SECTION 1: INTRODUCTIONQuestion : Distinguish SEMANTIC MEANING from PRAGMATIC MEANING. Give an example to illustrateeach.Answer: Semantic meaning (nghĩa ngữ nghĩa) is contextfree whereas pragmatic meaning (nghĩa ngữ dụng) is contextdependent. ( note : explain contextfree and contextdependent discuss shortly other aspects )Ex. Tom: Do you like the wine I picked out?Gina: Its Italian, isnt it?The semantic meaning of “its Italian, isnt it? is s it right that the wine is made in Italy?The pragmatic meaning of “It’s Italian, isnt it” is dont like the wine you picked out.( notes : provide other examples which is easier to understand)SECTION 2: WORD MEANING2.1 Question : What are SEMANTIC FEATURES also SEMANTICPROPERTIESCOMPONENTS (các nét nghĩa).Give appropriate examples to illustrate your presentation.Answer: Semantic features are the smallest units of meaning in a word.Ex1 Child: +human, +young, +male, +innocentEx2. Bachelor: +human, +mature, +male, +stay single2.2A. Question : What is COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS (sự phân tích nghĩa tố)?Answer : In Semantics, componential analysis is an approach to the study of meaning which analyses a wordinto a set of meaningcomponents or semantic features. Richards et al,1987:53For example, the meaning of boy may be shown as +human, +male and adult while that of manmay be a combination of +human, +male and +adult. Thus, man is different from boy basicallyin one primitive semantic feature: ±adult.Generally speaking, componential analysis is applied to a group of related words whichmay differ from one another only by one or two semanticfeatures. (1)(1) explain shared features and differentiating features
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Question : Distinguish SEMANTIC MEANING from PRAGMATIC MEANING Give an example to illustrate each Answer: Semantic meaning (nghĩa ngữ nghĩa) is context-free whereas pragmatic meaning (nghĩa ngữ dụng) is contextdependent ( note : explain context-free and context-dependent - discuss shortly other aspects ) Ex Tom: Do you like the wine I picked out? Gina: It's Italian, isn't it? The semantic meaning of “it's Italian, isn't it?" is "/s it right that the wine is made in Italy?" The pragmatic meaning of “It’s Italian, isn't it” is "/ don^t like the wine you picked out." ( notes : provide other examples which is easier to understand) SECTION 2: WORD MEANING 2.1 Question : What are SEMANTIC FEATURES / / [also SEMANTIC PROPERTIES/ COMPONENTS] (các nét nghĩa).Give appropriate examples to illustrate your presentation Answer: Semantic features are the smallest units of meaning in a word Ex1 Child: [+human], [+young], [+male], [+innocent] Ex2 Bachelor: [+human], [+mature], [+male], [+stay single] 2.2 A Question : What is COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS (sự phân tích nghĩa tố)? Answer : In Semantics, componential analysis is "an approach to the study of meaning which analyses a word into a set of meaning-components or semantic features." [Richards et al,1987:53] For example, the meaning of boy may be shown as [+human], [+male] and [-adult] while that of man may be a combination of [+human], [+male] and [+adult] Thus, man is different from boy basically in one primitive semantic feature: [±adult] Generally speaking, componential analysis is applied to a group of related words which may differ from one another only by one or two semanticfeatures (1) (1) explain shared features and differentiating features B Question : What are BINARY OPPOSITIONS (thể đối lập có-khơng)? Answer : Some redundancy rules infer negative semantic features (1) Thus, semantic features are often shown in the form of binary oppositions, which can be stated in terms of pluses and minuses (that is, [+] and [—]): If father is [+human], it is therefore [-inhuman]; If father is [+male], it is therefore [-female]; If father is [+mature], it is therefore [-immature]; If father is [+paternal], it is therefore [-maternal] (1) Notes : explain redundancy rules 2.3 Question : What is A SEMANTIC FIELD / / (một trường từ vựng)[note: also LEXICAL FIELD/SET]? Give examples to illustrate your presentation Answer : A semantic field [ lexical field / lexical set ] is a set of words with identifiable semantic affinities Ex1 The lexical/semantic field of kinship terms: father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, etc Ex2 The lexical/semantic field of color terms: green, blue, red, white, black, etc / (ô trống từ vựng )? Give examples to 2.4 Question : What is A LEXICAL GAP / illustrate your presentation Answer : A lexical gap is the absence of a word in a particular place in a lexical field of a language Example: horse stallion mare ? (a lexical gap) goat foal billy-goat nanny-goat kid bull cow calf 2.5 A Question : Identify REFERENT, REFERENCE and SENSE In what ways are they different from and related to one another? / (một vật sở ) is an object or an entity in the real world or in the world of your imagination, e.g your school, your classmates, your teacher, anything you can see in the classroom right now, the lovely Princess in a fairy tale which you have already read, the idealistic working conditions you have ever dreamed of, etc that is talked about Answer : A REFERENT / The REFERENCE / / (sở chỉ) of a word or a linguistic expression is the relationship between that word or expression and the thing, the action, the event, the state of affairs, etc it refers to "Peter's house “(an expression in the English language) the house that belongs to Peter (in the real world) REFERENCE THE SENSE / / (nghĩa) of a word or a linguistic expression shows the internal relationship between that word or expression and others in the language Ex1 “Bachelors” means “unmarried men” Ex2 "A dog is chasing a cat” has some sense However, "A dog is buman” has no sense (1) (1) Notes : Show the relationships between words in each sentence.[dog-chase-cat]-[dog-human] B Question : Identify VARIABLE REFERENCE, CONSTANT REFERENCE and CO-REFERENCE In what ways are they different from one another? Answer : When the same linguistic expression refers to different referents, it has VARIABLE REFERENCE / / (sở không cố định) Ex The referent of the phrase "the'present prime minister”used in Britain in 1944 is Mr Churchill and in 1982 is Mrs Thatcher When one linguistic expression refers to one and the same referent, it has CONSTANT REFERENCE / / (sở cố định): " the sun u “the moon”, "Angola” "FIFA” " UNESCO”, etc When two or more linguistic expressions share the same referent, they have CO-REFERENCE / / (đồng sở chỉ) Ex1 " The morning star' and " the evening star" both refer to the planet called "Venus." Ex2 In a conversation about Britain in 1982, "the Prime Minister' and "the leader of the Conservative Party share the same referent: Mrs Thatcher 2.6 Question : Identify the difference between DENOTATION [also DENOTATIONAL MEANING] and CONNOTATION [also CONNOTATIONAL MEANING] Give appropriate examples to illustrate your presentation Answer : • The DENOTATION / / (nghĩa sở thị) of a wore/is the core, central or referential meaning of the word found in a dictionary.The denotation of a word is usually described in terms of a set of semantic features • The CONNOTATION / / (nghĩa liên tưởng) of a word is the additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning If shows people's emotions and/or attitudes towards what the word refers to Ex "Child" is denotatively described as [+human], [+young] and [±male] Under a certain circumstance, "child" may positively be connoted as [+innocent] Under another circumstance, "child" may negatively be connoted as [+noisy] 2.7 Identify the MULTIPLE SENSES of a lexical item A Question : PRIMARY MEANING/SENSE vs SECONDARY MEANING/SENSE Answer : • The PRIMARY MEANING/SENSE (nghĩa nguyên cấp) of a word [lexical item] is the first meaning or usage that the word will suggest to most people when it is said in isolation The primary meaning of the English noun “wing”, for instance, is "either of the pair of feathered limbs that a bird uses to fly • SECONDARY MEANINGS/SENSES (nghĩa thứ cấp) of a word are tfie meanings besides its primary meaning/sense The primary meaning/sense of a word is central and context-free whereas the secondary meanings / senses of a word are peripheral and context-bound Thanks to the verb "plays" in "He usually plays on the wing”, for example, "wing' means "sidepart of the playing area in football, Hockey, etc " B Question : LITERAL MEANING/SENSE (nghĩa đen) vs FIGURATIVE MEANING/SENSE (nghĩa bóng) Answer : The basic or usual meaning of a word is its LITERAL MEANING For instance, "the east/west wing of a house" means ''the east/west part of a house that projects from the main part." The FIGURATIVE MEANING of a word creates vivid mental images to readers or listeners In the sentence "Having a new baby to look after has clipped her wings a bit"; "has clipped her wings” means "has prevented her from achieving her ambition” " Wing' is an English word that has several closely related but slightly different meanings It is said to be potysemous 2.8 Question : Distinguish A TABOO WORD from A EUPHEMISM Answer : A taboo word, a 'dirty' word, is the 'word or the linguistic expression that refers to a taboo act or behaviour in a society, a culture or a speech community while a euphemism is the word or the expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid a frightening or unpleasant subject “pass away”, for example, is a euphemism for die It is crucial to recognize that a taboo word and its euphemism share the same denotative meaning but they differ in their connotative meanings: the taboo word has a negative connotation whereas its euphemism has a positive connotation 2.9 HYPONYMY A Question : What is HYPONYMY / / (quan hệ dưới)? Give an example to illustrate your presentation Answer : HYPONYMY is a relation/a phenomenon in which the sense of a word is totally included in the sense of another word' or HYPONYMY is the relationship between each of the HYPONYM [also SUBORDINATE / SPECIFIC LEXICAL ITEM] (i.e the "lower" word) and its SUPERORDINATE [ also HYPERNYM / HYPERONYM / GENERIC LEXICAL ITEM (i.e the "higher" word) Example Cook grill toast boil ( = a superordinate) fry smoke ( = hyponyms) B Question : Distinguish A HYPONYM from A SUPERORDINATE Answer : A HYPONYM / in the sense of another word A SUPERORDINATE / (hạ danh) is a word whose sense / the sense of which is totally included / (thượng danh) is a word whose sense covers all the senses of its hyponyms Example Color blue red yellow ( = a superordinate) green black ( = hyponyms) 2.10 SYNONYMY A Question : What is SYNONYMY / / (tính đồng nghĩa)? Answer : Synonymy is a relation/a phenonomenon in which various words have different (sound and written) forms but have the same or nearly the same meaning For example, the four English nouns "kind", "type”, "sort” , and "variety” are synonyms; they refer to "a group having similar characteristics." B Question : What are SYNONYMS / / (từ đồng nghĩa)? Answer : SYNONYMS are various words which have different (sound and written) forms but which have the same or nearly the same meaning For example, the two English verbs "hide' and "conceal " are synonyms; they both mean "keep somebody/something from being seen or known about." C Question : What is PARTIAL SYNONYMY? Answer : Partial synonymy / / (tính đồng nghĩa phận) is a relation/a phenonomenon In which a polysemous word shares one of its meanings with another word For example, one meaning of "deep" is synonymous with "profound' in the pair of sentences marked (l) a-b In other words, "deep" and "pro found” can be used interchangeably in (l)a-b No such interchange can be found in (2)a-b: (l)a You have my deep sympathy (1)b You have my pro found sympathy (2)a The river is very deep at this point (2)b *The river is very profound at this point Notes : * means “this is not likely / impossible” (= trường hợp khơng có thực mà thí dụ thơi ) 2.11.1 ANTONYMY A Question : What is ANTONYMY / / (Tính trái nghĩa)? Answer : ANTONYMY is a relation/a phenonomenon in which two words are opposite in meaning / (từ trái nghĩa)? Answer : ANTONYMS are words that are opposite in meaning B Question : What are ANTONYMS / For example, "true—false”, "big—-small" and "buy—sell" are three pairs of antonyms 2.11.2 BINARY ANTONYMY - GRADABLE ANTONYMY - RELATIONAL ANTONYMY A Question : Distinguish BINARY ANTONYMY from GRADABLE ANTONYM Give two examples to illustrate each Answer : BINARY ANTONYMY =complementary antonym (tính trái nghĩa lưỡng/nhị phân) is a relation / phenomenon in which two members of a pair ofantonyms (a) are mutually exclusive: "not alive' is "dead'' and "not dead' is "alive (b) cannot be used in a comparative or superlative sense: *He is more single / more married than his brother (c) cannot be used in questions with "how" to ask about degrees: *How single / How married is he ? Thus, "alive—dead' and "married—single' are two pairs of binary antonyms Notes : * means “this is not likely / impossible” (= trường hợp khơng có thực mà thí dụ thơi ) GRADABIE ANTONYMY / relation/a phenonomenon in which two members'of a pair of antonyms' / (tính trái nghĩa có thang độ) is a (a) are gradable: between "hot' and "cold' are three intermediate terms — "warm" 'tepid' and "coo/" (b) can be used in a comparative or superlative sense: "more difficult' is "less easy'^ "wider' is " less narrow', etc (c) can be used in questions with '"how" to ask about degrees: How difficult is the test ? Thus, "hot—cold'''and "difficult—eas'/' are two pairs of gradcble antonyms B Question : What are RELATIONAL ANTONYMS / ( từ trái nghĩa nghịch đảo)? Answer : Relational antonymy is a relation/a phenomenon in which two members of a pair of antonyms display symrpetrv in their meaning The "if , then '' formula can be used to test and identify relational antonyms: if Mr Brown is Jack's employer, then Jack is Mr Brown's employee; if Jenny is thinner than Msry, then Mary is fatter than Jenny; if John bought a car from Fred, then Fred sold a car to_ John; etc Thus, "buy—self, "employer—employee', " thinner—fatter' are three pars of relational antonyms 2.12.1 Distinction between TRUE HOMONYMY, HOMOPHONY and HOMOGRAPHY A Question : What is TRUE HOMONYMY (tính đồng âm đồng tự) ? Answer : TRUE HOMONYMY is a relation/a phenomenon in which various words have the same (sound and written) form but have different meanings For example, classified as two true homonyms are the noun "bank” which means "a financial institution" and the noun "bank” which means "the shore of a river”,both being pronounced / in RP B Question : What is HOMOPHONY (tính đồng âm) ? Answer : Homophony is a relation/a phenomenon in which various words have the same sound form [i.e same pronunciation] but have different meanings and written forms For example, classified as two homophones are the noun " place'^ which means "a particular area", and the noun "plaice'^ which means "a type of fish"; both being pronounced /pleis/ in RP C Question : What is HOMOGRAPHY (tính đồng tự) ? Answer : HOMOGRAPHY is a relation/a phenomenon in which various words have the same written form[ = spelling] but have different meanings and sound forms For example, classified as two homographs are the bare infinitive form "'read' / tense form "read' / / / and the past Consider the following table and identify antonymy, synonymy, true homonymy, homophony, and homography via their main features Written form antonymy synonymy true homonymy homophony homography — — + — + +: the same or nearly the same; Ca Question : What are TRUE HOMONYMS / Answer : Sound form Meaning — — + — — — — + + — —: different or opposite / (từ đồng âm đồng tự)? True homonyms are various words which have the same (sound and written) form but have different meanings For example, the noun "bank", which means "''a financial institution", and the noun "bank”, which means "the shore of a river", are two true homonyms Cb Question : What are HOMONYMS / Answer : Cc Question : What is HOMONYMY / Answer : / (từ đồng âm)? HOMONYMS are different words which are pronounced the same, but may or may not be spelled the same "To", "two" and "too" homonyms because they are pronounced the same, despite their spelling differences." [Fromkin & Rodman, 1993: 129 ] (tính đồng âm)? Homonymy is a relation/a phenonomenon in which different words are pronounced the same, but may or may not be spelled the same For example, "know' / / (hove something in one's mind) and "no" / / {not any) are homonyms; so are "row' / / (a quarrel) ond "row' / / (a line) Cd Question : Distinguish HOMOGRAPHS from HOMOPHONES Answer : • HOMOGRAPHS / (từ đồng tự) are various words which have the same written form but have different meanings and sound forms For example, the verb "lead' / / in "Does this road lead to town?” and the noun "lead" / / in "Lead is a heavy metal." are two homographs • HOMOPHONES (từ đồng âm dị tự) are various words which have the same sound Form but have different meanings and written forms For example, the noun "place” which refers to “a particular area", and the noun "plaice” which refers to “a type of fish", are both pronounced / / in many varieties of English 2.13 A Question : What is POLYSEMY / / (quan h6/ tmh da ngma) ? Answer : Polysemy is is a relation/a phenonomenon in which a single worc/\\os two or more slightly different but closely related meanings B Question : What is A POLYSEMOUS WORD / / (một từ ta nghĩa)? Answer : A polysemous word is a single word which has two or more slightly different but closely related meanings For example, the noun "chip" can have the following meanings: (i) a small piece of some hard substance which has been broken off from something larger: a chip of wood/glass (ii) a small cut piece of potato which is fried for eating: Can I try one of your chips? (iii) a ssTtd! but vitafpiece of a computer: This computer has got a faster chip than the old one The three meanings are closely related because they all contain the semantic feature [+ small piece] Ba Question : Compare and contrast SYNONYMY and POLYSEMY in terms of: - number of wors in question, - number of meanings in question, - sense relation Give one example for each Answer : Number of words in question Number of meanings in question sense relation SYNONYMY Two or more words one meaning The same or nearly the same meaning POLYSEMY a single word two or more meanings Slightly different but closely related meanings Notes : Examples SYNONYMY : happy – glad (two synonymous words) POLYSEMY : wing a part of the body of a bird or insect, used for flying b one of the two flat parts of a plane (wing = a polysemous word ) Bb Question : Compare and contrast SYNONYMY and HOMONYMY in terms of: - number of wors in question, - number of meanings in question, - sense relation Give three pairs of words as examples for homonymy and one example for synonymy Answer: number of wors in question number of meanings in question sense relation SYNONYMY two or more words one meaning The same or nearfy the same meaning HOMONYMY two or more words two or more meanings entirely different meanings Notes Examples Synonymy : spaceman - astronaut Homonymy : I – eye hour – our port ( for ships) – port ( kind of wine) 14 Question : Distinguish LEXICAL AMBIGUITY “ nghĩa từ vựng) from STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY / lưỡng nghĩa cấu trúc) / (tính lưỡng (tính Answer: • A sentence is considered as structurally ambiguous when its structure permits more than one interpretation For example, "on Thursday" in u Fred said that he would pay me on Thursday" may modify either "said" or "would pay" Fred said that he would pay me on Thursday Fred said that he would pay me on Thursday • Any ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a word is lexical ambiguity For example, "that robot is bright'”is lexically ambiguous due to the two slightly different but closely related meanings of the polysemous word "bright” — "shining'" and "intelligent" 2.15 Question : What is ANOMALY / Answer: / (hiện tượng bất thường)? ANOMALY is a violation of semantic rules to create nonsense For example, "that bachelor is pregnant” is semanticaliy anomalous (bất thường ngữ nghĩa) because the meaning of "bachelor includes the semantic feature [+male] / whereas "pregnant' is [+female] SECTION : SENTENCE MEANING 3.1 PROPOSITION - SENTENCE - UTTERANCE A Question : What is A PROPOSITION / Answer: / (mệnh đề)? A PROPOSITION is part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some state of affairs Ex: The following pair of sentences expresses the same proposition: active (1)a John gave Mary a book passive (1)b Mary was given a book by John The following pair of sentences expresses different propositions: (2)a George danced with Ethel (2)b George didn’t dance with Ethel B Question : Distinguish A PROPOSITION from A SENTENCE Answer: PROPOSITIONS, unlike sentences, cannot be said to belong to any particular language Two or more sentences in different languages can correspond to the same proposition, if they are perfect translations of each other As perfect translations of each other, for example, the English sentence 'I’m cold'' and the Vietnamese sentence "Tôi lạnh" can be said to correspond to the same proposition Sentences Can be loud or quiet — — Can be grammatical or not + — Can be true or false + + in a particular regionai accent in a particuiar language — + — — C Question : Distinguish AN UTTERANCE / (câu) Answer: EX Jane; Steve: Jane: Steve: Coffee? Sure White? Black (four one-word utterances') Answer: / (phát ngôn) from A SENTENCE / / An UTTERANCE is the use by a particular speaker, on a particular occasion, for a particular purpose piece of language, such as a sequence of sentences, or a single phrase, or even a single word A SENTENCE is a string of words [which are put together by the grammatical rules of a language] Such an ideal string of words exisis behind various realizations in utterances and inscriptions 3.2 Question : Propositions "Would you like some coffee "I'm sure to love it." "Would you like (black coffee or) white, coffee?" "I'd like black coffee, please." (four complete sentences} Utterances Sentences Can be loud or quiet + — Can be grammatical or not + + Can be true or false + + in a particular regional accent + — In a particular language + + Distinguish AN ANALYTIC SENTENCE from A CONTRADICTION or A SYNTHETIC SENTENCE An ANALITIC / / SENTENCE (câu phân tích) is one that is necessarily TRUE, as a result of the senses of the words in it: "'All elephants are animals ” A CONTRADICTION /' / [also.a CONTRADICTORY SENTENCE (câu nghịch lý) is a sentence that is necessarily FALSE as a result of the senses of the words in it: "This animat is a vegetable" A SYNTHETIC SENTENCE (câu tổng hợp) may be either TRUE or FALSE, depending on the way the world is:ti Sam's wife is German!' / (câu mô phỏng)? 3.3 Question : What is A PARAPHRASE / Answer: A sentence which expresses the same proposition as another sentence is a paraphrase of that sentence Ex1: "I lent that book to Jim" and "Jim borrowed that book from me" are two paraphrases Ex2: “John gave Mary a book" and "Mary was given a book by John" are two paraphrases /(sự kéo theo)? 3.4 Question : What is ENTAILMENT / Answer: Entailment is a relationship that applies between two sentences, where the truth of one implies the truth of the other because of the meanings of the words involved There are two types of entailment: (i) One-way entailment (sự kéo theo chiều): Ex: "Alfred saw a bear." "Alfred saw an animal." (ii) Two-way entailment (sự kéo theo hai chiều): Ex "Paul borrowed'a car from Sue." "Sue lent a car to Paul." SECTION : UTTERANCE MEANING 4.2.6 Question : Distinguish PRESUPPOSITION from CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE Answer : The first way: A PRESUPPOSITION is anything the speaker assumes to be true before making the utterance while a conversational implicature is an inference or an additional unstated meaning drawn from any conversation Compare: Eg Is the Pope Catholic? Eg The above Yes-No question presupposes that “the Pope does exist in the world.” A: Do you like apples? B: Is the Pope Catholic? The above conversation implies that B does like apples The second way PRESUPPOSITION CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE Presupposition is more straightforward and more objective It is easily drawn before making an utterance Conversational implicature-is Jess-straightforward and more subjective/personal It is only drawn after a conversation is over Eg Is the Pope Catholic? The above Yes-No question presupposes that 'the Popedoes exist in the world.' Eg A: Do you like apples? B: Is the Pope Catholic? The above conversation implies that B does like apples 4.3 Question : Distinguish CONVENTIONAL IMPLICATURES (hàm ngôn theo quy ước) from CONVERSATIONAL IMPUCATURES (hàm ngôn hội thoại) Answer : Unlike conversational implicatures, CONVENTIONAL IMPLICATURES don't have to occur in conversation, and they don't depend on special contexts for their interpretation Like lexical presuppositions, conventional implicatures are associated with specific words and result in additional conveyed meaning when those words are used The utterance "Linda suggested black But I chose white" may implicate that the speaker does something in contrast to what has been suggested 4.4.5 Question : Distinction between LOCUTION, ILLOCUTION and PERLOCUTION Answer : The LOCUTION of an utterance is producing an utterance, which is "a meaningful inguistic expression" [Jule, 1996: 48] The ILLOCUTlON of an utterance is using an utterance "to perform a function" [Richards etaU985:168] The PERLOCUTiON of an utterance is "causing a certain effect on the hearer or others." [Hurford and Heasley, 1984: 243] For example, the locution, illocution, and perlocution analysis can be used to analyse the italicized utterance in the following dialogue Son: “Can I go out for a while Mum?” Mother:”You can play outside for half an hour.? The LOCUTION of the utterance is the mother's uttering the words 'You can play outside for half an hour which can be semantically paraphrased as "You have my permission to go out for a while” with you referring to the son The ILLOCUTSON of the utterance is the mother's using the utterance to give permission The PERLOCUTION of the utterance is Us effect on the son, who races out of the room picking up his football on the way 4.4.6 Question : What are FELICITY CONDITIONS (điều kiện hữu hiệu)? Answer : Felicity conditions are the conditions which must be fulfilled for a speech act to be satisfactorily performed The felicity conditions necessary for a promise (a) A sentence is used which states a future act of the speaker (b) The speaker has the ability to the act (c) The hearer prefers the speaker to the act rather than not to it 4.5 Question : Distinguish PERFORMATIVES from CONSTATIVES Answer : A PERFORMATIVE / / (câu hành ngôn) performs soms act and simultaneously describes that act For example, "I PROMISE to repay you tomorrow” both describes a promise and is a promise Therefore, it is a performative A CONSTATIVE /konstetiv/ (câu nhận định) asserts something that is either true or false For example, "John PROMISED +to repay me tomorrow" describes a promise, but it is not itself a promise It is therefore not a performative but a constative 4.2.4 Question : What is THE CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLE (nguyên tắc hợp tác)? Answer : The CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLE is a basic principle governing conversation It consists of four basic CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS (phương châm hội thoại): 1) The maxim of RELEVANCE: what -we say should be relevant 2) The maxim of QUALITY: what we say should be true 3) The maxim of QUANTITY: what we say should be brief 4) The maxim of CLARITYA/IANNER: what we say should be clear In fact, these conversational maxims are not always observed 4.6 THE POLITENESS PRINCIPLE A Question : What is THE POLITENESS PRINCIPLE (nguyên tắc lịch sự)? In what way is it related to THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE? Answer : The principle of politeness consists of: • THE APPROBATION MAXIM (phương châm tán đồng): Minimize dispraise of the other; maximize praise of the other • THE TACT MAXIM (phương châm xử trí ): Minimize the cost to the other; maximize the benefit to the other Accordingly, some utterances seem more polite than others: (1)"Clean up the kitchen floor" (the least polite) (2) “Pass the salt" (3) "Have some more cake" (the most polite) The politeness principle and the co-operative principle are often in conflict with each other Language users must be consciously aware of this conflict and flexibly apply both of the principles in face-to-face conversation B Question : Identify the relationship between POLITENESS and INDIRECTNESS Answer : Politeness and indirectness are closely related to each other In the following dialogue, the indirect negative response is more polite than the direct one Tom: Do you like the wine I picked out? Gina: (a) Not really (+ direct, + negative) (b) It's Italian, isn't it? (- direct, + negative) 4.7 Question : What is DEIXIS / /(trực chỉ)? Answer : DEIXIS refers to a word/phrase which directly relates an utterance to a time, place or person Deixis consists of three semantic notions (i) Person deixis ( trực người): In this family, we rarely smoke or drink (ii) Space deixis (trực không gian): I’m over here (iii) Time deixis (trực thời gian): Tomorrow is a holiday Question : What is A SPEECH EVENT (sự kiện ngôn từ)? Answer : A speech event is a particular instance when people exchange speech: Daughter: Mum, where's my red jumper? Mother: Bottom drawer in your bedroom Daughter: Right, I'll have a look The components of this speech event are its setting, participants, participants' role relationships, message, key, and channel ... have my pro found sympathy (2)a The river is very deep at this point (2)b *The river is very profound at this point Notes : * means “this is not likely / impossible” (= trường hợp thực mà thí... means “this is not likely / impossible” (= trường hợp khơng có thực mà thí dụ thơi ) GRADABIE ANTONYMY / relation/a phenonomenon in which two members'of a pair of antonyms' / (tính trái nghĩa có. .. employee; if Jenny is thinner than Msry, then Mary is fatter than Jenny; if John bought a car from Fred, then Fred sold a car to_ John; etc Thus, "buy—self, "employer—employee', " thinner—fatter' are