LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIP IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CLAUSE COMPLEXES (SO SÁNH MỐI QUAN HỆ LOGIC-NGỮ NGHĨA TRONG TỔ HỢP CÚ TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT)

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ MINH TÂM LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIP IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CLAUSE COMPLEXES (SO SÁNH MỐI QUAN HỆ LOGIC-NGỮ NGHĨA TRONG TỔ HỢP CÚ TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) Major: English Linguistics Code: 62 22 15 01 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF ENGLISH SUPERVISOR: PROF DR HOÀNG VĂN VÂN HANOI -2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Rationale Aims of the study Significant of the study Scope of the study The research question The research design, methodology, and data The organization of the study 3 4 CHAPTER 1: SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS AND THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIP IN CLAUSE COMPLEXES 1.1 Systemic functional theory 1.1.1 Historical context of the emergence of systemic functional theory: a brief overview 1.1.2 Functional approach – a general description 1.1.3 Systemic functional linguistics 1.1.3.1 Text and context in the view of SFL 1.1.3.2 How ―systemic‖? 1.1.3.3 How ―functional‖? 1.1.4 Review of related studies 1.1.4.1 An overview of studies in Vietnamese grammar 1.1.4.2 SFL studies in other languages 1.1.5 Summary 1.2 The theoretical framework of logico-semantic relationship in clause complexes 1.2.1 The notion of clause complex in the light of SFL 1.2.1.1 Concepts revisited 1.2.1.2 What is a clause complex? 1.2.1.3 Where is the clause complex located in the overall linguistic system? 1.2.1.4 How is the clause complex organized? 1.2.2 Analytical frameworks of logico-semantic relations in clause complexes 1.2.2.1 Projection in clause complexes 1.2.2.2 Expansion in clause complexes iv 6 11 12 13 15 20 20 22 22 23 23 23 29 36 38 41 41 50 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY, DATA, AND GENERALFINDINGS 2.1 Research question restated 2.2 Research design 2.3 The methodology 2.4 Methods of the study 2.5 Data collecting procedure 2.5.1 Corpus compilation 2.5.2 Corpus annotation and data processing 2.5.2.1 The computational tool 2.5.2.2 The process of annotating and processing the data 2.6 Data analysis 2.6.1 Describing the data 2.6.2 Comparing the two groups of data 2.7.General findings 59 59 59 61 62 62 62 64 64 67 71 71 72 73 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION: PROJECTION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CLAUSE COMPLEXES 75 3.1 Projection in English Clause Complexes 3.1.1 How is projection realized in English Clause Complexes 3.1.1.1 Projecting clauses 3.1.1.2 Projected clauses 3.1.1.3 Projecting and projected clauses paratactically related 3.1.1.4 Projecting and projected clauses hypotactically related 3.1.2 How does Projection work in English clause complexes 3.1.2.1 How does quoting work in English clause complexes 3.1.2.2 How does hypotactic reporting work in English clause complexes 3.1.2.3 How does paratactic reporting work in English clause complexes 3.1.2.4 How does projection facilitate other linguistic phenomena in English clause complexes 3.1.3 Summary 3.2 Projection in Vietnamese clause complexes 3.2.1 How is projection realized in Vietnamese Clause Complexes 3.2.1.1 Projecting clauses 3.2.1.2 Projected clauses 3.2.1.3 Projecting and projected clauses paratactically related 3.2.1.4 Projecting and projected clauses hypotactically related 3.2.2 How does projection work in Vietnamese clause complexes 3.2.2.1 How does quoting work in Vietnamese clause complexes v 75 75 75 85 87 88 90 90 91 94 96 100 104 104 104 113 115 117 118 118 3.2.2.2 How does hypotactic reporting work in English clause complexes 3.2.2.3 How does paratactic reporting work in English clause complexes 3.2.2.4 How does projection facilitate other linguistic phenomena in English clause complexes 3.2.3 Summary 3.3 Comparing logico-semantic relation of projection in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.3.1 Realization of projection in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.3.1.1 Projecting clauses 3.3.1.2 Projected clauses 3.3.1.3 Projecting and projected clauses paratactically related 3.3.1.4 Projecting and projected clauses hypotactically related 3.3.2 Operation of projection in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.3.2.1 Operation of quoting in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.3.2.2 Operation of hypotactic reporting in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.3.2.3 Operation of paratactic reporting in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.3.2.4 Projection in relation with other linguistic phenomena in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.4 Summary CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION: EXPANSION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CLAUSE COMPLEXES 4.1 Expansion in English clause complexes 4.1.1 How is expansion realized in English clause complexes 4.1.1.1 Expanding clauses 4.1.1.2 Expanded clauses 4.1.1.3 Conjunctions in English clause complexes of expansion 4.1.1.4 Expanding clause and expanded clause paratactically related 4.1.1.5 Expanding clause and expanded clause hypotactically related 4.1.2 How does expansion work in English clause complexes 4.1.2.1 How does elaboration work in English clause complexes 4.1.2.2 How does extension work in English clause complexes 4.1.2.3 How does enhancement work in English clause complexes 4.1.2.4 How does expansion facilitate ellipsis in the clause complex 4.1.3 Summary 4.2 Expansion in Vietnamese clause complexes 4.2.1 How is expansion realized in Vietnamese clause complexes vi 119 122 124 127 130 130 130 132 132 133 133 133 133 134 134 135 136 136 136 136 139 141 143 145 147 147 150 152 155 156 160 160 4.2.1.1 Expanding clauses 4.2.1.2 Expanded clauses 4.2.1.3 Conjunctions in Vietnamese clause complexes of expansion 4.2.1.4 Expanding clause and expanded clause paratactically related 4.2.1.5 Expanding clause and expanded clause hypotactically related 4.2.2 How does expansion work in English clause complexes 5.1.2.1 How does elaboration work in English clause complexes 5.1.2.2 How does extension work in English clause complexes 5.1.2.3 How does enhancement work in English clause complexes 5.1.2.4 How does expansion facilitate ellipsis in the clause complex 4.2.3 Summary 4.3.Comparing the logico-semantic relation of expansion in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.1 Comparing the realization of expansion in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.1.1 Expanding clauses 4.3.1.2 Expanded clauses 4.3.1.3 Conjunctions 4.3.1.4 Expanding clause and expanded clause paratactically related 4.3.1.5 Expanding clause and expanded clause hypotactically related 4.3.2 Comparing the operation of expansion in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.2.1 Elaboration in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.2.2 Extension in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.2.3 Enhancement in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.2.4 Expansion and ellipsis in English and Vietnamese clause complexes CONCLUSION THESIS-RELATED PUBLICATION BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCES OF DATA 160 162 164 168 170 172 172 175 178 180 181 186 186 186 186 187 188 189 189 189 190 190 191 192 202 203 210 vii LIST OF FIGURES Fig.1: ―Systemic‖ means making choice in a network 14 Fig 2: The Stratification 15 Fig 3: The View of the Grammar so far, Relative to Expansion by Metafunction and 16 Rank Fig 4: Metafunctions as manifested in the system network of the clause 19 Fig 5: Rank-based Constituency (Matthiessen & Halliday 24 Fig 6: The Rank scale 25 Fig.7 Delicacy in relation to the metafunctions of language and rank 26 Fig.8 Univariate and Multivariate Structure 27 Fig 9: Three lines of meanings in a clause – 29 Fig 10: Three lines of meanings in a clause – 30 Fig 11: Combining clauses into clause complex 31 Fig 12: The rank of the clause complex 33 Fig 13: The Location of Clause Complex in the Overall Linguistic System 38 Fig 14: Clauses in paratactic and hypotactic clause complexes 39 Fig 15: The Logico-semantic Relations 40 Fig.16: Positions of Projecting Clauses 42 Fig.17: Speech Functions of Projected Clauses 43 Fig 18: Clause Moods of Projected Clauses 44 Fig 19: Quoting vs Paratactic Reporting 44 Fig 20: Paratactic vs Hypotactic Projection 45 Fig 21: Projecting Processes and Mood of Projected Clause in Combination 46 viii Fig 22: Projecting Processes in Quoting and Hypotactic Reporting 47 Fig 23: The framework of projection in clause complexes 49 Fig 24: Possible Positions of Expanding Clauses 51 Fig.25: An Analysis of a Clause complex of Expansion 51 Fig 26: Clause Moods of Expanded Clauses 52 Fig 27: Expanding and Expanded Clauses Paratactically Related 53 Fig 28: Meaning of some Verbal Hypotactic Expanding Markers 54 Fig 29: Modes of Elaborating Relation 55 Fig 30: Modes of Extending Relation 56 Fig 31: Modes of Enhancement 56 Fig 32: The Framework of Expansion in Clause Complexes 58 Fig 33: Overview of the analysis process in SysFan 66 Fig 34: Chunking a group into clause complexes 68 Fig 35: Chunking a clause complex into clauses 69 Fig 36: Seven possible levels of chunking clause complexes 69 Fig 37: Labeling the clauses in analysis 70 Fig.38: Distribution maps of clause complex relation types 71 Fig 39: Complex Combination of Clauses – 124 Fig 40: Complex Combination of Clauses - 125 Fig.41: The multi-function expanded clause in English 140 Fig.42: A Multi-function Expanded Clause in Vietnamese 163 ix LIST OF SYMBOLS SYMBOLS MEANING OF SYMBOLS || clause divider ||| complex divider ^ clause conjunction α , β, Ɣ … hypotactic related clauses 1, 2, 3,… paratactic related clauses ‟ Idea ” Locution Proposition ! Proposal + Extension = Elaboration x Enhancement […] Embedding x INTRODUCTION Rationale Over the years, functional approach has had a significant impact on the study of grammar This theoretical approach tries to incorporate meaning, function, context, and grammatical categories Funtionalism has been developed by many functional grammarians like Dik (1978), Halliday (1985, 1994), Bloor (1994), Eggins (1994), Thompson (1996), Lock (1997), Martin (1997), VanValin and LaPolla (1997), Matthiessen (2002), and many others Different functional theories have emerged, representing a great range of theoretical opinion, but the central theme of the functionalist theories is: functional motivation is an alternative to innateness Linguistic theories which reject the syntactocentric or formal view and adopt the communication and cognition perspective include Functional Grammar (Dik, 1978, 1991), Systemic Functional Grammar (Halliday 1994), Role and Reference Grammar (RRG; VanValin and LaPolla 1997), Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG; Bresnan 2001), etc Unlike the linguistic theory that is still the received tradition in school, functionalism takes the resource perspective rather than the rule perspective; and it is designed to display the overall system of grammar rather than only fragments It wishes to be a theory which is 'functional' in at least three different, though interrelated senses: i It takes a functional view on the nature of language; ii It attaches primary importance to functional relations at different levels in the organization of language; iii It wishes to be practically applicable to the analysis of different aspects of language and language use Functional theories can be described in three groups: extreme, moderate and conservative, all are common in basically a rejection of the syntactocentric view of formalists and a recognition of the importance of the communicative factors, cognitive factors or both in grammatical theory and analysis Among the three, systemic functional grammar (SFL) belongs to the moderate group Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is an approach to language developed mainly by M.A.K Halliday in the UK and later in Australia This approach has its origin in the main intellectual tradition of European linguistics that developed following the work of Saussure Its primary source was the work of J.R Firth (1957) and his colleagues in London, who defines ―system‖ in systemic functional linguistics, as, in its technical sense, the ―theoretical representation of paradigmatic relations, contrasted with ―structure‖ for syntagmatic relations‖, and who characterizes systemic theory as the theory in which the system takes priority, the most abstract representation at any level is in paradigmatic terms As well as other schools of thought in Europe such as glossemantics, this theory also draws on American anthropological linguistics, and on traditional and modern linguistics as developed in China While American-style linguistics evolved in the modeling of the world‘s languages, SFL was developed to address the need of language teaching and learning A significant milestone in the development of this theory is when it was wholly developed in the work on the grammar of Chinese by Halliday (1956); and it has been used in educational and computational contexts from an early stage With the primary goal of addressing the needs of language teaching / learning, systemic functional grammar (SFG), the theory of grammar in the light of SFL, lays an emphasis on the functions of language - what language is used for Although SFG is a theory of grammar, it focuses more on the meaning, not the pure form of what is said like what formalists have long been doing Since 1980, SFL has been expanded considerably in various directions; further studies have been devoted to languages other than English, notably Chinese, French, Indonesian, Japanese and some other Asian and African languages It has not been of much popular use in Vietnam studies of grammar In Vietnamese, the first functional studies that should be counted are Tiếng Việt: Sơ Thảo Ngữ Pháp Chức Năng by Cao Xuân Hạo (1991), Ngữ Pháp Kinh Nghiệm cú Tiếng Việt: Mô tả theo quan niệm chức hệ thống by Hoàng Văn Vân (2002), Ngữ Pháp Chức Năng Tiếng Việt: Câu Tiếng Việt, and Ngữ Pháp Chức Năng Tiếng Việt: Ngữ Đoạn Từ Loại by Cao Xuân Hạo (2007), and some PhD thesis by Hoàng Văn Vân (1997), Thái Minh Đức (1998), and Đỗ Tuấn Minh (2007) These studies are the first attempts to bring the contemporarily not widely applicable theoretical perspective which has not yet been highlighted much in Vietnamese grammar studies SFG is a complex and comprehensive model, so in order to master all its concepts and categories, it is necessary to receive the cooperation from many people, not from one individual who can classify a further of a category only Hundreds of PhD theses have been conducted studying different areas of grammar in different languages in the light of SFG The studies on Vietnamese grammar using the same theoretical framework were on the system of transitivity, clauses, and thematic structures, leaving the area of clause combination an untouched topic which the author of this paper therefore takes this area as the topic for her thesis In the light of SFG, a comparison between English and Vietnamese clause complexes  As regards the clause moods, the paratactically related constituent clauses are of the same mood, but in hypotactic relation, the usual mood of elaborating clause is declarative mood 4.3.2.2 Extension in English and Vietnamese Clause Complexes a Similarities  Extension works in clause complexes, either paratactic or hypotactic, in both languages, in two modes: addition and variation, with the markers including both structural conjunctions and conjunctives  In demonstrating the subrelation of addition, the conjunctives for addition in both languages can reflect certain interpersonal meaning together with their usual function of exhibiting the logical meaning In demonstrating the subrelation of variation, just the logical meaning is conveyed through the conjunctives in both languages c Differences  As regards conjunctives, the typical conjunctives or paratactic clause complexes of extension in English are the simple linkers: and, or, but, so, yet, while typical conjunctives for Vietnamese paratactic clause complexes of extension are correlative structures: khơng những…mà cịn…, nào…ấy…, bao nhiêu…bấy nhiêu…, là…nào là…, thứ nhất…thứ hai…, là…hai là…,hoặc (là) …hoặc (là)…  As regards the subrelation of addition, in English, it is clearly demonstrated in conjunctives that the relation of addition can be positive addition, negative addition, and adversative addition In Vietnamese, however, besides adversative addition, there is no distinction between positive and negative addition, i.e the same conjunctives are used to realize these two functions of adding 4.3.2.3 Enhancement in English and Vietnamese Clause Complexes a Similarities  The operation of enhancement in English and Vietnamese is the same in that: in paratactic complex, the enhancing clause coordinates the primary clause with circumstantial features; and in hypotactic complex, the enhancing clause attributes the primary clause with circumstantial features  The types of circumstantial features to be associated through the process of enhancement are also identical in the two languages Each type of circumstantial features is demonstrated through a specific group of conjunctives which are quite 190 explicit in their logico-semantic function The conjunctives of the same groups can substitute the other, but conjunctives of the same groups usually cannot be used interchangeably  In both languages, the paratactic complexes of enhancement are made up from independent clause, one is the main process and other(s) is the circumstantial context of that process Therefore, conjunctives are essential in showing the logico-semantic relations between the clauses b Differences The only difference between clause complexes of enhancement in English and those in Vietnamese is found in hypotactic complexes In English, the enhancing clause can use the non-finite verb forms, or the verbless structure to prove itself as dependent on the enhanced clause Meanwhile, in Vietnamese, to show the relation to the primary clause, the enhancing clause changes itself to be subject-elliptic However, such a change is not a preferred marker of dependency in enhancement as subject-elliptic can be used in paratactic clause complexes and in other logico-semantic relations as well 4.3.2.4 Expansion and Ellipsis in English and Vietnamese Clause Complexes Clause complexes of enhancement in English and Vietnamese are also similar in the point that the logico-semantic relations of expansion allow ellipsis of subject and ellipsis of conjunctives to work in the complex Such cases of ellipsis are possible because the logico-semantic relation of expansion informs about the relation between the elliptic clause and other clauses in the complex, thus allow inference and recoverage of the subject or the conjunctives that are omitted The clause complexes with subject ellipsis and conjunctive ellipsis are accordingly understandable with the logico-semantic support of expansion in the complexes This phenonmenon of unidentified subject appear in both English and Vietnamese clause complexes The only different feature between the two languages here is: in English, subject ellipsis, in many cases, entails the change in verb forms, while in Vietnamese, the verb, if it does exist in the expanding clause, is not changed in form Also, the phenonmenon of unidentified subject, i.e all clauses in the clause complexes are subject-elliptic, is popular in Vietnamese, not so in English 191 CONCLUSION Recapitulation This dissertation has been investigating the logico-semantic relationship in English and Vietnamese clause complexes The over-arching research question that the thesis sets out to explore is: What are the similarities and differences in the realization and operation of logico-semantic relationship between English clause complexes and Vietnamese clause complexes? The answer to this research question has been found through the following steps: (x) In the light of SFL, framing the theoretical frameworks of logico-semantic relations in clause complexes by modifying the existing theories from the studies on the same linguistic area in English and other languages; (xi) Collecting texts to build up the corpora of English clause complexes and Vietnamese clause complexes as the source of real-life evidence for investigating and validating the theories, and comparing the findings; (xii) Applying the modified framework to re-examine the logico-semantic relations in English clause complexes, suggest any minor corrections and adjustments needed; (xiii) Applying the modified framework to investigate the logico-semantic relations in Vietnamese clause complexes, building up the framework of logico-semantic relations in English clause complexes (xiv) Comparing the two frameworks of logico-semantic relations in English clause complexes and in Vietnamese clause complexes, give possible explanations to the similarities and differences The first chapter makes an extensive overview of the historical context of the emergence of functionalism and, specifically, SFL, accumulate the characterizing features of this approach in language study, and makes a concise review of the related literature in Vietnamese language and the logico-semantic relations in Vietnamese and other languages The chapter then explains and justifies the notion of clause complex and the concept of logico-semantic relationship, the relations of projection and expansion and their subtypes The characterizing features of projection and expansion in clause complexes, which have been set up in the previous related studies, are also re-examined and the two analytical frameworks of projection and expansion are reorganized and adapted with an aim to avoid the probable Anglo-centric tendency in the previous theories and to make the modified analytical framework less delicate than the existing frameworks, enabling the 192 analytical framework to be more applicable to languages of different language families The reset frameworks are simplified to be universal across languages and can well serve the examination of the logico-semantics relations in different languages Chapter describes the design, the methodology of conducting the research process with specific methods and techniques used in each step, and the general findings which can be observed from the quantitative data The comparative study is conducted in a corpus-based approach Data collection is conduct in the methodology of corpus linguistics The data are then described using the descriptive methods The descriptive method and the comparative method are together used in data analysis and discussion on the findings Chapter re-examines the framework of projection in English clause complexes using the analytical framework of projection as presented in chapter With the use of the modified analytical framework, projection in English is described in a restructured and more comprehensive way, which is more comparable to Vietnamese - a language of the different language family The chapter then explores projection in Vietnamese clause complexes using the same analytical framework, setting up the framework of projection in Vietnamese clause complexes The comparison of the two frameworks is then conducted Chapter re-examines the framework of expansion in English clause complexes using the analytical framework presented in chapter 1, then, just like in chapter 3, the description of expansion in English clause complexes is restructured and modified to be more comparable to Vietnamese Using the same analytical framework, chapter then explores expansion in Vietnamese clause complexes, building up the framework of expansion in Vietnamese clause complexes The comparison of the two frameworks is then conducted The Contribution of the Study As a corpus-based study comparing the logico-semantic relations in English and Vietnamese, the study makes some significant typological contributions to the theory on the logico-semantic relations in three big ways: (i) The first contribution is structuring the modified analytical frameworks of projection and expansion in clause complexes, which are more applicable to the description of different languages in the sense that they are less delicate and less Anglo-centric than the existing frameworks While the existing frameworks of 193 projection by Halliday and other linguists tend to go into the two modes of projection: quoting and reporting, with the details added along the way of description, the two analytical frameworks as suggested in chapter are reorganized and adapted in a more comprehensive way The details of how the frameworks are modified are as follows: The framework of projection in clause complexes comprises two big parts: the realization of projection in clause complexes and the operation of projection in clause complexes The realization of projection in clause complexes is described through the actual realization of its constituents: the projecting clause, the projected clause, the paratactic and hypotactic combination of the constituent clauses The operation of projection in clause complexes are specified through the way the sub-modes of projection: quoting, paratactic reporting, and hypotactic reporting work The framework of expansion in clause complexes is restructured to be divided into two big parts: the realization of expansion in clause complexes and the operation of expansion in clause complexes The realization of expansion is specified through the constituent clauses of the clause complexes of expansion: the expanding clause and the expanded clause, conjunctions – the devices for combining the constituent clauses, and the paratactic and hypotactic combination of the constituent clauses The operation of expansion is seen through the way the three sub-relations of elaboration, extension, and expansion work in clause complexes The two analytical frameworks are simplified down to, hopefully and ideally, only the universal concepts so that it can work in any language (ii) The second contribution is re-examining the frameworks of projection and expansion in English using the modified analytical framework; incorporating the preceding theoretical points with the real-life examples in the corpora, bringing about the new and more comparable framework of logico-semantic relationship in English The modified framework of projection in English clause complexes are described in two parts, with the criteria suggested in the analytical framework of projection Besides the features found in other existing frameworks being rearranged in the new structure, the dissertation also provides certain new findings of projection in English clause complexes, which are the well-defined functions of projecting clause, the change of mood in projected 194 clauses, the explanation of how the sub-modes of projection work, especially the meticulous description of how the systems of deictic expressions in projected clauses change, and the detailed explication on how projection enables ellipsis of projecting clause and substitution of projected clauses The modified framework of expansion in English clause complexes are described in terms of realization of the constituent clauses, conjunctions, and the paratactic and hypotactic combination of the constituent clauses, and operation of the three sub-relation of expansion Many of the features described in the new framework can be found in some other existing frameworks, but new findings are also added To be more specific, the dissertation does elaborate on the functions of expanding clauses, moods and structures of expanded clauses, detailed classification of conjunctions and the in-depth description of how the constituent clauses are combined, how each sub-relation of expansion works, and how ellipsis can be possible thanks to the logico-semantic relation of expansion (iii) The third, also the most significant contribution uncovering an untouched issue in Vietnamese in SFL perspective – the logico-semantic relations in Vietnamese clause complexes, building up the two frameworks of projection and expansion in Vietnamese Using the same analytical frameworks presented in chapter 1, the logico-semantic relations in Vietnamese clause complexes are, for the first time, fully described +As regards projection, the framework can be summarized as follows: Realization of Projection in Vietnamese Clause Complexes  Projecting clauses in Vietnamese clause complexes of projection have two basic functions: (i) showing that the other clauses are locutions / ideas being projected and (ii) adding additional contextual information to the content of the projected locution(s) / idea(s) Projecting processes are realized through verbs of saying, verbs of cognition (used in both quoting and reporting), and verbs of behavior, and through adjectives expressing manner of speaking (used only in quoting) Some semantically complex verbs are even too specific in their speech function and connotation that they are largely restricted to reporting only The choice of verbs in reporting can be affected by the mood of the projected clauses and can show reporters‘ feelings and attitudes towards what are being reported 195 Projecting clauses in Vietnamese clause complexes can be at initial, middle, and final positions The initial position of projecting clauses is the most accepted and the most exploited The middle and final positions in reporting proposals are somewhat unusual, even odd and are mostly found in Vietnamese translated version of written texts in foreign languages  Projected clauses in Vietnamese clause complexes of projection can functions as either locutions or ideas They can be either propositions or proposals, and, therefore, can be of any kind of clause moods The moods of projected clauses remain the same as the original locutions / ideas through both quoting and reporting  In Vietnamese paratactic clause complexes of projection, constituent clauses are independent and are paratactically related by independency markers including adjacency, quotation marks, and punctuation marks, sometimes with the linkers rằng, before the punctuation in written texts, and the change of tone group in spoken language  In a Vietnamese hypotactic clause complexes of projection, the projected clause are dependent on the projecting clause; constituent clauses are related by dependency markers including: adjacency, binders rằng, (only when the reporting clause initiate the complex, and punctuation marks (comma, dash, or zero punctuation) Operation of Projection in English Clause Complexes  In Vietnamese clause complexes of quoting, projecting clauses can support projected clauses with circumstantial elements of the original speech event, and the mood and the speech function of the projected clauses can affect the choice of verbs in quoting clauses  In Vietnamese hypotactic clause complexes of reporting, constituent clauses are syntactically and semantically interdependent The choices of verbs in projecting processes are affected by the moods and speech functions of projected clauses In return, the systems of deictic expressions in projected locutions / ideas are changed to fit the deictic center in projecting clauses Changes can happen to all kinds of deictic expressions except when the deictic center in the projecting clause and that in the original speech event are the same However, changes in temporal and spatial deictic expressions are not significant 196  Vietnamese paratactic clause complexes or reporting are midway between clause complexes of quoting and clause complexes of hypotactic reporting The moods of the projected clauses are kept (as in quoting), even the punctuation marks at the end of the original locution(s) / idea(s) are preserved in the paratactically reported clauses The systems of deictic expressions can be either shifted away from the original speech event to fit the new deictic center in the projecting clauses, or they can be retained as in the original locution(s) / idea(s), just as the quoted clauses  Ellipsis is made possible in Vietnamese clause complexes of projection because the logico-semantic relation tells that in a clause complex of projection, any locution / idea in the form of a projected clause is projected by a projecting clause, so the projecting clauses could be hidden without significant effect on the meaning of the whole complex Substitution of projected clauses in clause complexes is also possible because the logico-semantic relation of projection tells that the pro-forms that follow the projecting clauses are the substitutions of projecting clauses, which can be traced thanks to anaphoric or cataphoric reference +As regards expansion, the framework can be summarized as follows: Realization of Expansion in Vietnamese Clause Complex  The expanding clause in Vietnamese clause complexes can function as an apposition, an explication, or an accompaniment, or an attribute of circumstantial features of the expanded clause The expanding clause can be in initial, middle, and final position; and the position of the expanding clause has no effect on the structure of the clause  The expanded clause, the whole or a part of it, functions as either the domain for the expansion process or the antecendent of a relative clause In clause complexes with more than one clause nexus, the expanded clause can have different functions The expanded clause is always the primary clause, a free clause and can be of any clause moods but its end-of-clause punctuation mark is clipped away when followed by the expanding clause  Conjunctions to connect the constituent clauses can be either structural conjunctions (adjacency and punctuations in paratactic complex and adjacency, punctuations, and essentially, the ellipsis of subject in the dependent clause in the hypotactic complex) or lexical conjunctions, which can be structurally, tactically, and functionally classified 197  In Vietnamese paratactic clause complexes of expansion, the constituent clauses are equal in status, but they are still classified as primary and secondary based on the clause sequence in the complex The markers for paratactic relation are: structural linking, paratactic conjunctives, and punctuation The use of conjunctives for parataxis in Vietnamese clause complexes is quite loose and vague  In Vietnamese hypotactic clause complexes of expansion, the clauses are unequal The secondary clause is marked as dependent by the use of hypotactic conjunctives or subject ellipsis The markers of hypotactic relation include: structural binding, hypotactic conjunctives, and punctuation The exploitation of punctuations in Vietnamese hypotactic clause complexes is also not very consistent and systematic Operation of Expansion in Vietnamese Clause Complexes:  Elaboration in Vietnamese clause complexes works in three modes, or three subrelations: exposition, exemplification, and clarification In a paratactic clause complex, the elaborated clause always initiates, the elaborating clause follows In a hypotactic clause complex, the positions of the clauses are varied In clause complexes of exposition, the secondary clause can either restate the primary clause (in paratactic complex, by generalizing and specifying) or modify the primary clause (in hypotactic complex, in the role of a non-defining relative clause) In clause complexes of exemplification, the elaborating clause can function as the illustration of the whole or of a part of the elaborated clause In clause complexes of clarification, the expansion relation works in the way that the elaborating clause explains, or comments, or both explains and comments on the elaborated clause The interdependency of constituent clauses of elaboration can be demonstrated through the reciprocal influence in clause moods The paratactically related constituent clauses are of the same mood, but in hypotactic relation, the usual mood of elaborating clause is declarative mood  Extension in Vietnamese clause complexes, either paratactic or hypotactic, works as addition or variation Paratactic complexes of extension can work with structural conjunctions, with or without conjunctives, while in hypotactic complexes of extension, conjunctives are always needed In clause complex of addition, there are specific conjunctives for positive and adversative addition, but no specific conjunctives for negative addition Conjunctives for addition thus convey not only 198 logical meaning but certain interpersonal meaning of the complex In clause complex of variation, the expansion process can be either replacive or alternative Conjunctives used in variation can tell just the logical meaning of the clause complex, not the interpersonal meaning The logico-semantic relation of extension offers good environment for correlative structures, which can be considered typical kind of conjunctives for extension in Vietnamese  Enhancement in Vietnamese clause complexes works in two ways: either the secondary clause coordinates circumstantial features with the process in the primary clause, or the secondary clause attributes the primary clauses with circumstantial features Conjunctives are specific to the type of circumstantial feature that the secondary clause associates to the primary clause Vietnamese conjunctives for enhancement in Vietnamese are therefore classified according to circumstantial feature they demonstrate These conjunctives are quite explicit in meaning, so conjunctives of the same groups can substitute one another, but conjunctives of different groups usually cannot be used interchangeably  Ellipsis of subject and ellipsis of conjunctives, especially relative expressions, are possible because the logico-semantic relation of expansion informs about the relation between the elliptic clause and other clauses in the complex, thus allow inference and recoverage of the subject or the conjunctives that are omitted Sometimes, constituent clauses in the clause complex are all subject-elliptic, which is the phenonmenon of unidentified subject, is characterized as a common feature of Vietnamese clause complexes (iv) The last but not least contribution is pointing out the similarities and differences in realization and operation of the logico-semantic relations in English clause complexes and Vietnamese clause complexes The similarities and differences in the realization and operation of projection in English and Vietnamese clause complexes can be summarized as:  The realizations of projection in English and Vietnamese coincide in some big parts: the possible functions and positions of the constituent clauses, the classification of the projecting verbs, and the paratactic combination of clauses in the complex As regards the differences, projection in English and Vietnamese differ in three big points: the exploitation of adverbs of manner in the projecting clauses, which is specific to 199 Vietnamese, and the subject-verb in version in the projecting clauses, which is specific to English, and the hypotactic combination of clauses in the complex  The operations of projection in English and Vietnamese coincide in some major features: the operation of quoting and ellipsis in the complex As regards the differences, the two languages are distinctive in the operation of reporting (paratactic and hypotactic) and in the way projection facilitates the linguistic phenomenon of substitution in the complex The similarities and differences in the realization and operation of expansion in English and Vietnamese clause complexes can be summarized as:  The realizations of expansion in English and Vietnamese clause complexes are identical in the possible functions and positions of the constituent clauses, the classification of conjunctions, and the paratactic combination of clauses in the complex The distinguishing features are most found in the subtype of conjunctions and the hypotactic combination of the clauses in the complex  The operations of expansion in English and Vietnamese clause complexes are very much similar in the sub-relation of enhancement and the way enhancement facilitates substitution in the complex The major differences are found in the way elaboration and extension work in the English and Vietnamese clause complexes Implications of the study Theoretically speaking, with such contributions as mentioned, the big conclusion to be drawn out is: SFG is a feasible and effective theoretical framework to describe areas in the system of Vietnamese grammar and to compare the grammatical system of Vietnamese with those of other languages In the light of SFG, even the languages that come from different language families like Vietnamese and English can be effectively compared With the weight put on the functions of language and with an aim to describe the systems of language as a whole, SFG can be a reliable and comprehensive theoretical framework to describe and compare languages, providing that the theoretical framework are overarching enough to consist of criteria which are, to a certain extent, universal to all languages The more general the analysis, the more similar the languages are The more delicate the analysis, the more different the languages appear The more general and systematically structured the analytical framework is, the more applicable it can be to different languages Accordingly, it seems advisable that in comparative studies the 200 research starts with the general and systematically structured analytical framework, and delicate analyses are conducts along the way, so that detail findings can be achieved Such findings as pointed out in the thesis enable the thesis to contribute to the accumulation of the theories in systemic functional typology in two ways: presenting the comparable sketches of the two languages: English and Vietnamese, and identifying the possible generalizations between the two languages The thesis brings about profound clarification on the linguistic area of logico-semantic relationship in both English and Vietnamese clause complexes, therefore it can be a reference for the linguists who attempt to investigate and compare the related area in English and Vietnamese Methodologically speaking, the same procedural steps as the one used in this thesis can also be applied in other comparative studies of the logico-semantic relationships in clause complexes in other languages Corpus-based approach has been proved to be reliable and effective in describing linguistic items and in comparing how they are realize and how they work in different languages SysFan and other software in SFL can be good computational tools for corpora compilation, annotation, and abstraction They can be of best assistance in decreasing the best possible the workload that researchers have to in data collection and data analysis It is therefore advisable that they are employed in other SFL studies Limitation of the Thesis and Suggestions for Further Study The data analysis procedure in this thesis just focuses on re-examining the logicosemantic relations in English clause complexes, describing them in another way, using new analytical frameworks Using the same analytical frameworks, the author of this thesis investigates and describes the logico-semantic relations in Vietnamese clause complexes The frameworks in English and Vietnamese are then compared so that the analogous and distinctive features can be pointed out The findings are just the similarities and differences between the two languages as observed from the corpora, with almost no explanation regarding the theories on language acquisition and language families It is suggested that further studies will focus on explaining why there are such similarities and differences, basing on the theories on language acquisition and language families Additionally, further research can also focus on how to apply the findings of the thesis meaningfully on the teaching of English and Vietnamese grammar in the light of SFL 201 THESIS-RELATED PUBLICATION Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm (2008), ―Hypotactic Clause Complex of Projection in Vietnamese‖, Journal of Science of Vietnam National University, Hanoi Vol 24 (2), pp 127 – 134 Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm (2012), ―Clause complexes as the unit above the clause in linguistic analysis‖, Proceedings of the Conference: Discourse, Knowledge, and Culture in Danang, pp 266-276 Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm (2012), ―The logico-semantic relation of expansion in clause complexes: resource from English and Vietnamese‖, Journal of Foreign Languages of Hanoi University (30), pp 3-19 202 BIBLIOGRAPHY Asher, R E., Simpson M Y (Eds.) 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