Ngữ pháp và bài tập Anh 11

INFINITIVES A. Infinitive with to / To- infinitive: a. Một số động từ sau đây được theo sau bởi To inf. decide (quyết đònh) hope (hy vọng) manage (cố gắng, xoay sở) promise (hứa) seem (dường như) start * (bắt đầu) begin* (bắt đầu) like* (thích) + (O) love* (thích) + (O) hate* (ghét) + (O) + To-inf. ask (hỏi, yêu cầu) + (O) expect (mong đợi)+ (O) help**(giúp đỡ) + (O) intend (dự đònh) + (O) invite (mời) + (O) want (muốn) + (O) wish (ước, muốn) + (O) allow (cho phép) + O advise (khuyên) + O get + O tell (bảo) + O Example: - We decided to make a trip to Dalak. - She wants to have a cup of tea. - My cousin wanted me to take her to the supermarket. - My grandparents often advise me to study hard. * Lưu ý: + Động từ với * có thể được theo sau bằng To infinitive hoặc V-ing + Động từ với ** có thể được theo sau bằng To infinitive hoặc Infinitive without to b. To-infinitive có thể được dùng sau một số tính từ chỉ những phản ứng, và cảm giác của con người. delighted (vui) lovely (đáng u) pleased (vui, hài lòng) anxious (bồn chồn, lo lắng) shocked (bò sock) surprised (ngạc nhiên ) + To inf happy (hạnh phúc) glad (vui, hân hạnh) afraid (ngại) sorry (lấy làm tiếc) Example: I’m glad to come to your party today. c. To-infinitive có thể được dùng để nói về mục đích, hoặc ý đònh làm việc gì đó: Example: She learns English to find a good job d. To-infinitive còn được dùng trong các cấu trúc sau: - TOO + adj + (for someone) + to inf. - adj + ENOUGH + to inf. Example: - The tea is too hot (for me) to drink. - He’s strong enough to lift this stone. e. To-infinitive cũng được dùng trong mẫu câu với chủ từ giả “It”: It is (not) impossible + for someone + to -inf. easy important necessary usual Example: It’s impossible for him to find a job now. f. Chúng ta có thể sử dụng to infinitive sau một số danh từ hoặc đại từ như là một thành phần bổ nghóa cho các danh từ hoặc đại từ đó để thay thế cho một mệnh đề quan hệ. Example: I have a lot of work to do. = I have a lot of work which I have to do. g. Những đại từ bất đònh như something, anything, nothing và những từ tương tự thường được theo sau bởi “ for + O + to inf” Example: There’s nothing for the cats to eat. B. Infinitive without to / V BI (verbs bare inf) a. Sau động từ let và make là một tân ngữ và một cụm V BI let ( để), make (bắt, buộc) + O + V BI Example: - The film made me cry. - Let me go! b. Infinitive without to / V BI còn được dùng sau những động từ sau: see, watch, hear, smell, feel. Example: - I feel the earth move. - We watched Liverpool and Manchester play on TV last night. (xem hết trận đấu) * Lưu ý: Sau các động từ see, watch, hear ta dùng V BI khi hành động được chúng ta thấy (see), xem (watch), nghe (hear) Practice: Complete each of the following sentences with to-inf and/or inf without to: 1. I’ve decided (buy)…… a new apartment. 2. What time do you expect (arrive) …… in Chicago? 3. That T-shirt makes you (look) …… younger. 4. Let me (post) …… that letter for you. 5. It’s important for students (do) ……their homework. 6. I promise you your order will (send) …… today. 7. She went to the post office (buy) …… some stamps. 8. He isn’t tall enough (reach) …… the top sheft. 9. We listened (sing) …… a song. 10. I heard her (shout) …… at the children. 11. It’s too cold for us (go) …… swimming today. 12. It takes 5 hours (fly) …… from Los Angerles to Honolulu. 13. I saw her (across) …… the road. 14. They have a lot of homework (do) …… 15. John is easy (please) …… 16. I’m sorry ( have troubled) ……you. 17. It’s late. I think we had better (go) …… home. 18. We can (leave) …… soon. 19. Don’t let the children (annoy) …… you. 20. We want (stay) …… home tonight. 21. My father allowed me (use) ………… the camera. 22. People use their money (buy) …… and (sell) …… things. 23. She asked us (sit)… down and went (make) … some coffee. 24. Tim is too young (join) ………… the army. 25. The movie was very sad. It made me (cry) ………… 26. Would you like (come) ………… to dinner on Friday? 27. It took us three hours (get) ………… here. 28. I’d rather (go) …… (shop) …… than anything else. 29. I wonder if you’d be kind enough (help) ………… me. 30. The robbers forced the manager (open) ………… the safe. ------------------------------------------------------------------ PAST SIMPLE, PAST PERFECT & PAST PROGRESSIVE 1. Simple past a. Form  Khẳng đònh: S + V2 / V-ed ……  Phủ đònh : S + didn’t + V1 ….  Nghi vấn : Did + S + V1 … ? b. Use  Diễn tả hành động xảy ra và chấm dứt tại một thời điểm hoặc khoảng thời gian xác đònh trong quá khứ . Ex: He met her yesterday. He lived in Hanoi from 1990 to 2000. They didn’t meet each other last night.  Cách nh ậ n bi ế t: yesterday, ago, last + time , in + year , from… to . 2. Past continuous a. Form  Khẳng đònh: S + were / was + V-ing …….  Phủ đònh : S + were / was + not + V-ing ……  Nghi vấn : Were / Was + S + V-ing ……? b. Use  Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại thời điểm xác đònh trong quá khứ . Ex: What were you doing at 8.00 last night ? I was watching television . When I got home , the children were crying and the dog was barking .  Diễn tả hành động bò gián đoạn . Ex: While I was having a bath, the phone rang . He was making some coffee when we arrived .  Diễn tả hai hành động đang diễn ra cùng một lúc. Ex: I was learning my lesson while my parents were watching TV at 8.30 last night. While he was playing football, we were listening to music.  Cách nh ậ n bi ế t: At that moment ( vào lúc đó) At that time ( vào lúc đó) At this time yesterday ( vào lúc này hôm qua) At this time last night ( vào lúc này tối hôm qua) At 4 (5, 6 …) o'clock yesterday (vào lúc 4 (5, 6…) giờ hôm qua.) All day yesterday ( suốt ngày hôm qua) 3. Past perfect a. Form Khẳng đònh : S + had + V3 / V-ed … Phủ đònh : S + had + not + V3 / V-ed … Nghi vấn : Had + S + V3 / V-ed …. ? b. Use  Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác hoặc thời điểm khác trong quá khứ .  Cách nh ậ n bi ế t: before, after, by the time, when, as soon as. Ex: My parents had already eaten by the time I got home. Until yesterday , I had never heard about it . Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past perfect and past progressive: 1. He said he (join) …… the army in 1985. 2. Bill (have) …….breskfast when I stopped at this house. 3. When I went back to the shop, they (sell) …… the book I wanted. 4. Hoe many countries they (visit) … by March last year. 5. When he (come) …… home, I (talk) …… to my mother on the phone. 6. While I (lie) …… in bed last night, I (hear) …… a strange noise in front of the door. 7. It (rain) …… heavily when I (sleep) …… yesterday afternoon. 8. While Mrs Smith (plant) …… flowers in the garden, Mr Smith (change) …… the oil in his car. 9. When we (arrive) …… at the airport, they (wait) …… for us there. 10. He (do) …… a lot of jobs before he (work) …… in this company. 11. Yesterday while I (look) …… at my computer screen, I (start) ……. feel a little dizzy, so I (take) … a break. 12. Susan (send) …… a letter to her university after she (receive) …… her scholarship check. 13. Tom (meet) …… Mary in 1986 and they have been good friends since then. 14. After they (visit) …… Paris, they (go) …… to Manchester. 15. George (work) …… at the university 45 years before he (retire) …… 16. After Tom (wash) …… his clothes, he (begin) …… to study. 17. When John and I (got) …… to the theatre, the movie (start) …… 18. Before I could say anything, they (admit) …… their mistakes. 19. I (hit) …… my thumb while I (use) …… the hammer. Ouch! That (hurt) …… While I (read) …… books in the living room last night, I (hear) …… a strange noise in the kitchen. I (go) …… to the kitchen, (turn) …… on the lights. I (hold) …… my break and (listen) …… carefully. I (realise) that a mouse (chew) …… on something under the cupboard 1. The vase broke when it (move) to the other room. 2. When I entered his room, I saw him ( sleep ) in a chair. 3. If only I ( have ) money with me, I ( lend ) you some. 4. why are you under the table? You (look) for something? 5. David (wash) his hands. He just (repair) the TV set 6. The radio (play) since 7 a.m. I wish someone would turn it off. 7. "Where is Jane?" "Down stairs sir" ."She (greet) the guests 8. Mr Brown just ( finish) reading the letter when the telephone on his desk ( ring) 9. Those students who ( fail) the exam are going to take another one held in August 10. Hurry up or you ( be) late for class. 11. Hurry up or our favourite TV programme ( be) over long before we ( reach) home 12. I ( not have ) much time for entertainment these days. 13. Look! A man ( run) after the bus. He wants to catch it. 14. We don’t want to ( pay ) low wages. 15. Two robbers ( put) in prison escaped yesterday. 16. It is 2 years since I ( last give) presents on Christmasday. 17. Nothing ( do) about this problem for months 18. There (be) no guests at all since I left. 19. I am sorry about the noise last night. We (have) a party. 20. In a few minutes’time, When the clock (strike) six, I (wait) here for three hours 21. She (sleep) for 10 hours! You must wake her 22. She (have) a headache for several hours. 23. I (watch) a cartoon movie on TV when you called last night. 24. Mr Hai is having his car (wash) at the moment. 25. Where's Tom? He said he (be) here at 4 pm. 26. If I (drink) so much coffee, I wouldn’t be able to sleep. 27. Nothing ( do) about this problem for months 28. I'm looking forward to (take) a vacation. 29. I'm hungry because I( have) breakfast or lunch. 30. I'd rather you (do) the test well. 31. I distinctly remember (pay) him. I gave him two dollars 32. Look at those black clouds. It (rain). 33. What you ( do ) after you ( go ) home yesterday? 34. Before leaving home in the morning, she (tell) her mother she (work) in the factory that afternoon. 35. I realised that someone ( steal ) my wallet when I ( feel ) his hand in my pocket. 36. She (be) here but she (go) down with flu. 37. Bill (have) breakfast when I (stop) at his house this morning. 38. Yesterday I ( walk ) along the street when I ( realize ) a man with a black beard, whom I ( see ) three times already, ( follow ) me. 39. What do you think the children ( do ) when we get home. 40. Our house ( destroy ) in the storm last night. 41. The police ( look ) for the painting now. 42. You ( find ) the wallet which you lost yet? 43. Spring ( be ) the time when many kinds of flowers blossom. 44. He ( not, phone) his girlfriend every day. 45. I would like ( fax ) this document to my office in Hanoi. 46. Before the postage stamp ( invent ), it was difficult to send a letter to another country. 47. You ( meet ) Henry tomorrow. 48. Laura ( paint ) a picture at 6:00 yesterday morning. 49. I ( pick ) you up when you ( arrive ) at the airport at 9 o’clock tomorrow. ------------------------------------ Gerund 1. Gerund làm chủ ngữ: Eg: Learning E is interesting. Cách dùng này tương đương với cấu trúc: It is + adj + to – inf Eg: Learning E is interesting = It is interesting to learn E. 2. Gerund đứng sau giới từ: * Adj + giới từ + gerund: - Nervous / worry + about - Good/ bad / clever / skilled / … + at - Sorry / responsible + for - Be keen + on - Fond +of Eg. She is good at studying English * V + prep + gerund: - look forward to - success to - think of / about - dream of / about - insit on - surprised at - Interested in - Busy with Eg.I always think about being rich * V + O + prep + gerund: - Prevent s.o from - Thank s.o for - Spend money/time on - Accuse s.o of (buộc tội) Eg.Thank you for helping me * N + prep + gerund: - Have difficulty in: sự khó khăn - There is no point in: k đáng/ chẳng đáng 3. Gerund as a O: admit thừa nhận , advise khuyên bảo allow cho phép, avoid tránh né, tránh xa complete hoàn thành, consider cân nhắc, xem xét continue tiếp tục, can’t help không thể không can’t stand không thể chòu được delay hoãn lại deny phủ nhận discuss thảo luận dislike không thích enjoy thích thú encourage khuyến khích finish hoàn thành, kết thúc forbid cấm đoán give up từ bỏ keep (on) cứ , cứ tiếp tục mention đề cập đến , nói về mind chú ý,quan tâm miss bỏ lỡ permit cho phép postpone trì hoãn practise luyện tập , thực hành quit bỏ , từ bỏ , ngừng nghỉ recommend đề nghò resent giận , oán giận resist cưỡng lại , chống lại suggest đề nghò tolerate khoan dung , tha thứ understand hiểu 4. V + to – inf/gerund:k thay đổi nghĩa - Start, Begin - Consider - Continue - Intend Eg.-It starts to rain -It starts raining 5. V + to – inf/gerund: thay đổi nghĩa - Try: + to – inf: cố gắng + gerund: thử - Stop: + to – inf: ngừng việc này để làm việc khác + gerund: kết thúc (thơi làm gì) - Forget/remember: + to – inf: qn/nhớ trước 1 hành động khác + gerund: qn nhớ sau 1 hành động khác Eg: I remember seeing that film You remember to post the letter for me - Regret + to – inf: lấy làm tiếc sắp làm điều gì + gerund: ân hận một điều gì đã (khơng) làm. Eg: I regret to say that your not accepted for the job. I regret buying the secondhand car. ---------------------------------------------------------------- VERB FORMS  Give the correct form of verbs in brackets. 1. Many young people are fond of (play) football and other kinds of sports. 2. They couldn’t help (laugh) when they heard the little boy singing a love song. 3. Your house needs(redecorate) . 4. I remember (allow)them to play in my garden. 5. Did you accuse Nam of (break) a plate? Well, I saw him (knock) it off the table with his elbow. 6. We found it very difficult (work) with Gamma. 7. I can’t read when I am traveling. It makes me(feel) sick. 8. I need (know) what’s in the letter. Why don’t you let me (read) it? 9. I suggest (suggest) some more mathematical puzzles. 10. We regret (inform) you that we cannot approve your suggestion. 11. The driver stopped (have) a coffee because he felt sleepy. 12. You had better (stay) at home until you feel better. 13. I remember (hear) my mother said the grass in the garden needed (cut). 14. Peter sometimes help his sister (do) homework. 15. I would rather (stay) at home than (go) out with you. 16. I would rather you (drive). 17. My father wanted me (become) a pilot. 18. Please wait a minute. My boss is busy (write) something. 19. My teacher doesn’t allow us (talk) while he is explaining the lesson. 20. We have plenty of time. We needn’t (hurry) 21. I promised (be) on time. I mustn’t (be) late. 22. Mary and I are looking forward to (see) you. 23. I’m sure that he knows how (use) this new machine. 24. I don’t like (watch) T.V. I’d like (come) to her house this everning. 25. She is trying (not fall) in love again. 26. Students stop (make) noises when the teacher came in. 27. Did you remember (phone) Ann? – Oh no. I completely forgot it. 28. They tried (put) out the fire then but it took them nearly a house. 29. Those shirts need (iron) but you don’t need (iron) them now. 30. I really regret (hurt) your feeling when I ask you such a silly question. 31. He’ll try (not make) the same mistake again. 32. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember (leave) it by the window and now it has gone. 33. They stopped (take) 5’ break. 34. Don’t forget (give) her the message when you see her. 35. You should try (wear) any shirts you want to buy. 36. Every hour he stops work (smoke) a cigarettes 37. I regret (tell) you that you have failed the exam. 38. I can’t go on (work) here any more. I want a different job. 39. When I came into the room, Liz was reading a newspaper. She looked up and said hello to me , and then went on (read) her newspaper. 40. Jim went on (have) another two sandwiches after he had had a pizza. I don’t think he’ll have a stomach ache soon. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND GERUND 1. Passive inf: a. Form: to be + past participle b. Use: * Dùng sau một số động từ để chỉ sự bị động của chủ từ: Eg: We hope to be considered again. * Để đưa ra lí do: Eg: He works hard not to be blamed. * Sau các tính từ: Eg: She is glad to be invited to the party * Dùng sau danh từ: Eg: It’s time to be separated. 2. Passive gerund: a. Form:Being + P.P b. Use: Gerund ở thể bị động có các cách dùng giống như cách dùng của gerund ở thể chủ động, nhưng mang nghĩa bị động. * Làm chủ ngữ: Eg: Being treated unfairly made her decide to quit the job. * Làm tân ngữ sau 1 số động từ như: like, hate, mind … Eg: I don’t like being laughed at. * Làm tân ngữ cho giới từ: Eg: She is afraid of being beaten. Compare: ACTIVE GERUND 1. Instead of selecting a applicants, he went out for a coffee 2. The teacher is keen on including the new students in the school activities. 3. Kate enjoys phoning Jane PASSIVE GERUND 1. Instead of being selected a applicants, he went out for a coffee 2. The teacher is keen on being included the new students in the school activities. 3. Kate enjoys being phoned Jane 1.Presentation: A. Passive gerund: Example: - I don’t enjoy being laughed at by other people. - Instead of being accused, he was set free. a. Form: BEING + PP b. Usage: Pasive gerund can come in the same pattern as the active forms, for example after some verbs (risk, stop, ect) or some prepositions (of, at, in, etc.). B. Passive to-infinitive: Example: - She ought to be told about it. - I didn’t expect to be invited to his party. a. Form: TO BE + PP b. Usage: Pasive to-infinitive can come in the same pattern as the active forms, for example after some verbs (expect, hope, want, ect) or some adjectives (happy, delighted, glad, easy, etc.). Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form: 1. It is easy (fool) ………… by his lies. 2. Martha doesn’t like to have her picture taken. She avoids (photograph) ……………… 3. I appreciate (invite) …………. to your home. 4. Let’s not risk (catch) ………. in a traffic jam. 5. The government tried to stop the book (publish) …………. 6. (search) …………… by customs officers is unpleasant. 7. There’s a lot of work (do)……………. 8. The new students hope (include) … in many of the school’s social activities. 9. When the police first questioned him, he denied (involve) …………. in the robbery. 10. I remember (take) ………. to the zoo when I was a child. 11. We managed to climbed over the wall without (see) …… . 12. Isabel expected (admit) ……… to the university, but she wasn’t. 13. The tin opener seems (design) … . for left-handed people. 14. Many reliable methods of storing information tended (forget) …………. When the computers arrived. 15. She resented (ask) ……………to make tea for everyone at the meeting. 16. Let’s leave early. We can’t risk (hold up) …………in heavy traffic during rush hour. • Answer key: 1. to be fooled 2. being taken 3. being invited 4. being caught 5. being published 6. Being searched 7. to be done / to do 8. to be included 9. being involved 10. being taken 11. being seen 12. to be admitted 13. to be designed 14. to be forgotten 15. being asked 16. being held up -------------------------------------------------------------------------- GERUND & PRESENT PARTICIPLE 1.Presentation: A. Gerund: a. Form: gerund = V-ing b. Usage: The gerund often acts like a verb and a noun at the same time. It can be used: - as the subject of a sentence Eg: Playing tennis is not expensive in England - as complement of a verb Eg: What I have to do now is writing a letter to her. - as an object of a preposition [...]... danh từ chỉ người và làm chủ ngữ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ (…… • N + who + V) The man who is standing over there is my father N who V Whom: được dùng thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ người và làm tân ngữ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ (……N + whom + S + V) The man whom you met yesterday is my brother N whom S V • Whose: là đại từ quan hệ sở hữu, thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc danh từ chỉ vật... mine N whose N V1 V2 + Riêng danh từ chỉ vật có thể thay thế bằng the + N + of which Example: The house the window of which are broken is mine • Which: được dùng làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ thay thế cho danh từ chỉ đồ vật, con vật hoặc sự việc Example: This is the book which I like best • That: được dùng thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc chỉ vật, hoặc chủ ngữ gồm cả người và vật, sau những đại từ khơng... mặt ý nghĩa, nó diễn tả hoặc nhấn mạnh sự hồn thành của 1 hành động Eg1: Finishing my homework, I went to bed: Sau khi làm xong bài tập tơi đi ngủ Having finished my homework, : Sau khi đã làm xong bài tập * Câu thứ hai nhấn mạnh việc đi ngủ chỉ xảy ra sau khi đã làm xong bài tập Eg2: I approve of helping the poor: Tơi đồng ý với việc giúp đỡ người nghèo I approve of having helped the poor: Tơi đồng... child is sitting is nearly collapsed * Notes: - whom / who, which và that có thể được sử dụng như là tân ngữ của một giới từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ - whom / who, which và that có thể được lượt bỏ đi như ở câu ví dụ 1c và 2c - Trong cách dùng Tiếng Anh trang trọng, giới từ được đặt đầu mệnh đề quan hệ (hay đại từ quan hệ) như ở ví dụ 1d và 2d Giới từ chỉ đứng trước whom hoặc which mà khơng đứng trước... architect who/ that designed this building is very famous NOTES a “That” thường được dùng trong các trường hợp sau:  Khi từ đi trước chỉ người và vật Ex: The girls and flowers that he painted were vivid  Sau so sánh nhất khi danh từ đi trước làm tân ngữ và sau những từ như : the first, the last, the only, the very, any, all, nothing, anything, everything, few, nobody, … Ex: You are the person that... hệ xác định (Defining Relative Clause): là mệnh đề được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định là mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, khơng có nó câu sẽ khơng đủ nghĩa The man who robbed you has been arrested • trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ: whom, which, that và các trạng từ quan hệ trong lối văn thân mật The book you lent me was very... driving, forgetting, not having paid 4 having organized, being 5 having defeated -REPORTED SPEECH WITH INFINITIVE Vài điểm cần nhớ về câu tường thuật: Khi đổi sang câu tường thuật, cần đổi ba yếu tố là ngôi, thì của động từ và trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn 1.1 Ngôi: (nhất – chủ, nhò – túc, tam – nguyên) - Đổi ngôi thứ NHẤT phù hợp với CHỦ TỪ trong mệnh đề chính - Đổi ngôi thứ... gạch ngang That man, who lives in the next flat, looks very lonely The book “Jane Eyre”, which I was reading, is really good Note:Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác đònh ( không giới hạn ) , danh từ xác đònh thường là :  Danh từ riêng : Nam, Hong , Mr Smith, Mrs Green …  Đại từ chỉ đònh : this , that , these, those  Tính từ sở hữu : my, your , our , their , his, her Ex:  Mr Pike is very nice He is my... và Type 3 khơng đổi Ex1: “If I go out with Tom, he won’t go alone” Mary said > Mary said (that) if she went out with Tom, she wouldn’t go alone Ex2: “What would you do if you went abroad?” Nam asked Trung > Nam asked Trung what he would do if he went abroad? RELATIVE PRONOUNS/ ADVERBS I Đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, whose, which, that • Who: được dùng để thay thế cho danh... mệnh đề chính - Ngôi thứ BA không đổi 1.2 Thì của động từ: V1 -> V2/ed V2/ed -> had + V3/ed can -> could, will -> would, shall -> should, may -> might, must -> had to 1.3 Trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn: today -> that day tonight -> that night now -> then ago -> before yesterday -> the day before the previous day last week -> the week before the previous week next week -> the week after . t: At that moment ( vào lúc đó) At that time ( vào lúc đó) At this time yesterday ( vào lúc này hôm qua) At this time last night ( vào lúc này tối hôm. homework, I went to bed: Sau khi làm xong bài tập tôi đi ngủ Having finished my homework, . : Sau khi đã làm xong bài tập . * Câu thứ hai nhấn mạnh việc