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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION NGUYEN VAN TUYEN VOCATIVE IN VIETNAMESE ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS Major: Linguistics Code: 9.22.90.20 SUMMARY OF THE DISSERTATION OF LINGUISTICS HANOI - 2020 THE STUDY WAS COMPLETED AT: Faculty of Literature, Hanoi National University of Education Instructor: Prof PhD Bui Minh Toan Reviewer 1: Assoc.Prof.Dr Ha Quang Nang Institute of Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Vietnam Reviewer 2: Assoc.Prof Dr Nguyen Huu Hoanh Institute of Linguistics Reviewer 3: Assoc.Prof Dr Le Thi Lan Anh Hanoi University of Education The dissertation is protected before the Board of Assessment of University level held at Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi At time………………….on date……………………… This can be found at: - Hanoi National University of Education, - Vietnam National Library, Hanoi AUTHOR WHOSE PUBLISHED WORKS ARE RELATED TO THE THESIS Nguyen Van Tuyen (2013), “On the Vietnamese’ way to address in communication”, Language and literature, Proceedings of national scientific conferences, Publisher Hanoi National University of Education, pg 103-108 Nguyen Van Tuyen (2017), “Language expressions for addressing in Vietnamese administrative documents”, Journal of Vietnamese Dictionary and Encyclopedia, (3), pg 104-109 Nguyen Van Tuyen (2019), “A few ways of self-addressing in Vietnamese administrive documents”, Journal of Vietnamese Dictionary and Encyclopedia (6), pg 87-92 Nguyen Van Tuyen (2019), “Expression and courtesy in addressing in Vietnamese administrative documents”, Journal of Science, Hanoi National University of Education, 64 (2), pg 84-91 Nguyen Van Tuyen (2019), “About calling in Vietnamese administrative documents”, Journal of Human Resources Social Sciences, Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, (6), pg 73-80 Nguyen Van Tuyen (2019), “Language expressions for calling in Vietnamese administrative documents”, Journal of Language and Life, (8/288), pg 32-37 INTRODUCTION Reason for choosing the topic 1.1 Vocative is the most important issue in communication Not until the communication character has located the communication frame, can the communication begin and vocative helps people locate that communication frame Vocative in Vietnamese is not only an important factor in forming the discourse, deciding on language selection but also an expression of national culture While basic function of the speech expresses the social characteristics of the speaker, vocative represents the interpersonal relationship, social status and culture of the spokesperson 1.2 In language communication activities, administrative documents (hereinafter referred to as “ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS ”) are documents commonly used in social life This type of document plays an important role and greatly affects social life Compared to documents of other functional styles, ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is a document with very different functional and administrative characteristics One that makes it different from other linguistic styles is that in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , it has vocative activities and vocative expressions, especially professing Because of the specific characteristics of the function and organization of documents, ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is subject to the laws and presented according to a separate and strict code So far, there has not been any in-depth research and system of vocative issues in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS For the above reasons, we have selected the issue of Vocative in Vietnamese administrative documents as the study topic in our dissertation The study of vocative issues in the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS not only helps us understand but also contributes towards standardizing this particular type of document By choosing this topic, we wish to contribute to the clarification of the theory of communication, especially the theory of vocative, and at the same time contribute to the completion and standardization of the Vietnamese ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS drafting process Object and scope of the study 2.1 Object of the study The object of the study is the issue of vocative in the Vietnamese ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS 2.2 Scope of the study The dissertation has conducted a survey of 543 ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS from State agencies, economic organizations and citizens (application form) since 2009 The source for us to collect these documents is through State agencies and departments and via thuvienphapluat.vn Purpose and task of study 3.1 Purpose of study The purpose of the dissertation is to conduct a comprehensive and systematic study of vocabularies in Vietnamese ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS to clarify the characteristics of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS and communicate in the administrative field, especially vocative in communication by ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS Thereby contributing to improving ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS drafting skills, overcoming shortcomings in drafting practice to standardize Vietnamese ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS 3.2 Task of study By implementing this dissertation, we aim to have the following specific study tasks: - Learn and systematize the necessary theoretical issues about vocative communication - Learn and systematize basic theoretical issues about ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS : concepts, functions, characteristics of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS and Vietnamese ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS classification - Survey on words and ways of vocative and calling in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS - Analysis of compatibility and courtesy in vocative in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS Vietnamese Study methods By implementing this dissertation, we use some main research tactics and methods as follows: descriptive method, discourse analysis method combined with the tactics: sociological investigation method, comparative method, modeling tactics, linguistic statistics tactics New contributions of the dissertation 5.1 Contributing to the theory - Contribute to deepen and enrich the theory of linguistic communication, the characteristics of administrative linguistic styles in general - Contribute to elucidating the theory of vocative communication: linguistic expressions for vocative, method of vocative, normative politeness in vocative 5.2 Contributing to the practice - The findings of the dissertation can serve as references for the study of Vietnamese language and teaching Vietnamese, especially in the style of administrative languages - With specific results achieved, the dissertation contributes to the standardization of words in drafting and promulgating ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS Vietnamese The structure of the dissertation In addition to the introduction, conclusion and list of references, the thesis has three chapters: - Chapter 1: Overview of study situation and theoretical basis; - Chatper 2: Confesstion in Vietnamese administrative documents; - Chapter 3: Proclaiming and compatible, polite in the vocative of the Vietnamese administrative documents Chapter OVERVIEW OF STUDY SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS 1.1 Overview of study situation 1.1.1 The situation of study on vocative vocabularies 1.1.1.1 Overseas situation of study The first is study in the direction of language - culture and linguistics - with anthropologists, such as W W Humboldl (On the difference of human linguistic institutions), Friedrich Engels (Origin of family, private and State ownership), Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), G.Murdock, F.Lounsbury, Leach, Needham and Schneider etc Next is the views of structural linguists such as: MBEmeneau Studies in Vietnamese Grammar (1951), LCThompson in A Vietnamese Grammar and A Vietnamese Reference Grammar (1965), etc With structural tendencies, the authors MBEmeneau and LCThompson pointed out to produce the basic "materials", the "material means" used to perform acts of vocative in Vietnamese, these are "personal pronouns", and divided personal pronouns into two groups: specialized vocative pronouns and provisional pronouns Near the topic of the dissertation is the study direction from the viewpoint of functional linguistics, on the theoretical basis of works of MAKHalliday, Brown and A Gilman, or Carol.M.ScoHon and Zku Wanjin, etc Influence from this study direction is Luong Van Hy (1990) with the work on Speech Pragmatic and the meaning of the systematic linguistic-reference system in Vietnamese 1.1.1.2 Domestic situation of study In Vietnam, vocative vocabularies in Vietnamese have been interested for studying by Vietnamese linguists very early In 1651 in the Vietnamese - Portuguese - Latin Dictionary, Alexandre de Rhodes devoted a number of pages to write about vocative words in Vietnamese, personal pronouns as well as kinship nouns Nguyen Van Chien in the Vietnamese vocative class in theory and practice for other types of languages or Nguyen Phu Phong in the Vietnamese proverb pronoun gave the Vietnamese vocative class an appropriate position The doctoral dissertations of Pham Ngoc Thuong, Pham Ngoc Ham, La Thi Thanh Mai, Nguyen Minh Thuyet, Kim Young Soo and Hoang Anh Thi have studied the vocative characteristics in a language of a nation, or compared vocatives in two languages These works show the uniformity and difference in the vocative system and characteristics in the way of vocative communication of people Those characteristics are closely linked to the characteristics of the national culture There are also research works on vocative and vocative terms internally in Vietnamese, but attention to the differences in vocabulation between dialects such as the doctoral dissertation of Le Thanh Kim and the doctoral dissertation by Bui Minh Yen From the perspective of Social Linguistics, the author Nguyen Van Khang has analyzed 13 ways of vocative in linguistic communication, and pointed out that there are many factors affecting the choice of vocative words, in which There is a specific context, factor of power and friendship However, these are just statements about vocative in general language communication that need to be applied specifically to each field of communication, including communication through ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS 1.1.2 Situation of study on Vietnamese administrative documents 1.1.2.1 Overseas situation of study According to our study, there has not been yet any study works on Vietnamese ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS and vocative in Vietnamese ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS in a focused and systematic way 1.1.2.2 Domestic situation of study The studies on ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS can be grouped into three categories: The first is the works about the specifications and drafting techniques of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS Those are the works of Bui Khac Viet and Nguyen Van Tham These projects focus on ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS construction techniques in many different aspects but pay little attention to the use of vocative words The second is works on Vietnamese language learning styles, typically the Vietnamese language learning style of Dinh Trong Lac, Cu Dinh Tu In these works, many different aspects of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS are studied but the vocative and vocative terms have not been given appropriate attention or not mentioned The third is works dedicated to the departmental aspects, with the in-depth of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , including master's thesis by Do Thi Thanh Nga, Vu Ngoc Hoa, Nguyen Thi Ha However, up to now, there has been no work dedicated to in-depth study on vocative issues in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS It can be seen that the number of study or teaching works on ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is not small, but the issue of vocative in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS has not been paid attention to, there is no work dedicated to vocative words, how to address and issues related to vocative in the Vietnamese ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS are given due attention 1.2 Theoretical basis 1.2.1 Vocative in linguistic communication 1.2.1.1 Definition of vocative According to the Vietnamese Dictionary: "vocative" is: (1) Self-proclaim and call someone else when talking to each other to clarify the relationship between the two sides From the first meaning of the dictionary, we conceive that proclaiming is the act by which the speaker uses a linguistic expression to put himself/herself into words, so that the listener knows that he/she is speaking and that he/she is responsible for his/her own words Calling is the act of the speaker using a linguistic expression to bring the listener into the conversation, which is a set of ways the speaker uses to refer to the person who is talking to him/her (noun 2) Vocative is the action of the language in which a speaker calls himself or herself and calls others something when they are communicating with each other to signify the nature of the relationship Vocative is the action of the language in which the speaker calls himself or herself and calls others something when they are communicating with each other to signify the nature of the relationship 1.2.1.2 Means used for vocative in communication Role-playing relationships are the core of vocative If vocative is simply to express the role of the speaker and the listener, the vocative system only needs four words to represent the four elements: First person Second person Singular Plural Singular Plural According to author Do Huu Chau "Depending on the context, Vietnamese also uses the following means to address themselves and others: proper name; nouns related to relatives, career titles such as: doctor, professor, president, director, prime minister, teacher “cụ bá, ông lí, ông cựu, ông bát”…; Specialized vocative words such as: “ngài”, “trẫm”, “lão”, “thần”, “khanh”, “ngu dệ”, “hiền đệ”, “ngu huynh”, “hiền huynh”, “bỉ nhân”, “tại ha”, “các ha”, “túc ha”, “tiên sinh”, etc., some folk phrases like: “anh cò”, “anh hĩm”, “chị đỏ” ” Author Nguyen Van Khang gave 13 common types of vocabularies in communication as follows: (1) addressing vocative by first name; (2) addressing vocative by last name; (3) addressing vocative by last name + first name; (4) addressing vocative by middle name + first name; (5) addressing vocative by first name + middle name + first name; (6) Personal pronouns; (7) Familiar words used for vocative words; (8) Other words used for vocative words; (9) Calling by one of the titles; (10) Calling by more or all titles; (11) Calling by the name of a relative (husband, wife, children); (12) Calling by different combinations (for example: title + first name, title + full name, vocative words + last name +first name / first name); (13) There are no vocabularies in communication (absence of vocative words) According to author Tran Kim Phuong, "vocative words in Vietnamese include basic groups: Proper name pronouns and Provisional pronouns In certain context, vocative words can be divided into two categories: Regualr vocative: in spaces like in the classroom (“cô”, “thầy” – teachers/ “em”, “con” - students); In the court (Judge/ defendant), in the meeting (director, madam, ) usually according to mandatory and objective regulations Irregular vocative: used in daily communication (this group is extremely rich, in general, they are more of personal type, not solemn)” The way of addressing vocative (9), (12) in the conception of author Nguyen Van Khang is often used in administrative communication, and (10) is used in particularly important ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS Because administrative documents are often normative, the language used must also be clear and formal 1.2.1.3 Function of vocative in communication a Positioning function The positioning function of vocative is to reveal the position of communicating characters themselves It indicates a higher or lower, or equal position between communicating characters Also denotes the correlation relationship between the speaker and the listener b Character reference function This function is the function that make reference on communicating characters (the speaker refers to himself and the reference to the communicating participants) The reference in vocative is directed towards the speaker and the listener This is a specific and easily identifiable reference c Functional representation of interpersonal relations According to author Do Huu Chau "Interpersonal relations are comparative considerations in social, understanding, emotional relationships between characters who communicate with each other" Also according to the author “Interpersonal relationship between communicating characters can be considered in two axes, the vertical axis is the social status axis also known as the power axis, the horizontal axis is the axis of distance relations, also known as the solidality axis” The two axes of power and solidality have a corresponding relation The greater the distance of the social status, the more difficult it is for people to get close to each other However, they not always stick together because there are people who have very diferent social status but still be intimate and close to each other In ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , vocative primarily perform the first and second functions, while the third function is more limited 1.2.1.4 Factors influencing vocative in communication Factors influencing the vocative are the elements of verbal communication, including: the context of communication, the character in communication, the content of communication, the purpose of communication, the form of communication However, with ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS - a type of text with particular characteristics - vocative is not entirely dependent on all the above factors or if it depends on any factor, it depends on diferrent degree 1.2.1.5 Polite in linguistic communication a The views on Western courtesy Many Western scholars are interested in the study of politeness at different angles B Fraser (1990) sees politeness from the perspective of conversational cooperation, viewing courtesy as an important factor that regulates the selection of linguistic elements used in communication From a sociological linguistic perspective, R Lakoff argued that politeness is to minimize conflict in communication there are two principles of linguistic organization: the principle of clear expression and the principle of politeness Therefore, the following rules should be implemented: not impose (in etiquette, diplomacy); leave the choice open (in casual communication); make the comunating partner feel comfortable (in intimate conversation) According to G.Leech, politeness is built on two concepts of cost and benefit caused to the speaker and the listener So its goal, as a rule, is to minimize rude language (negative courtesy), and to maximize polite speech (positive courtesy) From there the author proposed the motto of communication in polite communication: clever, generosity, approval, humility, sympathy According to P Brown and S.C Levinson, etiquette in communication relates to the face of the speaker and the listener The common point of the above concepts about politeness is to consider politeness as strategies to use language to avoid conflict and discord in communication b The polite in the view of the East For Japanese, according to Matsumoto (1988), behavioral culture is more of collective than individualized, so negative aspects not play an important role in polite behavior In a similar view of politeness, Gu (1990) think that the concept of politeness in modern Chinese originates from the Confucian concept "Politness" This concept is understood to be conforming to social codes of conduct, belonging to a social level, and imposing standards on all individuals In Chinese, the concept of modern courtesy means being humble and respectful to people This is reflected very clearly in the way of addressing and speaking of Chinese people when they always humble themselves and honor the other in communication In Vietnam, author Nguyen Thien Giap said: "First of all, one can consider politeness as a social norm Cultural researcher from many different ethnic groups have considered politeness as polite social act or etiquette within the culture” Author Vu Thi Thanh Huong affirmed that the concept of politeness in Vietnamese is related at least with four basic concepts: polite, proper, delicate and skillful The author concludes: “The concept of politeness in the Vietnamese language covers both the polite aspects: Western-style strategic courtesy and Chinese-style standard courtesy" 1.2.2 Overview of Vietnamese administrative documents 1.2.2.1 Administrative documents concept We think ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is broadly understood as the type of documents used in social organizing, management and administration activities; carry out the communication between State agencies, political, social and economic organizations and other organizations and agencies, with citizens and vice versa, between citizens on legal base In this broad sense, ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS includes: Legal documents, special documents and ordinary ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS The issuing entities are State agencies, political organizations, social organizations, and economic organizations, other agencies, and citizens as a whole 1.2.2.2 Function of administrative documents ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is associated with the activities of the State, both as a means and as a product of the management process Therefore, the function of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is basically: information function, management function and legal function 1.2.2.3 Characteristics of administrative documents ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS has the following characteristics: veracity, stereotype, formalism, locality and validity 1.2.2.4 Classification of administrative documents a Classification by the issuing entities According to the issuing entities, ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS includes: - Documents of the Party - Documents of State agencies - Documents of unions, associations and organizations in society - Text of individual or social group 10 2.2.7 Expression that combining academic titles and degrees with proper names, titles, and names of agencies, units and organizations This type of claim only appears in some ordinary ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS by individuals at the head of agencies, units, organizations on behalf of collectives to communicate with other individuals or groups This expresses fully and in detail information about the subject, and affirming the legality and power position of the subject The model of this expression is as follows: Academic title, degree + proper name + position + name of agency, unit, organization (full form) 2.2.8 Addresing for coordination of positions only with the names of agencies, units and organizations This way of addressing appears in all types of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS with high legal status issued by competent agencies, units, organizations or individuals such as legal normative documents, special legal documents and some other common ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS such as official order, official dispatch, directive, notification, The subject of addressing is usually the head of an agency, unit or organization on behalf of an agency, unit or organization to communicate with individuals or other groups The model of addressing is as follows: Position + name of agency, unit, organization (in full or abbreviated form) Generally, in different administrative documents, the use of vocative expressions share the common and separated features This table evidences that statement Table 2.1 Comparison of the use of in different administrative documents in Vietnamese Administrative Document Legal normative document Specific Normative Document Normal administrative document Similarity Different - Use work positionName (full name) to refer to oneself - Use position –name of company, workplace, organization to refer to oneself - Use company’s name or organization’s name to refer to oneself - Full name of the comapany (not any abbreviation) to refer to oneself - Sometimes the abbreviated name of the company was use to refer to oneself - Use personal pronoun to to refer to oneself - Use work position to refer to oneself - Use personal name to to refer to oneself - Use University Position, Degree- name- namework position- name of company/organization to refer to oneself - Use name-work position- company/organization to refer to oneself 2.3 Placement of linguistic expressions to address in administrative documents 2.3.1 Top of the document Language expressions to claim in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS usually appear right at the beginning of the text after the national name and expressions of time, place, and name of the text At the beginning of the document, it is mandatory to have in the legal normative documents, special legal 11 documents and some other subtypes of common ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS These are highly legal documents issued by competent agencies and individuals If you are an individual, you must be the head of the agency and need to ensure integrity The spokesman must express correctly and fully his positions in the system of agencies and the state If the subject claims to be an agency, he/she must fully confess his/her name to ensure accuracy, clarity, legality and objectivity The position of addressing at the beginning of a document is stereotypical in accordance with the provisions of a number of documents such as resolutions, decisions, decrees, circulars, 2.3.2 End of the document The way of addressing at the end of the text is the one used only in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS and must be included in any ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS This way of addressing is shown at the end that each ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS always has the signature, full name of an individual and the role or position of that individual The signature in the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS does not merely indicate who the person calling or representing the agency or organization but more importantly it denotes the legality and who is responsible for the text The person who signs the document must be fully competent and responsible for the content of the document he signed The way of addressing at the end of a document can be divided into the following cases: a Individuals privately subscribe signature This case appears in individual documents such as individual letters as the writer (the creator of the document) and is also responsible and affirms the authenticity of the text For example: The Applicant (Signed) Nguyen Anh Hong (Excerpt from the application for a student's Application for leave of absence) b Individuals sign on behalf of the collective The case of this address often appears in legal documents, issued by an agency, unit or organization Although the signature is personal, in principle it is not in the name of the individual, but that signature is responsible for and confirms the authenticity of the document, not an individual The signer representing a collective, agency or organization may be the head of the agency or the deputy head of the office on his/her behalf in the absence of the head of the agency or sign documents on the areas of work he is in charge of For example: ON BEHALF OF PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN (Signed) Nguyen Van Phong (Excerpt from Decision No 46/2018/QD-UBND dated December 19th, 2018 of Hung Yen Provincial People's Committee) 2.3.3 Body of the document In addition to the beginning and end of the text, the vocative expression (complete or shortened) is also used in the middle of the text (within the text content) The expression in the middle of the text may be repeated many times 2.4 The way of addressing yourself in relation to your communication position 12 2.4.1 Equal position The equal position in communication at ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is that the position between the spokesperson and the recipient of the text must be equal If the spokesperson and the recipient of the document are individuals, between the two individuals, they must have an equal position and position as prescribed in the system of agencies, units and organizations of the house management apparatus country If the spokesman and the recipient are agencies, units or organizations, they must be agencies, units and organizations of the same or same level as prescribed in the system of state agencies a The spokesperson is an individual The first is using personality pronouns that call me out to address me The second is to use proper names to address them The third is to use the position associated with the first name (full name) to address The fourth is to use the position associated with the name of the agency, unit or organization to address b The spokesperson is an agency, unit, organization Use an expression of organ, unit or organization in full or abbreviated form to address the vocative This is the way of address used in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS The spokesperson represents agencies, units and organizations for communication In general, the way of addressing in an equal position in the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is a way of addressing in a formal manner, that is a way of addressing politely, in a standard, objective, neutral and compliant manner according to the provisions of law 2.4.2 Position of upper position with lower position a The spokesperson is an individual When addressing, in order to express politeness, position of power and position, the subject of speech (upper position) is often used: The first is the personality pronoun that calls me to address The second is to use a position to address The third is to use the position associated with the name of the agency, unit or organization to address The fourth is to use a proper name (full name) to address The fifth is to use the position of combining first and last name (full name) to address The sixth is to use the academic title (academic title), combined with proper name (full name), position and name of the agency, unit, organization to address Seventh is to use the proper name in combination with the position and name of the agency, unit, organization to address b The spokesperson is an agency, unit, organization Use an expression of the full form of organ, unit, organization or withdrawal to address the vocative This is a popular way of addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS because it is highly legal This way of addressing gives a nuance of collective authority, not just an individual On the other hand it also shows the legality and power position of the mouthpiece 2.4.3 Status of lower position with respect to upper position a The spokesperson is an individual The first is to use the personal pronoun to address me, you (the singular) or we (the plural) to address In addition to the popular way of addressing either me or us, in certain categories, in the 13 ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , there may be other ways of addressing that fit within that scope The second is to use a proper name (full name) to address b The spokesperson is an agency, unit, organization Use an expression of the full form of organ, unit, organization or withdrawal to address the vocative This way of addressing expresses the collectivism, objectivity, legality of the subject Conclusion of chapter Chapter of the thesis has focused on understanding the way of addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS Specifically, we have focused on clarifying the following points: Firstly, conceptually, the way of addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is understood as the way that the subject issues the document, the person/unit issues the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS using the expression language to express oneself and thus take responsibility for the text The second is the linguistic expressions to address in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS Through the survey, ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS uses linguistic expressions to address such as: using personal pronouns; using vocative personal pronouns in combination with proper names; use proper names to address them; use position to address; use positions in combination with proper names to address vocations; using proper names in combination with positions and names of agencies, units and organizations to call out; using positions associated with the names of agencies, units or organizations to address them; way of addressing by name of agency, unit or organization The results of this study show that the words used to address in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS are not as rich and diverse as in social life, but always explicit and deterministic Thirdly, the position of the expression in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is quite flexible, possibly at the beginning, in the middle and especially at the end of the text (the signature) This position depends on the type of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS Each type of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , with specific content, will have its own way of addressing which is expressed in place of the expression of how to address the text Fourthly, the way of addressing in relation to the communication position is considered in such aspects as the horizontal position, the position of the lower shoulder for the upper shoulder, the position of the upper shoulder for the lower shoulder The way of addressing in the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS complies with the position and is determined by the stable person 14 Chapter VOCATIVE IN VIETNAMESE ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS AND SOME ISSUES REGARDING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOMINATIVE AND VOCATIVE IN VIETNAMESE ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS 3.1 The way of addressing in Vietnamese administrative documents 3.1.1 The concept of "way of addressing" in administrative documents From the research on how to address in general and in documents in particular, we give the concept of how to address in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS : The way of addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is understood as the way the subject issues the document , the person/unit issuing ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS uses language expressions to express the object that is communicating with them - the object that receives and executes documents 3.1.2 The linguistic expressions to address in administrative documents 3.1.2.1 From the way of addressing collectively comes from the noun relatives The words that are formal, polite, and neutral in a tone such as Mr./Mrs., Mr./Miss or you are used to address and are only used in administrative documents casual expressions and some documents individual However, in the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , the ethnicized nuances of these words are suppressed The words Mr./Mrs often use to address the subjects of relatively mature age, sometimes showing relatively high status in a certain field, but here the gender and age factors are emphasized As for the words, Mr and Miss often used for objects of young age, social status is not high, but it also shows a certain respect for the object of address 3.1.2.2 Nouns indicating the position, title, occupation As with the way of addressing, the types of nouns used to address them are titles of position Position is both a noun that represents the object of address and clearly shows your position, authority and solemnity In addition to the titles of positions, nouns of titles and professions are also used for addressing The object receiving the text is a specific object or group of objects Use the title and occupation of the object to receive the text to address the solemnity, politeness 3.1.2.3 Expression identifying agencies, units and organizations The object of receiving and enforcing documents is a collective The use of the expression of agencies, units and organizations to call out adds to the responsibility in implementing documents Depending on the different types of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , expressions of address by agencies, units or organizations may be in full, abbreviated or generalized form This way of addressing expresses the collectivism, objectivity and legality of the object receiving the document 3.1.2.4 Combined expression from the way of addressing called with the first name In addition to using an expression for identifying an agency, unit or organization to call out, in communication by ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , it is also used the term of address to call together Mr./Mrs., Mr./Miss and you combined with proper names (full name) for how to address it This way of addressing only appears in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS in the usual way of addressing and VBCB because in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , the way of 15 addressing and using the object of receiving and executing documents is always specific and specific The pattern of this expression is as follows: From the general way of addressing + the first name (full name) 3.1.2.5 Combined expression from the way of calling collectively with proper names, titles and agencies, units and organizations In communicating with ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , in order to express the specificity, accuracy, respect for the position, power of the object to receive and execute documents, the spokesperson also uses the common vocative words combined with nouns indicate proper names, positions, and names of agencies and organizations for appellations This is also a way of addressing to promote the role and responsibility of the heads of agencies, units and organizations in the implementation of documents The model of the expression is as follows: From the general way of addessing + the proper name + position + the name of the agency, unit, organization 3.1.2.6 Combined expression from the way of addressing together with the position In communication by ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , in order to limit the repetition of the way of addressing in a document while ensuring the courtesy, accuracy, respect for the object of receiving and enforcing documents, the owner the spokesperson usually uses the general way of addressing in combination with the noun indicating the position to address The model of the expression is as follows: From the general way of addessing + position 3.1.2.7 Combined expression from the vocative way called with the title and the name of the agency, unit or organization This is a way of addressing the politeness, respect for the position and power of the spokesperson for the recipient and executing the document, while also promoting the role and responsibility of the head agencies, units and organizations in the implementation of documents The model of the expression is as follows: Vocative words + position + name of agency, unit, organization 3.1.2.8 Expression coordinating positions with proper names This is a way of promoting the status and power of the receiving audience This method is not used in VBQPPL and VBCB The location usually appears at the beginning of the text (after the Dear: ) section The pattern of vocative expressions is as follows: Position + first name (full name) 16 3.1.2.9 Expression coordinating positions with the names of agencies, units and organizations In addition to using the nouns of positions, occupations, academic titles, and degrees to shout, in communication with ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , we also use the nouns of positions associated with the names of agencies, units and organizations to call The pattern of vocative expressions is as follows: Position + name of agency, unit, organization Thus, in communication by ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , using the expression of coordinating positions with the names of agencies, units and organizations to call persons receiving and implementing documents ensures the politeness and legality and promote the role and responsibilities of the heads of agencies and organizational units in the reception and implementation of documents 3.1.2.10 Expression coordinating positions with agencies, units, organizations and proper names This is the only way to appear in the normal ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS that the recipient of the text is a specific individual who has the authority to enforce the text The pattern of vocative expressions is as follows: Position + Name of agency, unit, organization + first name (full name) 3.1.2.11 Expressions combining with academic titles, degrees, noble titles with proper names This is a way of expressing the accuracy, specificity, respect and dignity of the spokesperson for the recipient of the text that has achieved a specific academic title, degree, or noble title The pattern of vocative expressions is as follows: Academic title, degree, noble title + first name (full name) 3.1.2.12 Expressions combining with academic titles, degrees, and noble titles with proper names, titles and names of agencies, units and organizations This is the way to only appear in regular ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS This way of expressing the accuracy and reverence of the spokesperson for the recipient of the text The pattern of this expression is as follows: Academic title, degree, + proper name (full name) + name of agency, unit, organization Generally, in different administrative documents, the use of vocative expressions share the common and separated features This table evidences that statement 17 Table 3.1 Comparison in the use of vacative expression in different kinds of administrative document ADMINISTRATIVE Common DOCUMENTS Legal Normative - Use work position+ doccument name of company/organization (full name or abbreviation) in vocative - Use name of company/organization (full name or Specific Normative abbreviation) or Document general description in Normal vocative administrative document Distinction - Use work position in vocative - Form: Mr./Ms/comrade + proper name , work position, name of organization cannot be used in vocative - Form: Mr./Ms/comrade + work position, name of organization cannot be used in vocative - the use of vocative expression + proper name is not accepted - No work position in vocative - Use genral vocative expression in vocative - Use Mr/Ms./comrade + work position in vacative - Use work position/ Job in vocative - Use work position + proper name in vocative -Use work position+ name of company/organization+ proper name in vocative - Use Univerdsity rank/degree/noble title + proper name in vocative - Use Univerdsity rank/degree/noble title + proper name , work position, name of organization 3.1.3 Location of linguistic expressions to call in administrative documents 3.1.3.1 The beginning of the document The expression is usually placed at the beginning of the text in the Dear: field, after the national name or the name of the document This type of placement of expressions can be used in popular texts such as official letters, notices, summonses, invitations, transfer notes, applications, etc and issues presented in the text are those of an individual or a small group With these types of documents, the subject must always clearly and accurately identify the recipient and the place where the text is received The object of the document is the person who has the authority to resolve the proposals, aspirations, desires, etc presented later 3.1.3.2 The middle of the document 18 In ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , expressions that appear in the body of a document are also very common The position of this expression is usually behind the claiming expression and is located at the beginning, middle and end of the text content This method appears in documents such as directives, circulars, public messages, etc 3.1.3.3 The location of vocative expressions is within a specific provision of the document The position of the expression may also be in terms of the document This type of coral often appears in high legal documents and is issued by competent individuals, agencies, units, organizations such as decisions, resolutions, circulars, etc .Even within the very provisions of the text itself, clearly and precisely define who is responsible for implementing the document 3.1.4 Vocative expressions in relation to communication status 3.1.4.1 Equal position a The recipient of the document is an individual To show politeness, neutrality, respect for the position and power of the host, the spokesperson often uses the following ways: Firstly, he / she or comrade Secondly, him / her or comrade in combination with his / her first name (full name) to call Thirdly, position in combination with the name of the agency, unit or organization to call b The recipient of the document is an agency, unit or organization Useing names of agencies, units and organizations (in full form, abbreviated or generalized) to call The spokesperson and the recipient of the text are all agencies, units and organizations This adds to the legal value and validity of the content of communication Using the expression of organ or organization identifier to call in the case of an equal position, it will ensure the normality, standards, accuracy and equality between the spockesperson and the recipient 3.1.4.2 Position of upper position with lower position a The recipient of the document is an individual When calling, in order to express the specificity, accuracy, transparency, respect for the position of power of the recipient, the main methods of chanting today are: The first is to use the general vocative words to call them The second is to use he / she or comrades combined with the proper name to call The third is to use general vocative words: him / her or comrades in combination with the proper name, position and the name of the agency, unit or organization to call The fourth is to use general vocative words: him / her or comrades in combination with the position to call The fifth is to use the general vocative words: him / her or comrades in conjunction with the position and the name of the agency, unit or organization to call The sixth is to use the noun of the position to call The seventh is the title associated with the name of the agency, unit or organization to call The eighth is to use academic titles, academic degrees, noble titles combined with proper names to call b The recipients of the document include many people sharing the same positions and occupations Spokesperson uses common nouns to refer to people, positions and occupations c The recipients of the document are agencies, units and organizations 19 To ensure accuracy, transparency, correct position, the current way is to use the name of the agency, unit, organization (full form, shortened or generalized) 3.1.4.3 Position of lower position with respect to upper position a The recipient of the document is an individual When chanting, in order to show respect to the person (upper position) who receives the text, the subject of the spokesperson (lower position) often uses the following methods: Firstly, we call the surname collectively to call him / her The way of calling him / her in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS clearly has no definition of kinship, no definition of age but only definition of gender and shows respect for the recipient The second is to use the word to call him / her together with the proper name, position and the name of the agency, unit or organization to call The third is to use the position to call This way of expressing respect for the status and power of the receiving object The fourth is to use the position in combination with the proper name to call The fifth is to use the position associated with the name of the agency, unit or organization to call This is a way of honoring the status, power and position of the recipient of the document The sixth is to use academic titles, academic titles, noble titles (if any) combined with proper names, positions and names of agencies, units and organizations to call b The recipients of the document are agencies, units and organizations To ensure the legitimacy, accuracy, transparency, correct position, the spokeperson uses the name of the agency, unit or organization (in full form, shortened or generalized) to call the host to receive and execute the document 3.2 Some issues regarding relationship between nominative and vocative in Vietnamese administrative documents 3.2.1 Compatibility between coffesion and call in Vietnamese administrative documents In the relationship between professing and exhortation in general there are two relationships: compatibility relationship and non-compatible relationship A compatibility relationship is one in which the subject calls for the use of words that correspond to each other Communication in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , as it is known, must follow strict rules, under pressure primarily from authority relations (instead of friendly relations such as daily communication), so the system of vocative and vocative words is therefore limited In ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , the subject of vocations must always choose the vocative words to use correctly, not through the speakers Because the vocative word is one of the effective means of expressing the solemn, polite of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS Therefore, the relationship between vocative and exhalation in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is primarily a compatible relationship It is the correspondence of the communication position according to the administrative relationship between the writing subject and the receiving object Since then, the linguistic expressions used to address and call in a ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS need to be strictly correlated according to the strict regulations of the State organizational apparatus or the socio-political organization system It is also vertical system compatibility in the administrative or organizational apparatus The common point between 20 addressing and shouting is that the language used to address and shout in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is mainly nouns / nouns indicating position or name of agency / unit / organization The communicative character who is called in a close relationship with the job is the position in the work they are doing, the agency / organization / unit they are working with And their titles, agencies / units / organizations give them authority and status in administrative communication 3.2.2 Politeness in vocative in Vietnamese administrative documents 3.2.2.1 Politeness in vocative in the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS requires integrity Expressions of vocative expressions in the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS need to show properly and fully positions (responsibilities, status, position ) of the subject of the title and object of the call ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS does not allow false vocals of the communication character When the subject calls and / and the subject calls at the same time to "concurrently" several positions (with a number of different positions), when addressing in the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , it is necessary to select the position expression appropriate to the topic, content of the text, with the social sphere the document refers to Or we can say, in this case, a person can play many roles in administrative communication Each role communicates with a certain administrative field Therefore, in each specific case, it is necessary to select appropriate roles or vocals Ensuring the suitability, suitability and accuracy in vocations and exhortation ie ensuring politeness in vocations at ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS 3.2.2.2 Politeness in vocative in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS does not follow the motto "profess humility" In ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , all communicating characters must obey the righteous name, not for any reason, demeaning themselves and / or exalting partners As mentioned above, the real-life relationship of the communicating characters does not affect the vocations of these characters in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS 3.2.2.3 Politeness in vocative in the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS requires consistency and unity This is also different from vocative in daily life, where depending on each communication situation, depending on the change in interpersonal relationships, depending on the progression of attitudes and emotions in the interpersonal relationship between the characters, the vocative and vocative terms can change for the better or for worse In ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , on the contrary, it is not possible to change the vocative expression, and the consistency in using the vocative expression is the standard courtesy Because in communication at ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , the communicating characters have correctly identified the mental image of their communicating object, the most important is the status factor So the role of communication between the characters of communication has been and must be accurately defined during the communication and when the role is correctly identified, it is immutable during communication, that invariant is expressed through the immutability and unity of the vocative words 21 3.2.2.4 The politeness in addressing at ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS does not allow the form of vocative emptiness In ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , the expression or chant is not only indispensable, but can be repeated many times (at the beginning, middle, end ) in the text to affirm the position of communication, to affirm authority, create legal validity of the text To ensure the politeness in vocations at ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , the spokesperson and the recipient must use the formal vocative terms: formal vocative is a mandatory method of vocative in accordance with the template, available framework in conferences, seminars, etc The vocative procedure requires the speaker to obey the ranks, titles, and positions that the speaker and the listener have available to calculate, select and use appropriate vocabularies In these cases, speakers often use words to address and to solemnly address: presidents, ministers, vice ministers, directors, professors, doctors, Mr./ Ms The factor of rights (ie social status) and social distance dominate and determine the way of addressing formal communication Factors such as age, family relationships, lineage, gender, friends, etc become secondary factors in formal vocative Minor Conclusion of Chapter In chapter of the thesis, we have focused on studying and analyzing the unique traits of calling, as well as the compatibility and courtesy of addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS with the following details: First, the definition of addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS can be understood as the way in which the writer(s) of the document(s) address(es) their communicating target(s) The target(s) may be an individual or a company, a unit, an organization Calling in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS has high standard of courtesy Second, the language for calling in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS include 12 expressions listed in table 3.1 Words and phrases for calling in administrative aren’t as diverse as in daily, social communication, but restricted and limited by the nature of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS and of the law Thirdly, the position of the expressions for calling in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is rather flexible : at the beginning and/or at the middle of the documents, and in some cases, they have their own section of terms This is the difference between it and self-addressing Fourth, calling in relation to communication position is considered in aspects such as equal, higher rank - lower rank, and vice versa Calling in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS requires accuracy, courtesy and proper standards and authority of the recipient of the documents Fifth, the compatibility between calling and selfaddressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is the compatibility of communicating positions in an administrative relation, between the creator of the documents and the recipient of the documents It’s also the compatibility in the vertical system in the administrative or organizational apparatus Sixth is that courtesy in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is the courtesy standard 22 CONCLUSION It can be said that addressing is one of the most important matters in verbal communication Whether a conversation reaches the desired result or not, largely depends on the characters’ ways to address one another Studying on addressing in vietnamese documents isn’t new, but studying on addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS has never been done thoroughly and systematically before As we make further progresses into the topic “Addressing in Vietnamese administrative documents”, we have come to a number of conclusions : From the study of vocative issues in Vietnamese, we bring up the concept, "selfaddressing" in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is defined as the way that the subject issues the document, the person/unit issuing the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS uses linguistic expressions to express themselves and therefore is responsible for the text” From the concept of self-addressing, we have the corresponding conception about calling: "Calling" in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is the way that the subject creates the text, and the person/unit issuing the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS uses linguistic expressions to show that the target is communicating with them - the one receiving and implementing the documents” Addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS not only is a simple matter of the speaker using appropriate words to bring themselves and the communicator into the conversation, but also emphasizes the characters’ "responsibility to be taken" regarding to issues stated in the documents In other words, the biggest difference between addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS and addressing in other types of documents is the role of the person who is responsible for the document, signed under the text (not the writer or the text editor such as secretary, assistant, or clerk) The calling role is also “related” and is also responsible for the documents before the law Addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS emphasizes on soundness, clarity, and legality The linguistic expression used in addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is also very diverse and distinct from the daily-life ways of addressing Regarding the linguistic expressions for self-addressing, through the corpus survey, we have found that in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , there are linguistic expressions used (details in Table 2.2) In particular, appearing most often is the expression combining position with own name (full name); next are those which identify agencies, units and organizations; expression combining position with name of agencies, units and organizations Regarding the linguistic expressions for calling, through the corpus survey, we have found that in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , there are 12 linguistic expressions used (details in Table 3.1) In particular, the most used are: linguistic expressions that identify agencies, units and organizations in full, short or brief; next are the expressions that combine position with name of agencies, units and organizations The addressing expressions used in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS show veracity and legality According to survey data, statistics show that the group of words used for addressing appear at a high rate in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , namely: name of organization, 23 title, title, occupation, and common calling word (Mr./Mrs., comrade) , whereas personal factors such as first name appear at a low rate, and not appear alone, but always have the above factors along This is the difference between in addressing ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS and in daily life Because addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS emphasizes on soundness, clarity and legality, very few use the proper pronouns in Vietnamese The writer mainly uses provisional pronouns changed from nouns In particular, in self-addressing it’s not allowed to use relative pronouns (ông, bà, anh, chị, etc), the only exception is “em” in communication between students and teachers at schools In calling, it’s not allowed to use pronouns nd-person pronouns (mày, chúng mày, etc) because of their informal and even vulgar nature, which violates the formality and courtesy of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS Regarding position, addressing expressions can appear quite flexibly in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS This depends largely on the specific type of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS For self-addressing, the expression can appear at the beginning of the text This position often appears in high-legality documents issued by agencies, organizations or individuals in positions of state administrative apparatus such as circulars, directives, decrees and plans planning, dispatch, etc The expression can also appear in the middle of the text This type is most common in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , often appearing in legal documents issued by individuals, agencies, and organizations such as decisions, public letters, resolutions, etc In particular, in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS there is the type of self-addressing at the end of the text (below the signature) This type is unique, only in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS and must be included in any ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS The self-addressing subject at the end of the text is the person responsible for the content and legality of the text As for calling, the expressions can appear at the beginning or middle of the text, and in a specific term The beginning of the document (usually in the Dear: section) appears in popular life insurance documents such as official dispatches, notices, summonses, invitations, transfer notes, applications from between the text (usually in the text of the text) appears in documents such as directives, circulars, telegrams, official letters, notices, etc Especially, it is in a specific provision of the document copy This position often appears in the highly legal ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS such as resolutions, decrees, decisions, circulars, etc Just like in daily communication, vocative in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is expressed and regulated by the role of the communicator However, if in daily life, vocative depends primarily on factors such as age, relatives, blood so calling in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS depends on social status The communication position of the communicating characters is defined to the way of addressing in the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS The communication position between communicating characters includes communicative shoulder-to-shoulder and communicative shoulderto-shoulder In a non-shoulder relationship, it includes the upper shoulders - the lower shoulders and the lower shoulders - the upper shoulders Whether horizontal, above or below the shoulders, the vocations must be solemn, polite, respectful for the subject itself and the subject 24 Compatibility in vocative is a basic and important feature in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS Compatibility in vocative is that the communication roles between the subject (throne 1) the object object (throne 2) must correspond with each other in a certain relationship, such as: uncle - grandchild, brother - brother, grandmother - grandchild In daily communication, Vietnamese people often use the phenomenon of borrowing shoulders to call out The borrowing of this role has just shown respect and politeness to the listener, and at the same time creates intimacy Borrowing shoulders to address vocations leads to incompatibilities between vocations and vocals in communication However, in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , absolutely must not borrow shoulders to address There is always compatibility between vocations and vocations in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS This compatibility is expressed through the following points: (1) compatibility of communication position according to the administrative relationship between document creator and document recipient; (2) there is also vertical system compatibility in the administrative or organizational apparatus, whereby the expressions of vocabulation and exhortation, especially the expressions of vocabularies, according to the name of the authority, are located in the same system, in the same field but it can vary in position As a type of document used to enforce cases related to law and state administration, ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS must ensure strict requirements of politeness Schedules in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS are also clearly shown through vocative If in daily communication, the characters can use the vocative language quite flexibly, quite comfortably, in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS , the vocative should strictly follow the requirements to ensure politeness Therefore, the politeness in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS is characterized by the recognition, compliance with legal standards and other social norms, that is, it is necessary to ensure standard courtesy The standard courtesy in addressing in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS has the following major manifestations: (1) vocative in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS requires legitimacy; (2) vocative in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS does not follow the motto of "professing humility"; (3) vocations in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS must be consistent and uniform; (4) vocations in the ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS not allow the form of vocations to be empty Studying vocative in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS with many different types of texts we understand the basic characteristics of ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS in general and vocative in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS in particular Through the above research, we realize that the characteristics of the text and the functional style of the document stipulate the problem of vocative in that text With such awareness, we believe that there are still many issues related to this topic that need to be further studied, such as the comparative study of vocative in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS with vocative in the types of documents belonging to the Other functional styles This will further highlight the characteristics of texts of different styles in general and address them in particular, thereby moving to the standardization of vocations in ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS We hope to continue carrying out the above research in the future ... aspects but pay little attention to the use of vocative words The second is works on Vietnamese language learning styles, typically the Vietnamese language learning style of Dinh Trong Lac, Cu Dinh... “trẫm”, “lão”, “thần”, “khanh”, “ngu dệ”, “hiền đệ”, “ngu huynh”, “hiền huynh”, “bỉ nhân”, “tại ha”, “các ha”, “túc ha”, “tiên sinh”, etc., some folk phrases like: ? ?anh cò”, ? ?anh hĩm”, “chị đỏ” ”... vocative terms internally in Vietnamese, but attention to the differences in vocabulation between dialects such as the doctoral dissertation of Le Thanh Kim and the doctoral dissertation by Bui