Bước đầu tìm hiểu phần thơ việt nam hiện đại trong sách giáo khoa văn cải cách giáo dục bậc trung học phổ thông hiện nay

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NO! • > • TRUONG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN 4»J(»4»Jk4'4»4'4>4' LE MAI ANH Bade DAU TIM HIEU PHAN THO VIET NAM HIEN DAI TRONG SACH GIAO KHOA VAN CAI CACH GIAO DUG BAG TRUNG HOG PHO THONG HIEN NAY • • • • • • • (Gi6i han bp sach tri/dng Dai hoc sU pham Ha npi I bien soan va bo sach chinh ly hop nhat nam 2000) t%\J HOC c u e : r,l K MA NO! TRLINSlJWTHONSTW.THIIVitN LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC NGl/VAN • • • CHUYEN NGANH : VAN HOC VIET NAM MA SO : 5.0433 Ngit&i hu&ng ddn khoa hoc : PGS.TS N G U Y I N BA THANH HA NO! 2000 MUC LUC Trang PHANMdDAU 1 Lf chon d6 tai Lich sir v^n d^ Phuong phap nghiSn ciJu 10 Ddi tuong va pham vi nghidn eun 11 D6ng gop m6i cua luan an 12 B cue cua luan an 12 CHWNG : Dien mqo cua tha Viet Nam hien dai sach gido khoa van trung hoc thong hien 14 1.1 Nhan xet ehung vl ehuong trinh tho sach giao khoa trung hoe ph6 thdng 14 1.2 Tho Vi6t nam hidn dai b6 sach giao khoa trung hoc ph6 thdng ddu ti6n sau hoa binh (ban hanh nam hoc 1955 - 1956 va sir dung de'n h€i nhiing nam 70) 15 1.3 Tho Vi6t nam hi6n dai b6 sach giao khoa trung hoe ph6 thdng nhiing nam 80 22 1.4 Tho Viet nam hi6n dai bo sach giao khoa trung hoe ph6 thdng nhiing nam 90 va bo sach giao khoa trung hoe ph6 thCng chinh ly hop nhat nam 2000 26 CHWNG : Tim hieu nhiing nhqn dinh chung cua sach gido khoa ve tha Viet Nam hien dai 31 2.1 Quan di^m phan ky va phan dong eae bai khai quat 31 2.2 Nhiing nhan dinh v^ eae gia trj cua tho Vidt Nam hien dai 36 2.3 Nhihig nhan dinh v^ cac rihk tha Idm dvtac gidd thi6u vdri tir cich tdc gia (Xudn Didu, H6 Chi Minh, T6 HGu) 48 CHl/ONGS: Tim hieu phan hu&ng ddn hoc bai 65 3.1 Dinh hirdmg chung cua h6 th6ng c^u hoi phdn "Hudng dSn hoc bai" 65 3.2 Sir khac v^ each cam thu m6t s5 bai thcr duoc trich giang PHAN K^T LUAN 70 83 CAC CH&VI^ TAT DUNG TRONG LUAN VAN 85 CAC CHU THICH DUNG TRONG LUAN VAN 85 PHI/ LUC : CAC BANG KHAO SAT VE TAC GIA TAC PHAM TAILIEU THAMKHAO 86 92 PHAN Md OAU L t DO CHON Bt TAI: 1.1 N^ii tho la nhu cdu dcri s6ng tarn linh eon nguod - nhu bay gi5 ngudi ta thu5ng noi, thi vdd nguod giao viSn van, no phai thuong xuydn di cung nhihig doi hoi nghidt nga cua ngh6 nghi6p Du mu6n hay khdng, ngh€ nghidp bu6c nguod giao vi6n van phai giang day nhiing tac phim tho, tac gia tho, hidn tuong tho theo quy dinh cua ehuong trinh, phai lam chu duoc ehuong trinh va nhiing don vi ki€fn thiic edn c6 cho hoc sinh Ban than nhiing kinh nghi6m cua ngabi vi^t qua trinh giang day ph^n tho Viet nam hidn dai (VNHD) Sach giao khoa (SGK) Cai each giao due (CCGD) d6i hoi phai duoc tdng kS't lai, nhin sau horn Luan van c6 y nghla nhu la m6t dip nhin lai m6t each bao quat, t6ng kfi't lai, nhin sau hon nhOng kinh nghidm 3fy - vdd su giup dd cua th^y hudng dSn No xua^t phat tiif nhu edu thifi't thue cua nghl nghi6p 1.2 Mat khac, tho VNHD la m6t thod ky rue vd cua lich su tho ea dan t6c, m6t gia trj khach quan ma vide danh gia th£m dinh no dang s6i d6ng dod s6ng van hoc h6m Trong do, SGK van CCGD ( ma pbin tho VNHD la m6t n6i dung quan cua no) tir dod 6€n da gay nhiiu f kid'n va hi6n dang thu hut su chii y cua eong luan Qua that, so vdd hai b6 SGK van bae THPT tnrde day ( b6 sach dung nhiing nam 1960 - 1970 va b6 sach tie'p theo diing nhiing nam 1980) thi b6 sach giao khoa Van CCGD va b6 sach chinh ly hop nha't nam 2000, ph^n van hoe Vidt nam hi6n dai noi ehung va ph^n tho Vi6t nam hi6n dai noi ri6ng chifi'm m6t khdi luong dang k^, nhimg vide nghidn ciiu no m6t each c6 h6 thd'ng va toan didn thi chua c6 c6ng trinh nao 1.2.1 SGK van thod d6i mdd s6ng di^u kidn eo rat nhi^u sach tham khao va eae tai lidu tham khao khac vay quanh Vdi hai b6 sach tru6e ngoai cu6n Hu&ng ddn giang day di kem nhu m6t tai li6u mang tinh phap 16nh, nguM gido vi6n it c6 di^u kidn tidp xuc tu vdd cac ngu6n tai lidu khdc ( cung khd it 6i, ngu^ may man c6 th^ doc thuorng xuydn Bao Van nghd va Tap chi Van hoc) Sau CCGD, sach giao vi6n (SGV) dam nhan chure nang cua sdch hudng 6kn giang day tru6c day; SGV di li6n vdd SGK hop m6t b6 sach cho m6n van b truong THPT - duoc coi nhu tai li6u tham khao quan cho gido vi6n Ngoai cd r^t nhi^u eae sach va tai li6u tham khao khac Nhin chung, qua eae tai li6u tham khao h^t siic phong phu, ngucd giao vi6n van THPT duoc \\6p xuc vdd b6n b6 eae ^ V\6n khac nhau, d6 e6 nhiing ^ ki£fn trai chilu nhau, eo nhiing ^ ki6'n giup hi^u sau hon each hi^u cua SGK (th^ hidn b cau hoi hudng dSn hoc bai va SGV), cd nhiing ^ kie'n ph6 phan SGK la v'\6i sai, hi^u sai v^n d^ Ngay Tai lieu chudn kien thvCc, d^ cap d6'n each hi^u m6t bai tho, doan tho eu thd ehuong trinh, ^ ki^n chu^n ki6'n thiic cua eae tac gia eiing phu dinh lin Cd th^ ndi, khdng m6t tac gia tho, m6t tac ph£m tho nao thu6c ph^n tho VNHD khdng duoc eae tai lidu tham khao ban luan d6'n tijf gdc d6 hay gde d6 khac Cd nhiing hifin tuong tho da duoc nhin nhan tii nhi^u phia, nhilu gde d6 Tinh hinh dd, m6t mat bi^u hi6n su phat tri^n cua y thiic dan chu thod dai nay, mat khac doi hoi ngudd giao vi6n phai cd trinh d6 va ban Itnh cao hon, phai bi6't lua chon va th£m dinh eae y kidn cho c6ng vide cua minh Hon niia, da d6'n luc edn ht thdng hoa lai toan bo eae y ki6'n dd 1.2.2 Vuot khoi pham vi nha trudng, SGK van CCGD va SGK van chinh 1^ hop nha't nam 2000 da trof van d6 eiia eong luan xa hoi Ngucri ta da phat h\i\x nhi^u y kidn v6 SGK trdn eae bao ehi va eae di^n dan khac ( H6i nghj, h6i thao, ndi chydn van hoe ) SGK van, nhat la SGK Van 12 da trdr sach giao khoa du luan G^n day Bo Giao due va Dao tao t6 chiic h6i thao Idn vi chuydn d^ SGK va ehuong trinh truyin hinh trung uong cd m6t bu6i gap phong va'n eae giao su, nha van \i ehuong trinh m6n van w Bd trudng van hoa thdng tin kitm T6ng thu ky H6i nha van Witt nam Nguyen Khoa Diim nhan dinh:" Chinh eae d6ng ehi lam sach bid't ro la tru6c day chung ta bitn soan v6i, sau dd in di in lai m^y Mn, r6i eiing cd b6 sung v6i Trudc day chua cd di^u ki6n thi chung ta danh phai cha'p nhan nhu th€f Ching han, sach giao khoa van vi^t v6 tho van Bae H6, t6i tha'y nhu thd' la chua duoc Chung ta phai diing cam siia chiia Hay cd tac gia ta lai di cao hoi qua, cd tac gia danh gia chua that dung, cd tac gia dang dua vao ehuong trinh ma ta lai chua kip dua vao Chiing ta phai diing cam nhin lai cai gi duoc, cai gi chua duoc Chung t6i r^t quan tam lam d^ cd m6t ehuong trinh van hay hon cho eae em hoc Minh that su khach quan vi cai ehung, vi cac th€f he tuong lai eiia daft nu6e thi thSfy day la chuydn hd't siie binh thudng, phai khdng cac d6ng chi? [ 144, 61 ] Nam 1997, B6 giao due va Dao tao da quyd't dinh thay hai bai khai quat v6 tac gia Nguyen Ai Qu6c - H6 Chi Minh va v^ van hoc Viet Nam tir each mang thang - 1945 d6n 1975 hai b6 SGK van THPT ( B6 sach trudng DHSPHNI bien soan, thue te' diing cho hoe sinh cac tinh phia Bae va b6 sach H6i nghien eun va giang day van hoc ph6 H6 Chi Minh bien soan, thue te' diing cho eae tinh phia Nam) " Deh nay, hai b6 SGK m6n van da dod duoc hang ehue nam, v^ CO ban day la nhung b6 sach cd gia trj, cd nhung tie'n b6 vuot bae, so v6i nhiing b6 SGK da sijf dung tru6c cai each giao due DT nhien, ndi tien b6 vuot bae tiic la so vdd b6 SGK tru6e dd va khdng cd nghia la b6 SGK kh6ng eon han che Sau m6t thdfi gian kha dai, deh cd th^ nhan thay v^ m6t s6 phuong dien nhiing b6 sach ndi tren da boe lo m6t s6 nhuoe di^m nha't dinh e^n s6m duoc sira chiia va cd di^m da duoc sira chiia" [ 188,38] Vi vay B6 Giao due va Dao tao da t6 chure bien soan lai va hop nhat hai b6 SGK van THPT m6t b6 th6ng nha't dung cho ea nu6e k^ tir nam hoe 2000-2001 Ndi deh SGK Van tru6c het phai dat va'n di cha't luong len hang dau Yeu edu cua hoe sinh, cua giao vien, cua du luan xa h6i la SGK hop nhat bflft k^ hohn canh nao eiing phai cd chat luong t6t hon nhung b6 da cd Dae biet, mdt s6 sai s6t da duoc du luan phat hien nhiing nam qua nhat ih\6t phai duoc khac phue triet d^ Co le vi vay chua bao gidr SGK mdn van duoc ndi d^n nhi^u tren cac phuong tien thdng tin dai chung nhu hien Dae biet, sau c6 nghi quy^t ciia Dang v6 giao due va sau Lugt Gido due duoc ban hanh, vah d^ SGK van dang la m6t v^n d^ nhay cam cua du luan xa h6i Lien quan d^n ph^n tho VNHD, cd nhiing y kie'n ndng h6i ban v^ each danh gia tho VNHD ( v^ tho mdd, vi tho each mang ) cua SGK, v^ ehuong trinh, v^ each hi^u tac gia, tac ph£m, cau chii eu th^ m6t bai tho Danh gia SGK van THPT CCGD ndi chung va phdn tho VNHD ndi rieng m6t each toan dien, khach quan va khoa hoc c^n de'n m6t tap th^ eae nha khoa hoc cd trinh d6 ehuyen m6n cao of day, chiing t6i mu6n luu y mdt di^u: Ban than Ijch suf s6i ddng cua cac ^ kie'n lien quan de'n ph^n tho VNHD SGK Van CCGD dat van di phai nhanh ehdng nhin nhan lai m6t each khach quan, kha nang va di^u kien cd th^ toan b6 d6i tuong (tic ehuong trinh cho deh viee hudng dan day va hoc) Luan van la m6t dap ung nho h6 kjp thod cho nhu c^u khach quan dd LICH sty VAN D^: Thue hien nghi quye't cua B6 Chinh trj trung uong Dang v^ cai each giao due va thi hanh chii truong cua B6 giao due v^ eong tac bien soan sach giao khoa cai each giao due, Ban van dong tuyen chon va sang tac van tho cho SGK ngii van thong cai edeh gido due da th6ng bao chinh thiie tren Bao van nghe s6 ( - - 1980) ve cuoc van ddng Tijf dd cho de'n van di tuy^n chon va cha't luong eae tac gia, tac ph^m, n6i dung ehuong trinh lu6n duoc du luan quan tam Su quan tam a'y duoc the hien tren cac \b bao Van Nghe, Gido due va thai dai, NgU&i Ha Noi, Van - TPHCM, Quan ddi nhan ddn, Van hod w Ngoai mdt so tap ti^u luan eua eae nha nghien eiiu van hoc eiing da d^ cap t6i Dae biet, nhifcng nam 1990, sau b6 SGK van CCGD bae PTTH duoc dua vao siJf dung, ti£fp dd, nam hoc 1993 - 1994 eae b6 sach phan ban Cling duoc dua vao thi di^m tren 100 trudng PTTH toan qu6e thi cac ^ kieh d6ng g6p cho ehuong trinh van CCGD bae PTTH ndi chung va b6 phan tho VNHD ndi rieng tang len dang k^, tham ehi tao nhiing lu6ng du luan manh me Tam th6ng ke so b6, cd tdd 23 y kie'n \i ehuong trinh va viee tuy^n chon tac gia, tac ph^m, cd y kidh wi nhiing nhan dinh ciia SGK v^ phdn tho va cac tac gia tho, cd 38 y ki6n ihim djnh vi tiing tac ph£m tho ehuong trinh N6i dung ciia cac ^ kidh phong phu, da dang, thudng khac tham chi trai nguoc tren cung m6t v^n d^ Tuy vay chung tdi cd th^ t6ng hop va phan loai ba vah d^ Mot la : Cdc y kien ve ehuong trinh vd viee tuyen chon tde gia, tdc phdm^ Dai da s6 cac ^ kie'n d^u danh gia hoan nghenh nhung ddng gdp tich cue ciia ehuong trinh d6ng thod eiing chi nhiing t6n tai edn duoc di^u chinh Tac gia Phan Huy Huyin ehuyen muc Van hoc voi nha trudng da bay to ^ kieh Xung quanh viee bien soan SGK Ong hoan nghenh Bo Giao due va Dao tao, cac hoe gia, eae nha giao da gdp tam siie va tri tue vide thay d6i, d6i mdd ehuong trinh, ndi dung, phuong phap eua mon van eae nha trudng ph6 thdng Ben canh dd 6ng eiing to ban khoan v^ viee " van edn nhi6u di^u phai tranh luan, ban cai, gdp y d^ hoan thien them ehuong trinh, nOi dung, phuong phap day hoc mon van nay" Ong de xua't m6t s6 y kieh mong duoc xa gdn trao d6i: " Sach giao khoa phai ed siie song bin viing v^ mat thdd gian Cae nha bien soan ed le edn mdt cai nhin ehie'n luge d^ khdng phai cd su thay d6i chinh ly sach qua nhanh Cac tac ph^m duoc tuye'n chon vao SGK phai cd mdt dd tin cay nhat dinh Ne'u chua cd tinh chat c6 d i ^ chi It chung eiing duoc ddng dao ngudd doe mac nhien thijfa nhan dd la nhihig tac ph^m t6t , tac ph^m hay Nen chang, thudng xuyen ed su trung cdu ^ ki£fn, nhihig cude trao d6i, ban bae rdng rai, nhiing hdi thao xung quanh cdng tac bien soan chinh ly SGK?" [68, 4] Tac gia Le Ba Han khang dinh: " Qua d6i mdd ehuong trinh van nha trudng da cd nhilu cai tieh tich cue, e^n duoc ghi nhan Nhi^u tac ph^m van hoc Viet Nam da phan anh kha trung thue dien mao da dang cua lich sir van hoe dan tde" D6ng thdfi dng eiing chi " Mdt ehuong trinh qua tdi, dd la hien tuong bao triim d6i vdd cac bd mdn ndi ehung va mdn van ndi rieng" va viXa x&y dung xong ehuong trinh cai each, thue hien chua duoc bao lau, chua kip rut kinh nghiem mdt each thoa dang, chiing ta da ehuyen sang ehuong trinh phan ban Ti6p can ehuong trinh nay, nhi^u ngudd sinh ^ nghi hoc sinh ban A va ban B cd nhat thie't hoe dii eae tac ph^m, eae v^n di nhu ban C, chi khac la s6 gi5 duoc nit gon hon V^ mat muc tieu, thue cha^t su khac eiia mdn van giiia eae ban A, B va C la of dau? Cdn lam ro nhiing can eii khoa hoe, ed siie thuye't phue" "Da de'n thdfi di^m du diiu kien d^ chiing ta soat lai nham thie't ke' mdt ehuong trinh hop ly hon, td't hon" [40, 4] Tac gia Van Tam bai vie't Mot cuoc bo phieu van ehuong cua cdng chiing ngdnh gido due da ed nhiing y kieh danh gia v^ nhiing thay doi ndi dung ehuong trinh giang day thude tien trinh cai each giao due nam the' d6i mdd tu eiia toan xa hoi Ong nhan djnh: Chuong trinh cai each mdn van trung hoc ph6 thdng hien hanh "chiia dung rat nhilu ye'u td' each tan he thdng ehuong trinh each tan cd ve dep rat khac xua: ehi chon giang nhiing van ban thude pham tru van ehuong; eae tac phdm van chuong ma thie'u chat van eiing da mat vj tri, thay vi la nhiing sang tao nghe thuat ft nhi^u xiing dang tieu bi^u cho van ehuong dan toe e6 kim va nhan loai ddng tay Ching han ehuong trinh vi giai doan 1930 - 1945, hoc sinh duoc ti£fp xuc vdd dong van hoc lang man tdd 12 tie't so vdri ehuong trinh cii chi c6 tiaft, v^ giai doan 1945 - 1975: \in d^u tien mat nhi^u dien mao ( Quang Diing: NhoTdy Tien, Xuan Quynh: Song, ) [ 172,3] Mdt sd ^ kieh rai rac tren bao Van nghe va Nhan dan cho rang da ed hien tuong " dua at van hoc lang man vao nha trudng" [ 90,7] Nguge lai ed nhi^u ^ kieh ghi nhan nhiing danh gia dung miie hon, khach quan hon v^ eae thdd ky van hoc, cac trao luu , vi mdt s6 tac gia, tac ph^m van hoc Theo ddng chay ciia van hoe dan tde, SGK CCGD da chon, da trieh, da dua giang day cho hoe sinh nhfing tac ph^m sang gia, nhiing vien ngoe la'p lanh thue su " L^y Van hoc lang man (1930 - 1945) lam vi du: Chiing ta khdng edn phe phan mdt chi^u nhu trudfc ma da nhin nhan trao luu van hoc nam van mach dan tde, vdd nhung ddng gdp ciia no" [ 68, 4] Hoac " chSft van SGK khdng ehi duge tap trung bi^u hien df viee khai thae cai hay, cai dep ciia nghe thuat vie't van, eiia tu tudng tinh cam cao dep b cac tac ph^m vie't v^ ngudfi cude chie'n d^u ch6ng thii giae ngoai, ma chiing edn duge bi^u hien of viee cdng phu tuy^n chon vao day rat nhi^u tac ph^m vie't vi nhung tinh cam, nhiing rung ddng binh thudng sang ma tha'm dugm gia tri nhan van" [ 85, ] Cd f kie'n thae mac v^ viee lua chon tac gia tac ph^m tieu bi^u v6i so sanh: " Hai nha tho duge mfnh danh la chua tho tinh: Dd la Xuan Dieu va Nguyen Binh Mdt ngudd tieu bi^u cho ddng tho anh hudng rat nhi^u eiia phuong tay, dae biet la Phap - edn mdt ngudd tieu bi^u cho h6n tho chan que, dan gia g^n giii vdd ea dao, dan ea Ca hai ngudfi din ed nhiing tuu dang tran va dang duge hoe tap Trong ehuong trinh Van hoe 11; chiing chau duge hoc ba tac ph^m ciia Xuan Dieu va doe them hai tac ph^m Trong dd, chiing chau Khdng duoc hoc mot bai nao cua Nguyen Binh ehi duge doe them mdt tac ph^m TuoFig tu., [182,1] Tuu trung eae y kie'n d^u bde Id mdt tinh th^n xay dung va mong mud'n gdp tiehg ndi cho cdng cude cai each giao due dap ung nhu edu nang cao chat lugng giao due ph6 thdng th5i dai m6i ; \ — j - Ngdm trang : r i X i I - Oiidu t6i ••? - Mdi tO tap leo nui f "4 j - Mdri tu tap leo nui i X X j j t" j i *•• i X j ^ '• ,,x i - Giai di sdim X j j - B ^ thdng r6i i X '