Một số vấn đề nội dung và phương pháp giảng dạy văn học viết việt nam cho người nước ngoài

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI TRirOTVG DAI HQC KHOA HOC XA HOl VA NHAN VAN Ten de tai: MOT SO VAN DE NOI DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP GIANG DAY VAN HOC VIET VIET NAM • • • CHO NGUOI NUOC NGOAI Ma so: QX.2007.32 Chii tri de tai: TS PHAM PHU TY Ha Noi thang nam 2009 MUC LUC • • LOT NOI DAU NOI DUNG CHINH Trang Chuong 1: Nhiing thach thiic doi vai viec giang day van hoc viet Viet Nam cho nguai nirac ngoai 11 Chucmg 2: Mieu ta noi dung giang day van hoc viet Viet Nam cho nguoi nirac ngoai 26 Bai 1: Khai quat chung ve van hoc Viet Nam 30 Bai 2: Van hoc Viet Nam tCr thi ki X din thi ki XIV 32 Bai 3: Van hoc Viet Nam th6 ki XV 37 Bai 4: Van hoc Viet Nam the ki XVI den nua d4u the ki XVIII 41 Bai 5: Van hoc Viet Nam nira cuoi the ki XVIIl niia dau the ki XIX 47 Bai 6: Van hoc Viet Nam nua cuoi the ki XIX 55 Bai 7: Van hoc Viet Nam giai doan 1900 - 1930 60 Bai 8: Van hoc Viet Nam giai doan 1930 - 1945 71 Bai 9: Van hoc Viet Nam giai doan 1945 - 1975 79 Bai 10: Van hoc Viet Nam sau 1975 95 ChiTorng 3: Mot so van de phirong phap giang day van hoc viet Viet Nam cho nguai nuac ngoai 108 Phan ki lich sir van hoc va tien trinh van hoc giang day van hoc viet Viet Nam cho njzirai nirac n^oai 108 Mot so nguyen tac mang tinh phuong phap luan giang day van hoc viet Viet Nam cho nguai nuac ngoai KET LUAN 13 BAO CAO TINH HINH THy^C HIEN VA KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU CUA DE TAI NCKH CAP DAI HQC QUOC GIA Ten de tai: Mot so van de noi dung va phuang phap giang day van hoc viet Viet Nam cho nguai nuac ngoai Ma so: QX.2007.32 Chu tri de tai: TS Pham Phu Ty Tinh hinh thirc hien de tai • LI Muc tieii va noi dung nghien cmi ' ' f \ Van hoc la bo phan tinh nhat, bo phan nong cot, ca ban cau nen van hoa dan toe Tu dugc lap va tra mot khoa doc lap den nay, du dual ten ggi Khoa Tieng Viet, Khoa Tieng Viet va Van hod Viet Nam truac day hay Khoa Viet Nam hoc vd Tieng Viet hien nay, mon hoc Van hoc Viet Nam (bao gom van hoc dan gian va van hoc viet) bao gia cung chiem vj tri dang ke ca cau chuong trinh dao tao va dugc coi la mon hoc bat bugc thugc khoi kien thuc ca sa chuyen nganh Sinh vien nuac ngoai hoc van hoc l i t Viet Nam khong chi de biet den nhung tuu ciia no qua nhung tac gia, tac pham cu the ma phai hieu rang, qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien ciia nen van hgc viet gan lien vai nhung truyen thong va tuu cua van hoa, van hgc dan gian, va tren ca sa ay, tiep thu mot each chu dgng anh huang van hoa, van hgc nuac ngoai Hg cung can hieu rang, lich su van hgc Viet Nam la mot tien trinh phat trien lien tuc ve tat ca cac phuang dien: quan niem ve van hgc, ngon ngu, the loai, lire lugng sang tac, cong chung, phuang tien, ca cau cua mot nen van hoc v.v Van hoc viet Viet Nam, tu dai cung vai ki nguyen cua doc lap dan toe, vai tu each la hinh thai y thuc xa hoi, luon luon la tilng noi phan anh xa hoi va thai dai, tarn tinh, nguyen vong ciia quan chung nhan dan Ben canh binh dien "nhan thiic" nhu vay, hoc van hoc viet Viet Nam, nguai hoc thay dugc cai hay, cai dep ciia nghe thuat ngon tir tilng Viet, hieu tieng Viet a mot nhijng dang phong each tieu bilu nhk cua no Co nghla la gop phan hoan thien toan dien kien thuc cho nguai hgc tot nghiep chuomg trinh cu nhan Viet Nam hgc va Tieng Viet Vai vi tri ciia mon hgc nhu vay, muc tieu va noi dung nghien cuu ciia d^ tai la: Xac dinh nhung noi dung can yeu nhat phu hgp vai kha nang, muc dich ciia nguai hgc tren ca sa thai lugng cho phep; dong thai d^ xuit nhung bien phap, phuang phap giang day nham mang lai hieu qua thiet thuc cho hg L2 Tom tat kit qua nghien cuu, y nghia khoa hgc Bat cii qua trinh day hgc nao ciing can xac djnh cac yeu to: thai gian hgc, doi tugng hgc, noi dung va muc dich hgc Day la mot he van de c6 lien quan mat thiet vai do, thai gian hgc dugc coi la yeu to khdch quan, c6 dinh ma ca nguai day, nguai hgc phai chap nhan va lay lam can cii de thuc hien qua trinh hoat dgng Chinh vi vay, tren ca sa thai lugng ciia chuang trinh dao tao, a chuang mot, chiing toi gianh cho viec phan tich tam li, nhung thuan Igi, kho khan va muc dich ciia nguai hgc cung nhu ban chat ciia mon hoc Co the noi, mot loat kho khan, thach thiic ma ca nguai day va nguai hgc can phai vugt qua, la: thai lugng qua it, nguai hgc rat han che (tham chi la rat kem) ve kha nang tieng Viet, ban chat ciia mon hgc vua kho, vira mai me, vua qua rgng, qua Ion ve khoi lugng kien thuc Dieu can nhan manh a day la, vi van hgc la nghe thuat ngon tu, ngon ngu la yeu to thii nhat ciia van hgc, mang dac trung, tam hon dan toe cho nen, nhung kho khan, thach thiic cang tra nen Ion gap bgi phan Nhan thuc het nhung kho khan, thach thiic do, chiing toi tien hanh xay dung (diing la xac dinh) nhiJng noi dung ca ban ciia chuang trinh mon hgc a chuang Suot chang duong 11 the ki, van hgc viet Viet Nam da trai qua nhung hinh thai xa hoi va nhieu giai doan Ijch sii khac va la mot tien trinh phat trien lien tuc Vi vay, de dan gian hoa cho qua trinh giang day (vi cang dan gian thi cang hieu qua) toan bo noi dung dugc thiet ke cac bai hoc, bam sat theo su phan ki, phan doan van hoc Tdt ca cac bai hoc d6u xac djnh cac tac pham cu the bat buoc nguai hoc phai doc va nhung tac ph4m ma rong, doc them (gianh cho nhimg nguai c6 trinh do, kha nang va thuc su yeu thich van hoc) Duong nhien, day phai la nhung tac phim tieu bilu nh4t ca ve noi dung, hinh thiic, the loai cho mot tac gia, mot giai doan hoac trao \uu van hgc Khong nhung the, no la nhung tac pham the hien dugc ro ti^n trinh ciia van hgc viet Viet Nam Vai viec dgc tac pham, nguai hgc da ciing mot liic dat dugc hai muc tieu: nang cao trinh ve tieng Viet ciia minh - nhat la tieng Viet a dang phong each nghe thuat, dong thai c6 nhung thau nhan, hieu biet ve van hgc Viet Nam thong qua nhimg tac pham cu the Ve phuang dien phuang phap, no khac phuc dugc tinh trang day chay, hgc chay, benh "dai y" kha bien day van, hgc van hien Dac biet vai rieng nguai nuac ngoai, chi c6 dgc tac pham thi mon hgc mai tra nen c6 ich Noi each khac, doc tac pham la yeu cau chu yeu, cung la dieu kien tien quyet tao nen cong cua qua trinh day hoc Cung vai viec xac dinh cac tac pham can doc, moi bai hoc dugc thiet kl dual dang ket hgp giai thieu nhung van de chung, khai quat cua giai doan van hgc vai tac gia, tac pham cu the va ngugc lai, nhijng tac pham, tac gia giai thieu dai dien cho ca giai doan, phong trao Day la giai phap nhat ung diSu kien thai lugng cua mon van hgc qua han che lai bi chi phoi bai nhung hoat dong, thao tac khac qua trinh giang day Nhu vay la, thiet ke noi dung chuang trinh, chung toi da phai nghl den giai phap d§ thuc hien cung nhu mgi giai phap (a day la phuang phap day) deu phai can cu tren noi dung, yeu cau, dieu kien (cua nguai hgc va mon hoc) cho phep Nhung nguyen tac mang tinh phuang phap luan ma chung toi neu thuc chit la su tong ket nhung sinh tat yeu qua trinh day hgc Nhfrng muc tieu, noi dung chua thu-c hien du-g-c: Khong Tinh hinh su* dung kinh phi - Kinh phi cfirac duyet: 40.000.000d (Bon mum trieu ddng chin) - Kinh phi dirac cap: 38.000.000 (Ba muvi tam trieu dong chdn) Tinh hinh sir dung thiet bi cua de tai: Khong Hap tac quoc te: Khong Thuan loi, kho khan, kien nghi: \ ^ f t y \ , , De nghi cac cap c6 tham quyen ve dao tao cho phep va cap kinh phi de lam mot tuyen tap cac tac pham van hgc Viet Nam tieu bieu (ca van hgc dan gian va van hgc viet) cho nguai nuac ngoai lam cong cu hgc tap Du kien ke hoach nghien ciru trien khai thai gian tdi - Lam tuyen tap nhu kien nghi a tren - Viet tap bai giang va tien tai lam giao trinh van hgc Viet Nam cho nguai nuac ngoai Ha Noi, ngdy/^thdng!^ hidm 2009 Xac nhan cua Khoa Chu tri de tai PGS.TS Vu Van Thi TS Pham Phii Ty; Xac nhan cua Tru-ang BAO CAO TOM TAT NQI DUNG VA KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU CUA DE TAI A Phan tieng Viet Ten de tai: Mot so van de ve noi dung va phirong phap giang day van hoc viet Viet Nam cho ngiroi nirac ngoai Ma so de tai: QX.2007.32 Ho va ten nguoi chu tri de tai: TS Pham Phii Ty Ngu-ffi cong tac: Khong Co" quan thuc hien: Khoa Viet Nam hoc va Tieng Viet, Truong Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi Caquan phoi hcrp: Khong, Thcri gian thirc hien: Tir thang 1/2007 den thang 1/2009 Muc dich nghien ciru Xac djnh noi dung va phuang phap day van hoc viet Viet Nam nham cai thien ket qua dao tao Viet Nam hoc va tieng Viet cho nguoi nuac ngoai Noi dung chinh - Phan tich nhung kho khan, thuan Igi, muc dich, dieu kien ciia nguai nuac ngoai hoc mon van hoc Viet Nam noi chung va hoc a Khoa Viet Nam hoc va Tieng Viet noi rieng - Xac dinh nhOng noi dung van hoc Viet Nam quan nhat, can thiet nhat trang bj cho sinh vien nuac ngoai hoc chuang trinh cu nhan Viet Nam hoc va Tieng Viet - De xuat cac bien phap, phuang phap thuc hien cac noi dung, van de qua trinh giang day nham mang lai hieu qua thiet thuc cho nguai hoc Ket qua cu the - Toan bo cong trinh dugc the hien bang chuang chinh vai khoang 130 trang danh may kho giay A4 - Cong trinh da dugc trich de tham gia hoi nghi va dugc cong bo nhu sau: Pham Phu Ty (2006), Mot so van de noi dung vd phuomg phap gidng day van hoc Viet Nam cho nguoi nirac ngodi, Ki yeu hoi thao khoa hgc Viet Nam hoc vd Tieng Viet, Nxb DHQG Ha Noi, tr 482 - 492 Kha nang trien khai ling dung ket qua nghien ciiu - Day la cong trinh dau tien nghien cuu ve noi dung va phuang phap day van hgc Viet Nam cho nguai nuac ngoai Vi vay, no se dugc ap dung true tiep va c6 hieu qua thiet thuc giang day, dao tao - Cong trinh se la ca sa de bien soan giao trinh va sach cong cu phuc vu dao tao Hd Noi, ngdy /(thdng/'/ndm Chu tri de tai TS Pham Phii Ty 2009 B Phan torn tat bang tieng Anh PROJECT SUMMARY Project title: A study on defining the contents and appropriate methods in teaching Vietnamese literature to foreigners Code number: QX.2007.32 Project leader: Dr Pham Phu Ty Coordinator: No Implementing institution: Department of Vietnamese studies and language, University of Sciences and Humanities, VNU Cooperating institution: No Duration: from 2007, January to 2009, January l.Objectives Proposing contents and methods of teaching Vietnamese literature in order to improve of training Vietnamese studies and language for foreigners Main content - Analyzing the advantages and disadvantages, the purposes, conditions of foreigners in leaming at the Dep of Vietnamese studies and language in general and leaning Vietnamese literature in particular - Defining the most important and essential contents to teach foreign students of bachelor program of Vietnamese studies and language - Proposing some techniques and methods of teaching Vietnamese literature so that students can achieve effective results after the course The concrete results - The project is written in chapters which contain 130 pages typed in A4 size - The project was quoted and published in the summary record of the workshop "Vietnamese studies and language" with the title of "A study on defining the contents and appropriate methods in teaching Vietnamese literature to foreigners", Hanoi National University Publisher, pages 482492 The ability of deploying and applying the results of the research - This is the first research on defining the contents and appropriate methods in teaching Vietnamese literature to foreigners therefore it will be applied directly and effectively in teaching and training - This project will be the basic foundation to compile the text book and reference book for teaching and training Dr Pham Phu Ty " Thi phap van hgc: cong thiic, nhieu dien tich, dien co, ngon ngu uoc le, bac hgc va chii yeu mang tinh phi nga -> tu do, da dang hinh thiic bi§u hien, ngon ngu dai thuang cua toan dan, tac pham the hien cai toi va mang dam dau an ca nhan, tu sang tao - De tai van hgc: Bi bo hep noi dung giao huan, cung dinh, quan phuang, it chii y den nhung van de xa hoi, nguoi -> ma rgng muon mat * > ^ ' ddi thudng tat ca nhiing gi thugc ve ngudi, thugc ve ddi sdng ciia ngudi, khdng cd "viing cam" Van hgc, ciing nhu bat cir nganh nghe thuat nao khac la sang tao Ma sang tao la ddi mdi va each tan Sir ddi mdi va each tan van hoc khdng gidng nhu nhung biln ddi vl quan su, chinh tri ma dien tir tir va la mot qua trinh cd tinh dac thii gin vdi ban chit ciia nd Lich sir van hgc la lich sir ciia su each tan Trong van hoc, each tan cd thi xay ndi ham mdt pham trii van hoc Vi nhu, pham trii van hgc trung dai, tir thdi Ly - Tran den cac ddi Le, Trinh Mac N^uvln la mdt qua trinh each tan, biln ddi va phat trien khdng ngimg Cdn each tan tir thi ki XIX sang thi ki XX la each tan mang y nghTa thay ddi pham trii van hgc Bam sat tiln trinh lich sir van hoc thdng qua nhimg tac gia Idn, nhimg tac phim tieu bilu nhit giiip ngirdi hgc nude ngoai hinh dung mot each tdng thi, vira chinh xac, vira bin virng birc tranh vl van hoc viet Viet Nam Mot so nguyen tic mang tinh phuong phap luan giang day van hoc viet Viet Nam cho nguoi nuoc ngoai 2.1 Tir ngir, vSn bdn phdi Irmic mpl bu&c Til cudi nhimg nam 60 th€ ki XX, mot giao su, niia nghien ciiu van hoc noi tiSng nguai Nga da canh bao mot nguy co to Ion va bijn cua mon van Itoc nha truong nhu sau: " Lai tho hoc lo mot ciu tri,c rjt phirc tap No dugc phuc tap hoa dang kS quan he vai ngon ngtr tu nhien Vi, nlu gia du co mot uan,g thong tin dugc chira dung ca lai tha ( ) ISn loi noi thong thitcmg 115 ma tuong tu nhau, thi han thii lai le mang tinh nghe thuat se mat di quyen t6n tai va han se triet tieu, Nhung van de lai dien theo each khac: cai cau tnic co tinh nghe thuat bi phiic tap hoa, dugc tao nen tu chat lieu ngon ngii, lai cho phep truyen dat mot dung lugng ciia loai thong tin ma voi viec truyen dat bang cac phuang tien gian dan dac trung ciia cau tnic ngon ngir thi khong tiep nhan dugc Do ma thong tin dugc de cap tai ay (noi dung) khong the ton tai dugc, T ^ ' ciing khong the dugc truyen dat ben ngoai cai cau tnic dang noi tai Khi ke lai bai tho bang Idi ndi thudng, chiing ta se huy hoai cau true, va duong nhien, dua lai cho noi tiep nhan hoan toan khdng phai cai lugng thdng tin dich thuc chiia dung d nd Nhu vay, phuong phap luan ciia sir xem xet tach rdi "ndi dung tu tuong" mdt noi, "dac trimg nghe thuat" mot neo, timg bat re sau biet bao thuc tien nha truong, la dua tren sir thilu hilu bilt nhirng co sd ciia nghe thuat va that tai hai, bdi \ i nd tap hu cho ddc gia khdng dugc dao tao quen vdi mot each hinh duns sai lac vl van hgc, nhu la vl mot each trinh bay ddng dai va hoa mT nhimg tu tudng ma le cd thi ndi mot each don gian va ngan gon Neu ndi duna tu tuanc^ ciia Chiin tranh vd hod binh hoac Epgienhi Onheghin cd the trinh bay ddi trang giay, thi kit luan tit nhien la: cin dgc khdng phai nhimg tac phim dai ddng ma la nhung cuon sach giao khoa ngin gon Day la cai ket luan khdng phai dl miy dng thiy tdi xiii biy dam hoc trd lud hudng tdi, ma ki toan bd he thdng day dd nha trudng vl van hgc, cai he thdng, din lugt nd, phan anh mot each tim thudng va vi thi ma cung ranh rgt nhit nhung khuynh huong rd rang dang cam thiy tu tin khoa hoc" (Ju.M.LdtMan - Cdu triic vdn ban nghi thuat, Nxb Nghe thuat, M.1970)" Thilt nghl, sir chi trich viec day van hoc tach rdi tac pham, khdng dgc tac phim; viec day tach rdi ndi dung va nghe thuat tac pham thi la da rd NIU noi • u I in nh-^n mon Van hoc trurii; dai, sach \loi so vdii - Din theo Tran Ngoc Vuong, Ttr mon van no chung den P' "n—^"^'^" de ve li luan va Uch su van hoc, Nxb DHQG Ha Noi, 2002, tr 8_ - I83 116 chung da la nhu vay thi vai chiing ta, cu the la viec day van hgc viet Viet Nam cho nguai nuac ngoai, yeu cau phai dgc tac pham va hieu tac pham biic thiet han nhieu Sii hgc quan tam chinh den sir kien, tu sir kien ma phan tich - danh gia - tong ket van hgc truac het quan tam den tac pham va bat dau tu tac pham Thii hinh dung, neu day van hgc cho nguoi nuac ngoai, ta chi neu ''dai y" (du la CO diic, ngan ggn nhat), tien hanh nhirng phan tich (dii la ti mi nhat, logic nh4t), dua nhirng nhan xet, danh gia (du la chinh xac nhat, khach quan nhat) thi phong CO ich gi cho nguai hgc? Khong mang lai cho hg cai gi het Tat ca nhung nhan dinh, phan tich ky se dugc nguai hoc de lai sau khoi lop vi day nhu thi la cuong birc, ap dat Cai yeu cau ngudi hgc nam dugc, dii la dai thi din mire, cd mot nin vdn hgc Viet Nam khdng dat dugc ma ca muc dich ndng cao trinh tiing Viet, hilu dugc tilng Viet dudi dang ngdn ngir van hoc cuno khdng dat duoc not Vi vay, cd thi ndi, viec day van hoc viet Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngoai, dgc va hilu tac pham van hgc la khau quan trong, la tiln dh va mdt nira cdng cua qua trinh day hgc Nhu vay, tdi day cd thi giai thich trd lai cho viec o chuong hai, thiet ke nhimg ndi dung giang day, chung tdi chi dinh rit cu thi nhiing tac phim cin doc (bat budc) va md rgng (dgc them) Cau hdi dat la, lieu cd thi "ep budc" sinh vien "dgc" nhu thi, dilu kien van hoa doc xudng cip mang tinh toan cau? Hoan toan cd the nlu td chirc tdt theo phuong thirc dao tao tin chi Day la phuong thirc tang cudng tinh chu ddng, tich cue ciia sinh vien; chiing ta cd gid tu hoc d nha (bang lin sd gid len ldp); co gio tu hoc, thao luan, gid lam bai tap o ldp dudi su hudng din cua giao vien; cd cac nhdm hgc tap va su phan cdng hoc tap thuylt trinh theo nhdm, cd kilm tra, danh gia o mdi cdng viec cu the Dong thdi thach thuc vl thdi lugng (han chi), thach thuc ve trinh tieng Viet han chi cua sinh vien hoan toan cd the khac phyc dugc Vay, dau la tac pham b.t 117 bugc can dgc, tai lai c6 nhijng tac pham dgc them, dieu co lien quan den nguyen tac thii hai sau day 2.2 Tir diem den dien; tiv tdc phdm, tdc gia den giai doan, phong trdo That ra, lam cong viec tuyen chgn, dii tuyen chgn bat cii cai gi cung la dieu kho khan Do tinh tuyen cang cao thi kho khan cang lan Doi vai van hoc Viet Nam, nhu da noi, chua the so vai cac nen van hgc lan tren the giai, nhung vai sinh vien nuac ngoai, van la menh mong bien ca, mot so lugng qua lan, qua nhieu tac gia, tac pham Chgn lira tac gia, tac pham nao, tai lai la A ma khdng phai la B, C khdng de mong cd dugc sir ddng thuan ciia tat ca Nhung cdng viec bit budc phai lam, va sir lira chgn duong nhien phai la nhung tac gia, tac phim tieu bilu nhit Ching han, Hd Xuan Huong dai dien cho tho Ndm; Truyen Kiiu cd thi thay thi cho tit ca truyen Ndm luc bat; Khdng xung dang hon Xuan Dieu dai dien cho ca phong trao tho mdi, cdn Td HQ-u la dai dien tieu bilu cho 30 nam tho ca each mang Cung nhu vay, ca thi ki van hgc XV cd the bd qua nhung se khdng the hinh dung ndi nlu ving Nguyen Trai Ong la ngudi ndi tilng ndi hao hiing tilp ndi va khep lai giai doan diu van hgc khang dinh dan tdc Viet ddc lap, nude Dai Viet tu cudng Ong md ra, bao hieu cho ca giai doan sau, van hgc khang dinh nha nude phong kiln a long trung quan, phd vua, giiip nude, mo udc cd mot xa hdi Nghieu Thuin li tirdng nhung cung nghi ngcii nha nude iy d sir im lanh cugc ddi, Idng ngirdi den bac, dua chen, ganh ghet lin Ong vilt van, lam cao, sang tac tho tru tinh ca Ndm va Han va that su bien nhimg bai van luan chiln cua minh mdt vii Ong the hien hit minh o tu tuang^.han nghia, yeu nude thuang dan va ciing the hien ca tinh yeu ca nhan tinh tl va rit hien dai {Ngodi dy cdn cd le - Ca long muan ddp hai ciing) The cao va van luan chiln vdi dng tro miu muc nhung dng cung bien tho Ndm, nhit la thi thit ngdn xen luc ngdn ddc dao 118 Viec im tien chgn lira ve mat the loai ciia tac pham van hoc cung la yeu cau can dugc tinh tai, nhat la vai van hgc trung dai Tho chii Nom va chu Han, chieu - hjch - cao - van luan chien - truyen ki - tieu thuyet chuang hoi - tmyen tha v.v , nhijng gi tinh nhat (va a miic toi thieu nhat) phai dugc tuySn chon May ma so lugng ciia chiing khong nhieu Rieng the van te, Vdn te chi ciia Ngo Thi Nham, Vdn te va ciia Pham Thai, Vdn te chong ciia Le Ngoc Han, Vdn te nghia SI ciia Nguyen Dinh Chieu deu rat cam dgng, thong thiet, mau muc Nhung tac pham ciia nha tho mu dugc chon lam bai hoc khong phai vi "y nghTa chinh tri" so vdi ba bai trudc Nd dugc chon vi ngoai su mau muc ve hinh thirc, xuit sic v l nghe thuat ciia the loai cdn vi ndi dung tieu bieu cho ca giai doan (van hgc yeu nude chdng Phap), vi su xuat hien lan dau tien ciia nhan vat van hgc mdi, mdt nhung chii nhan cua ca the ki van hgc hien dai tiep sau Vdi van hgc hien dai, viec lira chgn xem cd ve khd thuyet phuc hon vi mat bing Idn ma khdng rd "dinh" Ca thi ki tho ca hien dai, lieu cd phai ba vi tri hang diu la Td Hiru, Chi Lan Vien, Xuan Dieu? Xuyen sudt thi ki tho ca, rd rang dai dien tieu bilu ciia tha mdi khdng thi la khac Xuan Dieu - "mdi nhat cac nha tha mdi" (Hoai Thanh) Td Him chic chin phai la la cd dau cua 30 nam tho ca each mang va Viit Bdc vira tieu bilu cho giai doan tho kliang chiln, vira mang dac trung ciia mdt phong each tho, lai la miu muc cua thi tho luc bat cua dan tdc Cdn Chi Lan Vien la dai dien cua giai doan tho Anh sdng - phii sa va Chim bdo bdol Rieng chii nghia hien thuc giai doan 1930 - 1945 da de lai nhimg tuu xuit sac nhit van hgc hien dai Theo quy luat van ddng va dac trm^g ban chit cua nd, chu nghTa hien thuc co vai trd Idn tien trinh hien dai hoa mdi nen van hgc; cac tac gia Nguyin Cdng Hoan, Ngd Tat Td, Vii Trgng Phung Nguyen Hdng, Nam Cao deu la nhung ten tudi Idn, khd tim mdt sir vuot trdi Ca trao liru van hgc lam mdt dilm nhin, nhien van ban 119 dugc chgn lira, nlu chi cd mdt, thi khdng thoat khdi kiet tac Chi Pheo cua Nam Cao Tdm lai, dieu kien nhiing khd khan thach thirc ma ta timg biet, viec lay tac pham de giai thieu tac gia; lay tac gia hoac mot vai tac gia de gioi thieu ca mot giai doan, mot phong trao la giai phap hiixi hieu kha thi Van de la a cho, su lira chgn tac gia, tac pham ay co that sir tieu bieu, dich dang hay khong ma thoi Chgn khong diing, nliat la ''chon nham" thi cong viec se tra ''thay boi xem voi", "thay cay ma chang thay rimg" 2.3 Ket hop nhuan nhuyen giua khdi quat vd cu the Mgi li thuyet ve van hgc suy den ciing deu lien quan den viec sang tac van ban va tilp nhan van ban Viet Nam ta, sudt mdt thdi gian dai nhQ-ng ngudi nghien cim va giang day van hgc thudng di theo lap trudng xa hdi, hudng su chii y cua minh din ndi dung phan anh hien thuc xa hdi ciia tac pham, tire la chii y khai thac mdi quan he giua cai phan anh (tac phim) va cai dugc phan anh (hien thuc khach quan), nghia la chii y din vin dl "ngoai bd" tac pham Trong ddi tugng phan anh, dac biet nhin manh din quan he giai cap (dau tranh giai cip), quan he dan tdc (chu nghia dan tdc va chii nghia yeu nude) Khac vdi each lam dd, nha hinh thirc hgc lai quan tam din ciu tnic hinh thirc cua ban than tdc phim (van ban) nhu mdt he thdng cd gia tri ndi tai, khep kin, tii'c la chi chii y den cdi phan dnh hon la cdi dugc phan dnh Tit ca nhung phirong dien cd quan he vdi qua trinh tao nen van ban, ngdn tir va ciu true cua van ban la ddi tugng quan tam cua nha hinh thirc hgc Nha hinh thirc hgc mieu ta thi gidi nghe thuat van ban tac pham chir khdng quan tam di tim thi gidi ben ngoai nao dd de ddi chilu xem nd da dugc tac phim phan anh trung thirc hay khdng Cach lam da thuc su mang lai hieu qua va hip din khdng it gidi nghien ciiu Viet Nam vao hat thap nien cudi thi ki XX, tham chi da cd luc cdn nhu mdt thir "thdi thuong" Muoi nam lai day, yeu ciu va su phat trien cua van minh nhan loai hgc, nguo 120 ta lai d^ xu4t each ti§p can tu van hoa hgc Phuang phap nghien ciiu tac phim tu quan diem van hoa uu tien cho viec phuc nguyen khong gian van hoa tac pham van hgc da dai, xac lap sir chi phoi ciia cac quan niem triet hoc, ton giao, dao diic, tham mT, chinh tri, luat phap, quan niem ve nguai, cung nhu sir chi phoi cac phuang dien khac dai song sinh hoat xa hoi s6ng dong hien thirc tung ton tai mot khong gian van hoa xac dinh doi vai tac pham ve cac mat xay dung nhan vat, ket cau, motip, cam xiic, ngon ngu v.v Phuang phap thien ve nhiem vu giai ma cac hien tugng nghe thuat, tim nin tang van hoa lich sii cua chiing, dong thai nhan manh den sir lien tuc, den tinh chat mo ciia chiing khong gian va thai gian T^t nhien, khong c6 su phan biet rach roi tach bach giua cac phuang phap cung nhu a cac cong trinh cong, nguai ta chi ap dung thuan mot he th6ng phuang phap luan nao ma hoan toan cu Uiyet voi cac phirong phap DiSm lai mot each rat so luge ba phuang phap nghien cii'u va giang day van hoc nhu vay dl thiy ring, moi mot chiing deu c6 the manh, kha thii rieng va each tot nhit la chiing ta tan dung dugc uu dilm cua moi each tiep can Nhu da thiy, moi bai hgc d chuang diu dugc bo tri hai phan: phan gidi thieu chung khai quat va phin phan tich, danh gia cac tac gia, tac pham cu thi Phin khai quat phai neu cho dugc nhiing net chinh vl tinh hinh hch su xa hdi, van hoa, tu tuong cua ca giai doan, noi tac gia xuit hien, tac pham ddi Van hgc la mdt hinh thai y thirc xa hdi va chiu sir tac ddng cua cac hinh thai y thirc xa hdi khac Cung vi van hgc la mdt hien tugng xa hdi cho nen quan niem xa hdi vl van hgc cd anh hudng Idn din thuc tiln van hgc, tir muc dich vilt van cho din pham vi dl tai, hinh thirc the loai v.v He thdng hoa dugc mdt loat cac ylu td mang tinh khai quat nhu vay, tuc la ta da xac lap dugc mdi truong sdng cua tac gia, dugc khdng gian va thdi gian - nin tang van hoa lich sir noi tac pham dai 121 Nhung tac pham van hgc, nhat la tac pham van hgc vilt ludn ludn gin vdi mot tac gia cu the, tiic la mang dau an, la mot hien tugng ca nhan rieng biet Thai nhan sinh, the giai quan ciia tac gia dong vai tro quyet dinh den noi dung tu tuang tai nang tac gia the hien a chat lugng nghe thuat ciia tac phim Phin hai ciia moi bai hgc chinh la de giai quyet nhijTig van de cu the nay: phan tich thai ciia tac gia, quan niem nghe thuat ve nguoi, ket cau tac pham, xay dung nhan vat, cam xiic, ngon ngii tom lai la tong ket, danh gia ve noi dung va nghe thuat ciia tac pham Nhu vay, ket hgp dugc nhuan nhuyen giua noi dung khai quat ciia ca giai doan, phong trao vdi nhurng van de cu the ve tac gia, tac phim van hgc la each tdt nhat giup ngudi hgc vira cd cai nhin chung vira thu nhan dugc nhimg kiln thirc cu thi thilt thuc Sir ket hgp cung tiep thu, tan dung dugc uu dilm ciia cac phuong phap nghien cim van hgc tir trudc tdi nay, cd CO sd dk di sau vao tim hieu nhimg dac trung ban chat cua van hgc 122 KET LUAN Day va hgc la mdt qua trinh truyin thu va tilp nhan kiln thirc Doi vdi mot mdn hgc cu the, qua trinh ay gdm mdt he vin dl lien quan mat thilt vdi nhau: thdi lugng, ddi tugng, ndi dung, muc dich, phuong phap Mot mat, sinh vien ngudi nude ngoai hgc van hgc Viet Nam, ban chat la mdt mdn hgc co sd chuyen nganh dao tao Viet Nam hgc, vi vay co cau chuong trinh nd chi dugc bd tri mdt thdi lugng rat han che Day la mdt hang sd, mang tinh phap dinh, khdng thay ddi Mat khac, ngudi nude ngoai hgc van hgc Viet Nam gidng nhu nhimg ngudi khach la, budc vao mdt ngdi nha hoan toan mdi la Hg thieu dii thir dd cd ca viec thieu cdng cu gidng nhu chia khoa de md cua vao ngdi nha iy, iy la ngdn ngir tilng Viet, ma day lai chinh la cai quan trgng nhat - yeu td thir nhit - lam nen van hgc Tit ca nhung dilu trd nhung khd khan thach thirc ma ngudi day va ngudi hgc phai vugt qua, neu mudn di tdi dich Van hgc Viet Nam da hinh va phat trien cimg vdi qua trinh hinh va phat triln dan tdc Nd la bd phan quan trgng nhit cau cua van hoa dan tdc gdm van hgc dan gian va van hgc vilt Van hgc vilt d nude ta bat dau trd mdt ddng kl tir thi ki thir X ciing vdi ki nguyen qudc gia ddc lap 11 the ki phat triln va trudng thanh, van hgc vilt Viet Nam ludn ludn la tilng ndi tam the ciia thdi dai, gin liln vdi cugc diu tranh dimg nude va giu nude, thi hien truyen thdng nhan dao, nhan van cua dan tdc Tiln trinh van hgc vilt Viet Nam la t.en trinh tir van hgc Han va nam anh huong khu vuc Trung Hoa din van hgc qudc ngii, anh hudng qudc tl va hoa vao dong chay chung cua van hgc thi gidi hien dai So vdi cac nin van hgc Idn tren thi gidi, tuu cua van hgc Vie, Nam khdng nhilu nhung vin la mdt birc tranh phong phi vl mau sac a tat ca cac phuang dien: dl tai, thi loai, phong each, hinh thirc, ndi dung v.v Trong miidr van su phong phii va da dang ciia nhimg tim nhu thi, lam the nao de thie 123 ke dugc mdt ndi dung vira phai, phii hgp vdi cac dilu kien cua ngudi hgc ddi hdi nhieu suy nghT, tran trd Chung tdi khdng hi vgng nhirng ndi dung ma minh dl xuat da la nhat dung, nhat la khi, nhu ta da thiy, vin dh day van va hgc van dang trd nen birc xiic khdng chi rieng d Viet Nam ma cdn tren pham vi toan ciu; van de ve ndi dung giang day van hgc, can phai cd nhimg han dinh, nhimg lira chgn (nhu d chuong trinh van phd thdng ching han), da bao lin thay ddi, chinh sira, da tdn bao cdng sire va tien ciia ma van chira dung nhung dieu bat dn Tuy nhien, chiing toi van tin o ket qua cong viec ciia minh thiet ke noi dung van hgc viet Viet Nam cho nguai nuoc ngoai nhu da the hien va hi vgng la mot khoi lugng can yeu nhat dap img dugc muc tieu mon hoc va muc dich ciia nguai hgc Viec chia hai phin noi dung va phuang phap giang day va dao tao that chi la sir phan tach dl lam viec Boi vi xay dung mot noi dung chuo-na trinh da bao ham nhimg phuong thiic de thuc hien cung nhu mgi phuang thirc thuc hien diu phai can cu tren nhirng ndi dung va yeu cau cu thi Nghien ciru va giang day van hgc sir khdng the tach rdi khdi sir phan ki phan doan cac giai doan van hgc cung nhu qua trinh phat triln ciia van hgc Tai nhien, quy luat vl su phat trien khdng ddng diu giira chinh tri, kinh te va nghe thuat ma hgc thuylt Mac da neu khiln khdng tho nghT rang cir gia doan sau thi van hgc nghe thuat ed nhilu tuu hon giai doan trudc Ban chi cua van hgc va tit ca cac nganh nghe thuat khac la sang tao Ma sang tao la cacl tan Lich sir van hgc la lich sir cua su each tan mdi giai doan ciia qua trinh each tan va phat triln dd, diu cd nhung tai gia Idn, cd ddng gdp Idn bing tac phim cua minh Nhimg tac gia va tac pham i; chira dimg minh nhung net tieu bieu mang tinh dac trung, dai dien cho c giai doan, phong trao ca vl ndi dung lin hinh thirc Chinh vi vay ma, tren co eua su phan ki van hgc va liy tien trinh van hgc lam diem tua, viec lira chgn ta 124 ke dugc mot ndi dung vira phai, phii hgp vdi cac dilu kien ciia ngudi hgc ddi hdi nhieu suy nghT, tran trd Chung tdi khdng hi vgng nhirng ndi dung ma minh de xuat da la nhat dimg, nhat la khi, nhu ta da thay, vin dl day van va hgc van dang trd nen birc xiic khdng chi rieng d Viet Nam ma cdn tren pham vi toan ciu; van de ve ndi dung giang day van hgc, can phai cd nhiing han dinh, nhung lira chgn (nhu a chuong trinh van thong chang han), da bao lan thay doi, chinh sira, da tdn bao cdng sire va tien ciia ma van chua dung nhung dieu bat dn Tuy nhien, chiing tdi van tin d ket qua cdng viec ciia minh klii thiet ke ndi dung van hgc viet Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngoai nhu da the hien va hi vgng dd la mdt khdi lugng can yeu nhat dap img dugc muc tieu mdn hgc va muc dich ciia ngudi hgc Viec chia hai phin ndi dung va phuang phap giang day va dac tao that chi la su phan tach dl lam viec Bdi vi xay dung mdt ndi dung chuong trinh da bao ham dd nhung phuong thirc de thuc hien cuns nhu mgi phuang thirc thuc hien diu phai can cu tren nhung ndi dung va yeu cat cu thi Nghien cim va giang day van hgc sir khdng thi tach rdi khdi su phan ki phan doan cac giai doan van hgc cung nhu qua trinh phat triln ciia van hgc Ta nhien, quy luat vl su phat trien khdng ddng diu giua chinh tri, kinh te va ngh^ thuat ma hgc thuylt Mac da neu khiln khdng tho nghl rang cii gia doan sau thi van hgc nghe thuat cd nhilu tuu hon giai doan trudc Ban che cua van hgc va tit ca cac nganh nghe thuat kl-iac la sang tao Ma sang tao la cac tan Lich sir van hgc la lich sir ciia sir each tan mdi giai doan cua qua trinh each tan va phat triln dd, diu cd nhung ta gia Idn, cd ddng gdp Idn bing tac phim cua minh Nhung tac gia va tac pham a chira dmig minh nhimg net tieu bilu mang tinh dac trung, dai dien cho c giai doan, phong trao ca vl ndi dung lin hinh thirc Chinh vi vay ma, tren co cua su phan ki van hgc va liy tiln trinh van hoc lam diem tua, viec lira chgn t; 124 •» * / •> T gia, tac pham de giang day, viec lay diem de noi dien, viec kit hgp giu'a hai phuong dien khai quat va cu the la phuang thiic tit ylu phai dugc thuc hien qua trinh giang day Viec giang day van hoc viet Viet Nam cho nguoi nuac ngoai duong nhien khong giong nhu cho hgc sinh thong, sinh vien dai hoc va nhit la sinh vien chuyen nganh van hgc nguai Viet Nam Vi vay, tat ca cac sach giao khoa, cac bg giao trinh, cho doi tugiig khong the tra nhung sach cong cu, nhung tai lieu giang day cho doi tugng Rieng viec doc hieu van ban - tiic la cac tac pham van hgc vua la yeu cau muc tieu dao tao, vua la phuang phap, la khau quyet djnh su - bai ciia qua trinh day va hgc ciia nguai nuac ngoai Nd can phai dugc tien hanh trudc mdt budc Dieu cd lien quan va rat can su ho trg ciia cac mdn hgc khac tdng the chuong trinh dao tao Chang han nhu mdn dgc - hilu phin tilng Viet nang cao Ngudi viet nhung ddng nhan day cdn mudn dl xuit mdt kiln nghi nua tdi cac cap cd tham quyen ve dao tao la: cin cd mdt tuyIn tap tdi thilu tac phim van hgc Viet Nam gianh cho sinh vien nude ngoai Mot tuyIn tap tdt cac tac pham van hgc tieu bieu se trd loai sach cdng cu quan trgng va hiru ich khdng kem gi sach giao khoa, giao trinh hay bai giang cho ngudi hgc va thuan tien cho ngirdi day./ 125 THir MUC SACH VA TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH Nguyin Ddng Chi (1942), Viet Nam cd vdn hoc sii; Nxb Han Thuyen, Ha Ndi ^ Nguyin Hue Chi (1977), Khao ludn vdn ban, tha vdn Ly - Trdn, Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi Truong Chinh (1997), Tuyin tap, tap 2, Nxb Van hgc Ha Ndi N^uvln Dinh Chii (2008), Phdn ki lich sic vdn hoe Viet Nam, Nghien cim van hgc sd 7/2008, tr 3-12 Phan Cu De (2000), Tuyin tap, tap, Nxb Van hgc Ha Ndi Phan Cu De chii bien (1999), Vdn hgc Viet Nam 1900 - 1945 (in lin thir 3), Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi Phan Cu De, Ha Van Due, Nguyin Hoanh Khung (1989), Vdn hgc Viet Nam 1930 - 1945, Nxb DH va THCN, Ha Ndi Phan Cu De, Ha Minh Dire (1983), A7 v vdn Viet Nam 1945 ^ 1975, Nxb DHvaTHCN, HaNdi Ha Minh Due (1974), Tha vd mdy vdn di tha Viet Nam bien da, Nxb KHXH, HaNdi 10 Ha Minh Due (1974) Truyen va ky cua H6 Chu T;ck ,acpha,u lan „u ctu&ngchoninvanhgcmaicuagiaicdpvd.an.TCVHmu 19-28 1, TrJn Thi Minh Gioi (2007), Tlnr neu no, each lay an ,u,c l,e' ^"" cho nguai nuoc ngoai Ky ySu HNKH, Nxb DHQG Ha Noi, tr 1.1 -120 n Trin Hinh (2007), Chuyen h,c i ,nin„ (Nhi^u bai), V.n ngh, t,-e ca thana - nam 2007 , ~ , - / • MV , Nguyin P h , Hung (1996), V,n h,c Ly - Tran „hn, ,u ,hc h,u Giao due Ha Ndi 126 14 Nguyin Pham Himg (1999), Van hgc Viet Nam, Nxb DHQG Ha Ndi, HaNdi 15 Trin Dinh Hugu, Le Chi Dung (1988), Vdn hgc Viet Nam giai dogn aiao thdi 1900 - 1930, Nxb DH va THCN, Ha Ndi 16 Dinh Gia Khanh, Biii Duy Tan (1964), Vdn hgc cd Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi 17 Dinh Gia Khanh chii bien (1997), Vdn hgc Viet Nam thi ki X - nua ddu thikiXTIIL Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi 18 Dang Thanh Le, Hoang Huu Yen, Pham Luan (1990), Vdn hoc Viit Nam nira cudi AT7/ - nica ddu U.V, Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi 19 Phong Le (2008), Hgc vdn, dgy vdn vd nhimg chuoTig nggi vat Van nghe tre sd 37 nam 2008 20 Vu Dinh Lien, Dd Dire Hieu, Huynh Ly, Truong Chinh, Le Thiidc (1957), Luac thao lich su vdn hgc Viit Nam, tap, Nxb Xay dung Ha Ndi 01 Nauvin Ldc (1997), Vdn hoc Viet Nam nua cudi thi ki XVlll - hit thi ki XIX tai ban 15n Nxb Giao due Ha Noi 22 Phan Trong Luan (2008), Van hoc nha truang can co hicu hie, ,hau Jao va ddng bo Bao Van nghe s6 11 nam 2008 Nhieu tac gia (1982), Giang v.„, tap, Nxb DH va THCN, Ha No, I, Nhieu tac gia (1997), Vi^, Na,n nua ,hC^ k rCn hoc ,94, ^ ,m Nxb Hdi nha van, HaNdi , - , MVV • 25 Nhieu tac gia (2002), M6 s6 ,in li luan lich su an ho DHOG HaNdi, HaNdi Nhia, tac gia ,2006), V.e, a,u hoc licng V,U Ky y H ngh, ho, hoc Nxb DHQG Ha Ndi, Ha Ndi ' 27 N h i ! tac gia (2007), gh.cn c a giang da Vi, ^ ^ ^ « c „ - , Kyy^u ho, thao hoa h,c, nxb DHQG Ha Noi, Ha NO 127 "•- 28 Nhilu tac gia (2004), Vdn hgc Viet Nam the ki XX, Nxb Giao due, Ha Ndi 29 Tran Dinh su (2007), Sdu thdch thuc gay gat doi vai vdn hoc Viet Nam thai hien dai, Bao Van nghe, so 40 nam 2007 30 Tran Dinh Sir (2008), Doi mdi md hinh vd phu-arig phdp day hoc vdn mdt vdn de cdn dugc suy nghi nghiim tiic, Bao Van nghe sd nam 2008 31 Le Van Vy (2008), Dgy hgc vdn, tiing ndi ciia ngudi cuoc, Bac Van nghe tre, sd 44 nam 2008 32 Le Van Vy (2008), Ddnh thuc khat vgng qua gid gidng vdn, Bao Var nghe tre, sd 47 nam 2008 33 Le Tri Vien (1982), Nhimg bdi gidng vdn a dgi hgc, Nxb Giao due, Hi Ndi 34 Le Tri Viln, Nguyin Dinh Chu (1978), Lich sd vdn hgc Viet Nam, ia\ IV, Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi 35 Trieu Xuan (2007), Chdt lugng cu nhdn ngu vdn, Bao Van nghe, sd 31 nam 2007 128 ... DAU NOI DUNG CHINH Trang Chuong 1: Nhiing thach thiic doi vai viec giang day van hoc viet Viet Nam cho nguai nirac ngoai 11 Chucmg 2: Mieu ta noi dung giang day van hoc viet Viet Nam cho nguoi... viec day van hoc Viet Nam cho nguai nuac ngoai c6 hieu qua hon, r w chiing toi chon de tai nghien cuu Mot so van de noi dung va phuang phap r giang day van hgc viet Viet Nam cho ngir&i nw&c ngoai... nuac Viet Nam hoac tra nhung huang dan vien cho nganh du lich Nhu vay, mon van hoc Viet Nam cho nguai nuac ngoai nam mot tdng thi chung dao tao cu nhan ve tieng Viet va van hoa Viet Nam Tren