INTRODUCTION 1. Problem statement Cambodia population is over 16 million, annually growth rate of 1.5% and population density of about 91 habita per km2 in 2018. Agriculture is one of three economic sectors which contributed 26.3 % of national GDP in 2016. Livestock sub-sector contributed about 2.8% to the national economy and 11.96% of agricultural GDP (MAFF, 2017). However, pig production shared about 48% of the total livestock production (FAO, 2011). In 2016, pig population was reached 2,970,624 heads (annually growth rate 2%), and 98% of pig population produced by smallholders (MAFF, 2018). About 5% of smallholders raised local breeds (Borin et al., 2012), due to more resistant to infectious diseases and more adapting to local climate frequency and environment and they also have a higher capacity to digest higher fibrous feed and more reproductive than exotic ones (Rodríguez and Preston, 1997; Len et al., 2009b). The smallholders have turned in a very low level of production due to low input and lack of technical knowledges and experiences in animal husbandry (Wallberg et al., 2011). Total of 54.7% of smallholders fed their pigs with local resources and agricultural byproducts (Borin et al., 2012). Ström et al. (2017) indicated that partly and/or fully utilization of the unconventional feeds was potential and sustainable alternative of pigs’ production, mainly for smallholder pigs’ production as it could alleviate the production cost and risks. Banana was one of the fruit trees with totally cultivated land of 24,000ha after mango of 42,000ha, produced over 240,000 tons of fruits and 960,000 tons of residues yearly in Cambodia (NIS, 2015). Seven of the 25 provinces in Cambodia reported to plant banana on at least 1,000 ha. Kampong Cham led other provinces with 5,000 ha of banana plantation and with 819 ha in Ratanakiri (data from provincial department of agriculture in 2019), but only 350 ha in 2013 (NIS, 2015). With these cultivated areas, about 3,300 tons of banana stems residue remained in the field with improperly and sufficiently utilization. In addition, Jungle banana plants grew naturally for year-rounds in somewhere around the farms or sometimes in the farms and along the ways to the farms as well, so it was very hard to estimated how many hectares of the banana plants were. However, they were only harvested as feed of the pigs in some months of the year, especially in the period of cultivated banana plants and other feed resources were in minority or extinction.
HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY HUY SOKCHEA UTILIZATION OF BANANA STEMS FOR LOCAL PIGS (KANDOL) IN MOUNTAINOUS RATANAKIRI PROVINCE OF CAMBODIA DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCES HUE, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PHOTOS LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank CF Crude Fiber CP Crude Protein DM Dry Matter FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FCR Feed Conversion Ratio GDAHP General Directorate of Animal Health and Production GDP Gross Domestic Product MAFF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and Fishery NIS National Institute of Statistic OM Organic Matter PDAFF Provincial department of agriculture, forestry and fishery TP True Protein VAHWs Village Animal Health Workers INTRODUCTION Problem statement Cambodia population is over 16 million, annually growth rate of 1.5% and population density of about 91 habita per km in 2018 Agriculture is one of three economic sectors which contributed 26.3 % of national GDP in 2016 Livestock sub-sector contributed about 2.8% to the national economy and 11.96% of agricultural GDP (MAFF, 2017) However, pig production shared about 48% of the total livestock production (FAO, 2011) In 2016, pig population was reached 2,970,624 heads (annually growth rate 2%), and 98% of pig population produced by smallholders (MAFF, 2018) About 5% of smallholders raised local breeds (Borin et al., 2012), due to more resistant to infectious diseases and more adapting to local climate frequency and environment and they also have a higher capacity to digest higher fibrous feed and more reproductive than exotic ones (Rodríguez and Preston, 1997; Len et al., 2009b) The smallholders have turned in a very low level of production due to low input and lack of technical knowledges and experiences in animal husbandry (Wallberg et al., 2011) Total of 54.7% of smallholders fed their pigs with local resources and agricultural byproducts (Borin et al., 2012) Ström et al (2017) indicated that partly and/or fully utilization of the unconventional feeds was potential and sustainable alternative of pigs’ production, mainly for smallholder pigs’ production as it could alleviate the production cost and risks Banana was one of the fruit trees with totally cultivated land of 24,000ha after mango of 42,000ha, produced over 240,000 tons of fruits and 960,000 tons of residues yearly in Cambodia (NIS, 2015) Seven of the 25 provinces in Cambodia reported to plant banana on at least 1,000 Kampong Cham led other provinces with 5,000 of banana plantation and with 819 in Ratanakiri (data from provincial department of agriculture in 2019), but only 350 in 2013 (NIS, 2015) With these cultivated areas, about 3,300 tons of banana stems residue remained in the field with improperly and sufficiently utilization In addition, Jungle banana plants grew naturally for year-rounds in somewhere around the farms or sometimes in the farms and along the ways to the farms as well, so it was very hard to estimated how many hectares of the banana plants were However, they were only harvested as feed of the pigs in some months of the year, especially in the period of cultivated banana plants and other feed resources were in minority or extinction Wang et al (2016) reported that banana stems could be considered as an alternative of traditional forage sources Pigs are generally fed in fresh basic by chopped and pasted together with rice bran, plus some cooked rice or/and kitchen waste (Wallberg et al., 2011) Chhay ty et al (2016) showed that banana stems has very low dry matter and nutritive values, but it could be improved by fermentation with indigenous microorganism (IMO) (Michael et al., 2016) Duyet et al (2013) also found that 50:50 mixtures (DM basis) of banana stems and taro foliage could be ensiled satisfactorily without any additions In addition, supplementation with a combination of 3% nitrogen, 0.4% sulphur and 0.25% phosphorus produced the highest protein content up to 8.98% which higher than the control one of 4.91% (Rochana et al., 2017) Overall and specific objectives of the study 2.1.1 Overall objective To utilize banana stems effectively for improvement of local pig performance under mountainous village conditions in Cambodia 2.1.2 Specific objectives The specific objectives of the study were: • To understand the situation of pig production of ethnic farmers in mountainous • Ratanakiri province; To determine the effects of time, C/N ratio and molasses concentration on yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass production; • To improve nutritive values of banana stems through the fermentation with the • Saccharomyces cerevisiae solution; and To determine the optimum inclusive level of fermented banana stems in diets on apparent digestibility, growth performance and carcass quality of local pig Significant/Innovation of the dissertation The improvement of nutritive values of banana stems through fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the feed of local pigs is acceptable alternative to the farmers, mainly those who living in mountainous areas in Cambodia All papers in this thesis were firstly published in Cambodia CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW Pig production in Cambodia Pig population were totally 2,970,624 heads and it accounted for 98 percent of all small livestock raised in 2016 (MAFF, 2018) The highest density of 78.9 head/km was found in Prey Veng Province and the lowest density of 0.74 head/km in Koh Kong, however the density in Ratanakiri province was also low of only 2.70 heads/km (Sitha, 2012) The pork consumption is gradually increasing about 9.29 kg per capita (FAO, 2012), following to the population Cambodian people needed about 894,108 head pigs a year in 2018, but the local production did not meet the demand, so the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF) officially permitted 1,250 pigs to be imported from Vietnam and Thailand 1.1 Pig production systems Pig production is categorized into three systems such as household/backyard, semi- intensive and intensive (MAFF, 2018) This is quite same as in Thailand, Vietnam, Lao, Myanmar and Philippines (FAO, 2011) Household production accounted for 76% (MAFF, 2018) and most of them were interested in the fattening pigs, a few kept the pigs for breeding purposes (NIS, 2015) They mostly utilized locally available resources such as rice bran, rice distiller by-product, vegetable wastes, cooked rice, kitchen waste and some concentrate feed for their pigs (Ström et al., 2017) By utilization of these local feed resources, the production cycle was longer from 7-10 months to get the weight from 70100 kg (Tornimbene et al., 2012), than semi-intensive system that was only 5.5 months averagely to get from 93-95kg by using homemade feed from cereal grain or using some concentrate In addition, most of the household pig producers relied mainly on village animal health workers (VAHWs) for the vaccination and the treatment of their pigs and 60% of them could earn the benefit from their pig production, whereas 70% of the semiintensive producers could treat and vaccinate their pigs by themselves and get net margin from a fattening pig about 33$/head (Sen and Sorn, 2002; FAO, 2012) According to Tornimbene et al (2015), less than 1% of the pig producers operated on the intensive system with automatically feeding and drinking system The high quality of concentrate and disinfections of drinking water are utilized in this system to get more productivity The fattening period is averagely 4.94 months to get about 106 kg The commercial farms generally apply the “all in, all out system” to easily manage the health status of pigs and reduce the risk of transmission or spreading of disease, that the mortality rate was very low about 1% in nursery, 2% from weanling to finisher (MAFF, 2017) 1.2 Pig production in mountainous zones Local pig (Kandol) production played the important role in the livelihood of ethnic people living in mountainous areas of Cambodia The scavenging-system was traditionally applied due to lesser inputs of labor, feed and investment, but some also confined by fencing or tethering (RUA, 2014) The main sources of feed were from scavenging by eating worms, insects and some leaves of the plants for protein sources and roots of plants for energy sources as pigs were fed daily only one meal in the morning The growth rate of pigs may depend on availability of nutrition The local pigs ranged from 1-5 heads were preferred in this system as they could withstand a harsh environment and poor nutrition (Choeun et al., 2008; RUA, 2014; Velazco et al., 2013; Osbjer et al., 2015) The female pigs were more popular because they were more beneficial for productivity and the sows were crossed naturally without any payment for boar’s service The common infectious diseases, parasite and malnutritional and inadequate feed supply were still the big concern for this system In addition, the ethic people mostly needed to be away from the house for their subsistence farming in several months that caused lack of feed supply and malnutrition Their technical experiences and knowledge in the local pig production were also limited, due to poorer extension service They have just followed the experience from their ancestors 65% of them kept the pigs for traditional ceremony, 21% for breeding and 14% for family income generation (RUA, 2014) Fibrous feeds for pigs Fibrous feeds were potentially utilized as pigs’ feed, mainly for extensive or semi- intensive production in order to alleviate the production cost However, most of them are bulky poor-quality cellulose roughage, containing high crude fiber and lower dry matter content Kass et al (1980) suggested to application of 7-10% fiber in the diet of monogastric, otherwise it speeded up the movement of nutrients through the digestive system, leading less absorption 2.1 Roles of fibrous feeds Fibrous feeds have affected all aspects of gut physiology and they are a major energy source for these bacteria, and therefore markedly affects microfloral diversity/toxicity They are the important components in pig rations that provide the majority of energy for pigs, but they also limit feed intake, digestibility and absorption, affecting growth performance Dietary fiber is very difficult to digest by enzymes in the small intestine but can be partially fermented in the hindgut It is a key factor determining nutrient utilization in the diet More dietary fiber supply caused less palatability and diarrhea, but it also needs to consider gastrointestinal consequence of ingestion rather than just taste (Brownlee, 2009) Serena et al (2008) reported that dietary fiber has a high-water holding capacity, slows the rate of nutrient absorption Most of them are degraded by bacteria in either the small or large intestine Energy produced by microflora in the hindgut can satisfy up to 30% of the maintenance energy requirements of the pig In addition, the hindgut fermentation can generate 17% of the total digestible energy derived from the diet in growing pigs and 25% in sows (Shi and Noblet, 1993) These end-products of fermentation can supply 24% to 30% of the energy needs for growing pigs (Yen et al., 1991) Pig's ability to utilize dietary fiber is positively related to age and weight of the pig 10 IMPLICATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH 3.1 Implications The developed strategy in this thesis was for the improvement of nutritive value of available local feed resources and of the local pigs’ productivity by two concepts: (i) higher local pigs’ productivity and lower investment, mainly on feed; (ii) improvement of nutritive values of banana stems by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Increasing local pigs’ productivity required feeding of highly conventional fibrous feed as sources of protein Through the researches in this thesis has shown that the banana stems could be potentially and economically optional for the local pigs’ production of the ethnic people in the mountainous areas of Cambodia The banana stems were fibrous feedstuff with lower nutritive value and higher water content If feeding the pigs with the fresh ones would lead low intake due to many negative factors of higher fiber, antinutritional factors, palatability and water content, but these could be improved by fermentation with additive of rice bran and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Finally, the thesis confirmed that valuable roles of fermented banana stems as the fibrous feedstuff were very important in improving local pigs’ production of the people in mountainous areas, mainly in community protected areas (CPA) of Cambodia 3.2 Further research Further researches should be focused on some areas: (i) possible ways of promotion of local pigs’ production and of local feed resources, (ii) modifying the fermentation of banana stems by acceptable methodologies and additives and (iii) utilization of conventional banana stems for local pigs in rural areas, especially in community protected areas (CPA) of Cambodia 120 REFERENCES Álvarez, S., Méndez, P and Martínez-Fernández, A., 2015 Fermentative and nutritive quality of banana by-product silage for goats, Journal of Applied Animal Research, 43(4), 396-401, DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.978782 Borin, K and Hinrichs, J., 2012 Pig Value Chain Study on Disease Transmission in Cambodia FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP), 39 Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, THAILAND http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/AH1N1/Ectad.html Chhay, T., Kimseang, A., Borin, K and Preston, T.R., 2014 Replacing rice bran by an ensiled mixture of taro (Colocasia esculenta) foliage and banana stem increases feed intake, diet digestibility and N retention in growing pigs Livestock Research for Rural Development, Volume 26, Article #71 Retrieved December 27, 2016, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd26/4/chha26071.html Chhay, T., Sina, V., Pov, S., Borin, K and Preston, T.R., 2016 Effect of additive yeast solution on banana pseudo stem silage: pp Choeun, S and Sros, T., 2008 Value Chain for Pig Meat Marketing in Cambodia http://cdn.aphca.org/dmdocuments/Study/PAP_08_Cambodia%20Value%20Chain %20for%20Pig%20Meat%20Marketing.pdf Dégen, L., Halas, V and Babinszky, L., 2007 Effect of dietary fiber on protein and fat digestibility and its consequences on diet formulation for growing and fattening pigs: A review, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science, 57(1), 1-9 Danesi, E.D.G., Miguel, A.S.M., Rangel-Yagui, C.O., Carvalho, J.C.M and Pessoa, J.A., 2006 Effect of carbon:nitrogen ratio (C:N) and substrate source on glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) production by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Journal of Food Engineering, (75), 96-103 121 Florenta, A.W., Loha, A.M.B and Thomasbc, H.E 2015 Nutritive Value of three varieties of banana and plantain blossoms from Cameroon 5(2), 052-061 http://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2015.2.012115009 Freire, J.P.B., Dias, R.I.M., Cunha, L.F and Aumaitre, A., 2003 The effect of genotype and dietary fibre level on the caecal bacterial enzyme activity of young piglets: digestive consequences Animal Feed Science and Technology, 106(1-4), 119-130 Freire, J.P.B., Guerreiro, A.J.G., Cunha, L.F and Aumaitre, A., 2000 Effect of dietary fibre source on total tract digestibility, caecum volatile fatty acids and digestive transit time in the weaned piglet Animal Feed Science and Technology, 87(1-2),71-83 Huynh, T.T.T., Aarnink, A.J.A., Drucker, A and Verstegen, M.W.A., 2006 Pig Production in Cambodia, Laos, Philippines, and Vietnam: A review http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/165789/files/AJAD_2006_3_1_2_5Hyunh.pdf ILRI 2008 Pig systems in Southeast Asia- The case of Cambodia, Nairobi Jin, L., Reynolds, L.P., Redmer, D.A., Caton, J.S and Crenshaw, J.D., 1994 Effects of Dietary Fiber on Intestinal Growth, Cell Proliferation and Morphology in Growing Pigs Journal of animal science, (72), 2270-2278 http://jas.fass.org/content/72/9/2270 Jiang, Z., Wei, S., Wang, Z., Zhu, C., Hu, S., Zheng, C., Chen, Z., Hu, Y., Wang, L., Ma, X and Yang, X., 2015 Effect of different forms of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, intestinal development, and systemic immunity in earlyweaned piglets Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 6(47), doi: 10.1186 /s40104-015-0046-8 Jorgensen, H., Zhao, X., Eggum, B.O and Zhao, X.Q., 1996 The influence of dietary fiber and environmental temperature on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility, degree of fermentation in the hind-gut and energy metabolism in pigs British Journal of Nutrition, (75), 365-378 Kalil, M S., Alshiyab, H S and Yusoff, W M W., 2008 Effect of nitrogen source and carbon to nitrogen ratio on hydrogen production using C acetobutylicum American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, (4), 393-401 122 Kass, M.L., Van Soest, P.J., Pond, W.G., Lewis, B and McDowell, R.E., 1980 Utilization of dietary fiber from alfalfa by growing swine I Apparent digestibility of diet components in specific segments of the gastrointestinal tract Journal of Animal Science, (50), 175-181 Kusmiyati1 and Sukmaningtyas, R.P., 2018 Pretreated of banana pseudo-stem as raw material for enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production, https://doi.org/ 10.1051/matecconf/201815401035 Len, N.T., Hong, T.T.T., Ogle, B and Lindberg, J.E., 2009a Comparison of total tract digestibility, development of visceral organs and digestive tract of Mong Cai and Yorkshire × Landrace piglets fed diets with different fiber sources Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 93(2), 181-191 Len, N.T., Ngoc, T.T.B., Ogle, B and Lindberg, J.E., 2009b Ileal and total tract digestibility in local (Mong Cai) and exotic (Landrace x Yorkshire) piglets fed low and high fiber diets, with or without enzyme supplementation Journal of Livestock Science, (126),73-79 Ly, J., Diguez, F.J., Martinez, R.M and Garcia, A., 1998 Digestion of a diet very high in fiber in Cuban Creole pigs Animal Feed Science and Technology, 72(3-4), 397-402 Ma, J., 2015 Banana Pseudostem: properties nutritional composition and use as food, pp 110, 115 Effects of drying on the nutrient stability of banana pseudostem http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:37543/SOURCE02 Madu, C.T., Sogbesan, O.A and Ibiyo, L.M.O., 2003 Some non-conventional Fish Feed Resources in Nigeria In: Eyo, A.A., (Ed.), Feed Development and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture Held at National Institute, 7382 MAFF, 2014 Agricultural statistic, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Manikandan, K and Viruthagiri, T., 2010 Optimization of C/N ratio of the medium and fermentation conditions of ethanol production from Tapioca starch using co-culture 123 of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae International Journal of Chemistry and Technology Research, (2), 947-955 ISSN 0974-4290 Manivanh, N and Preston, T R., 2015 Protein-enriched cassava root meal improves the growth performance of Moo Lat pigs fed ensiled taro (Colocacia esculenta) foliage and banana stem Livestock Research for Rural Development, 27(44), http://www.lrrd org/ lrrd27/3/noup27044.html Mateos, G.G., Martin, F., Latorre, M.A., Vicente, B and Lazaro, R., 2006 Inclusion of oat hulls in diets for young pigs based on cooked maize or cooked rice Journal of Animal Science, (82), 57-63 Menghak, P., Sokha, T., Kouch, T and Mom, S., 2014 Working with Ethnic Group: A Case Study of Introducing Pig Fattening to Garay Ethnicity in Ouyadav District, Ratanakiri province, http://iserd.net/ijerd62/IJERD%206-2-06.pdf Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fishery (MAFF) 2017 Annual Report (2016-2017) and Direction 2017-2018, MAFF Conference 2017, Phnom Penh, Cambodia http://www.twgaw.org/wp-content/uploads /2017 /04 /2017_MAFF-Annual-Report2016-2017-_En.pdf Mohammad zadeh, H., Khorvash, M and Ghorbani, G.R., 2014 Short- and long-time effects of multispecies lactic acid bacteria inoculant on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of corn silages at different maturities and frost killed corn, Journal of Applied Animal Research, 42(4), 371-379, DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.875903 Nasseri, A.T., Rasoul-Amini, S., Morowvat, M.H and Ghasemi, Y., 2011 Single cell protein: Production and Process American Journal of Food Technology, ISSN 1557-4571 Ngoc, T.T.B., 2012 Utilization of Fiber-rich Feedstuffs for Pigs in Vietnam, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management Uppsala, Doctoral Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 124 Ogle, B., 2006 Forages for pigs: nutritional, physiological and practical implications Workshop-seminar "Forages for Pigs and Rabbits" MEKARN-CelAgrid, Phnom Penh, Cambodia http://www.mekarn.org/proprf/ogle.htm Onyegbado, C.O and Edeh, I., 2012 Performance of yeast cultures in cassava wastes Journal of Biochemical Technology, (3), 414-418 ISSN 0974-2328 Phaff, H.J., Starmer, W.T., Miranda, M and Mille, M.W., 1978 Pichia heedii, a New Species of Yeast Indigenous to Necrotic Cacti in the North American Sonoran Desert International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 28(2), 326-331 Randolph, T.F., Schelling, E., Grace, D., Nicholson, C.F., Leroy, J.L., ColeM, D.C., Demment, W., Omore, A., Zinsstag, J and Ruel, M., 2007 Invited Review: Role of livestock in human nutrition and health for poverty reduction in developing countries Journal of Animal Science, 85(11), 2788–2800, https://doi.org/10 2527/jas.2007-0467 Rijnen, M.M.J.A., Dekker, R.A., Bakker, G.C.M., Verstegen, M.W.A and Schrama, J.W., 2001 Effects of dietary fermentable carbohydrates on the empty weights of the gastrointestinal tract in growing pigs Page 17 in Digestive Physiology of Pigs Rochana, A., Dhalika, T., Budiman, A and Kamil, K.A., 2017 Nutritional Value of a Banana Stem (Musa paradisiaca Val) of Anaerobic Fermentation Product Supplemented with Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorus Sources Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, (16), 738-742 https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2017.738.742 RUA Team 2014 Cattle and Pig Market Chain in Rattanakiri Province, Cambodia https://asia.ifad.org/web/1308-ciat/resources/-/resource_library/9426/work-tools Sarlina, P.J and Philip, R., 2013 A molasses-based fermentation medium for marine yeast biomass production International Journal of Research in Marine Sciences, (2)3944 Samkol, P., Borin, K and Sovann, S., 2008 Pig systems in Southeast Asia—the case of Cambodia In: Thorpe W, Jemaneh T, editors In: Pig systems in Asia and the Pacific: how can research and development enhance benefits to the poor 125 Proceedings of a regional conference held 23-24 November at Bangkok, Thailand, pp 34-42 Saroeun, K., Sokerya, S., Samkol, P., Ty, C., Theara, S and Sunnara S., 2007 Assessment of pig production, feed and feeding practices in three main agro-ecological zones of Cambodia Proceedings of Regional Conference, Vietnam http://mekarn.org/ training/courses/matching-livestock-systems-with-available-resources-3 Schen, Y.B., Fellner, V., Yoon, I and Kim, S.W., 2017 Effect of dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product to sows and their offspring on growth and meat quality Translational Animal Science, (1), 45-53 Seneviratne, R.W., Young, M.G., Beltranena, E., Goonewardene, L.A., Newkirk, R.W and Zijlstra, R.T., 2010 The nutritional value of expeller pressed canola meal for grower finisher pigs Journal of Animal Science, 88 (6), 2073-2083 Sheikh, N.H., 2018 The preservation of banana crop residues through ensiling process http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ILRI/x5490E/x5490e0v.htm Sivilai, B and Preston, T.R., 2017 Effect of level of dietary protein on growth and feed conversion of Moo Lath pigs fed a mixture of ensiled taro foliage (Colocasia esculenta) and of ensiled banana pseudo-stem (Musa spp) Livestock Research for Rural Development, Volume 29(34), http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd 29/2/boun29034.htm Sokchea, H.,Hong, T.T.T., Ngoan L.D., Phung, L.D and Borin, K., 2018 Nutritive Value of Fermented Banana Pseudo Stem (Musa spp) and Rice Bran by Saccharomyces cerevisiae International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 7(2), ISSN, 2319-1473 Sokchea, H.,Hong, T,T.T., Ngoan, L.D and Borin, K., 2018 Pig Production System of Ethnic Group in Ratanakiri Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research, (1), 105 Swain, B.K., Naik, P.K and Singh, N P., 2014 Unconventional feed resources for efficient poultry production Technical Bulletin No 47, ICAR-ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa 403 402, India 126 Szabó, C., Jansman, A.J.M., Babinszky, L and Verstegen, M.W.A., 2007 The effect of dietary fermentable carbohydrates on the body composition and meat quality of pigs ISSN 1330-7142.UDK = 636.4:636.084.52:637.5.04/.07 Tai, S.L., Daran-Lapujade, P., Luttik, M.A., Walsh, M.C., Diderich, J.A., Krijger, G.C., Van Gulik, W.M., Pronk, J.T and Daran, J.M., 2007 Control of the glycolytic flux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown at low temperature: a multi-level analysis in anaerobic chemostat cultures Journal of Biology and Chemistry, (282), 10243– 10251 Tien, D.T.M., Tran, N.T.B., Hang, B.P.T and Preston, T.R., 2013 Silage of banana pseudostem and taro foliage as replacement for rice bran fed to common ducks Livestock Research for Rural Development, 25(56), http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/4/tien25056.htm Viswanathan, K., Kadirvel, R and Chandrasekaran, D., 1989 Nutritive value of banana stalk (Musa cavendishi) as a feed for sheep, 22(4), 327-332 https://doi.org/10.1016/ 0377-8401(89)90076-X Walker, G.M., 1998 Yeast Physiology and Biotechnology, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester Wallberg, E., Wredle, E and Borin, K., 2011 Small scale pig production in Takeo province in a rural area of Cambodia http://epsilon.slu.se Wang, C.F., Muhammad, A.U.R., Liu, Z.Y., Huang, B.Z and Cao, B.H., 2016 Effect of ensiling time on banana pseudo stem silage chemical composition, fermentation and in sacco rumen degradation The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 26(2), 339-346, ISSN: 1018-7081 http://www.thejaps.org.pk/docs/v-26-02/06.pdf Wilfart, A., Montagne, L., Simmins, H., Noblet, J., Milgen, J.V., 2007 Effect of fibre content in the diet on the mean retention time in different segments of the digestive tract in growing pigs Livestock Science, (109) 27-29 Yamamoto, Y., Gaudu, P and Gruss, A., 2011 Oxidative stress and oxygen metabolism in lactic acid bacteria Advanced Research, pp 91-102 127 Yen, J T., 1997 Oxygen consumption and energy flux of porcine splanchnic tissues In: Proc 7th International Symposium Digestibility and Physiology of Pigs, (88), 260269 HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY HUY SOKCHEA UTILIZATION OF BANANA STEMS FOR LOCAL PIGS (KANDOL) IN MOUNTAINOUS RATANAKIRI PROVINCE OF CAMBODIA 128 SPECIALIZATION: ANIMAL SCIENCES CODE: 9620105 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCES SUPERVISOR 1: ASSOC PROF TRAN THI THU HONG SUPERVISOR 2: PROF LE DUC NGOAN HUE, 2019 GUARANTEE I hereby guarantee that scientific work in this thesis is mine All results described in this thesis are righteous and objective Two papers were published in Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research, one paper was in International Journal of Innovation and Animal Research Hue, March 2019 Huy Sokchea, PhD student 129 Acknowledgements I am very pleased to express my sincere and gratitude to institutions and individuals, who involved in and contributed to my doctoral thesis Special thanks to the Swedish International Development Authority/Department for Research Cooperation (Sida/SAREC) for financially support of my researches and study in both Cambodia and Vietnam through the MEKARN program (Mekong Basin Animal Research Network) and also to my supervisors, Asso Prof Tran Thi Thu Hong for her constructive advices and useful guidance and also to my co-supervisor Prof Le Duc Ngoan, Asso Prof Le Dinh Phung and H.E Khieu Borin for their inputs in both experiments and the thesis 130 In addition, I would like to thank very much to Prof Le Duc Ngoan, Asso Prof Le Van An, Asso Prof Le Dinh Phung, Asso Prof Nguyen Quang Linh and Asso Prof Nguyen Xuan Ba for providing the training courses on advanced method of writing academic papers; advanced livestock feed and feeding; advanced biology statistics and experiment design; advanced pig husbandry; and advanced cattle husbandry, respectively and also thank to the students from Royal University of Agriculture (Mr Sao Kongkea and Thim Chan Thy) for helping me in running my experiments and staffs of CelAgrid (Dr Chhay Ty, Dr Miech Phalla, Dr Chiv Phiny, Dr Pok Samkol, Mrs Bou Socheata, Mr Son Pov, Mr Vo Sina and Ms Chourn Kimyeang) for their contributions during my thesis development Finally, I also would like to convey my sincere gratitude to my wife, children, parents, parents in law, brothers, sisters and a brother and a sister in-law for their valuable encouragement and understanding 131 Abstract The overall objective of the study was to effectively utilize banana stems for improving local pigs performance under village conditions in the mountainous zones of Cambodia In this thesis, four studies were performed to meet main specific objective In the first study, nine villages of communes and districts with totally 126 respondents were sampled for this study in order to understand the situation of pig production of farmers in mountainous Ratanakiri province As result, all famers preferred keeping local pigs in the range of 3-5 heads per family and the pigs were fed for 8-12 months to get the marketable weight of 30-40 kg (ADG 120g/day) with the diet composed of banana stems 3.8% as DM basic that consisted of 2,257 kcal ME/kg DM and 7.8% CP In the second study, the experiment was followed by nested model with replicates to determine the effects of time, C/N ratio and molasses concentration on yeast of S cerevisiae biomass production It was found that the application of C/N ratio at 10/1 as substrate for 24 hours was able to improve biomass production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae In the third study, the experiment was designed, following to completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and replicates in the purpose of improvement of nutritive values of banana stems by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae solution As result, the fermentation of banana stems with the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae solution could improve their nutritive values, mainly true protein and crude fiber in the period of days, compared to the ones without any addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae solution In the last study, the experiment was designed by the randomized completely design (RCD) with dietary treatments and replicates to determine the optimum inclusive level of fermented banana stems in the diets on apparent digestibility, growth performance and carcasses quality of local pigs As result, the inclusion of fermented banana stems at the 50% into the diet could improve apparent digestibility and growth performance as mainly compared to the control diet, however, any inclusion of fermented banana stems into the diet was not quite effect on carcasses quality 132 Key words: Carcasses quality, digestibility, growth performance, local pig, Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented banana stems 133 Dedication to My parents, parents in law, brothers and sisters My wife Pech Sina My children, Huy Soknancy, Huy Sok 134 ... at least 1,000 Kampong Cham led other provinces with 5,000 of banana plantation and with 819 in Ratanakiri (data from provincial department of agriculture in 2019), but only 350 in 2013 (NIS,... considered as an alternative of traditional forage sources Pigs are generally fed in fresh basic by chopped and pasted together with rice bran, plus some cooked rice or/and kitchen waste (Wallberg... study were: • To understand the situation of pig production of ethnic farmers in mountainous • Ratanakiri province; To determine the effects of time, C/N ratio and molasses concentration on yeast