THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY - LÂM NGHIỆP BUI THI VAN ESTABLISMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT BY GROUP MEETING TO STANDARDS OF FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (FSC) AT COMPANIES UNDER VIETNAM PAPER CORPORATIONNGỌC HOÀN Major: Forest Inventory and Planning Code: 96.20.208 SUMMARY G ƯỜI HƯỚ Hanoi, 2020 The thesis is completed at: Vietnam National University of Forestry Supervisor: Assoc.Prof Dr Vu Nham Assoc.Prof Dr Pham Minh Toai Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis will be defended at the dissertation council at: Vietnam National University of Forestry At hour date month year The dissertation can be found at: - Library of Vietnam National University of Forestry - Vietnam National Library PREFACE The need of the thesis Currently, sustainable forest management and forest certification are a global trend and an important orientation for Vietnam's forestry sector Timber and forest materials according to the sustainable forest certification in Vietnam are currently limited, so businesses have to invest huge costs to have raw materials for export in the future Therefore, developing certified forests in sustainable forest management is one of the highly feasible plans In order to create a stable supply of raw material for processing companies to produce wood products and paper materials The involvement of forestry companies in forest certification groups makes it easier and more efficient to share information, needs, experiences and the transmission of good and sustainable production techniques In addition, the process of preparing documents and evidences for auditing forest certification of the third-party is very time-consuming, so the implementation by the group will help members share time and burden of this preparation In particular, when appropriate models and group structures are available, team leaders of the group can actively and effectively support members In order to maintain a stable source of legal timber, forest certification by a group among Forestry companies in Paper Corporation have been established and are on the rise On this basis the resources of the participants in the forest certification group will be maximized Specifically, the Paper Corporation has potentials in investment capital, techniques, technologies, and management levels and output underwriter for products; Forestry companies have forest land source and labor This way of working of forest certification group is built on the principle that forestry companies voluntarily participate and are under the common management of Vinapaco, and agree on the organizational plan and implementation method Group forest certification is implemented under the principle of openness, and the admission of new members every year To be granted forest certification, companies' forest management activities must meet FSC's principles However, so far no comprehensive research has been answering the question: In order to meet the FSC's forest certification requirements, the forest management activities of the forest companies in the corporation forest certification group need to be based on what scientific and practical basis? With all the above implications, one of the urgent tasks is to research and develop scientific and theoretical solutions for the management and maintenance of forest certification group Develop comprehensive solutions for sustainable management of plantation forests according to FSC in accordance with Vietnamese conditions These are also the main tasks that need to be addressed in this thesis, in order to help Vietnam's forestry enterprises in general and Vinapaco in particular step by step approach and gradually meet the standards of FSC to achieve the goals of sustainable forest management and forest certification, we conduct research projects: “Establishment of scientific and practical basis for sustainable forest management by group meeting to standards of forest stewardship council (FSC) at companies under Vietnam paper corporation” Objectives 2.1 Overall objectives - Identify the scientific basis and practices of sustainable forest management and forest certification according to the Corporation group that applies the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Contribute to speeding up the implementation of Sustainable Forest Management Program at Vietnam Paper Corporation 2.2 Specific objectives - Adjust sustainable harvesting forest yield for forestry companies in sustainable plantation management by group - Evaluate some environmental and social impacts in organizing the implementation of sustainable forest management plans by group towards forest certification and maintenance of forest certification - Propose several solutions to implement sustainable forest management in groups that meet the standards of forest stewardship council (FSC) Scope and limits of the research - In terms of space: Assessment the sustainable forest management activities and forest certification carried out on forestry companies participating in the forest certification group of Vietnam Paper Corporation, including 03 forestry companies in preparing in joining in Vinapaco forest certification group: Ham Yen, Vinh Hao and Tan Phong and all forest areas managed by companies (In which acacia plantation area aged to years of forestry companies was identified as the subject of forest yield adjustment) - In terms of time: The assessment was carried out from 2016-2019 - In terms of content: + Assess the sustainable forest management according to the Version (STD_FM_GFA Vietnam 1.0) of the Forest Management Standards GFA set for Vietnam + Develop a sustainable forest management plan for the 2016-2022 period, a monitoring plan for the 2022-2025 period and a plan to maintain forest certification for the 2022-2027 period New contributions of the thesis (1) (1) Supplement and complete theoretical and practical basis for the forest yield adjustment for sustainable harvesting (2) (2) Evaluate some environmental and social impacts and propose solutions to implement sustainable forest management Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW Based on the overview of published researches in the world and in Vietnam according to the following topics (1) Overview of sustainable forest management and forest certification (2) Overview of economic - technical studies in plantation management, (3) Overview of environmental and social impact assessment in sustainable forest management, (4) General characteristics of Vietnam Paper Corporation in the process of implementing sustainable forest management and forest certification From the conclusions drawn during the review, this thesis allows the following issues to be identified: - Currently, the trend of sustainable forest management and forest certification is considered an important solution that is paid special attention by the world and Vietnam to ensure the sustainable management, use, construction and development of forests for economic, environmental and social goals Currently, in Asia, the volume of timber certified compared to the volume of timber circulating in the market is quite modest At present, forest certification is not too strange for developing countries, from temperate to tropical, from large-scale industrial afforestation to household and community level - The area of plantation forests increases rapidly every year, but the productivity and quality of forests are still low, the income generated by forests is not high The market price is not stable, depending on the market of woodchip in northern wood chip export centers such as Phu Tho, Quang Ninh, Hanoi The purchasing is unstable, mainly consumed through the traders system, causing the price squeeze and competition to damage the economy of the people doing forest Although the scale is still small, there are still many issues that need to be further adjusted, but showing that the development of planting of material forests associated with sustainable forest management, forest certification is the right direction with the current process of forestry economic development Achieving an international FSC certification for production forests is a difficult and complex process, but it is much more difficult to hold and maintain certification through subsequent audits and is a long way with many challenges to meet the rigorous set of 10 principles Each principle includes multiple criteria along with monitoring indicators - Although Vietnam has nearly 20 years involved in the implementation of sustainable forest management and forest certification, the fact shows that the forest area certified is limited, most of the area certified is plantation forest and spontaneously deployed from some potential businesses - Integrated research works on all socio-economic-environmental fields in the sustainable forest management plan towards forest certification and maintenance of forest certification group for forest companies has not yet to carry out research in Vietnam Because the issue of certification by group in Vietnam is still quite new so it has not exploited the potential and advantages of this certification - Up to now, Vinapaco is the pioneer in implementing the forest certification process according to the group Because the group certification model was first put into operation, the implementation process is still new, unprecedented and unrealistic, so there is no experience Implementing sustainable forest group management, the most common goal and focus is Forest Management, while group management mainly deals with the problem of organizational management and group regulations As well as operate to maintain group certification in the form of a group Therefore, when researching the main scientific and practical basis for group management are still the factors that need in-depth study, which are present in the forest management activities of member companies, such as: forest yield; environmental and social impact assessment; biodiversity , to implement forest management according to FSC standards Vietnam integrates and is in the general trend of the world and the region: having the same motivations, but with specific characteristics, internal strengths and obstacles In order to understand more about Vietnam's forestry sector's approach to sustainable forest management and forest certification as well as the effect of forest certification in sustainable forest management, the “Establishment of scientific and practical basis for sustainable forest management by group meeting to standards of forest stewardship council (FSC) at companies under Vietnam paper corporation” is really necessary at both the state and macro levels and at the micro level in forestry production units in the context of a dynamic and ever-growing market economy with multidimensional impacts of domestic and world economy to improve the efficiency of this tool and method Chapter CONTENTS AND METHODS OF THE STUDY 2.1 Contents 2.1.1 Investigate productivity of plantation forests in Vinapaco: (1) Assess the current situation of plantation forests in forestry companies; (2) Research plantation forest reserves at Vinapaco; (3) Adjust the forest reserve to a stable equilibrium; (4) Display the studied attribute data on the harvesting status map; (5) Analyze the economic efficiency of the afforestation plan according to FSC; (6) The level of meeting the economic - technical standards, criteria and indicators according to FSC 2.1.2 Assess the environmental impacts of forest management according to FSC: (1) Assess the impact of the management of forest resources on the environment; (2) Assess the status plant diversity and high conservation value forest according to FSC; (3) Analyze environmental effectiveness of sustainable forest management plans and forest certification; (4) Level of compliance with environmental standards, criteria and indicators 2.1.3 Assess the social impacts of forest management according to FSC: (1) Study the impacts of forest production and business activities on society; (2) Assess the social effectiveness of sustainable forest management plans and forest certification; (3) Level of meeting social criteria and indicators 2.1.4 Develop a management plan for plantation forests by the group: (1) SWOT analysis of the sustainable forest management plan for the group; (2) Bases for developing a sustainable forest management plan according to FSC; (3) Establish a management plan for plantation forests according to FSC standards 2.1.5 Develop a process to issue and maintain forest certification by the group: (1) Develop a process to issue forest certification by the group; (2) Plan to maintain forest certification in the following years 2.1.6 Lessons learned and recommendations: (1) Summary of the causes of unsustainable forest management according to FSC in Vinapaco; (2) Some lessons learned under the group certification; (3) Propose solutions to improve sustainable forest management and forest certification at Vinapaco 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Viewpoints and research methodologies Sustainable management satisfies three major principles, including economic, social and environmental principles, so when assessing and developing solutions, it is necessary to comply with a combination of all three principles That is, putting them in a dialectical relationship with each other and having an interaction with each other rather than being considered and evaluated in a certain direction From there, it can be seen the overall picture of the research problem as a basis for proposing and building reasonable and effective solutions 2.2.2 Specific research methods The general research methods were used in this thesis, including: (1) Methods of inheriting documents; (2) Interview method; (3) Method of experts; (4) Methods of investigation, survey, field data collection; (5) Method of assessing the level of conformity with the standards in sustainable forest management combined with the following specific research methods:: a Methods of assessing productivity of plantation forests + Determine sample plots: The area of each sample plot was 1000 m2 (20m x 50m) All sample plots on acacia plantation was measured from the age of to With a total of 2875 sample plots used for research (in which Ham Yen 621: plots, Tan Phong: 768 plots, Vinh Hao 1486: plots) and fully implemented all measurement methods on sample plots to collect data + Examination of homogeneity of sample plots in the same soil class: The KolmogorovSmirnov test was used to test this homogeneity + Calculation of measured values on sample plots such as: mean diameter (D), mean height (H), reserve (M/plot) of trunk with bark, reserve (M/ha), the number of trees (N/plot) and density (N/ha), and the percentage of live trees (N%) + Calculation of forest reserve according to the soil table: Calculate H0 and apply the soil table of Acacia mangium species according to H0 will have the corresponding soil class From the age and soil class, apply the growth process table of Acacia mangium plantation will be recorded values of G, M, ZM, and ∆M Actual forest reserve is determined on the basis of using the adjustment method of basal area to give results consistent with the actual survey situation To evaluate the accuracy of the calibration method, the Wilcoxon test was used + Adjust forest reserves to a stable equilibrium * Adjust the harvest area/year to a state of balance and stability: - Calculate the average acacia harvest area per year = Total remaining acacia plantation forest (after subtracting the area of the natural restoration plan)/7-year rotation * Adjust the volume of harvesting/year to a state of balance and stability - Determine the annual harvest volume of the current year-old Acacia mangrove plantation; Expected volume of harvesting/year of the under-age (6, 5, .) when reaching years old and adjusted so that the harvesting volume/year is always balanced and stable * Method of displaying attribute data of plots on the harvesting map Collect attribute data of plots such as: Name of plot, soil class, year of planting (age), plot area and total volume The attribute data will then be updated in the database and processed via Mapinfor software 10.5 * Methods of analyzing the economic efficiency of afforestation plans according to FSC Based on the interviews with the contracted households; Inheriting previous research documents on the rate of material wood utilization of Acacia mangium plantation The selling price of wood is the selling price provided by the paper corporation's customer room as of March 2019 Take the average economic value of the research sites to synthesize data and analyze Economic efficiency: applying the "dynamic" calculation method with defined criteria: Net present value (NPV), The ratio of income to expenses (B/C), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and calculated for unit area of b Research methods and assessment of environmental impacts * Method of assessing CO2 absorption capacity of Acacia mangium plantation Based on the results of calculation of forest reserves by soil class The study inherited the results of the project "The ability to absorb CO2 of some major plantation forests in Vietnam" of the Center for Forest Ecology and Environment Research under the Vietnam Forest Science Institute with the conversion coefficient calculating CO2 absorbed based on forest reserves of Acacia mangium * Method of assessing soil erosion ability of Acacia mangium plantation forests The results of soil erosion assessment are made through data collected on the erosion monitoring plots The plot has an area of 200 m2 (10 m x 20 m); are arranged with a length of 20 m running from the top to the bottom of the hill, a width of 10 m running across the contour line; plots are controlled by concrete columns positioned at corners and trough shaped; An annual analysis will be carried out to measure this amount of soil to assess the extent of erosion * Methods of assessing water quality At each site (nursery and stream), each company collected water samples (the value obtained is the average of the three collected samples) Water samples were collected for evaluation and analysis by preventive medicine centers in Tuyen Quang and Ha Giang provinces * Method of determining the impacts of production and business activities on the environment Use PRA tools to conduct interview surveys Each stage conducted interviews with 02 company leaders, 03 technical staffs and 20 workers directly involved in production activities in that stage Investigating and surveying forest harvesting, afforestation sites, etc to verify the collected information and supplementing missing data on the impact of production and business activities such as: forest harvesting, afforestation to the environment * Methods to assess the diversity of plants and high conservation value forests The document inherited: "Report on the results of biodiversity survey of Bai Bang paper material area" - Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (2015) to synthesize and select information related to research content and analysis compared to reality * Methods of analyzing environmental efficiency On the basis of summarizing research results related to environmental issues, the study identifies the impacts of environmental sustainable forest management on the environment through the relevant criteria From there, assess the effectiveness of the forest environment on the lives of the communities around the area where the forestry companies manage it c Research methodology and social impact assessment * Research method of social impact: Investigate through interviews with stakeholders such as CPC leaders and related departments; Forest Protection Department and rangers in charge of the area; In particular, interviews with production teams and group leaders who directly manage the forests on relevant issues Field survey to check, comment on and evaluate the implementation of forest management activities of companies related to social impact d Methods of developing and planning plantation management forests * SWOT analysis method of sustainable forest management plan by the group Based on the interview results combined with expert consultation and general analysis to develop factors such as strengths - weaknesses - opportunities - threats in forest management according to the group in Vinapaco * Method of determining the basis for developing a sustainable forest management plan Based on the consideration of the types of documents prescribed by Vietnamese law; documents of the Paper Corporation and the FSC Standard set of GFA applied in Vietnam to identify legal bases related to sustainable forest management activities and forest certification of research institutions Results of surveys and synthesis of current status of production and business activities in the fields of labor, capital, consumption markets, etc.… * Methods of developing a forest management plan Based on the results of research on the current status of sustainable forest management activities and the forecast of the future demand for paper wood, combined with the allocation of targets for forest production and business activities of the Corporation in order to develop the sustainable forest management plan according to the FSC for each forestry company, based on the application of interviews and evaluation methods with the participation of experts and forecasting to make general analysis data of the forest management plans of the company e Method of developing plans for admission and maintenance of forest certification * Methods of assessment of forest management: Applying an in-office audit method in combination with on-site audit and consultation with relevant agencies The indicators for each criterion should be classified into categories according to the evaluation method In addition, the audit team should select criteria or indicators that not apply (or are not relevant) to the company These criteria or indicators will not be considered during the audit * Audit in office The task of the audit in the office is to survey documents, and books related to forest management such as business plans, guidelines, processes, periodic reports and annually, reports on the results of monitoring and evaluation, harvesting contracts, etc., comparing the contents of those documents with the requirements of FSC standards, checking the job in the field are the same to plans, processes, instructions and reports published or not * Audit on-site Typically, the audit team will randomly select some locations to audit so that the most fully knowledgeable about the field management activities in the field and having professional staffs in charge of the work being followed to explain or answer the questions An important part of the on-site audit is interviewing people involved in forest management, such as workers working in the field, local authorities, organizations with activities in the area, and local people * Consult the relevant partners Each audit team shall appoint one person to record the audit form The audit forms are only recorded after reaching agreement within the whole group Each audit team member gives an independent score, then takes an average to record it into the audit form The performance of the indicator is assessed on a scale: Completed: 8.6-10 points; Fair: 7.1 - 8.5 points; Average: 5.6 - 7.0 points; Poor: 4.1 - 5.5; Very poor: below 4.1 * Close meeting The audit team issues noncompliant CARs and sets out corrective actions Warnings of CARs not complying with major CARs, minor CARs * Monitoring and evaluating the implementation of forest management plans The monitoring process is based on the requirements of principle 10 (standards, specific criteria of construction units) for plantation forests in Vietnam g Methods to identify lessons learned and propose solutions Applying problem tree analysis - causes of economic - technical, social and environmental issues: Based on the evaluation of points according to the above-mentioned indicators, synthesize the unqualified indicators (score < 6) and integrated analysis results to identify the cause system through problem tree analysis for each field Rely on expert consultation to guide solutions for unqualified indicators and propose solutions to fix non-compliance CARs Chapter RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Investigation of plantation productivity in Vinapaco 3.1.1Forest status of forestry companies in Vinapaco Preliminary survey results of the paper material plantation in the region showed that most of the forestry companies in the Paper Corporation have been afforestation of paper materials for more than 20 years, having experienced more than tree rotations Species that have been planted in forestry companies include: Pine, Eucalyptus, Manglietia conifera, Acacia, etc Through the fact and interview results, it showed that Acacia mangium is most suitable to site conditions in the region, with rapid growth and technological maturity from to years From the results of the re-examination, the Acacia plantation area accounts for the largest proportion of the plantation area of companies, the percentage of Acacia mangrove plantation area of Vinh Hao forestry company accounts for 97,0% (1693.7ha), followed by Tan Phong with 95.1% (926.5ha) and Ham Yen with 53% (768.1ha) The results of the current status of plantation forests in the research companies showed that the area of afforestation by years is uneven, including planting on new areas and planting on the harvested area of previous years Based on that, the thesis identified Acacia mangium as an appropriate tree species and has been researched and adjusted in terms of area and reserves to stabilize and improve yields, serving as a basis for planning sustainable forest management towards forest certification for forestry companies in the Paper Corporation 3.1.2 Studying the reserve of Acacia mangium plantation Table 3.1 Result of forest reserves calculation by soil class of forestry companies (Unit: m3) Soil class Company Ham Yen Tan Phong Vinh Hao Years Total area M actual/ha M actual /year Total area 7 26,76 23,73 84,96 80,10 31,11 27,09 48,93 60,93 31,77 94,50 90,60 97,65 60,2 88,5 111,4 133,3 52,9 80,7 101,2 121,1 68,4 96,4 117,5 137,8 1611,0 2100,9 9464,5 10677,3 1646,7 2186,2 4951,7 7378,6 2173,1 9109,8 10647,3 13456,2 44,60 39,55 141,60 133,50 51,85 45,15 81,55 101,55 52,95 157,50 151,00 162,75 Soil class M M actual actual /year /ha 2013,9 45,2 2784,3 70,4 13055,5 92,2 14765,1 110,6 2083,8 40,2 2820,9 62,5 6572,9 80,6 9830,0 96,8 2749,6 51,9 12001,5 76,2 14662,1 97,1 18755,5 115,2 Total area 17,84 15,82 56,64 53,40 20,74 18,06 32,62 40,62 21,18 63,00 60,40 65,10 Soil class M M actual actual /year /ha 653,1 36,6 928,6 58,7 4457,6 78,7 5089,0 95,3 683,4 33,0 959,6 53,1 2309,5 70,8 3460,8 85,2 891,7 42,1 4063,5 64,5 5115,9 84,7 6523,0 100,2 The results in Table 4.2 showed that the three forestry companies selected for research have respective reserves in the value of the three soil classes (From soil class I to soil class III), without reserves of soil class IV The average reserve/ha of the Acacia mangrove forest (from to years old) ranges from 52.9 to 137.8 m3/ha, when reaching the age of harvesting (7 years old) of the companies with reserves varies from 85.2-137.8 m3/ha 3.1.3 Adjust the forest reserve to a stable equilibrium 3.1.3.1 Adjust the annual harvesting forest reserve by area Based on the current status of plantation forest area allocated by planting years, each company plans to leave 10-15% of the good forest area to the age of annual harvesting in order to implement the natural rehabilitation plan according to the FSC's forest business project The thesis determined the percentage of area left for the natural rehabilitation of forestry companies is 10% of the total forest area of age Table 3.2 Area adjusted of plantation forests distributed according to age of companies (Unit: ha) Year of planting Current Status Ham Yen Real area adjusted Balanced area Current Status Company Tan Phong Real area Balanced adjusted area Current Status Vinh Hao Real area adjusted Balanced area 307,3 192,7 188,7 217,1 200,3 217,8 212,7 1536,6 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 307,3 192,7 188,7 217,1 200,3 217,8 59,04 1382,94 197,56 197,56 197,56 197,53 197,56 197,56 197,56 292,1 147,2 133,1 162,3 170,7 172,0 200,0 1277,4 292,1 147,2 133,1 162,3 170,7 172,0 72,3 1149,66 164,24 164,24 164,24 164,24 164,24 164,24 164,24 362,0 325,5 327,0 325,0 324,2 323,4 320,0 2307,1 362,0 325,5 327,0 325,0 324,2 323,4 89,29 2076,39 296,63 296,63 296,63 296,63 296,63 296,63 296,63 The results of Table 3.2 showed that the remaining forest area at the age of of Ham Yen Tan Phong - Vinh Hao companies are respectively 153.6 ha, 127.7 and 230.7 This is a good area of forest to establish a natural restoration plan for each company that meets FSC's sustainable forest management requirements in terms of reserves The thesis developed a plan to adjust the balanced area uniformly for all ages is as follows: For Ham Yen forestry company, the total area of Acacia mangium plantation is 1536.6 (ha) The area of leaving at the age of is 10% * 1536.6 = 153.6 (ha) The actual plantation area is 212.7 and the real remaining area for adjusting is 212.7-153.6 = 59.04 (ha), with the current business rotation being years, the forest area planting evenly each year is 1382.94/7 = 197.56 ha/year Similarly for Tan Phong company, each year the planting area is 164.24 ha/year and Vinh Hao company is 296.63 ha/year a Adjust the area of Ham Yen Forestry Company From the results of Table 3.2, the summary of the forest area adjustment plan (Unit: ha) of Ham Yen Forestry Company by each soil class is shown in Table 3.3 Table 3.3 Area adjustment of plantation forest of Ham Yen forestry company (Unit: ha) Year of planting Actual area balnced 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 307,3 192,7 188,7 217,1 200,3 217,8 59,0 1382,94 Soil class I Balanced Actual area area 92,19 59,27 57,81 59,27 56,61 59,27 65,13 59,27 60,09 59,27 65,34 59,27 17,71 59,27 414,88 Classification by soil class Soil class II Soil class III Balanced Balanced Actual area Actual area area area 153,65 98,78 61,46 39,51 96,35 98,78 38,54 39,51 94,35 98,78 37,74 39,51 108,55 98,78 43,42 39,51 100,15 98,78 40,06 39,51 108,90 98,78 43,56 39,51 29,52 98,78 11,81 39,51 691,47 276,59 For soil class I From the result of calculating the harvesting area of Ham Yen forestry company in equilibrium in soil class I of 59.27 ha/year, based on the current area to determine the remaining area (if the current area is greater than the equilibrium area) or additional harvesting area (if the existing area is smaller than the equilibrium area) for each year of harvesting is calculated in Appendix 01 (Appendix 4.1.1 and Appendix 4.1.2) The specific explanation for the implementation plan is in Table 3.4 as follows: Table 3.4 Plan explanation for adjusting forest reserve based on the area of Ham Yen forestry company, for soil class I (Unit: ha) Year of harves ting 2023 Forest stand age Explanation 59,27 Harvest 59,27 age 7; keep 32,92 ha; then replanting 59,27 after harvesting 14 of soil collected after 01 year of monitoring in plots and then weigh again 02 times Based on the results of data collection and comparison to the erosion classification table according to TC 579TCVN-1995, the soil erosion under the canopy of plantation forests of 03 research companies is at class I (from to 10 tons/ha/year) The level of soil erosion under the canopy of planting acacia paper materials at forestry companies (0.2 tons/ha/year) Therefore, the business of growing forests of paper materials plays a very important role in human life Plantation forest provides forest products, environmental protection, soil protection, against erosion, soil washout, protection of water sources, air conditioning to create landscape and ecological environment 3.2.3 Assess the quality of water sources through forest production and business activities The results of water quality assessment at sampling locations are shown in Table 3.13 From the results of the water source assessment, most of the parameters of the forestry companies meet the standards, proving that in afforestation, forest tending and related activities in the area under the company's management, the water environment is not affected This proves that forestry companies have complied with the process specified in their production activities The results of measurement and analysis of daily-life water samples for the life of staffs and for nursery irrigation and drainage have all criteria meeting the set standards This proves that the activities of afforestation, tending of forests, protecting forests and activities of companies not have a negative impact on the water environment in the surrounding areas of the forestry companies Table 3.11 Results of assessing the quality of stream water source in 2018 Evaluation criteria Physic norm Chemical norm Microorganism Unit Result Colour Taste Turbidity pH DO BOD5 COD SS Asen Stiffness E.coli mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml Ham Yen 0 1,25 6,9 2,8 0,12 3,6 11,3 72 6,4 Coliforms MPN/100ml 8,4 NTU Tan Phong Hơi vàng 20,2 6,9 3,2 0,12 5,6 50
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