Phát triển nguồn nhân lực khoa học và công nghệ quân sự việt nam tt tieng anh

1 INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing theme of thesis Military scientific & technological human resources is the utmost important component that create Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological potentials, contributing to building and developing national scientific and technological potentials With a strategic vision, right after our country gained independence, our Party and President Ho Chi Minh timely paid attention to attracting and utilizing many intellectuals and talents to serve as the core force and to form the foundation to build and develop Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological potentials through various periods of time In the two great resistance wars of our people, cadres and soldiers working in the military scientific & technological field produced and successfully improved various types of modern weapons and equipment, provided the most part of medicine for treating wounded soldiers and caring for health of the armed forces participating the resistance wars In addition, this human resources researched and created the unique Viet Nam’s military art, together with the whole country contributing to attaining important victories to end the two resistance wars against French and American invaders to unify our country In the period of national reform, under the leadership of our Party, with the direct command of the Central Military Commission, Ministry of National Defense and the effective coordination and support of other Ministries, Departments and Sectors, Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources has been significantly developed in terms of number, with increasingly high quality and appropriate structure, successfully fulfilling all tasks assigned by our Party, State and people Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is the task force that successfully implements various large scale military scientific & technological projects with high degree of complexity, contributing to building Vietnam People’s Army to be revolutionary, regular, elite and gradually modernized, to firmly consolidating allpeople national defense, people’s war posture, and to solidly safeguard the socialist Vietnamese Homeland in all situations Beside essential achievements, Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources still has a number of limitations, for examples: The number is insufficient, and quality and structure not truly match with development requirements of military scientific & technological potentials in the new situation High quality military scientific & technological human resources is much lower than demand, especially the number of top ranking cadres and elite experts in key military scientific & technological fields The young military scientific & technological human resources is still limited in terms of number, quality and structure Training quality, and structures in terms of professions, fields, areas and regions of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources not truly match with usage demand, practice capacity and adaptability in competitive international environment is also limited With a persistent and consistent viewpoint to take science, technology, knowledge and high quality human resources as the main driving force, 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Viet Nam reaffirms that “developing human resources, especially high quality human resources” is one of the key tasks, creating foundation for sustainable development, enhancing national defense potentials in the direction of independence, self-determination, self-reliance, resilience and international integration As such, developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is the process of realizing the guideline of developing high quality human resources of the Party and State However, as our country is engaging in international integration more deeply and comprehensively, together with opportunities and advantages, the work of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources shall face lots of difficulties and challenges In order to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources to match with the requirement of building Vietnam People’s Army to be “revolutionary, regular, elite and gradually modernized; with a priority to modernize a number of services, arms and forces”, serving as the core to build strong all-people national defense, it is necessary to establish synchronous viewpoint and measures to be implemented in unity from Central to grassroots entities With a clear understanding of the status quo and urgent requirements of this tasks, in the recent time there have been a number of researches related to developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources However, due to differences in terms of research objectives, subjects, scopes and approaches, so far the issue of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources has not been researched fundamentally and systematically, especially from the angle of Political economy That status quo and the scientific “gap” set the request of researching in a fundamental and systematical for the purpose of clarifying theoretical basis of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, so as to propose viewpoints and measures to develop this human resources to match task requirements in the new situation From the above considerations, the author selects the issue of: “Developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources” as the theme of Doctoral thesis in the major of Political economy Objectives and tasks of research Objectives of research To analyze and clarify a number of theoretical and practical issues of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources; and on such basis to propose viewpoint and measures to develop this human resources in the time to come Task of research To review related researches, so as to reaffirm the non-duplication of the thesis and determine problems that the thesis needs to solve To discuss theoretical bases of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, including a number of fundamental contents, as follows: To define concepts, contents, assessment criteria and factors affecting developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources To study experiences in developing military scientific & technological human resources of a number of countries and determine lessons for Viet Nam To analyze and assess the status quo of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources: To clarify achievements, limitations, causes and problems to be solved based on the status quo of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources To propose viewpoints and measures to develop transport infrastructure in the Southern Key Economic Region in the time to come Subject and scope of research Subjects of research: Developing military scientific & technological human resources Scope of research: Scope of content: The thesis is focused on researching the work of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources on three main contents as follows: Increasing number, enhancing quality and improving structure Space of research: To research on developing the military scientific & technological human resources directly participating military scientific & technological activities in Viet Nam The investigations, surveys and status quo assessments are conducted at a number of military scientific & technological organizations and university educational institution in the Army Scope of time: Collected documents and data for assessing status quo of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources are from 2008 to 2018 Theoretical, practical bases and research methods Theoretical bases: The thesis is based on theories of Marxism Leninism, Ho Chi Minh’s thought, viewpoints and guidelines of Party and State of developing scientific & technological human resources; Directions, Resolutions, Instructions of the Central Military Commission, Ministry of National Defense, General Department of Politics on building cadre contingent in general and developing military scientific & technological human resources in particular Practical bases: Practice of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in a number of scientific & technological organization and universities in the military educational institution system is based on statistical data in annual consolidated reports and periodical consolidated reports, assessments of the Central Military Commission, Ministry of National Defense, General Staff, agencies of the General Department, as well as on investigations and surveys of the Candidate Methods of research Dialectical materialist and historical materialist methods are the main research methods of this thesis Based on such methodology, the thesis employs the particular method of Political economy, namely scientific abstraction, in combination with other methods, such as: Systematic approach; deconstruction, reconstruction, logic and history, statistics and comparison, expert method, etc The method of scientific abstraction is employed throughout the thesis for the purpose of eliminating non-basic and non-essential issues to focus on basic and essential issues related to developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources This method is employed to limit the objectives, tasks and scopes of research in the Introduction section; to define notions, determine contents and criteria for assessing and analyzing factors affecting developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in Chapter 2; and to select data for analyzing status quo of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in Chapter Also, this method is employed to propose viewpoints and measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in Chapter In the opinion of the Candidate, in order to promote the work of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, it is necessary to grasp a number of viewpoints and synchronously implement a system of measures (including universal measures, specific measures for each sector, each field and each specific subject, etc) However, the system of viewpoints and measures proposed by the Candidate are the most essential, universal and determinant, of which proper implementation and realization shall result in breakthroughs in developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in the time to come The systematic approach is employed throughout the thesis in order to explain the development of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in the relationships with: Increasing number, enhancing quality and improving structure of this human resources This approach is also applied in researching the development of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in the process of building and developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological potentials, in connection with particular factors of military scientific & technological activities This approach allows the thesis’s structure to be organized in a cohesive and logic manner The method of deconstruction - reconstruction is employed in chapters of the thesis In Chapter 1, this method is employed for the purpose of analyzing and studying documents and literature related to the thesis, so as to find issues to be solved in the thesis In Chapter 2, this method is utilized in order to conduct steps of building central notions, analyzing contents and criteria of assessment and factors affecting the work of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources In addition, this method is the tool to study experiences of other countries and draw lessons for Viet Nam in developing military scientific & technological potentials In Chapter and Chapter of the thesis, this method is used in implementing research tasks, especially highlighting achievements and limitations in developing military scientific & technological human resources The history - logic method is mainly used in Chapter 1, Chapter and Chapter for the aim of studying the process of forming and developing theoretical issues related to the thesis, for examples: Concepts of human resources, developing human resources, concepts of scientific & technological human resources, military scientific & technological human resources, and developing military scientific & technological human resources In addition, this method is used for studying the practice of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in each historical period The utilization of this method allows the Candidate to analyze and assess activities of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in specific historical context, in connection with requirements of military scientific & technological tasks, and of the tasks of military building, national defense consolidation and Homeland safeguarding The statistical and comparison method is utilized in both theoretical and status quo sections of the thesis In the theoretical section, the statistical and comparison work helps the Candidate to gain access to various theories related to the research issue, in order to determine the theoretical “gap” to be filled by the thesis In the status quo section, this method is used for the purpose of correctly and objectively assess the development of military scientific & technological human resources in various periods of time The collection and comparison of updated and objective data allow the thesis’s author to correctly assess achievements and limitations of developing military scientific & technological human resources, thus to point out causes and issues to be solved arisen from the status quo in order to get proper development viewpoints and measures 6 The expert method is employed by the author in all steps and stages of writing this thesis: Determining name of the thesis, preparing preliminary draft, writing review of research issues, preparing detailed draft and in the whole process of writing and completing this thesis The experts have helped the author gain more knowledge related to the research issues, acquire experiences and scientific methods in the process of writing this thesis; and also helped the author to identify strong and weak points of the thesis to determine timely and effective remedies and corrections New contributions of the thesis The thesis forms general concepts of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, assesses the status quo of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, proposes proper measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources to meet requirements and tasks of building and safeguarding our Homeland in the new situation Theoretical and practical implications of the thesis Theoretical implications: The research results of the thesis contribute to clarify theoretical and practical bases of the work of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources nowadays Such results contribute to supplementing and enriching theory of building military cadre contingent in general, and of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in particular Practical implications: The research results can be used as references in teaching and scientific researching in the military educational institution system and for the concerned population Structure of the thesis The thesis comprises of: Introduction, Chapters, Conclusion, List of author’s publications related to the thesis, References, and Appendices Chapter OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO THE THESIS In the Chapter 1, the Candidate reviewed 19 foreign researches and 30 domestic researches related to the thesis theme The review of literature related to the thesis theme shows that there have been a number of scientific works discussing and clarifying theoretical and practical issues of developing scientific & technological human resources in general and of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in particular Specifically: Firstly, a number of works have built concepts of scientific & technological human resources, and of developing scientific & technological human resources From various approaches and angles of research, a number of concepts of scientific & technological human resources, and of developing scientific & technological human resources have been built, however the exists no discrepancy between comprehensions of these concepts In these literature, there is an agreement that scientific & technological human resources is the pool of persons engaging in (or being capable of engaging in) scientific & technological activities by performing researching, creating, teaching, managing, and exploiting functions, contributing to determining the scientific & technological advances of our country Developing technological human resources is the purposeful and planned activity of the actors in order to create an increase in number, improvement in quality, and enhancement in structure of scientific & technological human resources The work of developing scientific & technological human resources is affected by various factors, which requires synchronous implementation of various appropriate policies and measures Secondly, a number of literature have focused on military scientific & technological human resources and the work of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources from different angles and scopes In broad scope, there have been the concepts of “military intelligentsia contingent” and “high quality military human resources” Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is a component of military intelligentsia contingent and high quality military human resources In narrow and component scope, there have been the concepts of: “Resources of military cadres at military science, engineering and technology institutions”, “top ranking social sciences and humanity cadres in the military”, and “scientific and engineering human resources in the Vietnam People’s Army” These concepts provide the thesis’s author with a multi-dimensional perspective, forming a basis for a general concept of military scientific & technological human resources The research works collectively agree that developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is achieved by: increasing number, improving quality, and enhancing structure of this human resources Developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is affected by subjective and objective factors, for examples: The development of national human resources and market economy mechanism, tasks of the military in each historical period, and policies and mechanisms for this human resources Thirdly, a number of literature have assessed status quo of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources From different research scopes, the literature have initially clarified achievements and limitations in developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, in terms of: Developments in number, quality and structure The achievements and limitations in developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources have directly and multi-dimensionally affect the capability of task accomplishment of relevant agencies and units, and at the same time affect the development of military sciences and technologies This status quo results from different subjective and objective causes, raising various issues to be dealt with This is an important basis for forming the system of viewpoints and measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, meeting military scientific & technological tasks and requirements in the new situation Fourthly, a number of literature have proposed viewpoints and measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Major proposed groups of measures are: To determine development strategies; to build development mechanisms and policies; to emphasize on training; to invest resources in development activities; to expand international cooperation relationships; and to create environments facilitating self-study and self-training of military scientific & technological human resources The review of published literature related to the thesis shows that, from the angle of Political economy, there is no scientific work that studies in a fundamental, systemic and comprehensive manner the theory and practice of “developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources” Therefore, the author’s selection of this issue as the thesis’ theme has both long-term and short-term theoretical and practical implication, and does not duplicate other recently published scientific works In order to accomplish objectives, contents and tasks matching with research subjects of the thesis, the author considers that following questions must be answered reasonably: Firstly, how the issues of developing military scientific & technological human resources is researched in Viet Nam as well as in the world? What can be learned from research results of literature related to military human resources and military scientific & technological human resources? Is there any scientific gap related to Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources which should be further researched and clarified in the thesis? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to review research works related to the thesis’s theme Chapter of the thesis shall deal with this task Secondly, what is Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources? What are profound characteristics of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources? What is “developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources”? Who are the actors? What are the contents of development? What are the criteria of assessment? Which factors affecting the work of developing Viet Nam’s scientific & technological human resources? What are experience in the world about developing military scientific & technological human resources and lessons for Viet Nam? Contents of Chapter shall be focused on answering these questions 9 Thirdly, what are achievements and limitations in developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources? What are the causes of achievements and limitations? What are the issues arisen from the status quo of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in the recent time which must be solved to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in the time to come? These questions shall be dealt with in Chapter Fourthly, in order to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, which viewpoints and measures are needed to attain appropriateness and feasibility? The content of Chapter shall answer these questions Conclusion of Chapter Related to the issue of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, there have been a number of works in the world and in Viet Nam from different research angles Results of literature review allow the author to approach various valuable sources of data, supporting the implementation of research tasks However, in general it can be seen that research results of the published scientific works related to developing military scientific & technological human resources are not truly comprehensive, complete and unified This is a “scientific gap” for the Doctoral student to continue to research; is the basis to confirm that the thesis does not overlap with published scientific works That the Doctoral student conduct research in a fundamental, comprehensive, systematic manner the issue of “Developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources” has profound theoretical and practical implications and has new scientific contributions Chapter THEORETICAL BASES OF DEVELOPING VIET NAM’S MILITARY SCIENTIFIC AND TECNOLOGICAL HUMAN RESOURCES AND EXPERIENCES OF OTHER COUNTRIES 2.1 General issues of scientific and technological human resources and Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 2.1.1 Concepts of scientific and technological human resources 2.1.1.1 Human resources Human resources is the whole of number, quantity and structure of human potentials of a country, a territory or an organization, which has been being employed in creative labor process, to meet requirements of sustainable development of that country, territory or organization 2.1.1.2 Concept of scientific and technological human resources Scientific & technological human resources is a component of a a country, a territory or an organization, comprising of trained workers 10 having college qualifications and above who are currently or are capable of engaging in scientific & technological activities, or workers not having college qualifications and above but are engaging in a scientific & technological activities requiring equivalent qualifications, contributing to scientific & technological development 2.1.2 Concept and characteristics of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 2.1.2.1 Concept of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is a component of national scientific & technological human resources, with appropriate number, quality and structure, who is engaging in or capable of engaging in military scientific & technological activities when employed, for the purpose of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, contributing to building and developing national scientific & technological potentials Based on the aforesaid concepts, in terms of existing and potential components, Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is divided into two components: The existing component, that includes: The contingent of researchers, managers, and research supporting personnel at scientific & technological organizations directly under the Ministry of National Defense and scientific & technological organizations under other agencies and units in the Army The contingent of lecturers and cadres having college and university qualifications and above and working in the system of military educational institutions The contingent of technical cadres and personnel working for scientific & technological researches and projects in units of the Army The contingent of cadres and personnel of departments for researching and developing new technologies and products in military enterprises The potential component, that includes: The contingent of cadres, military officers, professional soldiers, military officials and workers having college and university qualifications and above in certain scientific & technological fields, being personnel of military agencies and units which not directly engage in military scientific & technological activities A portion of national scientific & technological human resources which is mobilized to engaged in military scientific & technological activities, serving military and national defense tasks based on demands of the Army and regulations of laws 11 In terms of system structure of military scientific & technological activities, Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is divided into components according to military scientific & technological fields Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is divided into: Human resources of military arts; human resources of military social sciences and humanities; human resources of military engineering and technology; human resources of military medical science; human resources of military logistics and human resources of other particular fields In terms of training degrees, Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources comprises of two main groups: group with postgraduate degrees (doctors of science, doctors, masters and equivalent degrees); group with college, university and equivalent degrees (engineer, physicians, bachelor) This structure reflects training levels of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, corresponding to research quality and intellectual content in scientific & technological activities of each component In order to guarantee that this human resources can always accomplish their tasks, it is necessary to aim for improving the quality and increasing the number of postgraduate human resources, especially those with specialized training Also, there should be policies to encourage and create favorable conditions for Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources to proactively and actively study and improve their capabilities to meet task requirements in all situations In terms of nature of research, Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources comprises of two groups: The group working in fields of basic sciences, and the group working in fields of applied sciences The most distinguished difference between these two groups is the different research properties and products, and also the ability to benefit from scientific research results is also very different In terms of military scientific & technological research functions and tasks, Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources comprises of two groups: The group conducting scientific & technological research and activities in stable and professional manner, and the group conducting scientific research and activities non-professionally As such, it is necessary to have appropriate forms of prioritizing benefits for cadres conducting scientific & technological research and activities in stable and professional manner, and to have policies to attract and encourage to the best extend intellectual potentials of scientific researching of forces capable of scientific & technological researching in and out of the military 2.1.2.2 Characteristics of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 12 Firstly, Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources is established and developed from various sources of training Secondly, Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources has solid political consistency, fundamental qualifications, and competence and capacity matching with requirements of assigned tasks Thirdly, Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources works in specific military conditions, under strict mechanisms of leadership, command and management, with high requirements of discipline and sense of combat readiness Fourthly, products of scientific activities of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources are mainly used for military and national defense purposes and for building armed forces and Fatherland protection 2.2 Concepts, contents and factors affecting developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 2.2.1 Concept of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is the purposeful and intentional intervention of actors in the political system for the purpose of fundamentally and comprehensively transform the number, quality and structure of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources to meet military scientific & technological work requirements and tasks in all conditions and situations Comprehension of this concept clearly shows that: Fundamental, short-term and long-term purpose of developing is to create a Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources having sufficient number according to requirements and tasks, with reasonable structure and increasingly high quality, deserving to be the core force in inventing and developing Viet Nam’s military sciences and technologies Also, this is aimed at guaranteeing continuous and consistent transfer between generations, meeting requirements and tasks of building the Army, solidly safeguarding the socialist Vietnamese Homeland in all situations The actors of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources are actors in the Viet Nam’s political system, including: Communist Party of Viet Nam, State system (National Assembly; President; Government; Supreme People’s Court; Supreme People’s Procuracy; Local-level governmental bodies); Vietnam Fatherland Front; Union; Other socio-political organizations (Vietnam Farmers’ Union, Vietnam Women’s Union, Vietnam War 13 Veteran Association, Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union) The Communist Party of Viet Nam holds the leadership role, of which the direct leading bodies are Central Military Commission, Ministry of National Defense, party bureaus and commanders of all levels in the Army and each individuals of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Each actor holds different specific position, role and task in this work Forms and measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources are diversified, including: Ideological and political education; recruitment (in fields the Army does not provide training), source planning and creating; training and fostering; managing and employing; cadre rotation; benefit provision; rewarding and disciplining, etc 2.2.2 Contents of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Firstly, to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources to have sufficient number to meet military scientific & technological work requirements and tasks In order to assess contents of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources in terms of number to meet military scientific & technological work requirements and tasks, it is necessary to base on following criteria: Firstly, the increase of the number of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources according to scientific & technological work requirements and tasks corresponds to military and national defense tasks in each period or each year Secondly, the increase of the number of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources corresponds to structure and requirements and tasks of scientific & technological activities of each agency and unit as well as of the whole Army in each specific period Secondly, to create fundamental transform of the quality of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources In order to assess fundamental changes of the quality of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources, it is necessary to base on following essential criteria: First, physical strength Development of physical conditions of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is measured by indexes of height, weight and internal and general medical indexes according to criteria of Ministry of Health and actual annual working days of this human resources Within each unit, the development of physical conditions of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources can be determined based on the ratio of 14 healthy personnel, the rate of time spent on work by year or by period Second, intellectual strength In order to assess the development of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in terms of intellectual strength, it is necessary to base on following criteria: Levels of education and professions; political reasoning levels, foreign language and informatics levels; capability of group-working; capability of accomplishing tasks according to assigned functions; quantity, quality and efficiency of scientific projects and works; contributions of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources to the process of building the Army, consolidating national defense and developing national socio-economic conditions The higher the indicators reflecting these criteria, the more proving that Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources has developed in terms of quality and vice versa Thirdly, mental strength Assessment of mental strength development of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources can be based on assessment of political virtues, ethics, lifestyles, results of Party member or Youth Union member evaluation, and results of annual cadre evaluation in agencies and units Results of evaluation in different years and different periods can be used to assess whether Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources has developed in terms of mental strength Thirdly, to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources to have reasonable structure, matching particularity of military scientific and technological activities in each military and national defense activities Firstly, changes in structure of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources are in line with military scientific & technological fields Secondly, changes in structure of educational levels (college, graduate, postgraduate); structure of scientific titles (professor, associate professor); structure of political reasoning levels (primary, intermediate, advanced); structure of personal origin, ethnicity, religion, gender, age… as compared with requirements, require “standardization” of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in each period 2.2.3 Factors affecting developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 2.2.3.1 Objective factors Firstly, globalization and international integration Secondly, the Fourth Industrial Revolution and strategic competition between large countries Thirdly, socio-economic conditions of our country Fourthly, quality of education and training system 15 Fifthly, the tasks of safeguarding Homeland, consolidating national defense, and building the Army in the new situation Sixthly, impacts from labor market 2.2.3.1 Subjective factors Firstly, the leadership and management of our Party and State Secondly, benefit policies of the Party, State and Ministry of National Defense for Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Thirdly, specific working environment of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Fourthly, proactiveness and activeness of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 2.3 Experiences in developing military scientific and technological human resources of a number of countries and lessons for Viet Nam 2.3.1 Experiences in developing military scientific and technological human resources of China Firstly, building strategy for developing military scientific & technological human resources Secondly, improving quality of training in and out of the military to develop military scientific & technological human resources Thirdly, implementing a number of Project for developing military potentials to develop military scientific & technological human resources Fourthly, emphasizing on properly implementing policies for benefiting talents to develop military scientific & technological human resources Fifthly, developing military scientific & technological human resources by expanding international cooperation in military, defense, with the focus being Russian Federation 2.3.2 Experiences in developing military scientific and technological human resources of Russian Federation Firstly, improving quality of training and scientific research in military educational institutions is the main measure to develop military scientific & technological human resources Secondly, linking activities of scientific & technological organizations and military educational institutions with practical activities of armed forces (Army) to develop military scientific & technological human resources Thirdly, emphasizing on properly implementing policies of attracting national scientific & technological human resources to join the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation 2.3.3 Experiences in developing military scientific and technological human resources of the U.S 16 Firstly, developing military scientific & technological human resources in combination with implementing objectives of national military strategy Secondly, developing military scientific & technological human resources is conducted by military educational institutions of the U.S Armed forces and officer training schools Thirdly, mobilizing civil funding to invest in developing military scientific & technological human resources Fourthly, developing military scientific & technological human resources via expanding alliance relationship and partnership 2.3.4 Lessons for Viet Nam from experiences in developing military scientific and technological human resources in the world Firstly, mobilizing civil resources to invest in developing military scientific & technological human resources Secondly, military educational institutions hold the leading role in developing military scientific & technological human resources Thirdly, mechanisms and policies for attracting and using military scientific & technological human resources directly determine effectiveness of develop military scientific & technological human resources Fourthly, expanding international cooperation by multilateralization in developing military scientific & technological human resources Conclusion of Chapter Currently, developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is one of the strategic breakthrough, creating conditions to enhance military strength and defense potentials of our country This activity also contributes to developing national scientific & technological potentials, and to boosting the cause of national industrialization and modernization Developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is the total of activities of actors for the purpose of creating fundamental and comprehensive changes in number, quality and structure of this human resources, to meet requirements and tasks of building up our Army, consolidating national defense and safeguarding Homeland The development of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is assessed by specific criteria, matching each development content There are a number of objective and subjective factor affecting the work of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources This require the actors to review and assess multidimensional impacts of these factors in order to determine appropriate guidelines and measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources For the work of develop military scientific & technological human resources to attain good results, besides subjective efforts, it is necessary to learn from experience in developing military scientific & technological human resources of other countries to learn lessons for Viet Nam 17 Chapter STATUS QUO OF DEVELOPING VIET NAM’S MILITARY SCIENTIFIC AND TECNOLOGICAL HUMAN RESOURCES 3.1 Achievements and limitations of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 3.1.1 Achievements of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 3.1.1.1 Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources has development in number, timely serving implementation of military scientific & technological tasks 3.1.1.2 Quality of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources is gradually improved, completing tasks assigned in each period 3.1.1.3 Structure of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources has reasonable changes, properly meeting planned and unplanned military scientific & technological requirements and tasks 3.1.2 Limitations of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 3.1.2.1 Development in number of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources still has limitations 3.1.2.2 Quality of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources in certain aspects does not meet requirements and tasks 3.1.2.3 Structure of military scientific & technological human resources is still unbalances and unsynchronized 3.2 Causes of the achievements and limitations, and issues to be solved from the current situation of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 3.2.1 Causes of achievements 3.2.1.1 Objective causes Firstly, the trend of international integration in defense and security and the development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution create favorable conditions to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Secondly, achievements of the national reform create favorable conditions to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Thirdly, military scientific & technological tasks in the new situation strongly boost the development of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 3.2.1.2 Subjective causes Firstly, our Party, State, Central Military Commission, Ministry of National Defense and party bureaus and commanders of all levels have had proper understanding, highlight responsibility in developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 18 Secondly, the actors have implemented synchronously and effectively various forms and measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Thirdly, working environments being invested and improved have boosted the development of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Fourthly, most of the Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources have sense of self-awareness, strive to rise up, improve their qualities and capabilities according to the requirements and tasks 3.2.2 Causes of the limitations of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 3.2.2.1 Objective causes Firstly, the instability of the international and regional situation negatively affects the development of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Secondly, economic and social difficulties have created hindrances to the development of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Thirdly, the mechanisms and policies for developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources are not really synchronous and unified 3.2.2.2 Subjective causes Firstly, there are some manifestation of improper and inadequate perceptions about the role and necessity of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Secondly, the form and measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources are still limited and impractical Thirdly, a portion of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources has not made efforts to strive for improvement in their work 3.2.3 Issues arisen from the status quo of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human Firstly, the discrepancy between the goals and the undertakings and measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Secondly, the discrepancy between the need to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources and the necessary provisions Thirdly, the discrepancy between the requirement to ensure the sync and unity of forms and measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources and the inadequacies in implementation at the grassroots level Conclusion of Chapter In the recent years, our Party, State and Army have actively built, promulgated and implemented various guidelines and policies for 19 developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources The actors and forces have actively implemented synchronously various forms and measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Military scientific & technological human resources has positive and comprehensive development, with number being increased, quality being improved continuously, and structure being more and more appropriate The development of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources has initially ensured continuity, inheritance, and ability to fulfill all assigned tasks However, the work of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources still has a number of limitations The number, quality and structure of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources still have limitations Quality of task completion of a portion of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources has not met the requirements and tasks building the army and safeguarding Homeland A number of party committees and commanders have not brought into play the role and responsibility in developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources; some development forms and measures are not really suitable with the practical situation The above status quo results from many causes, posing many issues to be solved, requiring actors and forces to be aware of, so as to determine guidelines and measures to promptly overcome the limitations and promote the development of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in the coming time Chapter VIEWPOINTS AND MEASURES TO DEVELOP VIET NAM’S MILITARY SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGICAL HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE TIME TO COME 4.1 Viewpoint of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 4.1.1 Developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources must be based on reality, meeting military scientific & technological requirements and tasks in the new situation Firstly, developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources must be based on reality of military and national defense tasks in each revolutionary period Secondly, military scientific & technological requirements and tasks must be the basis for developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Thirdly, military scientific & technological requirements and tasks must be the basis for allocating resources for developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Fourthly, the actors must regularly review, supplement and improve the system of mechanisms and policies for developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources 20 4.1.2 Developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources must be comprehensive with focuses and key points Firstly, to emphasize on developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources comprehensively in terms of number, quality and structure Secondly, to determine and implement synchronously various forms and measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Thirdly, to emphasize on developing quality factors while developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources 4.1.3 Developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources on the basis of reasonable investment of necessary resources Firstly, developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources must be placed in the relationship with developing human resources and scientific & technological human resources of our country Secondly, based on plans of superior agencies, all agencies and units must actively propose investment projects for developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Thirdly, the actors must implement policies prioritizing investment in developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in key fields 4.1.4 Combining self-reliance and resilience with expanding international cooperation to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Firstly, regularly propagating, educating and thoroughly bringing the foreign policy, defense and military lines identified at the XII Congress into practice, ensuring the orientation and implementation of all defense foreign affairs and international integration on national defense in accordance with the Party’s views and guidelines, serving the nation and people’s supreme interests Secondly, the actors leading, directing and implementing the development Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources need to study, determine clearly partnerships and cooperation relationships to develop military scientific & technological human resources, making relationship and cooperation go into depth and stability Thirdly, proactively diversify the modes of cooperation in developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 4.2 Measures to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 21 4.2.1 To frequently review, supplement and improve military personnel planning to serve as direction to develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Firstly, to investigate and survey to fully understand the status quo of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in terms of number, quality and structure Secondly, to accurately forecast the situation and tasks, conduct military personnel planning in general, Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in a dynamic and open direction Thirdly, to clearly define specific objectives and measures in the process of supplementing and completing the plan 4.2.2 To improve quality of training and fostering Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Firstly, to determine and properly implement objectives of training and fostering Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Secondly, to reform contents and methods for training and fostering Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Thirdly, to diversify forms of training and fostering to improve qualifications, competence and qualities of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Fourthly, to enhance cooperations between training institutions and research, production facilities and enterprises in and out of the military to improve quality of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources 4.2.3 To reform and improve benefit policies for Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Firstly, functional agencies of the Ministry of National Defense need to study and adjust the benefit policies for Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources in the direction of preserving and attracting talents Secondly, to improve the quality of implementation of the benefit policies for Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Thirdly, to reform mechanisms and policies to increase resources, creating conditions for the benefit policies for Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources to be fully and feasibly implemented 4.2.4 To expand and improve effectiveness of international cooperation and international integration in military and national defense to train and develop Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources Firstly, to enhance the Party’s leadership, the State's management, regularly the Central Military Commission, the Ministry of Defense, the Party Committees and commanders at all levels in improving the efficiency of international cooperation in training and development of Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources 22 Secondly, to well implement the planning and selection of staff to participate in international cooperation in training military science and technology human resources Thirdly, to mobilize resources, diversify forms of international cooperation in developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Fourthly, to strengthen internal political protection in the process of expanding cooperation in training Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources 4.2.5 To promote the activeness and proactiveness in learning and training of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Firstly, to universally define criteria for qualities, capacity and physical strength of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources in each industry and field as the basis for self-study and self-training activities Secondly, to enhance the leadership of the party committee, the management of commanders at all levels for self-study and self-training activities of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Thirdly, to build necessary environment and conditions for selflearning and self-training activities of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Conclusion of Chapter From the overall approach, the thesis has proposed four viewpoints on developing military scientific & technological human resources in the time to come, including: To strictly follow military reality and military scientific & technological requirements and tasks in the new situation; to guarantee comprehensiveness and maintain focuses and key areas; to invest in necessary resources; to combine self-reliance and resilience with expansion of international cooperation Based on these viewpoints, it is necessary to implement five major groups of measures, including: To supplement and improve plans for developing Viet Nam’s military scientific and technological human resources; to improve quality of training and fostering; to reform benefit policies; to improve effectiveness of international cooperation in training and promoting activeness and selfstudy and self-training of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources These viewpoints and measures must be implemented synchronously and creatively, matching peculiarities of each agency and unit to create new development of military scientific & technological human resources, meeting requirements of building the Army, consolidating national defense and safeguarding Homeland in the time to come CONCLUSION Developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is the issue that has not been researched comprehensively and systematically from the angle of Political economy On the basis of reviewing related scientific works and employing appropriate approach, the thesis has formed general concept of Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources, determined components and characteristics of this human resources 23 Then the thesis researches on the work of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources Developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is an overall and purposeful activity, put under the leadership of our Party, management of our State, of which the direct leaders are Central Military Commission, Ministry of National Defense, party committees and commanders of agencies and units in the Army This is not a separate and isolated activity of the Army, but this requires coordination and implementation of organizations and forces in the whole political system and the whole society Developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources is conducted in three main contents of: Developing number, developing quality and developing structure in order to create comprehensive and positive changes of military scientific & technological human resources to properly meet requirements and tasks of developing military scientific & technological human resources In the recent time, the work of developing Viet Nam’s military scientific & technological human resources has been conducted synchronously from central to grassroots levels and has attained various remarkable results Military scientific & technological human resources has attained quick development in number with increasingly high quality and gradually appropriate structure, being capable of completing assigned tasks according to requirements of military scientific & technological development However this work still have a number of limitations and drawbacks The number, quality and structure of military scientific & technological human resources in certain aspects does not meet requirements and tasks This status quo requires the actors to determine appropriate viewpoints and measure to develop in the time to come In order to continue to develop military scientific & technological human resources in the time to come, it is necessary to deeply grasp the requirements and synchronously implement the measures identified in the thesis These requirements and measures form an unified whole, have close and dialectical relationships, forming a combine strength to develop military scientific & technological human resources Therefore the actors while implementing should not overlook or overemphasize any measure Developing military scientific & technological human resources is a big scientific issue, has important implication in building Vietnam People’s Army to be revolutionary, regular, elite and gradually modernized, capable of firmly safeguarding Homeland in all situations Therefore, this issue must be research fundamentally, comprehensively and systematically, with coordination of various scientific fields, levels and sectors From the angle of Political economy, the thesis initially explore a number of issues of methodological implications Based on this initial results, the author shall continue to research, supplement and develop this issue in order to make contribution to developing military scientific & technological human resources to meet requirements and tasks of building the Army, consolidating national defense, and solidly safeguarding the socialist Vietnamese Homeland in the new situation  ... socio-political organizations (Vietnam Farmers’ Union, Vietnam Women’s Union, Vietnam War 13 Veteran Association, Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union) The Communist Party of Viet Nam holds the leadership... 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