HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF GRICULTURE AND FORESTRY HUY SOKCHEA UTILIZATION OF BANANA STEMS FOR LOCAL PIGS (KANDOL) IN MOUNTAINOUS RATANAKIRI PROVINCE OF CAMBODIA SPECIALIZATION: ANIMAL SCIENCES CODE: 9620105 SUMMARY OF DISERTATION IN ANIMAL SCIENCES HUE, 2019 Problem statement Banana plants were cultivated on the land totally of 24 000ha, produced over 240,000 tons of fruits and 960,000 tons of residues yearly in Cambodia (NIS, 2015) 819 of banana plants were grown in Ratanakiri (data from PDAFF in 2019), that produced about 32,760 tons of its residues in the field without any properly utilization Wang et al (2016) reported that banana stems could be considered potentially as the feed for the pigs, mainly for household production Pigs are generally fed in fresh basic by chopped and pasted together with rice bran, plus some cooked rice or/and kitchen waste (Wallberg et al., 2011) Chhay ty et al (2016) showed that banana stems has very low dry matter and nutritive values when feeding the pigs in fresh basic, but it could be improved by fermentation with indigenous microorganism (IMO) and/or by mixture with other foliage (Michael et al., 2016; Duyet et al., 2013) In addition, supplementation with a combination of 3% nitrogen, 0.4% sulphur and 0.25% phosphorus also produced the highest protein content up to 8.98% which higher than the control one of 4.91% (Rochana et al., 2017) Pig production shared about 48% of the total livestock production (FAO, 2011) In 2016, pig population was reached 2,970,624 heads (annually growth rate 2%), and 98% of pig population produced by smallholders (MAFF, 2018) About 5% of smallholders raised local breeds (Borin et al., 2012), due to more resistant to infectious diseases and more adapting to local climate frequency and environment and they also have a higher capacity to digest higher fibrous feed than exotic ones (Rodríguez and Preston, 1997; Len et al., 2009b) 54.7% of smallholders utilized local resources and agricultural byproducts as the feed for their pigs (Borin et al., 2012) Ström et al (2017) indicated that partly and/or fully utilization of the unconventional feeds was potential and sustainable alternative, mainly for household pigs’ production as it could alleviate the production cost and risks Objectives To utilize banana stems effectively for improvement of local pig performance under mountainous village conditions in Cambodia The specific objectives below were to accomplish the aim of this research: - To understand the situation of pig production of ethnic farmers in mountainous Ratanakiri province; - To determine the effects of time, C/N ratio and molasses concentration on yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass production; - To improve nutritive values of banana stems through the fermentation with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae solution; and - To determine the optimum inclusive level of fermented banana stems in diets on apparent digestibility, growth performance and carcass quality of local pig Significant/Innovation of the dissertation The improvement of nutritive values of banana stems through fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the feed of local pigs is acceptable alternative to the farmers, mainly those who living in mountainous areas in Cambodia All papers in this thesis were firstly published in Cambodia ©©©©© CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW The literature mainly focused on some key issue as following: (i) Potentiality of the banana stems as the fibrous feed for local pig production, mainly for extensive system to alleviate the production cost as it affected on all aspects of gut physiology, mainly on microbial diversity and to provide major energy sources (ii) Fermentation method is used to produces lactic acid for preservation of the banana stems Yeasts were a better alternative for speeding up of fermentation process, which metabolize sugars, such as glucose and fructose, resulting in the formation of ethanol and carbon dioxide Yeast strain selection plays a key role since it influences the efficiency of conversion from sugar to alcohol (iii) Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a specie of yeasts for fermentation as it has tolerance to high ethanol content, low pH, and low oxygen levels and also plays a prominent role in fermentation process to improve the nutritive values and flavor of the silages However, both nitrogen source, nitrogen concentration and C/N ratio potentially affected on biomass concentration of S cerevisiae ©©©©© CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING PIG PRODUCTION IN MOUNTAINOUS RATANAKIRI PROVINCE Introduction Over 60% of the households could make the income from pig-keeping (Ström et al., 2017) 74% of local breeds and hybrid and 19% of exotic breeds were raised in the plain zones, but 7% of local pigs were raised in Ratanakiri province (NIS, 2015) RUA, (2014) reported that 76% of the farmers in mountainous Ratanakiri province raised the pigs ranged from only 1-5 heads, which could contribute only 10% of total demands while over 70% came from CP company Cambodia and 20% from Vietnam In addition, land converting from forestry covered to agro-industry land was the constraint for this scavenging system Scavenging pig raising system with poorly feed supply was applied, resulted in lower productivity and high risk of mortality (PDAR, 2010), so malnutritional feed supply could be considered to improve for the productivity (FAO, 2010) This study aimed to understand the situation of pig production of ethnic farmers in mountainous Ratanakiri province Methodologies Site selection and duration Ratanakiri is the target of this study where the local pigs and natural available feeds are mostly still practiced districts of districts with communes and villages were selected randomly for the study 10 % of households in each sampled village were selected as informants, so there were 126 informants totally The informants in each village were randomized by using systematic methodology The study lasted for one month from August 01-30, 2018 for the data collection, data entry and cleaning, and analysis 3 Statistical analysis The data from the questionnaire was analyzed by using SPSS software program version 16.0 for frequencies of the descriptive statistics Results and discussion Banana information Totally cultivated land of 4156 in 2019 were planted banana trees, but harvested land was only 819 with the yield of 35 tons/ha in Ratanakiri, as only 350 in 2013 (NIS, 2015) 83% of the people in the targeted areas have grown the banana trees at the size from 100m2 to 600m2 and 8% of them had the banana farm at the size from 0.5- Four species of banana plants, namely as apple banana (Musa sapientum), cavendish banana (Musa acuminate), lady's finger banana (Musa acuminata) and red banana (Musa genera), are generally interested in, but 85% of apple banana was dominated, while others are in the minority In addition, the jungle banana plants were also available along the way to the farms or sometime in the farm Pig raising system 76% of the farmers in Ratanakiri raised the pigs from 1-5 heads, 21% had from 610 heads and 12% had over 10 heads (RUA, 2014) The farmers in the targeted areas practiced freely scavenging system by just feeding one meal in the morning per day for a year-round The main purposes of pig production were for meat consumption and dedication to religious status for happiness and treatment of the illnesses Only 26% of them were able to get the benefit from selling the pigs and 74% kept the pigs for traditional ceremony and dedication to religious statuses RUA, (2014) also reported that 65% of the farmers kept pigs for traditional ceremony, 21% for breeding and 14% for family income generation Pig production and health 88%, 73% and 86% of small-scale producers in Lbang Muoy, Ou Chum and Yeak Loam, respectively produced the fattening pigs for over months to reach the market weight Production cycle was longer than (Borin et al., 2012) that just spent from 5-6 month to get the market with enough home-made feed supply The mortality rate of pigs was 65%, 53% and 46% in Yeak Loam, Lbang Muoy and Ou Chum commune, respectively This high rate was because predators, infectious diseases, unscheduled deworming, no vaccination and malnutritional feed supply Menghak et al (2014) also mentioned that poor feeding, no deworming and vaccination programs; resulted to high risk of diseases and mortality Pigs breed and breeding Local breed-base, named as Kandol is more popular due to more reproductive, resistant to infectious diseases and poorer nutritional feeds Choeun et al (2008) also reported that 85% of smallholders produced local pigs, due to lower investment, resistant to infectious diseases, adaptation to local environment, and they were able to rear as scavenging system Natural breeding program and no any charge for boar service was still predominant Indigenous sows and gilts were usually mated by the unknown boars, sometime by wild boars in the forest This because led higher mortality rate, mainly newborn piglets than the commercial farms (Phengvilaysouk et al., 2017) Feed and feeding systems The diet was composed by banana stems, broken rice and rice bran However, the varieties of bananas stems were utilized, following to the availability Jungle banana stems were also used as the feed for pigs from June to August With these feedstuffs, the production cycle took from 0.8-1 year to reach the market weight of 30-40kg Problem and solution on pig production Infectious diseases, parasite, predators and inadequate feed supply were the common challenges 52% of residents in the targets were able to access the technical service and market information about the pig’s production, mainly from provincial department of agriculture The linkage closely between producers with the traders/slaughterhouse could be the important structure to better updating the market information and also to increase the pig productivity of indigenous people 5 Conclusion Scavenging-based system was applied by ethnic people in Ratanakiri Local pigs were more popular Feeding system was mainly relied on scavenging, but supplementation of one meal in the morning a day Natural breeding without any payment was preferably practiced In addition, vaccination and deworming schedule were also not applied ©©©©© CHAPTER 3: EFFECT OF TIME, C/N RATIO AND MOLASSES CONCENTRATION ON SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE BIOMASS PRODUCTION Introduction Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to produce single cell protein as an animal feed supplement (Nasseri et al., 2011) In monogastric animals, the use of live yeast to improve feed nutrition has become more popular when the Europe ban using antibiotics as an antibiotic growth promoter in animal production since 2006 Maron et al (2013) also indicated that U.S restricted any antimicrobial use, following to scientific evidences to preserve the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs for treatment of infections in humans and animals To increase biomass of S cerevisiae, the substrate must have enough soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen for the growth of yeast cells Use of sugarcane blackstrap molasses and yeast extract at a C and N ratio of 10 gave the highest biomass of yeast Pretreatment of yeast with urea solution enhanced the ability of yeast cell to use urea and elevated the biomass yield (Oura, 1974; Woehrer and Roehr, 1981) Manikandan and Viruthagiri, (2010) reported that both nitrogen source, nitrogen concentration and C/N ratio affected biomass concentration Thus, the study therefore aimed to examine the effect of time, C/N ratio and molasses concentration in the growth medium on yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass production Material and methods Yeast strain and preparation Feed Active Dry Yeast of ICFOOD Company was used in this experiment One gam of yeast was diluted with sterile distilled water in the range of 10 -1 to 10-8 for testing density of yeast in the product Experimental design The experiment was designed by nested model with three replicates Carbon and nitrogen ratios (5:1; 10:1 and 15:1), molasses concentration and the time of fermentation at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 28h were independent variables Table 1: The medium for yeast fermentation C/N=5/1 Urea Molasses Yeast Water (g) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 (g) 5.75 11.67 17.50 23.33 (g) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (g) 93.65 87.23 80.90 74.57 C/N=10/1 Urea Molasses Yeast Water (g) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 (g) 11.67 23.33 35.00 46.67 (g) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (g) 87.73 75.57 63.40 51.23 C/N=15/1 Urea Molasses Yeast Water (g) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 (g) 17.50 35.00 52.50 70.00 (g) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (g) 81.90 63.90 45.90 27.90 Data analysis Data were entered into excel sheet before exported to SPSS sheet, and then analyzed by nested design of the SPSS software The model is: Y = mean + time + C/N ratio + molasses concentration + e Results Effect of time on Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass Biomass increased at each hours interval, from 1.00g L -1 to 6.82g L-1 There were significantly differences on biomass of yeast from to 12h (P0.05 Conclusion Inclusion of 50% of fermented banana stems increased the dry matter, organic matter and crude protein digestibility... plain zones, but 7% of local pigs were raised in Ratanakiri province (NIS, 2015) RUA, (2014) reported that 76% of the farmers in mountainous Ratanakiri province raised the pigs ranged from only... the situation of pig production of ethnic farmers in mountainous Ratanakiri province Methodologies Site selection and duration Ratanakiri is the target of this study where the local pigs and natural