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Tài liệu ôn thi cao học trường Kiến trúc
1. Simplepesent (Hiện taị đơn giản): - Present factx: sự thật ở hiện tại. - Habbits : một thói quen : mô tả tần suất xảy ra sự việc đó. Adverbs of Frequency 100% always Usually Often Occassionally Sometimes Rarely (hiếm khi) 0% never Eg: I always get up at5 am I usually -------------- I never ---------------- I phone him every day Nói về chân lý quy luật tự nhiên(truth/ law of nature) - The earth moves round the sun. Like/ dislikes - I | like | coffee. I | don’t like | coffee. | love| | hate | ( chú ý: Object nhận hành động của động từ chịu tác động của động từ.) Eg: I like shopping (chú ý: Verb-ing: cấu tạo từ động từ có chức năng danh từ) Subject (chủ ngữ) - Trung Nguyen coffee is good. Subject - The coffee is horrible. S - Shopping is interesting. S - football is interesting. S - I like playing football. Obj 2. Present continuons (Hiện tại tiếp diễn). Tobe + verbing Now At the moment Eg: - I’m studying English now. - She’s standing at the door. - They are sitting near the window. Which (chọn cái nào) Hold (cầm nắm, tổ chức, ôm) - He’s holding a baby in his arms. On the sofa In an arm chair In a car On the bus/ gradeual change: Hđ biến đổi dần dần từ từ. Eg: - The price of land | is | going down. | decreasing | decling. - You ‘re getting | father and father. | bigger and big.ger. - Your English is improving. - The living quality ‘s improving. - Their love ‘s improving. - Their relationship ‘s improving. * Future plans (kế hoạch trong tương lai). - when are you leaving? - I’m leaving tomorrow morning. - What are you doing tomorrow. - I’m having a meeting at 9 a.m. 3. Simple past ( quá khứ đơn) Xảy ra dứt điểm trong quá khứ. ago yesterday yesterday morrning/ affer noon last nigh / week/ month / year/ at 2 pm yesterday In 1974 Eg: I just saw him a minute ago. Regular verbs +ED (động từ có quy tắc) work worked wald walked watch watched move moved learn learned Irregular verb (động từ bất quy tắc). see saw drink drank draw drew drive drove I had | breakfast at 7 am. | a cup of coffee. I dove to work. It takes + time + to do sth - It took 20 minutes to drive to work. arrive at ( tại địa điểm con người xdựng ra ) arrive in ( dùng vùng địa ranh) Eg: He arive at work. He works until 10 noon then he stops work. He went out for luch. Let go out for a coffee 4. Past continuons (quá khứ tiếp diễn). Was + verb- ing Were + * hành động đang tiếp diễn tại thời điểm trong quá khứ. - I was having dinner at 9 p.m last night. - They were watching TV. - She was taking on the phone. * diễn tả hành động đang diễn ra thì hành động khác xen vào. - I was having dinner when the phone rang. - The phone rang while I was having dinner. - I was walking to the bus stop when it | rained. | started raining. the | rain started. * Quá khứ đơn I decided to go back home to get a umbrellar. I was walking back home went it stopped raining. 5. Present perfect (hiện tại hoàn thành). Have + done Has + See – saw – seen 1. diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ kết quả để lại hiện tại. - I have seen this film ≠ I saw it 2 years ago. 2. Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ và kéo dài tới hiện tại. - I have been a teacher for 30 years. - I’m here . How long have you been here? - We have been here for ten minutes. - We have been here since 5.30. - I have had this watch for 2 years. - How long have you know each other? - We ‘ ve known each other for 2 years. 3. just recently - I just | arrived here. | done my home work. I haven’t seen him recently. 4. already Not … yet - I already done exercise 1, but I haven’t done exercise 2 yet. - I have been to HCM city (Experience) ≠ I have already to be HCM city ( kế hoạch đã làm trong dự định) Nghi vấn: Have you … ever ( experience) - Have you ever seen a fire? - Yes, I have. I saw a fire in 1978. No, I haven’t. - Have you ever driver a car? - Have you ever been in love? He’s in love. Are you married? (to get married) - When did you married? - I got married 2 month ago. - How long have you been in love with her. (to fall in love with sb) - When did you fall in love with him? - I fell in love with him 2 months ago. I have = I’ve You have = you’ve She has = she ‘s - she’s a teacher - she’s | been a teacher. | has this job for 2 month. 6. Present perfect continuons (HTHTTD). Have + been + verbing Has + * Diễn tả hành động xảy ra liên tục từ QK HT Tiếp diễn tới tương lai. Eg: - I have been learning english | for 10 years. | since 2001. - How long have you been waiting? Động từ hàng động dùng verbing. How long have you has this time. (không có been having) Know – known. ngoài ra dùng hiện tại hoàn thành đơn giản: be - been. 7. Past perfect (QKHT). Had + done Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước một hành động quá khứ khác. - When I arrived at the bus stop, the bus stop had already gone. - When police arrived, the robbers had already gone. - The house looked new because he has redecorated. - She was sad because he hadn’t gone to her birthday party. 8. Past perfect continuons (QKHTTD). Had + been + verbing - Her eyer were red because she had been crying all day. - They were tired because they had been playing foot ball for 2 hours. - How long has it been raining. (manage to to sth : khó khăn lắm nhưng vẫn làm được). 9. Future (thì tương lai) Will Going to - I’ll call him later ( decision at the moment of speaking –Quyết định tại thời điểm nói). - I’m going to call him later quyết định đã có trước khi thời điểm đó. Tương lai dự định (going to ) diễn tả hành động đã được quyết. - I was happy | to get the letter | ofening me a job in your company. - I am happing to get the latter |which(that) | offered (offers)|me. 10 mẫu câu To be + adj + to do sth I’m | happing to teach you english | please to | see you again. | meet you again. To offer sb sth – dành cho ai một cái gì đó - He was thirsty. I offered him | a drink. | a glass of water To tell sb sth – bảo, nói cho ai biết cái gì - you didn’t tell me when you wanted me to start to work for you. - Tell me you your name? - Tell me | when you want to study E. Object | where she lives. | why you like E. To want | sth | to do sth | sb to do sth. I want a big house I want to buy a big house I want you to buy a big house. to start | sth To start | sth | to do sth To start | doing sth I start | work at 8 a.m. | to work at 8 a.m. | working at 8 a.m. To expecting to do sth: mong muốn ai làm gì - My present employer is expecting me to stay with him until the end of thoe month. On | at | + N (danh từ) in | +( động từ +ing – danh động từ) about | - we are thinking about buying a house near the office. - My wife is anxious to find a good school for the children to attend. - she is worry they will not beable to continue to study the same subjects. To continue to do sth : tiếp tục làm gì Let’s hope there problems will not take long solve. Let’s do sth : rủ làm cùng - Let’s go - Let’s study E. To solve a problem: giải quyết vấn đề gì - I want to solve this problems. - This excercise takes ten minutes to do. = It take ten minutes to do this exercise. - How long does it take get to school. To look forward to + N + verbing - I look forward to | seeing you again. | hearing from you. Because of + N + verbing - The train couldn’t run because of the snow. The snow prevent the train from running. To prevent | sb | from |verbing: ngăn cảncái gì | sth| - The children couldn’t so swimming because of the cold weather. The cold weather prevent the children from going swimming. So + adj + that Such + a(N) + that To go | shopping | fishing | climbing | walking | sighting Eg: - The table is so heavy that I can’t lift it. It’s such a heavy table that I cant lift it. - This test is so difficult that no one can do it. It’s such a difficult test that no one can do it. - The weather was so cold that I didn’t want to go out. It was such cold weather that I didn’t want to go out. Too + adj (for sb) + to do Not + adj + enough (for sb) + to do - The table is too heavy for me to lift The table is not light enough for me to lift. - The car is so expensive that I cant buy it. It is such an expensive car that I cant buy it. The car is too expensive for me to buy. The car is not cheep enough for me to buy. I am too poor to buy the car. I am mot rich enough to buy the car. To apologise for | sth | doing sth. I apologise | the late rely. | coming late to the party last night. Conditionls ( câu điều kiện) Type 1: (real conditionls) If it rain , I will stay at home. Simple present will verb Study hard ↓ pass the exam → go to university→ study architecture → becam an architect → Rich when 30. Unless it rains | I won’t stay at home. If not Type 2: (Unreal conditions in the present) điều kiện giả định ở hiện tại If I had a car, I would travel every where. Simple past would + verb (thực tế không có thật) - I’m not in London now. I cant help you. If I were in London, I would help you. | could help you. If I were the minister of construction I would buil more honsing for the poor. Type 3: ( Unreal conditions in the past). Giả định trong quá khứ If I had study hard, I would have passed the exam. Past perfect would + have done - If it had rain, I would have gone to the party. - I didn’t have enough money, so I didn’t bought that car. If I had enough money, I would have bought that car. - He didn’t hurry, so he missed the train. If he had hurried, he would’nt have missed the train. To be | good | at | sth | bad | - Janet is the best tennis-player in the club. No one in the club plays tennis better than Janet does. Passives ( câu bị động) When was the house built ? I bought a car yesterday. object A car was bought (by me) yesterday. S V - He gave me a ring a ring was given to me by him. I was given a ring by him. He ‘s standing at the door không chuyển được. Actives Passivers Sombody does it | It’s done by somebody. Somebody is doing it | It’s being done by sb. Somebody did it | It was done by sb. Somebody was doing it|It was being done by sb Somebody has done it | It has been done by sb. Somebody had done it | It had been done by sb. Somebody will do it | It will be done by sb. Somebody is going to do it| It’s going to be done by sb. Somebody| can | It |can | | could| do it | |could|be done by sb | may | |may | |might | |might| | must | |must | Somebody| has to | do it It|has to|be done by sb | had to| |had to | | will have to| |will have to| Hiện tại tiếp diễn và quá khứ tiếp diễn không có bị động. To make sb do sth => To be make to do sth. To manage to do sth To succesed in doing sth. At last (at the end + of) At the and of the |day | year |road | table. Although Though + clause Even though Despite + N (mặc dù) In spite of + verbing + the fact that 1. Although he had studied hard, he failed the exam. Despite studying hard, he failed the exam. 2. Although | Though | it rained , I went to the party. Even though | Despite | the rain, I went to the party. In spite of | raining, --------------------- The fact that,it rained, I went to the party. 3. Despite the cold weather I went swimming. Athough the weather was cold, I went swimming. 4. Though the car was expensive I bought it. Despite | the expensive car, I bought it. | the fact that the car was expensive, I bought it. Suggest that sb should do sth - Why don’t you study english ? said he He suggest that I should study English. - Why don’t you buy a new car, Jonh? Said Marry. Marry suggest that Jonn should buy a new car. - Why don’t you practice your english every day? He suggest that I should practice my english every day. I wish + past perfect (ước gì – hối tiếc) - I wish | I were | a king. | rick. | had a car. - I’m sorry I don’t have a car. I wish I had a car. - I wish it hadn’t rained last night. - I didn’t marry her. I regret that. I wish I had married her. - He didn’t buy that car. He regrets it now. He wish he had bought that car. - He didn’t study hard for exam, he regrets that now. He wish he had studied hard for exam. Reporter speech ( câu gián tiếp, tường thuật) I love England “ said he He said that he loved england. Direct Indirect Simple present Simple past. Present continuons past continuons. Past simple Past perfect. Past continous Past perfect continouns. Present perfect continous Past ferfect continous. Past perfect Past perfect. Future Future in the past. Will would This That These Those Here There Now Then Ago before To day That day Yesterday The day before. Last night The night before Tomorrow The next day/ the following - I’m studying English now ‘ said he. He | said that | he was studying English then. | told me that | - I didn’t go out last night ‘ said she. She said that she hadn’t gone out the night before. Câu khẳng định : statement - He has been working here for 2 year? Said he He said that he had been working there for 2 years. - I’ll do it tomorrow’ said he he said that he would do it the next day. Câu hỏi : Questions Yes /no questions 1. Are you student? Asked she. She asked me if I was a student. 2. Do you like English, Lan? Ask Minh. Minh asks Lan if she liked english. 3. Did you go out last night? She asks me if I had gone out the night before. Wh – question (câu hỏi đặc biệt) - What’s your name? asked she. She askse me what my name was. - Where are you live , Jane? Asked John. John asked Jane where she lived. - What are you doing now, asked he He wanted to know what I was doing then. . until the end of thoe month. On | at | + N (danh từ) in | +( động từ +ing – danh động từ) about | - we are thinking about buying a house near the office.. quyết vấn đề gì - I want to solve this problems. - This excercise takes ten minutes to do. = It take ten minutes to do this exercise. - How long does it