I. Sense Relations : What is the relationship between the words in the following pair (Note : Theory : pp5781 ; provide more exercises of this type) 1. clever stupidgradable antonymy clever — normal – stupid 2. savage — attack synonymy3. give—receive relational antonymy if… then…4. take—steal hyponymy5. breakfast—meal hyponymy6. pleasing —satisfying synonymy7. solid—liquid binary antonymy8. dissolve (as in salt dissolves in water) — dissolve (The Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991): polysemy9. fish—bird incompatibility10. parent—childrelational antonymy if…then…11. furniture—writing desk. hyponymy12. rude—polite:gradable antonymy rude — usuaf(Qv expected) — polite II. Identify the presupposition in each of the following utterances: (Note : Theory : pp. 109121)1. I regret missing the last lecture.” The speaker missed the lest lecture.2. “ I regret losing my temper at work this morning.” The speaker lost hisher temper at work this morning.3. They were rich. The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they were.4 .”John was quite unpopular.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who John is.5. “If pigs could fly, pork wings wouldn’t taste any better than chicken wings.” pigs cannot fly 6. ” I wish I could surf.” The speaker cannot surf.7. “ We havent heard anything from Barbara.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Barbara is.8. “The exam is not so difficult.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the exam is.9. “I’ve been dreaming of having a house of my own.” The speaker has not hadownedpossessed any house (yet).
FURTHER EXERCISES and KEY I Sense Relations : What is the relationship between the words in the following pair (Note : Theory : pp57-81 ; provide more exercises of this type) clever - stupid gradable antonymy [clever — normal – stupid ] savage — attack synonymy 3- give—receive relational antonymy [if… then…] take—steal hyponymy breakfast—meal hyponymy pleasing —satisfying synonymy solid—liquid binary antonymy dissolve (as in salt dissolves in water) — dissolve (The Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991): polysemy fish—bird incompatibility 10 parent—child relational antonymy [if…then…] 11 furniture—writing desk hyponymy 12 rude—polite: gradable antonymy [rude — usuaf(Qv expected) — polite ] II Identify the presupposition in each of the following utterances: (Note : Theory : pp 109-121) " I regret missing the last lecture.” The speaker missed the lest lecture “ I regret losing my temper at work this morning.” The speaker lost his/her temper at work this morning " They were rich.' The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they were ”John was quite unpopular.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who John is “If pigs could fly, pork wings wouldn’t taste any better than chicken wings.” pigs cannot fly ” I wish I could surf.” The speaker cannot surf “ We haven't heard anything from Barbara.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Barbara is “The exam is not so difficult.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the exam is “I’ve been dreaming of having a house of my own.” The speaker has not had/owned/possessed any house (yet) 10.”The explosion was so loud that it could be heard from miles away.” There was an explosion somewhere OR The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what tfie explosion is 11 “ When did you quit smoking?” You/The hearer did quit/quit smoking 12 “ The examination in Semantics is so easy this time.” There have been a number of examinations in Semantics so far 13.”I am not able to go to Hanoi this weekend.” The speaker is supposed to go to Hanoi this weekend 14 “Did you return tfie book to the library?” You/The hearer had borrowed a book from the library 15 “Even Bill could come.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Bill is 16 “She is not happy about the chemistry course (that/which) she’s taking.” She is taking me a chemistry course 17 “ The CD (that/which) you gave me is quite interesting.” you gave me a CD OR The hearer gave the speaker a CD 18 “ I am so sorry, I am in a hurry and I can't answer your question right now.” You’ve asked me a question OR The hearer's asked the speaker a, question 19 “When did you give up teaching?” You/The hearer gave up teaching 20 “ Imagine you are a teacher.” The hearer is not a teacher (yet) 21 “It is going to rain for a long time.” (a prediction) It is raining now OR It has been raining 22 “ She was not aware that it would hurt her so much ” it did hurt / hurt her very much 23 “It took us two days to come back from Hanoi by train.? ” We once went to Hanoi 24 “Could you drive me to the airport?” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what tEs airport is and where it is located 25 “He pretended to be pleased with the gift ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the gift is He was not pleased with the gift 26 “But for your encouragement, we would have given up ” /You encouraged us 27 “We couldn't have managed without your help ” you help us OR The hearer helped me speaker 28 “We couldn't have managed without your help ” you help us OR The hearer helped the speaker 29 “You shouldn 't have seen sueh a horror film ” you/The hearer did see/saw a horror film '30 “You could have talked to the dean ” you/The hearer did not talk to the dean 31 “ It is going to be hot for some weeks ” It Is hot now 32 “Have you stopped hugging your sheepdog?” The Hearer has at some past time hugged his/her sheepdog III Identify two presuppositions in each of the following utterances: “I’m going to buy some milk for the little child ” The little child drinks milk The speaker hasn't bought any milk (for the little child) yet “My wife pretended to be pleased with my answer.” The speaker is already married ( = the speaker has a wife ) My wife was not pleased with my answer ( the speaker’s wife was not pleased with his answer ) “ She pretended that the gift had pleased her ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who she is and what the gift is The gift did not please her “He didn't manage to support himself.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who he is He tried to support himself “You should have relied on him.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who he is The hearer relied on him “ It’s odd how tricky the final exam is ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the final exam is The final exam is tricky “ When will she graduate from high school?" The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who she is She will graduate from high school “ We congratulated them on the successful completion of the project ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are and what the project is They successfully completed the project “Isn’t it believable that they have permitted this trial to go ahead?” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are and what the trial is The trial was permitted to go ahead 10 “ Who discovered Pluto in 1930? ” There exists a planet called "Pluto" in the solar system Pluto was discoverd in 1930 11 “ I wish I hadn’t turned down his proposal ” He put forward/submitted a proposal The speaker turned down his proposal 12 “He didn’t realize he had been taken in ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who he is He was taken in * 13 “ Their son is not naughty ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are They have a son 14 “ They are happy with the results of the exam ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are They have taken an exam an exam * The exam's results have been announced 15 “ She pretended she was not at home when the bell rang ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows w^o she is The bell rarig She was at home [when the bell rang] 16 “ If they had not awaited until the last minute, they would have passed the exam ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are They waited until the last minute 17 “You mustn’t get up until your temperature has gone down ” you have a temperature Your temperature hasn’t gone down yet Or The hearer has a temperature His/Her temperature has not gone down yet 18 “I wonder why Palm ignored us in the street just now ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Palm is Palm ignored us in the street just now 19 “ Disa doesn't want any more popcorn ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Disa is Disa has eaten some popcorn 20 “ They didn't realize that they were going m the wrong way] ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are They were going in the wrong way 21 “ We know that they had no chance to succeed though they were trying a lot ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who they are They were trying a lot They had no chance to succeed 22 “ What was the thief doing when you saw him ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who the thief is (the hearer know the fact that there was a thief) You/The hearer saw the thief 23 “ What was she talking about when you arrived there? ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows You/The hearer arrived there 24 “ When he phoned in, I was out for lunch ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows He phoned in 25 “ It is a pity that she failed his(her?) driving test ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows She failed his( her?) driving test 26 “ Please take me to the circus again ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who she is who he is who she is what the circus is and where it is located ( which circuit the speaker is taking about? ) The speaker was at the circus before ( saw a circus performance before ?) Or The speaker has been to the circus before/at least once The hearer has taken the speaker to the circus before/at least once 27 “ I got an excellent mark for my essay last time ” I / The speaker wrote an essay Or I / The speaker had written an essay 28 “ If only you had taken his offer ” He has made the hearer a good offer on something You/The speaker didn't take his offer ( the hearer knows the person who made the offer ?) 29 “ If only she were not so talkative ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who she is She is so talkative 30 “ I can't guess when the rain stops? ” Rain is falling Or It is raining 31 “ I am sony I cannot find your book right now ” You have abook You have lent it to me Or The hearer has a book The hearer has lent it to the speaker 32 “ I am going to have a new grammar book ” have a grammar book already haven't bought any new one yet 33 “ On the occasion of my friend's birthday, I intend to buy her a new vase ” I have a friend She has a vase already Soon (Adv) comes (Verb) her birthday (Subject) 34 “ I want to send a small present to my friend on the occasion of her graduation ” I have a friend She has just graduated from school 35 “ Can you stop playing with your cat? ” you have a cat You are playing with it/him/her 36 “ She was not aware that her son had an accident? ” She had a son He/Her son had an accident 37 “ I wiah I had not booked the ticket ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who the ticket are ( what ticket is spoken about?) The speaker booked the ticket 38 “ Tom might find the chocolate cake in the kitchen ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Tom is There is a chocolate cake in the kitchen 39 “ You will be amazed when you see the view ” There is beautiful view somewhere You will see the view soon 40 “ I am going to have/take a final examination in Semantics ” There will be a, final examination in Semantics soon The speaker hasnt taken the,final examination in Semantics yet 41 “ We are going to be teachers of English ” We / persons in question have not been teachers of English yet The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who the other members of this group are 42 “ My sister is going to graduate from university ” I have a sister She hasn't graduated from university yet 43 “ I missed my class on Monday because I overslept ” I had a class on Monday I overslept 44 “ Mary regrets/regretted that she broke your window ” Both the speaker and the hearer already knows who Mary is Mary broke your ( the hearer’s ?) window 45 “ Tom didn't regret missing the deadline for the assignment.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Tom is and what the assignment is There exists a deadline for the assignment Tom missed the deadline 46 “ Where did you look for the keys?” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the keys are ( what keys are being spoken about?) The hearer looked for the keys 47 “ The bus (that) you just missed was the wrong bus anyway ” The hearer missed a bus The bus was not the one the hearer needed to take * 48 “ What ( When?) did you stop beating, your wife? ” You are married You once beat /used to beat your wife 49 “ Fred continued/didn’t continue speaking.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Fred is Fred was speaking previously 50 “ I cleaned /didn’t clean the room.” The speaker assumes that me hearer already knows what the room is The room was dirty 51 “ He killed/didn’t kill the bird ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the bird is The bird was adve 52 “ What was John worried about? ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who John is John was worried 53 “ Bill drank another glass of beer.” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who Bill is Bill had drunk at least one beer 54 “ I think (that) I will pass the exam.” There will be an exam soon I am/The speaker is going to take it * 55 " I hope to have a good result for the exam ” There will be an exam soon, and the speaker is going to take it There was an exam soon, and the speaker has taken it 56 “ I’ve got / have a good mark for the exam in American Literature ” There was an exam in American Literature The speaker has taken it 57 “ Could you lend me the novel when you finish it? ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows what the novel is You have not finished the novel yet ( you will finish it ?) IV Write down one conversational implicature that can be drawn from the second speaker's response in each of the following dialogues (Note : Theory : pp 128-132 ) Dialogue 1: A: “How you like the new librarian at the information desk?” B: “You mean Ron? He's been here as long as I have!” B's utterance may implicate that Ron is not as new as you thought Dialogue 2: A: “ Did you finish your report? ” B: “ I started it ” B's utterance may implicate that B didn’t finish the report OR B hasn’t finished the report yet Dialogue 3: A: “ Shall we sit here and talk? ” B: “ There's no better place than here ” B's utterance may implicate that this Is the best place for private talks Dialogue 4: A: “I hear you often travel to other countries ” B: “Well, sometimes I ” B's utterance may implicate that B does not often travel to other countries Dialogue 5: A: “ Is it OK if I park here? ” B: '“ It's a driveway.'' B's utterancs may implicate that It is not OK for A to park here Dialogue 6: A: “ Did Joan take her umbrella today? ” B: “ It's still downstairs ” B’s utterance may implicate that Joan has not take her umbrella yet Dialogue 7: A: “ What was her essay like? ” B: “ The second draft wasn’t better ” B's utterance may implicate that her essay was not good / well-written Dialogue 8: A: “ What time we have to check out the room? ” B: “ Let's ask the front desk? ” B's utterance may implicate that B does not know the check-out time Dialogue 8: A: “ Would you like a cup of tea? ” B: “ I've just had some lemonade.” B's utterance may implicate that B does not want to have tea Dialogue 9: A: “ Can you tell me what's on TV tonight?” B: “ I never watch TV.” B's utterance may implicate that B does not know what is on TV tonight Dialogue 10: A: “ Was the concert well received? ” B: “ The audience applauded for a long time ” B's utterance may implicate that the concert was well received Dialogue 11: A: “ Do you use your local swimming pool very much? ” 'B “ The salt water hurts my eyes” B's utterance may implicate that B does not use the local swimming pool much Dialogue 12: A: “ Who was that man I just saw you with? ” B: “ That was just someone.” B's utterance may implicate that B cannot reveal the man's identity Dialogue 13: A: “ Do you expect a lot of rain this month? ” B: “ It hardly ever rains 'in March ” B's utterance may implicate that B does not expect any rain this month Dialogue 14: A: “ How are Mr Smith's daughters? ” B: “ The youngest is OK.” B's utterance may implicate that Mr Smith's other daughters are not nice or pleasant Dialogue 15: A: “ Has Betty gone to bed? ” B: “ Her desk lamp stiffen ” B's utterance may implicate that Betty has not gone to bed yet Dialogue 15: A: “ Did many students visit you last week? ” B: “ Some of the students came” B's utterance may implicate that many students visited him/her last week Dialogue 16: Wife: “ Who is picking up the children today? ” Husband: “ I've got a meeting at 3.30 ” His utterance may implicate that The husband can't pick up the kids and is suggesting his wife should V SPEECH ACT- KINDS For the following utterance, give two situations, interpret the utterance in the light of the situations you have provided, and then classify it according to the speech act it performs (Note : Theory : pp 146-152 ) “ It's cold in here ” SITUATION 1: Wife: 'It's cold in here ” (= 'Do something to warm the room up, please.') Husband: 'I'll shut the windows ” The wife indirectly asks/requests B to something to warm the room they are in up.This is A DIRECTIVE SITUATION 2: Wife: “ I don't think I stay in It's cold in here ” Husband: “ All right Let's go out for some exercise ” The wife directly gives the reason why/explains why she doesn't like to stay ia This is A REPRESENTATIVE “Why don't you study French? ” SITUATION 1: Roy: “ Why don't you study French? ” (='You should study French.') Roy's friend: “ That's what I thought, too ” Roy indirectly advises his friend to take a course in French.This is A DIRECTIVE SITUATION 2: Roy: “Why don't you study French? ” Roy's friend: “ Because I don't have time for it right now ” Roy directly asks for the reason why his friend refuses to take a course in French.This is A ROGATIVE “What a nice hat you're wearing! ” SITUATION 1: A: “ What a nice hat you're wearing ” B: “ Thanks for your nice compliment ” A directly compliments B on her nice hat This is AN EXPRESSIVE SITUATION 2: A: “ What you think of this hat? ” B; “ What a nice hat you're wearing.! ” (= Get rid of such an awful hat!') ( Since nice may be an expression of irony which means quite opposite.) B indirectly asks A to get rid of such an awful hat This is A DIRECTIVE “Look before you leap ” SITUATION 1: Teacher: “ John, read the first sentence on page 14 ” John: “ Look before you leap ” John just reads aloud what the teacher asks him to do, describe the content of the first sentence on page 14 This is A REPRESENTATIVE SITUATION 2: A: “ Look before you leap ” B: “ Thanks for your advice ” A directly gives a piece of advice This is A DIRECTIVE “Do you know what time it is? ” SITUATION 1: Mary: “ Oh, I forget my watch Do you know what time it is? ” Tom: “ It's 7:05.' Mary asks Tom for the time This is A ROGATIVE SITUATION 2: John: “ Hurry up or else we'll miss the train Do you know what time it is?” Linda: “ Wait a minute!9 John is really upset because Linda is too slow This is AN EXPRESSIVE “ Smoking is strictly prohibited here ” SITUATION 1: Jack: “ Does my smoking bother you?” Gina: “ It doesn't matter to me, but smoking is strictly prohibited here ” Gina directly informs Jack of the prohibition of smoking in that place This is A REPRESENTATIVE SITUATION 2: Alfred: “ Don't you know that smoking is strictly prohibited here? ” (='Do not smoke in here.') Kevin: “ Sorry.” Alfred indirectly orders Kevin no+ +o smoke in that place This is A DIRECTIVE “ We're running out of time ” SITUATION 1: A: “ How much time have we got for the project?' B: “ We're running out of time.' B states the fact that there is no time left This is A REPRESENTATIVE B gives a piece of information (to answer A's question) This is A REPRESENTATIVE SITUATION 2: Janet: “ Our oral presentation is not as well-prepared as it should be.' Mary: “ We're running out of time.' Mary indirectly suggests that Janet should accept what they've done for the presentation This is A DIRECTIVE “ The ice cream is in the fridge ” SITUATION 1: A: “ Where's the dessert? ” B: " The ice cream is in the fridge.” B directly informs A of what is prepared for dessert and where it is kept This is A REPRESENTATIVE SITUATION 2: A: “ The ice cream is in the fridge.” (= 'Have some ice cream, please.') B: “ No, thanks I'm full.' A indirectly invites B to have some ice cream This is A DIRECTIVE “ Authors always pay their debts ” SITUATION 1: A: “ Authors always pay their debts.' B: “ I can't agree more.' (= I completely agree with you.) A directly states the fact that no one can avoid paying his/her own debt(s) This is A REPRESENTATIVE SITUATION 2: Alice: “ When will I receive my reimbursement? ” Victor: “ Authors always pay their debts ” (= They pay you back later.) Victor indirectly promises to pay Alice back later This is A COMMISSIVE 10 “ I'm working as fast as I can ” SITUATION 1: Bess: “Can you speed up a little bit?” Worker: “ I’m working as fast as I can ” The worker directly expresses his/her' annoyance, refuses the boss' s request This is AN EXPRESSIVE SITUATION 2: Ted: “ I’m working as fast as I can ” Ted's wife: 'I know you are ” Ted directly states the fact that he has been trying his best This is A REPRESENTATIVE 11 “ Who doesn't love money? ” SITUATION 1: A: B: SITUATION 2: A: B: 12 “ Why don't you send it by post? ” SITUATION 1: A: B: SITUATION 2: A: B: 13 “ My daughter is getting married in April.” SITUATION 1: A: B: SITUATION 2: A: B: 14 “ The air condition is not working today ” SITUATION 1: A: B: SITUATION 2: A: B: VI Distinguish between PRESUPPOSITIONS, IMPLICATURES and SPEECH ACTS (Note : Theory : pp ;) Identify the presupposition in the following utterance: “ Billy really made a big mistake this time.” ANSWER: The utterance presupposes that both the speaker and the hearer know who Billy is Write down one implicature that can be drawn from the following utterance: “ Billy really made a big mistake this time ” ANSWER: The utterance may implicate that Billy's previous mistakes were not big For the following utterance, give two situations, interpret the utterance in the light of the situations you have provided, and then classify it according to the speech act it performs “ Billy really made a big mistake this time ” ANSWER: Situation 1: Father [in an angry voice]: “ Billy really made a big mistake this time ” Mother [begging Billy's father]: “ Give him another chance, will you? ” The father directly expresses his annoyance This is AN EXPRESSIVE Situation 2: Father: “ What was Billy's mistake like? ” Mother: “ Billy really made a big mistake this time ” Billy's mother directly provides his father with a piece of information This is A REPRESENTATIVE VII Figures of speech : Interpret the meaning the following sentences and state what kind of figure of speech (also called figurative language) used in each of them (Note : Theory : pp 36-48 ) Give every man thing ears, bid a few thy voice The sentence consists of two metonymies Respectively, "thine ears" and "thy voive'which are [+organ in the human body], stands for "listen to everyone" and "talk to a few people'” which are [+human activity] The sentence means "you should listen to everyone but talk to a few people." His words can be trusted "His words", which is [+ controlled], stands for " that person himself, which is [+controller] This is a metonymy The sentence means "you can trust him" The bank refused to loan us money "The bank", which is [+controlled], stands for "the bank manager", which is [+controller] This is a metonymy She seemed to be happy from cradle to death "Cradle", which is [+sign], stands for "childhood", which is [+a period in human life] This is a metonymy "From death" means "throughout her life" cradle to Pearl Harbor was a sad event in America's history "Pearl Harbor", which is [+sign], stands for "Japan's sudden attack by planes at the very US naval base in Hawaii in December 1941", which is [+historical event] This is a metonymy Gray hairs should be respected "Gray hairs", which is, [+part], stands for " elderly people", which is [+whole] This is a synecdoche I need a change I'm tired of seeing the same faces every day "Faces", which is [+part], stands for "people", which is [+whole] This is a synecdoche There were 30 hands employed in this company "Hands", which is, [+part], stands for "people", which is [+whole] This is a synecdoche 10 All the best brains in Europe could not solve the problem " Best brains", which is, [+part], stands for "Brilliant intellectuals(= intelligent, well-educated persons )", which is [+whole] This is a synecdoche (Note : brain–thinking/thought = metonymy [he is the brain of the group?]; brain -intelligent person = synecdoche ) 10 It's getting on my nerves30 (= irritate somebody, especially by doing something all the time ) "My nerves", which is [+part], stands for "me", which is [+whole] This is a synecdoche The sentence means "It's annoying/irritating me (all the time)" 11 Darkness grasped its arms around me "Darkness" is [- animate] and/or [-human] while "grasp" is [+animate] and/or [+human] The sentence is an expression of personification which means "I was completely surrounded by the darkness" 12 “ The wind is howling in the trees.” "The wind” is [-animate] and/or [-human] while "is howling" is [+animate] and/or [+human] This is an expression of personification The sentence means "The wind is making a long loud sound" 13 A dead leaf fell in my lap That was Jack Frost's card "Frost" is [-human] while "Jack" is [+human] "Jack Frost", which is a way describing "frost" as a person used especially when talking to children, is an expression of personification The sentence means "the dead leaf [which fell in my lap} announced the appearance of frost" 14 You have to pay the earth for such a masterpiece "The earth" is given a human act: "getting paid for what he has done" The sentence is an expression of personification which means "We owe such a masterpiece to the earth" 15 Her father's illness casts cloud over her wedding day "Cast a cloud over her wedding day" is a metaphor which means "make the people who attends wedding day feel less happy." 16 Linguists are trying to weed out recent non-standard uses "To weed out" is a metaphor which means "to remove" or "to get rid of.” (to weed non-standard uses are compared to weed ) 17 The captain exploded with rage "Exploded with rage" is a metaphor which means "suddenly expressed a strong feeling of uncontrolled anger" 18 Ask yourself whether the connections of ideas in your essay are logically watertight The sentence is a euphemism which means "the connections of ideas in your essay are not logically watertight" (watertight?) 19 In the over-mastering loneliness of that moment, his whole life seemed to him nothing but vanity - "The over-mastering loneliness" is a metaphor which means "the state/feeling of being lonely and isolated [that reaches beyond a person's stamina] and [that is difficult to control]." - "his whole life" is implicitly compared to "vanity" This is another metaphor The sentence means "he experienced such a terrible feeling that he felt that he had been leading a useless/worthless life” 20 The Englishman believes that if he does not make trade everything, it will make him nothing "Make trade everything” and "make him nothing are two overstatements The sentence means "the Englishman has to make the most of his chances/opportunities in trade or else he will undoubtedly fail in life." 21 He shall come like rain upon the mown grass "His appearance" is explicitly compared to "the rain upon the mown grass" This is a simile The sentence means "his appearance has long been waited for" 22 Duty commanded and he obeyed 11 "Duty" is [-animate] and/or [-human] while "commanded" is [+animate] and/or [+human] Therefore, "duty commanded” is an expression of personification The sentence means "it was his duty to something, accordingly, he in fact did it." 23 Length of days is in her right hand, and in her left hand are riches and honor This sentence consists of two metaphors: "length of days" implies "time or process of struggle in life" while "riches and honor" implies "success and reputation" The whole sentence may be paraphrased as follows: "Her success is appreciated through her process of working" or "The more she invests her great effort in work, the more she gets success" 24 He said it to my face "My face", which is [+part, substitutes for "me as a human being", which is [+whole] This is a synecdoche The whole sentence means "he said it directly to me" 25 On some bright tomorrow they will come to the end of their endurance "They will come to the end of their endurance" is a metaphor which means "they cannot endure something anymore" or "they will have no more endurance" 26 He galloped into the room - "Galloped" literally means "went at the fastest pace (of a horse, etc.) with all four feet off the ground at each stride" - "Galloped" in this context is a metaphor which means "moved at unusually fast speed" ( the way he moved is compared to that of a horse He ran very fast into the room like a galloping horse) 27 In an entire economy on the hoof Ice Age animals supplied man with food, garments and tools "The hoof, which is [+part], substitutes for "cattle/animals with horns and cloven hoofs", which is [+whole] This is a synecdoche The whole sentence means "cattle once provided man with everything needed for his living" 28 Please don't hurt his good name ''His good name", which is [+concrete], stands for "reputation'', which is [+abstract] This is a metonymy The whole sentence is a request which means "Do not spoil his reputation" 29 He punctured my excuses with a question "Punctured something” literally means "made a small hole in something” " Punctured my excuses" in this context is a metaphor which means "made my excuses less effective or convincing 30 The conversation back-fired suddenly - "Back-fired" literally means "makes a sudden loud noise because the engine is not working correctly - "Back-fired" in this context is a metaphor which means "had an unexpected or unwanted result” 31 He has just gone to his village "Has just gone to his village" is a euphemism which means "has just died" ( his village = death ) 32 You've taken an uphill task "Uphill" literally means "towards the top of a hill" "An uphill task" is a metaphor which means ''a very' difficult task to do" or "a task that needs a lot of effort and determination" 33 His father was buried under this stone "This stone", which is [+ material], stands for/substitutes for "this tomb", which is [ + the thing made].This is a metonymy 34 He ate with a wolfish appetite "Wolfish" literally means "like a wolf" "Wolfish" in this context is a metaphor which means "enormous" The sentence means "he eats a lot" or "he has a huge appetite" 35 He complained with millions of reasons "Millions of reasons” is an overstatement / an expression of hyperbole which means "a lot of” The whole sentence means "he is always complaining because he never fails to find out big excuses for his complaints" 12 36 The earthquake claimed thousands of lives "The earthquake" is [- animate] and/or [- human] while "claimed" is [+ animate] and/or [+human This is an expression of personification The sentence means "the earthquake caused the loss or death of thousands of people" 37 They are not on speaking terms after their quarrel "They are not on speaking terms" is a (dead) metaphor which means "they are angry and almost never speak to each other" 38 As we are sailing into this millennium, we should know there are still many difficulties - "A millennium" literally means "a period of 1,000 years" - "This millennium" in this context is implicitly compared to "a rough sea or a stormy ocean" into which we are sailing This is a metaphor The sentence means "we cannot avoid facing many difficulties in this millennium" 39.1 want to take part in the contest but I don't have the nerve "The nerve", which is [+concrete], stands for "courage" or "boldness", which is [+abstract] This is a metonymy The sentence means "I want to take part in the contest but I don't dare to" 40.1 shall light a candle of understanding in thy heart, which shall not be put of "Understanding" is implicitly compared to "the light of a candle", which shall never be put off once it has been lighted This is a metaphor The sentence means "I shall provide you with the understanding/knowledge that will last forever and lead you through your life" 41 He tries to sing his praises to the skies "To sing his praises to the skies" is a metaphor which means "to praise something very much" "to say publicly that he admires and approves of something" ( to sing his praises are compared to songs ?) 42 Behind me, the hiss and whisper of the traffic turned homeward at the end of the day "Traffic" is [-animate] and/or [-human] while "the hiss and -whisper" is [+animate] and/or [+human1 This is an expression of personification The sentence means "I came home from work, going through heavy traffic during the rush hour" 43 Your daughter's eyes are closed The sentence is a euphemism which means that "your daughter is dead" 44.He is sinking in debt "He" is implicitly compared to "a ship", to be sunk in a sea of debt This is a metaphor The sentence means "he owes a lot of money" 45 They had been eating standing up, wolfing the cold food from dirty tin plates "Wolfing" is a metaphor which means "eating quickly in big pieces without proper chewing" 46 Not a soul was found in the street "Not a soul", which is [+part], stands for "nobody", which is [+whole] This is a synecdoche The whole sentence means "there was no one in the street' 47 It is thanks to you that we arrived late — your short cuts weren't short cuts at all "It is thanks to you that we arrived late" is an expression of irony which blames our late arrival on you The sentence means "it is you who is responsible for our !ate arrival" 48 If you have a head for figures, you can understand and arithmetic easily "A head", which is [+ concrete], stands for "a gift/a natural talent or ability, which is [+ abstract], This is a metonymy The sentence means "you can arithmetic easily if you are gifted in /clever at dealing with figures" 49 Don't substitute the good for the bad This sentence consists of two metonymies: "the bad" stands for "the negative aspects of life’ and "the good stands for the positive ones' The sentence means "in reality, positive aspects can never be replaced by negative ones." 50.I' m innocent of this man's blood 13 "Blood is a metonymy which means "death" or "family background" The sentence means either "I have no relation to this man's death" or "I don’t know anything about this man's family background" 51 A school is a hopper into which children are heaved while they are still young ''A school" is implicitly compared to "a hopper" This is a metaphor The sentence means "children have been strictly trained since their early childhood" 52 The regiment mustered fifty hundred rifles "Rifles", which is [+instrument] is a metonymy meaning "soldiers", which is [+ agent] The sentence means "the regiment consisted of five thousand soldiers" 53 In the high heavens rode a veiled moon; magnified by the mist of an early spring "The moon' is given two human acts: "being decorated by ( with?) a veil' and "riding in/on a vehicle" This is an expression of personification The sentence means "high in the sky was the moon, which was magnified by the surrounding mist of an early spring" 54 Death is laying his icy hand on the Queen "Death" is given a human act: "is laying his icy hand" This is an expression of personification The sentence means "the Queen is at the point of death" or "the Queen is about to die" 55 The pen is mightier than the sword This sentence consists of two metonymies: Respectively, "the pen" and "the word", which are both [+instrument], substitute for "the writer and the soldier", which are both [+agent] The whole sentence means "the writer is stronger than the soldier" 56 A camel is a ship in a desert "A camel", which is "an efficient means of transport in a desert", is implicitly compared to "a ship", which is "a significant means of transport by water" This is a metaphor The sentence means "a camel in a desert is as useful as a ship at sea" 57 Your wit is only exceeded by your charm and good looks A semantic paraphrase of this sentence is "your charm and good looks exceed your wit” The sentence is an expression of irony which means "you are beautiful but not intelligent" 58 With friends like you, who needs enemies? This sentence is an expression of irony which means "you are not my friends at all In fact, you are as bad as / worse than my enemies" 59 It is not always easy to read between the lines "Read between the lines" is an idiom/a dead metaphor which means "look for or discover the meaning of something, written or spoken, that is not openly stated" 60 It takes forever to cook this meat "Forever" is an overstatement/a hyperbole which means "time-consuming" The sentence means "it is time-consuming to cook this meat" or "cooking this meat takes a lot of time" 61 With rue, my heart is laden for golden friends "Golden", which literally means "made of gold or containing gold", is metaphorically used with the meaning of "hearty" or "intimate" The sentence means "I feel regret at the loss of my hearty friends" 62 The headlines leaped noisily before my eyes - "The headlines" are given a human act: "leaped noisily" This 'is an expression of personification - "Leaped" is used metaphorically with the meaning of "caused an effect of turmoil" The sentence means "the headlines caused an effect of turmoil on my eyes', consequently, I could hardly read them" 63 Such an approach is hardly flattering the intelligence or sincerity of the buyer "Is hardly flattering the intelligence or incentive of the buyer" is an expression of irony meaning "is making the buyer 14 less sincere and more stupid" 64.1 felt as if I were walking with destiny, and that all my past life had been nothing but a preparation for a trial - "Destiny", which literally means "fate", is regarded as a human being to walk with This is an expression of personification "Destiny" is also used metaphorically as "something beyond human power or control" or "a bundle of difficulties and challenges" The sentence means I felt that all my past effort had prepared me for any trouble in life, therefore, I was ready and self-confident enough to face such a trial, which was part of my life 65 Your contribution will seem like a drop in the bucket of this great bundle of red tape "A drop", which literally means "a small quantity", implies "not helpful enough" This is a metaphor - "Your contribution" is explicitly compared to "a drop in the bucket of this year bundle of red tape" This is a simile - "Red tape", which is [+sign], stands for "bureaucracy" or "a complicated official system which is annoying or confusing because it has a lot of rules, processes, etc., which is [+ something abstract] This is a metonymy The sentence means "your contribution is meaningless for the bureaucracy accompanied with US large number of oppressively complex and time-consuming procedures" 66 While he was courageously battling his way through the sea of life, fate stepped in and tripped him up - In "the sea of life" human life" is implicitly compared to "a sea both being characteristic of their vastness and unexpectedness This is a metaphor - "Fate" is given a human act: "stepped in and tripped him up" This is an expression of personification The sentence means "while he was struggling hard against the challenges and/or difficulties in his immense life, he faced his bad luck / misfortune and failed' 67 You must address the chair "The chair", which is [+ controlled], stands for "•the chairperson", which is [+ controller] This is a metonymy The sentence means "'You must use his/her title when speaking or writing to the person who is in charge of a meeting or directs the work or a committee or organization" 68 Table want some more ice "Table 2", which is [+ controlled], stands for "the persons sitting at Table 2", which is [+controller] This is a metonymy 69 Ask Seat 17 whet he wants to swap "Seat 17” which is [+ controlled] stands for "the person who is sitting at Seat 17 which is [+controller] This is a metonymy 70 Ms Droopy has a fertile imagination "Ms Droop’s imagination" is implicitly compared to "fertile land or soil” This is a metaphor The sentence means "Ms Droopy is able to produce a lot of interesting and unusual ideas" VIII Sense Properties of Sentences : Distinguish types of sentences (Note : Theory : pp ; provide more exercises of this type) Which of the following is an analytic sentence, a synthetic sentence, an anomalous sentence or a contradiction? a Mary has a cow (a synthetic sentence) b A cow ruminates37, (an analytic sentence) c Abstract cows are tottered38, (an anomalous sentence / contradiction/ contradictory sentence) d Mary's cows does not belong to her (a contradiction) Decide whether each of the following sentence is analytic, synthetic or contradictory a All men are mortal (analytic) b A triangle is a three-sided figure (analytic) c a blue gas is colorless (contradictory) d Witches39 are wicked (synthetic) 15 ... determination" 33 His father was buried under this stone "This stone", which is [+ material], stands for/substitutes for "this tomb", which is [ + the thing made].This is a metonymy 34 He ate with a wolfish... The Englishman believes that if he does not make trade everything, it will make him nothing "Make trade everything” and "make him nothing are two overstatements The sentence means "the Englishman... was the thief doing when you saw him ” The speaker assumes that the hearer already knows who the thief is (the hearer know the fact that there was a thief) You/The hearer saw the thief 23