Bài viết nghiên cứu sự khác biệt giới hay bất bình đẳng giới dưới ảnh hưởng của thiên tai và biến đổi khí hậu dựa trên các yếu tố văn hóa, kinh tế, xã hội và thể chế.
NghiSn ciiu Gia d i n h v a G i d i So - Tac dong ciia thien tai va bl6'n ^6\ hdu doi vQfi cong dong dan toe thieu sd' phia Bac nhin tir lang kinh gl6l Pham Thu Hien Hoc vifn Chinh tn - Hanh chinh Qu6c gla H6 Chl Mmh Tdm tat: Bai viet dua tren ke't qua nghien ciiu ve Tac dong ciia thien tai va bidn ddi khf hau ddl vdi cpng ddng dan toe thieu so' phfa Bac dUdc thUc hien vad thang nam 2011 NhiJng phat hien ciia nghien ciiu chd thay trdng cuoc sohg ciia ca phu nii va nam gidi dan tpc thieu so'ci dia ban khao sat deu bi anh hucing kha ro bdi thien tai va bie'n ddi khf hau, thi tfnh di bi ton thUdng va nang lUc thfch iing vdi bien ddi khf hau cua phu nii va nam gidi la khac Su khac biet gidi hay ba't binh dang gidi dudi anh hUcing cua thien tai va bien ddi khf hiu dUdc khdet sau bcfi sU dan xen cua nhieu yeu td': van h6a, kinh te, xa hoi va the che Do vai tro gidi truyen thohg, phu nii co xu hUdng de bi ton thuTdng hdn nam gidi sd sanh trdng ciing mpt dan tpc Nghien CTJfu ciing chi vai trd va nhiing dong gop cua phu nii nhiing n6 lUc giam riii rd va thich Ung vdi bien ddi khf hau Txi khda: Gidi; Khac biet gidi; Bien doi khf hau; Gidi va bien doi khf hau Bai vie't la mdt phan cua kdt qua nghien cuu vl Tac ddng cua thien tai va bidn ddi khf hau (BDKH) dd'i vdi cdng ddng dan tdc ihilu sd phfa Bac duac thuc hien vao thang nam 2011 U'ong khudn khd Chuang trinh Tang Pham Thu Hien 57 cudng su tham gia ciia cac td chirc xa hdi xoa ddi giam ngheo va phat triln bin vthig cho cac cdng ddng dan tdc thiiu so d viing nui phfa Bac Viet Nam (CASI UI) ciia Td ehu'c CARE Intemational tai Viet Nam Nhtrng phat hien ciia nghien cuxi cho ih^y cudc sdng ciia ca phu ntr va nam gidi dan ldc thiiu sd (DTTS) d dia ban khao sat diu bi anh hudng kha rd bdi thien tai va BDKH, thi tfnh dl bj tdn thuang va nang luc thi'ch umg vdi BDKH ciia phu nir va nam gidi la khac Su khac biet gidi hay bat binh dang gidi dudi anh hudng ciia thien tai va BDKH duac khoet sau bdi su dan xen ciia nhilu yeu id: van hda, kinh te, xa hdi va thi chd v a VI vay ma tac ddng ciia thien tai va BDKH cung an chu'a nhung ham y vl gidi, cd thi bdc Id bl ngoai, hoac bj che khuat Nghien ciru cung da chi vai trd va nhimg ddng gdp ciia phu nii' nhting nd luc giam riii ro va thfch ung vdi BDKH Gidi thieu chung ve nghien ciiru Ve dia bdn khdo sdt Nghien cii'u dupc thuc hien tai xa Ddng Thang, huyen Dinh Lap, Lang San Day la xa viing sau va ngheo nha't ciia huyen, thudc Chucmg trinh 135 ciia Chfnh phii Tdng dien tfch dat tu nhien la 5.470,92 ha, dd chii ye'u la rimg va da't lam nghiep Tdng dan sd la 462 ngudi vdi 97 hd gia dinh thupc nhdm dan ldc thiiu sd (Tay 47%; Dao 31%, San Chi 22%) Hien cd thdn xa cd thdn ngudi Dao, thdn ngudi Tay va mpt thdn ngudi San Chi, mdt thdn cdn lai la ngudi Tay va San Chi Ty le ngheo cua xa la hom 60%'" Thdn Na Ngda va thdn Pae Giau dupc lira chpn la dja ban khao sat Thdn Na Ngda cd 20 hp gia dinh va loan bd la ngudi Dao vdi ty le hd ngheo khoang 80% Thdn Pae Giau cd 23 hd, dd 19 hd thupc dan ldc T^y, ty le hd ngheo la 70%'-' Hoat ddng san xuat chii ydu cda ngudi dan d hai thdn la san xuat ndng nghiep: trdng Ida va hoa mau, chan nudi quy md nhd H^u he't cac hp gia dinh cd them ngudn thu nhap tii rimg la khai thac nhua tram va cac lam san ngoai gd khac Cac loai hinh thien tai va bilu hien cua BDKH diln d Ddng Thang bao gdm lu quel, bao, Iut, Id da't, han han, ndng keo dai, nhiet dp tang, cac dot ret dam ret hai Trong dd, lu quel, bao, Iut cd mLi:c dp xay ft, cac hien tupng nhu han han, ndng, lanh keo dai cd xu hudng diln thudng xuyen hom nhihig nam gan day va cd anh hudng rd ret den cudc sd'ng ciia ngudi dan d dav I inh da dang sinh hpc dang cd nguy ca bj mat dan Ddng Thang c^n cd nhtrng chuang trinh ddu tu hd tra dl bao ve va phat trien cac ngudn lai nguyen thien nhien, tri tfnh da dang sinh hpc, dam bao su phat trien bin vtmg N'c kinh ic - xa hdi, mdi trudng va chdng xdi mdn'" 58 Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 23 sd 2, tr 56-66 Ve phuang phdp nghien cint: Vdi phuang phap nghien cm dinh tfnh lam chil dao, nghien cihi da id chuc cac cudc ihao luan nhdm, phdng v^h sau vdi su tham gia ciia 45 nam, niir ndng dan Ngoai cac cudc trao ddi vdi can bd lanh dao chi'nh quyin ciia hai thdn va xa Ddng Thang cung da dupc nhdm nghien ciiru lien hanh Nghien cihi kei hap Khung phdn tieh gidi'^\ Khung phdn tieh tinh debt tdn thuang xd hdi (Neil 1999) \a Khung phdn tich thieh img viri BDKH dtfa vdo edng ddng (CARE, 2009) Trong dd, tfnh bj tdn thuang \a hdi duac nhin nhan dudi hai ade dd: ca nhan va tap thi, \'a duac xac dinh bdi vice tiep can den cac ngudn lire, tfnh da dang cua ngudn thu nhap, dia vj xa hdi cOa ca nhan hoac hd gia dinh mdt cpng ddng Nhimg chinh sach va thuc tiln viec quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien va viec lidp can khdng cdng bang ngudn luc san xua't cd the gay nen nhihig anh hudng lau dai viec tang tfnh de bj ton thuang Khung phdn tich thich irng vdi BDKH xem xel sinh ke chdng chiu vdi BDKIL giam nhe rQi ro thien tai xay dung nang luc va nguyen nhan gdc rl cua tfnh de bi ldn ihuang d cac ca'p dp khac (hd gia dlnh/ca nhan, cdng ddng va qudc gia) Ngoai ra, each tie'p can sinh ke bin \amg (SLA) ciing da duac nhdm nghien cim tham khao di cd dupc nhirng hiiu bidt day dii han vc ddi ngheo d viing DTTS Ngheo ddi khdng chi lien quan de'n van dl thu nhap ma cdn la chidn luae sinh ke hay an ninh sinh ke - mdl van dl cdt ldi phan tfch vl kha nang chd'ng chiu va phuc hdi ciia phu ntr va nam gidi bdi canh BDKH Mot so ket qua chinh Tac ddng gidi cua thien tai va bidn ddi khf hau ddi vdi cudc sd'ng ciia ngudi dan dupc phan tfch dudi ba khfa canh sau day: 2.1 Sinh keciia ngudi ddn, nhdt Id cua phu mc, bi dnh hifdmg mgnh tit nhitng tdc dpng cita thien tai vd BDKH Nhu da dugc dl cap d tren, sari xuat ndng nghiep la sinh ke chfnh tai dia ban khao sat, chii yeu la u-dng liia, ngd, khoai san va rau phuc vu cho lieu diing ciia gia dinh Khudn mau phan cdng lao ddng gitra phu niir va nam gidi san xuat dupc thi hien kha rd, phan anh mdt thuc te thudng tha'y dcac hd gia dinh lam ndng nghiep Cu the la, san xuai lua phu niir Dao va Tay ihudng lam cac cdng viec nhu gieo ma, cay, iam cd, cham sdc gat Iiia, nam gidi d ca hai nhdm dan tdc thudng tham gia cay bira, bam nudc, phun thud'e trir sau Phu nii dugc xem la lao ddng chfnh san xual ndng nghiep 59 PHam Thu Hien Ngoai ra, phu nii va nam gidi d ca thdn deu cd ngudn thu nhap tir viec di rimg mang lai Trong hoat ddng khai thac rimg, phu nil Dao va Tay chii yeu dam nhan cdng viec la'y nhua tram, nhua sau sau, thu nhat nam treo, na'm lim, mang nam gidi cd dugc cac ngudn thu nhap tir viec dao cii ba kfch; san, biy thii rimg (tac ke, ran, sdc, hoang ); lay mat ong hay di nhat gd'^' Nghien curu khdng nhan tha'y cd su khac biet giiira ngudi Dao va ngudi Tay, cd nghTa la phu nir Dao va Tay thudng cimg lam nhirng cdng viec dugc coi la ciia phu nir va nam gidi ciia hai nhdm dan tdc cung cd xu hudng thuc hien nhung cdng viec gid'ng Nhin chung, phu ntr va nam gidi ngudi Dao va ngudi Tay d ca thdn deu nhan tha'y nhirng tac ddng ciia thien tai/BDKH dd'i vdi hoat ddng sinh kd Clia hp irong nhimg nam gdn day mdt each kha rd, nhat la cac hien lugng khf hau cue doan Cac thien tai ldn ft xay lai dja ban (ngoai trir lu quel vao nam 2008), nhung han han, ndng keo dai, cac dgt ret dam ret hai da anh hudng ldn den san suai liia, hoa mau, trdng rau Mat mua, nang sua't tha'p, dien tich canh tac bi giam mat dai tir lu quel, rupng bj bd hoang ihidu nudc hay bj lap ddy bdi da da diln kha phd bidn tai xa Do mua mang that bat, nang suai tir san xua't ndng nghiep giiim manh, phu nu" Dao va Tay cho bidl hp phai di rimg nhilu hom de lim kidm ngudn thu nhap tiT khai thac tram va lam san ngoai gd Tuy nhien, cac hien tugng khf hau cue doan khdng chi anh hudng ddn san xua't ndng nghiep, ma ngudn thu tir rimg cung bi anh hudng Lien quan ddn thu nhap ciia gia dinh, khao sat da ghi nhan mdl thuc id kha phd bidn la nam gidi Tay va Dao thudng giur lai mdt so liln ban dugc nhimg san ph.ini ihu dugc tir rirng Nhilu phu nd cho biei viec dua lion cho vg hoan loan Cdng viec san xuat cua phu nur bj tac dpng nhu the nao? Chi V (dan toe Tay thon Rac Giau) nam 31 tuoi, CO nhd (10 lull va tudi) Cong viec san xuai cua gia dinh la lua, ngo, rau va di rimg Nha chi c6 ruong va dai bai Moi cong viec lien quan den lua va rau, hoa mau, cham soc deu chi lam, chong chi chi giup viec cay bira Nam nao gia dinh chl cung thieu an vai ba thang Nhung lit nam ngoai thieu an nhieu hdn (5-6 thang) vi lua cua nha chi bi ray nau pha hoai gan hei, cdn nam han han thieu nudc nen chi chi CO the cay dUdc mot vu lua, nen lua lam dUdc rai it Han han sau benh nhieu nen cdng viec cham sdc lua va rau mau vai va va mai nhieu thdi gian hdn nang suai va thu nhap tif ndng nghiep giam, nen chi phai di rimg nhieu hdn Trudc day, vai mdi di rC/ng mot lan de lay nhua tram, nhu'ng bay gid hau nhU nad cung phai di de tim kiem ngudn thu Dd han han ning ndng ked dai, nen nhua tram cung it hdn ThUc te ngUdi dan phai di rimg nhieu hdn nhung thu nhap van giam nhieu sd vdi trUdc day ãôằằôằôãã 60 Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 23, sd 2, tr 56-66 nam gidi quyet dinh va hp cung khdng bidt la sd tiln nhan dugc tCr chdng la nhilu hay ft; mdt sd nam gidi thinh thoang mua thiic an vl nha (dl udng rugu la chfnh) thay vl dua uln cho vg Mdt sd phu nu: Dao cho bie't chdng ciia hp thudng la ngudi giu tiln u-ong gia dinh va di chg vl cho rang phu nu' tfnh toan cham hom Trong dd, phu ntr Tay thudng la ngudi giii tiln gia dinh nhung nam gidi vin la ngudi di chg vl dudng sa di lai rat khd khan Trong bdi canh sinh ke ndng nghiep va sinh kd tir rimg bi anh hudng nghiem trpng, di cu tim viec lam la mdt yong nhung lua chpn ciia ngudi dan thdn Na Ngda Thdn cd 20 hd dan thi hien tai cd 11 hd cd ngudi di lam nhua thdng d Lam Ddng, chii ydu la trdng thdng thue, la'y nhua thue va thu mua, budn ban nhua thdng Trong sd dd cd nam gidi (cd phu ntr di ciing chdng) Trong do, b Pdc Giau, nai ngudi Tay sinh sdng, thi khdng cd hien tugng di dan Theo ngudi dan d thdn Na Ngda, su di dan diln vl cd mdt vai ngudi lang di trudc, sau dd nhung ngudi khac di theo Nhiing phdt hien tren ddy ciia khdo sdt ddt mot sdsiiy nglu nhif sau: San xua't ndng nghiep ciia ngudi Dao va ngudi Tay tai Ddng Tiiang mang tfnh tu cung tu ca'p Cac san pham nhu liia, rau, hoa mau chii ydu phuc vu cho cudc sdng hang nhung viing kem phat triln nhu miln nui phfa Bac, phu nu: vdn ddng vai trd chfnh nin ndng nghiep tu tiic (Subsistence Farming) hay nin kmh te tu cung tu cap (Subsistence Economy) O day cd diem tuang ddng gitia phu nir Dao va Tay Ciing xu^t phat tir thuc te ma vai trd kinh te cua phu nii thudng khdng dugc nhin nhan hay khdng dugc danh gia tuomg xung so vdi nhung gl ma hp thuc cha't ddng gdp cho kinh td hd gia dinh, ne'u nhin nhan dudi gdc dp kinh td hang hda va kinh te tiln mat (Cash Economy) Trong cdng viec san xuat chfnh ciia phu nir Dao va Tay d Ddng Thang la trdng liia, trdng rau va hoa mau, thi hp la ngudi bi anh hudng ddu tien va true tie'p bdi nhung tac ddng cua BDKH Tac ddng cua thien tai va BDKH lam cho ngudn luomg thuc bj giam sut, cung cd nghia la phu nil phai phu thudc nhieu hem lii cac ngudn thu khac va phu thudc vao thu nhap ciia nam gidi cho nhihig chi tieu sinh hoat hang ciia gia dinh Di dan lim kidm viec iam trudc day cd xu hudng diln d cac vung ddng bang gdn dd thi, thi cung la mdt nhung chidn lugc sinh kd cua ngudi dan d vung dan tdc thiiu sd Cac nghien curu vl di dan da chi nhtmg thach thiire ciia ngudi nhap cu a nai den, song nhdm nghien cihi da khdng cd dilu kien dl gap nhihig ngudi di cu dan tdc thiiu sd lai dia ban Pham Thu Hien 61 khao sal nen khdng cd thdng tin vl nhung khd khan ciia nam gidi ngudi Dao di chuyin vao Tay Nguyen lim viec Iam Tuy nhien, bd'i canh ma nam gidi d Na Ngda la nhdm di dan chfnh thi ganh nang cdng viec san xuat va cdng viec gia dinh dd ddn len vai phu ntr Theo dd, nhting tac ddng Clia thien tai/BDKH cung vl vay ma trd nen nang nl hom ddi vdi phu niir Cac hoat ddng khai thac gd ba't hgp phap cd thi vdn diln tai dia phuang - day la van de nhay cam vl vay ngudi dan khdng nhdc den nhu mdt ngudn thu nhap ciia hp Tuy nhien, qua quan sat va each tra ldi ciia phu nir va nam gidi, cd thi cam nhan dugc rdng day cd thi la ngudn thu nhap ciia mdt bd phan nam gidi ngudi Tay va ngudi Dao"^' Viec tidp tuc cac hoat ddng sinh kd theo hudng dat nhirng ap luc ldn hom dd'i vdi viec khai thac, quan ly Vi ganh nang cdng viec tai nguyen thien nhien cua phu nur lai tang len? bin vting vd'n da trd va'n dl ca'p bach Chi K , 21 tuoi mdi lap gla dinh each day nam Hien chj co nho tuoi va thang tuoi Gia hien 2.2 Thdi gian lao ddtig, gdnh ngng cdng viec gia ditih cua phu nit tdng len Cac bang chihig nghien ciiu thuc dia cho tha'y su khac biet vl vai trd gidi dudi tac ddng ciia thien tai va cac hien tugng khf hau cure doan Hau qua ciia thien tai va BDKH lam cho ca phu nii' va nam gidi phai ma't nhilu thdi gian cho cdng viec img phd va khdi phuc cudc sdng Cd mdl sd cdng viec ma ca phu nii va nam gidi ngudi lay va ngudi Dao cDng lam nhu viec nhat dli dpn rudng (do sd lugng da ddn \'c khdng dinh chi co dai, nhUng vu ca deu khdng co nUdc nen khong the cay du'dc Hien tai, nha chl khdng cd dai rimg nhu'ng chi di lay nhiia tram cimg bo me chong Do miia mang thai bat, chong chi da quyei dinh di vao Nam de lam thue Mpi cdng viec lien quan den lua, ngo, rau, chan nuoi va cham soc nho deu chi dam nhan Khi di lay nhua tram, chj thudng xuyen phai cong vao rCmg, vi khong c6 trdng giup, nha tre khong co Vi be nUdc (tu chay ti/ dau nguon ve) khdng c6 nUdc, nen chi phai sudi giat quan ao, ganh nUdc ti/ sudi ve de tam cho va sit dung gia dinh Quang dudng kha xa, miia n6ng chj tha'y rai met phai ganh nUdc ti/ sudi ve nha vi dudng di gap ghenh Chi ke, kho nhai la dm, nam ngoai vao luc nong nhai, cdn nho ciia chi b\ sot cao, chj thifc nhieu dem va rai lo lang Nong qua, ca hai difa cua chi quay khoe va khdng ngii dUdc Miia ddng vi/a rii lanh bai thudng tre lang bi ho rai nhieu Noi chung c6 hang tram cdng viec lat vat phu nOr phai lam, nen neu cir liep tuc thdi tiei khac nghiet thi rai kho khan cho cupc sdng, khdng biei lay gi lam nguon thu nhap cho gia dinh (Ct)! K dan toe Dao, thon Na Ngda) 62 Nghien curu Gla dinh va Gidi Quyen 23, sd 2, tr 56-66 the canh tac dugc) sau lu quel hay bam nudc vao rudng thidu nudc Tuy nhien, phu ntr dan ldc thiiu sd phai chju tac ddng nhilu hom vai u-d gidi truyin thdng va nhimg dilu kien dia ly khdng thuan lgi Cu ihl la: Han han khdng chi lam thie'u nudc cho canh tac ma cdn thidu nudc sinh hoat Nudc tu chay tir ddu ngudn vl la ngudn nudc chii ydu cho sinh hoai cua ngudi dan d Na Ngda va Pdc Giau, nhien lugng nudc bj can va it dan O thdn Pdc Giau hien cd be chua nudc nhd va bl chfnh, song vdn cdn tren tdng sd 23 hd dan d day khdng ticp can dugc ngudn nudc tir cac be khdng cd nudc Do vay, d nhQng hd gia dinh khdng ldp dugc dudng dng ddn nudc, phu nii: da phai di ganh nudc lir sudi vl nha, mdi mat vai gid ddng hd dl la'y nudc Phu nir cung la ngudi phai Io nudc tudi lieu cho rudng, bai, tudi cho hoa mau va rau Do \ay, ganh nang cdng viec ndy Clia phu ntr dan tdc thieu sd cang ldn han bd'i canh thien tai va BDKH Ret keo dai, cac gia dinh phai ddi cui nhilu hom dl chdng ret Phu ni? cting la ngudi thudng xuyen lay ciii lam chai ddt Day la cdng viec ldn nhilu thdi gian cua phu nU a vimg mien niii, viing dan tdc ihilu sd; khoang 2h/ngay tdng lugng thdi gian danh cho viec nha ciia phu nii: va tre em gai Cac cdng viec khac lien quan den cham sdc gia cdm trudc mdi dgi ret vl cung phu ntr thuc hien la chi'nh, nhu liia gia cdm, gia sue vl nha, chudn bj thiire an du trii' nhu ram cd khd hay ngd, sdn Cdng viec trd nen va't va han ddi vdi phu ntr Dao va Tay d Ddng Thdng dja hinh each trd va gia siic, gia cam khdng cd chudng trai cd djnh Phu ntr cung thuc hien chfnh viec khdc phuc hau qua sau lu quel, mua keo dai, nhu dpn dep nha cua giat giu, lau chiii gia dinh cting nhu nhtrng cdng viec ciia cdng ddng nhu ve sinh mdi trudng, nao vet kenh muong Phu nii' cung la ngudi cd trach nhiem chfnh viec khdi phuc cudc sdng gia dinh sau thien tai Han han, cac dgt ndng, dot ret keo dai da anh hudng ddn sure khde cua ngudi, nhai la tre em va ngudi gia Phu nir vdi lu each la ngudi cham sdc gia dinh da phai danh nhilu thdi gian cho viec cham sdc tre em va cac vien khac cua gia dinh bi dm dau Phu nii Dao va Tay cho biet ho thudng vao rimg tim la cay dc chira tri cac benh thdng thudng Mac du, hien sd irong gia dinh dan tdc thieu sd cd giam hom so vdi trudc day, song theo u^dng thdn Na Ngda, cac gia dinh ngudi Dao cd tiir -5 vdn cdn phd bien hien Day la ganh nang cham sdc ddi \'6[ phu ntr Dao dilu kien khd khan va cudc sdng cdn ngheo ddi nhu hien Quan sal ciia nhdm nghien cun ddi vdi phu ntr va nam gidi Tay dugc phdng v^n cho thay cac gia dinh ngudi Tay Ihudng cd so ft hem Pham Thu Hien 63 Thuc id tren day eho tha'y tac ddng cua thien tai/BDKH da lam tang thdi gian danh cho cac cdng viec gia dinh vdn da la ganh nang ddi vdi phu ntr dan ldc ihicu sd dilu kien ihieu thdn ciia cudc sdng va nhihig khd khan each biet vl dja ly dem lai Dilu cung cd nghTa phu nur phai tang thdi gian cho nhtrng cdng viec khdng dugc tra cdng Viec gia lang cac cdng \'iec khdng dugc tra cdng (cac cdng vice thudng dugc xem la khdng cd gia trj) ddi vdi phu ntr cung cd nghTa la gia tang mirc dp bat binh ddng gidi Theo each dd, tac ddng cua BDKH da khdc sau them djnh kien gidi ve vai trd cua phu nii' ddi vdi cdng viec gia dinh - \6n da di vao tiem ihiirc cua nhilu thd he nhu la trach nhiem, chiirc nang '*tu nhien" cua phu nir Khd'i lugng cdng viec gia dinh gia tang, mdt mat Iam cho phu nii: Dao va Tay cang ft c6 dilu kien tham gia cac hoat ddng xa hdi (nhat la phu nir Dao vdn da it tham gia vao cac hoat ddng cdng ddng), mat khac, iam giam thdi gian cho cdc hoat ddng tao thu nhap bdi canh ciia BDKH Viec "gan chat" hom vdi cac trach nhiem gia dinh va cdng viec khdng mang lai ihu nhap cd nguy ca lam *'xdi mdn" hem \\ irf \'dn da thap kem cua phu nir gia dinh va xa hdi 2.3 Cupc sdng gia dinh, site khoe cua phu ntt vd tre em bi dnh hirdng nhieu han bdi thien tai vd BDKH Cudc sdng Clia cac gia dinh dan tdc thie'u soda cd nhtmg thay ddi dang kc dudi lac ddng ciia thien lai va BDKH Vdi dien tfch dai fl lir 2-3 rudng/hd, rai khd cd thi dam bao cudc sdng cho mdt gia dinh fl nhai cung cd ldi 5-6 lhanh vien, ca khdng cd thien tai xay ra, vl nguon thu nhap lir rimg c6 xu hudng giam manh Nhilu y kien cho rdng, cudc sdng Clia hp da ird nen ngheo hom mat miia, trau bd, lgn ga bj cud'n trdi, mat dai canh tac Mdi sd gia dinh cho bidl phai ban trau bd de mua thirc an An chao la net van hda dm thuc ciia ngudi Tay \'a ngudi Dao Thdi quen Clia hp la an cam vao btra sang va bira td'i, an chao vao bira trua Tuy nhien, nhilu phu niir cho bidt, thidu an nhieu thang nhai la vao nhimg ihdi die'm giap hat, gia dinh hp thudng phai an chao nhieu han, cd ca btra Dicu dat ia va'n di dinh dudng, nhai la dd'i vdi ire em va phu niir mang thai, phu ntir nudi nhd mac dii dudng nhu phu ntr va nam gidi khdng nhan mdl each rd ret \e nhirng tac ddng lau dai Nghien ciiru da ghi nhan mdt ihirc id la cac chi phf ciia cac hd gia dinh ngudi Dao \a l a y ddia ban khao sal da tang len dang ke (mua xang, ddu de Ixmi nudc mua ihudc, chi phf cho qudn ao ret ) Mdt sd hd khdng iicp can dugc ngudn nudc lir cac be chira ciia thdn da phai ddu tu mua may txnn nudc, da> dien va day ddn nudc Nhung chi phf kha ldn kem so \oj ihu nluip Clia hp Do nguon thu giam chi phf lang len, nen budc cac 64 Nghien ciifu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 23, sd 2, tr 56-66 gia dinh phai cdt giam chi lieu cho cudc sdng gia dinh, ma vd'n dilu kien va mure sdng cua hp da ra't thap so vdi cac viing ddng bdng va dd thj ciia Viet Nam Nhilu phu ntr va nam gidi cho bidt, thdi tidt ndng ndng hoac cac dgt ret keo dai, mpi ngudi thudng khdng lam viec dugc va sure khde giam siit Cac benh thudng gap nhu met mdi, sdt, cam ciim, dau ddu dugc ghi nhan la xay ddi vdi ca phu nir va nam gidi Tre em thudng mdc benh vl he ha'p vl mua ret, benh tieu chay vl miia ndng Mdl U-ong nhung khd khan ciia vung miln nui nai ngudi dan tdc thiiu sd sinh sd'ng la viec giao thCng, di lai Miia mua 10 gay iing Iut tai cac sudi, lie em khdng thi di hpc dugc vl dudng xa, ldy lpi Phu nu Dao va Tay khdng bidt di xe may nen gap nhilu khd khan viec di lai Nhung khd khan tren day tac dpng de'n cudc sd'ng ciia ca phu nir va nam gidi, song nhung ham y vl gidi la khac dd'i vdi nam va nii' Mcpt Id, cudc sdng ngheo ddi tac ddng ddn mpi vien gia dinh, song trudc he't la phu nu, bdi theo truyin thd'ng vao nhiing thdi dilm khd khan thien tai xay ra, phu ntr thudng dugc trdng dgi la ngudi nhudng nhin, hy sinh khdu phdn an hay cac chi tieu ban than cho ngucfi gia, chdng va con"' Trong dilu kien sdng khd khan va mirc dp ngheo ddi cao, nhung mong dgi vl su hy sinh ciia phu ntr cd xu hudng lam cho phu nii: dan tdc thiiu s6^ cu thi la phu nir Dao va Tay khao sat nay, bi tac ddng nhilu han Hai Id, nhu'ng thay ddi bat thudng ciia thdi tie't/ khf hau da cd anh hudng khdng tdt ddi vdi sii'c khde ciia ngudi dan ndi chung, song phu nfl" bi chiu tac ddng kep Khi cac vien gia dinh bi dm, phu ntr la ngudi ddu tien cd trach nhiem cham sdc gia dinh Mat khac, nhilu phu nir Dao va Tay cho biet su'c khde ciia hp bj anh hudng va dl dm hem nam gidi, thdi gian lao ddng dai hem (lam ddng d ngoai trdi ndng, trdi ret nhilu hem viec chain sdc liia, hoa mau) Ngudn nudc bj d nhilm sau lu quel, ngudn nudc can ngoai sudi cung anh hudng ddn sii'c khde phu ntr nhilu hem Viec tie'p can vdi dich vu y td cung khd khan hom su each trd vl dia ly Ba Id, mac du thien tai la bieu hien rd nha'l ciia cac tac ddng ciia BDKH, nhung cac anh hudng cua BDKH xay cham nhu han han, lugng mua thay ddi, nhiet dp tang ien mang den nhihig tac ddng va rui ro quan trpng ddl vdi ngudi dan Tac ddng ciing tiim dn nhirng van dl gidi, vi du nhimg tac ddng vl sure khde, va cang thdng lau dai lo ldng cho cudc sdng ciia gia dinh thudng tac ddng den phu nvt nhilu hom, vai trd truyin Pham Thu Hien 65 thd'ng va nhung va'n di lien quan ddn tam, sinh ly Van dl dudng nhu ft dugc di cap cac nghien cun vl gidi va BDKH, tac ddng ciia BDKH ddi vdi va'n dl y td cung chua dugc quan tam dung mii:c Nghien Clin cho thay nhung anh hudng tam ly va sii'c khde khdng phai liic nao cung bilu hien mdt each rd rang, nhung vl lau dai nhung tac ddng cua BDKH dd'i vdi phu nti se nang nl hom ne'u cac bien phap can thiep va nd luc thfch iing vdi BDKH khdng tfnh ddn vai trd gidi Ket luan m Nghien CUU ' da cho tha'y nhung anh hudng kha rd de'n sinh kd va cudc sdng ciia ngudi dan d xa Ddng Thdng nhung dieu kien ciia BDKH Cd mdt thuc td la mdt sd va'n dl gidi d vimg miln niii, dan tdc thiiu sd cd nhung net tuomg ddng vdi va'n dl gidi d nhdm ngudi Kinh hay viing ddng bdng, lhanh thj, nhifng a mifc dp trdm trpng han, ddn ddn khodng cdch gidi Idn han Dilu kien dja ly khdng thuan lgi, trinh dp phat trien kinh te - xa hdi thap (ty le ddi ngheo cao), viec tidp can vdi cac ngudn luc va djch vu xa hdi han che lam cho ca phu nir va nam gidi DTTS dl bj tdn thuang bdi tac ddng ciia BDKH; song nhung dilu kien cd xu hudng lam cho phu nii' dl bj tdn thuang hom so vdi nam gidi so sanh cimg mdt dan tdc (Dao hay Tay) vai trd gidi truyin thdng Vai trd gidi truyin thd'ng cd xu hudng dugc ciing cd nhilu hom dilu kien ngheo ddi Dilu cung bao ham mdi lien he gitra bat binh ddng gidi, ngheo ddi va bien ddi khf hau Nghien cihi khdng cd thdng tin vl nhirng tac dpng khac biet hay mu:c dd ldn thuomg ldn hom ciia nam gidi so vdi phu niir d khfa canh nao bdi canh BDKH Ddi vdi nhdm nam ngudi Dao di dan ddn viing Tay Nguyen tim kidm viec lam, ap luc hp cd thi phai ddi mat d nai lam viec mdi la gl? S\s xa each vdi gia dinh, su lach biet xa hpi cd thi xay d nai ddn - day cung cd ihl la nhung thach thirc vdi nam gidi di cu, nhat la dd'i vdi nam gidi tir viing miln niii, viing DTTS Dilu cting ggi nhiing mang va'n dl cdn tidp tuc nghien cim sau han tuomg lai Tdm lai, thien tai va BDKH, dudi bai ky loai hinh hay bieu hien nao, diu cd tac ddng ddn ca phu niJ va nam gidi Viec nhan manh den tfnh dl bj tdn thuomg ciia mdl gidi nao dd, khdng bao ham su phii nhan tac ddng tdi gidi khac, ma chi miirc dd khac biel, theo nhtmg hau qua ciia thien tai va BDKH cd thd trd nen trdm trpng hoac dugc giam nhe hom ddi vdi nipt gidi nao phu thudc vao mdi quan he gidi duac djnh hinh cac thi chd xa hdi (gia dinh, cdng ddng, thj u-udng, nha nudc )." 66 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 23, sd 2, tr 56-66 Chu thich *" Tai lieu dir an Nang cao nang lire quan K tai nguyen thien nhien dUa vad cdng ddng tai Dinh Lap Lang Son '•' Thdng lin trudng thdn Na Ngoa va Pdc Giau cung cap '^* Tai lieu du an Nang cad nang lire quan ly tai nguyen ihien nhien dua vad cdng ddng lai Dinh Lap, Lang Sdn '^' Khung phan tfch gidi dUdc sir dung phd bien irdng cac nghien curu a Viet Nam la sir kei hop cua Khung phan tfch Havard Khung Mdsei va Khung tidp cSn cac mdi quan he xa hpi '*' Thed ngudi dan di nhat gd la lim kiem cac mieng cay gd cdn lai tCr cac cSy bi chat dd bj khai thac trai phep hdac cay bj dd dd sai Id dai "" Cac thdng tin tir phdng van chd iha'y trdng phu nLi lam chfnh cdng vi6c san xuai ndng nghiep cdng vdi thu nhap ciia phu nt? tir viec ban nhua tram (nguin ihu nhap tir nhua tram dudc xem la In dinh hdn), thi mpt cau hdi dirge nhdm nghien ciiru dat ra: Phu nii' hay nam gidi, kiem dugc nhieu tien hdn? Cau tra ldi phd bien la nam gidi.^Cd ve nhucd sir mau thudn nhimg thdng tin dugc cung cap, neu nhir ngudn thu ciia nam gidi chi tir ban tde ke, dad cii ba kfch "' Thdng tin chia se a thtrc dia chd thay ca liic khd khan, chi tieu cua nam gidi cd xu hudng khdng giam Nhiing chi tieu chii ye'u chd thude la rugu, bia Tai lieu tham khao Adger W Neil 1999 "Social Vulnerability to the climate change and estremes in coastal in Vietnam" World Development Vol 27 CARE 2010 Report on vulnerabily and capacity td addapt to the effecls of climate change- Lang Son province CARE 2009 Climate Vulnerablity and Capacity Analysis Handbddk CARE 2008 Underlying causes of ethnic minority pdverty in northern mduntainuds Vietnam CARE 2010 Integrating gender equality and women's empowermenl in cdmmunity-based adaptatidn to climate change: Guidance ndtes; final draft December 2010 CARE 2010 Bad cad Phan tieh gidi cf vung dan tpc thieu sd phfa Bdc CARE Tai lieu Du an: Nang cad nang lire quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien dua vao cpng dong tai Dinh Lap Lang Son UNDR 2009 Ung phd vdi bien ddi khf hau a Viet Nam - cac cd hdi cai thien binh ddng gidi ... Chu thich *" Tai lieu dir an Nang cao nang lire quan K tai nguyen thien nhien dUa vad cdng ddng tai Dinh Lap Lang Son '•' Thdng lin trudng thdn Na Ngoa va Pdc Giau cung cap '^* Tai lieu du an... Phan tieh gidi cf vung dan tpc thieu sd phfa Bdc CARE Tai lieu Du an: Nang cad nang lire quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien dua vao cpng dong tai Dinh Lap Lang Son UNDR 2009 Ung phd vdi bien ddi khf... phu mc, bi dnh hifdmg mgnh tit nhitng tdc dpng cita thien tai vd BDKH Nhu da dugc dl cap d tren, sari xuat ndng nghiep la sinh ke chfnh tai dia ban khao sat, chii yeu la u-dng liia, ngd, khoai