Nữ giới chung - Tờ báo phụ nữ đầu tiên ở Việt Nam (1918)

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI & NHAN VAN "e6 y j c ^ " Nguyen Thj Tuong Khanh NU G l d l CHUNG - Td BAO PHU NU^ DAU TIEN () VIET NAM (1918) Chmeu iigcmlv Lich sii' Viet Nam Md so-.5.03A LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC LICH SIT NsuM hu&no dh^ khoa hoc: PGS.TS Pham Xanh OAl HC: 0:.!;;r " l i ^^ vy HA NOI-2001 li_= LOI CAM OOAN T6i xin com doan day la cong trinh nghien cuu cua rieng foi Cac kef qua neu frong luqn van la trang thuc va chua fang dugc cong bo frong bdf ky cong frfnh nao Tac g i d lugn van NGUYEN THi TUONG KHANH MUC LUC M6 DAU Tinh ci'p thiet cua d6 tai Doi tugfng va pham vi nghien cuu Nguon tu Ueu va phuong phap nghien cuxi Dong gop cua luan van 10 Bo cue cLia lu|n van 10 CHUONG MOT KHAI woe BAO N C G I I CHUNG 12 11 Tinh hinh bao chf Viet Nam d^u the ky XX 12 1.1.1 Nhung to bao dau tien 12 11.2 Bao chi Viet Nam 6iu the ky XX 16 i.2 Su dai ciia NO Gioi Chung, to bao phu nu diu lien a Viet Nam i.2.1 Dieu kien dai Nu" Gioi Chung 18 18 £.2.1.1 Dieu kien lich su - van hoa a Nam Ky 18 L2.1.2 Che bao chi o Nam Ky 20 i.2.1.3 Bao chf iheo chii thuyet cua Toan quyen Dong Ducfng 22 A Sarraut 4.2.2 Sir doi bao Nu Gioi Chung 24 4.2.2.1 To bao phu nu diu tien xual ban a Phap 24 (L2.2.2 Y tuong xuat ban mot to nu bao Viet Nam 24 /i.2.2.3 Nu Gicfi Chung dai 26 i Khai luge Nu Giod Chung 33 4.3.1 Cac chuyen muc 33 1.3.2 Vai net vt tac gia 37 i.3.3.Hmhthuc 39 1.3.4 Ngon ngu, van phong 41 CHUONG HAI NC Si SUONG NGU YET ANH, CHU BUT NlT GlOl CHUNG 43 1.1 So luge cupc doi Suong Nguyet Anh 43 2-2 Suano N^uvet Anh mot nu si noi tiene Nam Kv ddu the kv XX 46 9.-3 Suong Nguyet Anh vai Nu Gi6i Chung 55 3.i Vai tro ciia Suong Nguyet Anh vai Nu Gioi Chung 55 %3.2 Suong Nguyet Anh qua cac bai viei tren Nu Giai Chung 58 CHUONG BA M O T S6 N O I DUNG BAO NITGIOI CHUNG 3.1 Van de phu nu 63 63 3.1.1 Van d6 phu nir tren Dang Co tiing bao va Dong Duong tap chi 64 3.1.2 Van de phu nu tren Nu Gidi Chung 70 3.1.2.1 Dia vi, vai tro ngucfi phu nu 70 3.1.2.2 Va'nde nuquy6n, nam nubinhdang 77 3.1.2.2.1 Khai niem nuquyln nam nubinh dang 78 3.1.3.2.2 Noi dung nu quy6n, nam nu binh dang 79 3.1.2.3 Phephanhutuc 84 3.1.2.4 87 VSJI d6 phu nu chuc nghiep 3.2 Van de chinh tri 89 3.2.1 Ggi lai truy^n thong dau tranh yeu nuac cua dan toe 89 3.2.2 C6 vu ung ho phong trao Duy tan 92 3.2.3 Keu ggi hop quan Bic-Trung-Nam 95 3.2.4 Kin dao phan doi chinh phii Phap 97 3.3 Nu Gicfi Chung voi viec bien kien thuc cho nguoi phu nu 98 3.3.1 Trong sinh boat gia dinh 98 3.3.2 Nhutig kien thuc khoa hoc tu nhien xa hoi 99 3.3.3 Nhirng nghe m6i 100 3.4 Mot so van de khac 100 3.4.1 Van hoa - xa hoi 100 3.4.2 Tin, quang eao 101 KET LUAN 102 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 106 MO DAU I - TINH CAP THIET CUA f)i TAI Bao chi la mot bo phan nim kien true ihuong tSng cua xa hoi Nghien cuu bao chf giiip chiing ta c6 them hieu biet v6 qua khii, dai song chinh tri, kinh te, xa hoi, dac biet ve nhung cuoc canh tan he tu tuong qua timg thai doan lich sir Dong thdi, qua lugng thong tin, cac su kien tren bao chi, chung ta c6 each nhin tong quat, toan dien han viec nghien curu lich sir, xa hoi cung thcfi Nam 1865, duac coi la nam khai sinh ciia bao chi Viet Nam b^ng viec xu^'t ban t6 Gia Dinh bao, ta bao dSu tien dugc viet bang chu quoc ngu So vai nhidu nuac khac, bao chf Viet Nam sinh sau de muon ban cac nuac chau Au hang may tram nam Ra dai cung vdi su thiet lap che thuoc dia cua thuc dan Phap a Dong Duong, nguai Phap mang den va la san pham cua qua trinh tiep xiic van hoa Dong - Tay, thuc dan Phap su dung bao chf Viet Nam nhu mot cong cu huu hieu phuc vu cho cuoc binh dinh, dan ap va boc lot nhan dan ta Nhung mot he qua ngoai y muon cua ho, chfnh bao chf lai dugc nhung nguoi Viet Nam yeu nu6c su dung nhu mot phuong tien cot yeu chong lai su c6 mat cua thuc dan Phap a Viet Nam, diing bao chf de tuyen truydn, truyen ba nhung tu tuong each mang nh4m dat dugc muc dfch cuoi eiang - giai phong dan toe Dii theo khuynh hudng nao, nim tay giai cap nao, bao chf nuac ta cung da mang lai nhung dong gop nhat dinh tren nhi6u linh vuc Va tat nhien, bao chi luon phat tri6n theo qui luat noi tai cua no Thdi ky dau, bao chf nuac ta thuc chat la "nhirng ca quan de thong tin tiic va dat dao y hucmg" [14-419] cua chinh phii Phap Den nhiing th^p nien dSu the ky XX, theo each ggi cua ba Doan Thi D6, la thcfi ky "no hoa" eiia bao chf Viet Nam, bao chf nuac ta eo buac phat trien m6i Co the noi, liic nay, da dinh hinh mot nen bao chf Viet Nam Ben canh nhirng td bao thai su chfnh tri xa hoi, da c6 bao chf van hoa van nghe, bao chf kinh te, bao chf chuyen nganh v v Trong do, viec xuat ban bao Nir Giai Chung nam 1918 da danh da'u su khai d£u cua mot dong bao m6i, dong bao chuyen biet danh cho phu niJ a Viet Nam M6t nhung ta bao Viet ngii hiem hoi dau the ky XX, Nu Gidi Chung la t6 bao phu nQ ddu tien lich su bao chf Viet Nam Ta bao cua phu nu, mot nguai phu ni: lam chii but - ba Suang Nguyet Anh va chfnh ba lai la nguai phu nu Viet Nam dSu tien buac chan vao nghe lam bao Tuy nhien, cho den nay, c6 rat ft cong trinh nghien curu quan tam den bao NUGidi Chung Sam nhat, cuon Lich sir bdo chi Viet Nam, tu: khai thuy den 1930, Trf Dang xuat ban, nam 1973, Nir Gidi Chung dugc Huynh Van Tong gi6i thieu la mot sau to bao dugc xuat ban theo chu thuyet ciia Toan quy6n Dong Duong A Sarraut a Nam Ky va la to bao d^u tien cua dong bao chuyen biet danh cho phu nil Cuon sach chfnh la ban dich til luan an tien sT ciia tac gia tai Dai hoe Sorbonne, Paris Sau Huynh Van Tong c6 bo sung them den nam 1945 va tai ban tai H6 Chf Minh, nam 1994 Cuon sach m6i dugc tai ban gan day nhat tai H6 Chf Minh vao thang 32000 Den 1988, tac gia Ngo Ha danh han mot trang gi6i thieu so luge noi dung bao Nir Gidi Chung bai "Luge su bao chf (18651945)", Dia chi Van hod Thanh Ho Chi Minh fTap Van hoc) NXB TPHCM, 1988 Cuon sach m6i dugc lai ban lai nam 1998 Trong cuon Thu tich bdo chi Viet Nam, To Huy Riia chu bien, nam 1998, trang 334, phan v^ NuGidi Chung nhu sau: "Nil Gicfi Chung, Sai Gon Ca quan bien ngon ngii, thuang mai, ky nghe va cac van di phta nix Xuat ban hang tu£n vao thii sau So 1, 1.2.1918 ; socuoiciang: so 22, 19.7.1918 Chu but: ba Suang Nguyet Anh In typo, 410 x290 mm." Gan day, nam 1998, Luan an Thae sT khoa hoc Lich su 'Van de phu nit tren bdo chi trudc va sau chien tranh the giai tliir Nhdt'\ Nu Gidi Chung dugc tac gia Dang Thi Van Chi khao cuu cung to bao khac: Dang Co thing bdo, Dong Duang tap chi Nam Phong, Phu nir tan van Ngoai ra, chiing toi cilng b^t gap dau tren mot so tap chf chuyen nganh (chu yeu la tap chf Xua Nay) mot so tac gia ciing giai thieu NU Gidi Chung Cling ba Suang Nguyet Anh, nir chu but to bao Nam 1995 truang Dai hoc Cornel! cua My xuat ban cuon sach c6 ten: Essays into Vietnamese pasts {Nhiing bai luan ve Viet Nam xua) K W Taylor va John K Whitmore chu bien Trong cuon sach c6 bai Printing and power: Vietnamese debates over Women's place in society, 1914-1918 {An pham va quyen luc: hoi thdo ve vi tri ciia nguai phu nir Viet Nam xd hoi 1918-1934) cua Shawn McHale Mot phan cua bai luan nay, tac gia c6 noi v6 bao Nir Gidi Chung va cac van de phu nu tren Nir Gidi Chung, nam 1918 Bai luan cua Shawn McHale b^ng tieng My la ngu6n tu lieu nu6c ngoai nhat ma chiing toi dugc biet den Nhin chung, cac tac gia gidi thieu ve Nir Gidi Chung vdi mot lugtig thong tin rat ng^n ggn, c6 tinh chat ggi md hoac ed ngudi chi khao cuu mot van de nao tren Nir Gidi Chung Viec chgn mot td bao lam dt tai khao sat la hudng nghien c\xu gan day dugc nhi6u ngudi chii y B^ng each nay, mot mat gop phSn vao viec nghien cuu Uch su bao chf lich su noi chung, mat khac neu bat duac nhirns net riene biet cua timg td bao, ca nhirng dong gop va han che cua no Ve td Nii Gidi Chung, cho den chua c6 tac gia nao nghien cuu mot cong trinh rieng biet Do chgn de tai Nir Gidi Chung - td bdo phu nir dau tien a Viet Nam (1918) nhu mot chuyen khao dau tien ve bao Nir Gidi Chung, vdi tu each la mot de tai nghien cuu doc lap, n^m mang de tai lich su bao chf noi chung, chiing toi mong muon: gidi thieu mot diSn dan cong khai dau tien cua phu nil Viet Nam vao dau the ky XX mot ngudi phu nil di6u hanh va d do, ngudi phu nil khdng nhiing dugc quyen luan ban ve nhirng van d6 cua chfnh minh ma an y nhiJng n6i ni^m cua nir gidi vdi ''van nude", "van giang san" II - DOI TUONG VA PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU Toan bo cac bai viet tren 528 trang cua 22 so bao Nir Gidi Chung, vdi luan van nay, dugc coi la doi tugng nghien cuu chfnh La mot td bao thuge dong bao chuyen biet, lai ton tai mot thdi gian rat ng^n, gk\ thang (tir thang 1.2 den thang 19.7.1918), dd la mot thu^n Igi cho phep cac thao tac nghien cuu ciia chiing toi dat dugc ket qua mong muon Qua viec khao sat tir tri tiet den tdng the td bao, luan van chi gidi han d may phuang dien sau: - Lam ro mot so dac diem ciia Nir Gidi Chung tir hinh thiie den noi dung dugc phan anh tren cac trang bao Dac biet, chiing toi t$p trung khai thac van dt nh^n su cua NUGidi Chung: chu biit, nhiing cay biit chfnh, cong tac vien - Tren ca sd dd, luan van di sau phan tich mot so van dt phu nir tren Nir Gidi Chung Ban chat ciia van di phu nil, tiif quan niem den noi dung cua van d^ cilng dugc lam ro luan van De cd each danh gia thuyet phuc han, quan diem ve van de phu nir cua mot sd bao xuat ban trudc va sau Nir Gidi Chung cung dugc chiing toi tham khao Qua day, thay dugc dac diem cua van de phu nil buoi giao thdi d Viet Nam, " n6n hoe cii da suy ma nen hoc mdi chua thinh" [ NGC, sd 1] n i " Neuon tu lieu va phirong phap nghien cmi Trong qua trinh thuc hien di tai nay, cac thu tich bao chi nhu: Le Journalisme au Vietnam et les Periodiques Vietnamiens de 1865-1944 {Nghe bdo va bdo clw Viet Nam 1865-1944), Doan Thi D6, Thu vien qude gia Phap, 1958 ; Muc luc bdo chi Viet ngir, Tong bg Van hda xa hdi, Sai Gdn, 1966 ; Thu tich bdo chi Viet Nam, To Huy Riia chu bien, 1998 ; cac cong trinh nshien cuu lich su bao chi Viet Nam nhu: Lich sir bdo chi Viet Nam cua Nguy6n Viet Chude (1974); Bdo chi each mang Viet Nam 1925-1945 cm Nguyin Thanh (1984); Tim hieu lich sir bdo chi Viet Nam cua Hong Chuong (1987); Lich su bdo chi Viet Nam tir khai thuy den 1945, Huynh Van Tong (1994); Lich su bdo chi Viet Nam 1865-1945 D6 Quang Hung chu bien (2000); bai Cdm nhan ve bdo chi Viet Nam the ky XX ciia Phan Quang tren bao Nhan Ddn, so 8, 9-9-2000 v v la ca sd de chiing toi cd mot nhan thiie tong quan vi lich sir phat tridn ciia bao chf Viet Nam Mot sd cong trinh chuyen khao v6 mot td bao hay mot dong bao ciia cac tac gia va ngoai nude, cac bai nghien curu tren cac tap chf chuyen nganh, mot so luan an, khoa luan tot nghiep v v cQng la nguon thong tin bo trg rat hiiu fch cho chiing toi Nguon tu lieu chii yeu ma chiing toi di sau nghien ciiu la toan bg cac sd bao NUGidi Chung in bang tieng Viet (bao dugc 22 sd) Ngudn tu lieu chiing toi khai thae tai Thu vien qude gia Paris, Cong hda Phap^' Ky hieu microfilm Jo 92.696 Nhung rat tiee, thu vien chi luu dugc 20/22 sd Ni? Gidi Chung (thieu sd va 19) Hien chiing toi da chuyen 20 sd bao van ban de ed the su dung mot each dl dang Tuy nhien, de ed dugc ket qua nghien cuu nhu mong muon chiing toi cdn gap mot sd khd khan sau: - Cac sd bao Nir Gidi Chung luu giir dugc d nude eon rat ft di Chung toi da tra tim tai cac thu vien, trung tam luu trir d Ha Noi nhimg khong ed ket qua (ed the thu vien Ho Chf Minh cdn liru dugc mot vai sd) Vi the, viec tiep can vdi cac sd bao NU Gidi Chung cd tfnh chat nguyen gdc la mot di6u khd cd th6 thuc hien - Nir Gidi Chung ddi va tdn tai mot thdi gian ngan va each day da han 80 nam Nhiing ngudi "trong cuoc", nhiing nhan chung song la rat quan trong, den da qua ddi nen tac gia chiu mot thiet thdi Idn muon Trong viec tiep can nguon tu heu nay, tac gia da nhan dugc su giiip da quf gia ciia Tien sT sir hoc Phan Thi Minh Li (Paris, Phap) &^:s::M ztyudmt lOiitB&F dnecio MuKsfliifiriiitenciihifeiriifag G u ^ l ^ ' i s t o qjinSi-At^te^ vaa^ i ' ttmimiBtbMk n'i:H Tnii»dB& Ifaff I f i dSbafigste d^:Kji8oa> Ddo 1 ' ^ I < '_r iQ^tiiiigttiBOJiDiDaxtluia^ii&lifiB W cbfia ISkft^&l a?^:; ^^ ^B^in9tvi|in&rBffl ^fe^?^»l^ Nguyin Song Kim - Ngu>-|n Manh B6ng phe phan hu luc cuai xm tren NuGidu Chuiig so 16 31-5-1918 ^^^^^^^^^ i"™"*"'^*^"*'***"*^ 1h "yT?' rLvl i v ^ 2^1^ "^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ M ^ ^ [dill-15 I = « ^ d h « r f i 411^^ imlj^^lteOflr^iiM^ B»G:&i^^^^iiiti:4l!igc:aiifi^ Hihi4&' iihn-MUidi^^B&BDi ^^ AycScnrtciis^ttL^^^ coin u » ^ n i ^ s ^ i ^ a D l S ^ ' ; u^am^ina UdSo diO\tei T Tflin^D^djO^^rmsto djialtildSn^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ t e V ^ ^ ^ ^ i o d ^ i B B ^ fV > ^"^^'ft^ !?r^vgr^}iarrt^^ ^^^Ouum^^^ npiiw^ riiiiy ]4ni iolialk Cho nfo fS*^:^^ IJ • : r , j ; , i i i ^nrtdMi^^^ ^^lia^S^^ :li)&i ^-~ -^ 'i^S^ti^iA l_ inrc&aiAaDgdiU hrtenao Unb i i ^ ^ Wog b i , adi dtarmh K h j i i r t i i i t e S J ^ 1^ tei^o£.|ftdiiaiUD ditiea sikliidtidDaMSBbp dSn diniiittM(^d3iM$c;fiiM£^ "Opftp ' do* nDi^v~ftDDp^^SvfO v*: ' :dB£ l a u J t a ; ^ '" ' " * • • •• - _ " » arts' mrtcts TBOBAE: Ina-Yl^Afaffa^lU tfioib ^ d « ? f « * J h « ^ ^ f i ^ i r liaifliom | ^ ^ S ifS ^ ^tiL^lllfaeo^iA^^^ Sy«S^.^^ ma ^ditoff fim^ao^lWdiigr ibi|js^4^id.ii l i e i ^ I ar cangtaD^dicsa laii l^i caog d p mc osnAicon I B U | I I U n H I ™«^**^7«?«* noOt/CB Uie trttcv^r* nfe; g3;i*"''°-"*y^*"™'''°5* ^''^ iMdl^Jk*a^«4i daiA.jdrita«iis9i^|te4fi^^^^ i a r d o a n J i l f e t f l i w j B i c » I * toinriiaiHhfi lirlDT^im len c A ] i | p i « ^ iQnns.-cuiB£ai Bntsa J l T y i ^ t a ^ D ^ J ^ I iiaosdjsiiii0'ie:ibibia«^ :-^ I- " '" ^' l^fittjiaao&taKô^4dLi^ ã'""' w-^ Sui l a ^ ] ằ ISi^lraiiHn due n p f ^ v M A b a t t diou^lSniianiuTP.c^c&De diciitt^* lim^ jbf pan l^iiiiK ^ bun _cjiii "oc lejir Trao4ifXinni« Oi> td an raosr: v / ^ liSAiBo aitttbi not ^ Tioao nraon mm, ain goij H i ! ta-M^r G H t;- fi;Wi ian h niBfl«»fciiih2aHiiite(iiiqiriaicrie ndi ti£; ndi afim tfr ttaDiQ^Dir Tonlanafac)s6 nha 14 16 m tfame ts; u a tti mtt lift ^ U I , ^ daw ftn'fliiaJuihaiid6 Coton Heoai -' izs tf a Giiteio aflBJli$nta.cftliigia,A:iilBb 1^^ aiem, imfe mpcttea iifiiriS rift*^^ft*ipff1*^^^*^"* dWiig *c0og*-ttODg^Uo^ -y H" r^ •s/ ~;^^-?^^ -'.'^!a&'-' »_> ^M • ""7^^T"M.jrruT M77TV5 -; r- rrri ',-^ 57 T*^ :^^ 17.713 ằã ' ^ôdSl^0UMBKicfr'te cn^xfi-du5iôaiaHi^&.tffia lridk1iu(iiffDg'dEr4fi'iô^ Sfri^iiiBijfefafirft-Miaft otit^UuaDbta^iii&niiqeogciiiL liiAassaBrtôiid!;iUipxaiHtf; :^c^;)ifl#«frtiL^i«U)iimlnyftil ttOivcABa ttdidlivbmkdlih-' ^ JitogaiLTawaBiaio tta»4^ f^*?^ B.ai "Dao dan ba" ciia Nguyin TTii Bong - Ngu}-en Van VTnh tren NuGidi Chum^ so 17, 7-6-1918 'y qua i ^ ii»4a^ Mj^^Oitt ^flfibdb' diL€m.^idj^S».^tec Anrac-liiohsdHi^llrii&i to? : ' tri&i&t^^^pli^^ i«nfti ; >^;^-^^^^ ^ to^iiW^^lli^l&ftml nih-ciai-CBiiso Bu^ii56«^ ' SidiD-sng^ IQOtti^liaiiilioftdU'i a^ALA^ tia, Dfite t^B ftJioe ftaK.N« fiss j " " ™ ffii^kia c68liuatliK&ii£^ nhm^i I3D w i f i c6 mot oiBi SAlu Un I II InAiIi&^A^A^Ai ad^cmr pU9^ caa T90 C3RS trfr trtattmchv pim doi sao? 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