve boat ddng kinh doanh tai bao hiem 2.Quy tac chung ve bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bang dudng bien ciia Bao Viet nam 1998 (QTCB 98) Quy tac chung bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen lanh tho Viet Nam ciia Bao Viet nam 1998 (QTND 98) Quy tac chung bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bang dudng bien ciia cOng ty cd phan bao hiem Buu dien nam 1998 Giao trinh bao hiem Trudng Dai bgc tai chinh Ha Ndi, NXB tai chinh nam 1999 Giao trinh Luat tai chinh Trudng Dai bgc Luat Ha Ndi, NXB c6ng an nhan dan 1998 Giao trinh van tai ngoai thuong Trudng Dai bgc ngoai thuong 1986 Giao trinh Luat kinh te Trudng Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ngi, khoa Luat, NXB Dai bgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi nam 1997 Cac van ban phap luat ve kinh doanh bao hiem, NXB thdng ke 1998 ,0 Nguyen Hdng Dam, Van tai va bao hiem ngoai thuong, NXB Giao due 1994 :1 Biii Tien Quy, mot sd van de co ban ve kinh te bao hiem, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia 1997 Le Quang Thinh, phap luat boat ddng kinh doanh xuat nhap khau, NXB phap ly 1986 13 Dai cuong ve bao hiem va hgp ddng bao hiem, Trung tam dao tao Bao Viet 1998 14 Yamagchi, hudng dan thuc hanh nghiep vu ngoai thuong hien dai, NXB thdng tin 1992 ^5 Hgp tac tai chinh cac nude ASEAN, Vien Chau A - Thai Binh Duong, Ha Ngi 1993 16 Cac che dinh hudng dan kinh doanh bao hiem, NXB thdng ke 1998 11 Duong Thi Quy, phap luat van tai bien, Trudng dai hoc hang hai Vict Nam Z8 David bland, Bao hiem- nguyen tac va thuc hanh, NXB tai chinh 1998 Z9 Luat bao "hiem Trung Qudc 30 Luat bao hiem hang hai Vuong qudc Anh 1906 31 Luat bao hiem Diic 32 Cdng ude Brussels 1924 thdng nhat mdt sd quy tac phap ly ve van don dudng bien (Internatinal convention for the Unification of certain rules of law relating to bill of lading) 33 Dieu kien thuong mai qudc te 1990 va 2000 (Incoterms 1990, Incoterms 2000) 34 Du an bao hiem EU-VIE 93/36 (5 Bao phap luat phd Hd Chi Minh 24-11-1998 \6 Bao cao trinh Qudc hdi ciia Bd tai chinh ve du an Luat bao hiem 27-12-1999 M Hd so vu tranh chap bao hiem giiia Sadaco va Bao Minh nam 1998 58 Hd so vu tranh chap bao hiem giua C6ng ty TNHH Tan Hiep vdi cOng ty cd phan bao hiem Buu dien nam 1999 59 Hd so vu tranh chap bao hiem giiia Vinatea va Bao Viet nam 1994 W Duthao Luat kinh doanh bao hiem lan thii 15, 16 17 U Kinh te Viet Nam nam 1999 va vien canh nam 2000 ciia TS Le Khoa, Tap chi Phat trien kinh te- thang 3-2000 M Cac mau hgp ddng bao hiem hang boa ciia Bao Viet ^3 Bao cao kinh te- xa hdi ciia Chinh phii thang 11-2000 \A Hiep dinh thuong mai Viet - My 45 Nguyen Thu Huong, mdt sd van de phap ly ve hgp ddng bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bang dudng bien-thang 6-1998 46 Dao Duy Bau, phap luat ve hgp ddng bao hiem thuong mai va thuc lien ap dung d Viet Nam hien nay- thang 10-1999 47 Tuan Phong, Giam dinh hang boa xuat nhap khau, cdn nhieu bat cap, Bao Nhan Dan 25-11-1999, trang nhat 48 Quy tac York-Antwrep 1974 ve giai quyet tdn that chung ciia hang hoa van chuyen bang dudng bien 49 TS Nguyen Phii Tu, AFTA va su hoi nhap ciia Viet Nam, Tap chi phat trien kinh te thang 2-2000