Phương tiện biểu hiện nghĩa tình thái ở hành động hỏi tiếng anh và tiếng việt tt tiếng anh

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGUYỄN THỊ VÂN ANH THE MEANS OF EXPRESSING MODALITY IN SPEECH ACT OF QUESTIONING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE Major: Comparative Linguistics Mã số: 22 20 24 ABSTRACT SUMMARY OF LINGUISTICS DOCTORAL RESEARCH HÀ NỘI 2019 The work was completes at: VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGE-GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE Full name of supervisor: Reviewer 1: Prof.Dr Nguyen Van Khang Reviewer 2: Prof.Dr Hoàng Van Van Reviewer 3:Ass.Priof Dr Tran Kim Phuong The work is supervised at the Graduate Academy’s Board of Members, meeting at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi At……/ ./ 20… The work can be found at: - Vietnam National Library - Library of Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences LIST OF THESIS BY AUTHOR DISCLOSURE RELATED TO THE WORKS Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh: “Nghĩa tình thái kiểu hỏi danh thể câu trần thuật”, Tạp chí Từ điển học bách khoa thư, số (58) 3/2019 Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh: “Tình thái kiểu hỏi danh tiếng Anh tiếng Việt”, Tạp chí Nhân lực khoa học xã hội, số 2(69) - 3/2019 Võ Đại Quang- Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh “Nghiên cứu số phương tiện biểu đạt tình thái câu hỏi tiếng Anh”, Tạp chí ngơn ngữ đời sống, số (239) 2015 Võ Đại Quang- Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh “Một số đặc điểm ngữ dụng kiểu câu hỏi danh tiếng Anh”, Tạp chí Khoa học ngoại ngữ, trường ĐH Hà Nội, số 45/2015 INTRODUCTION Rationale The emotional nuances, the different emotional levels of the speaker and the listener in the process of communicating in the language are modality Modality tin language is a very wide array of knowledge and in any language, modality with the ways to express the modality are very various and rich In the world and in Vietnamese linguistics, there have been many scientific studies on modality field and the means of conveying modality, especially in the view of pragmatics Modality is a category with which associated the expression of the imperative , permission, prohibition, necessity and possibility It is impossible to create the meaning of words if in that we cannot find any expression of modality’s temperament Modality is not only the soul of the sentence, the text, but also the communicative activities Communication will achieve the optimal efficiencies when we know how to use the means of modality expression Applying the means of modality expression will help the speaker build his speech as well as for the listener to receive and correctly grasp the speaker's intention in communicative process Therefore, the study of the modality and the means to express modality is an interesting topic, which has been increasingly focused and developed to help us towards success in behavior and communication Through research, we have found that there have been domestic and foreign topics focusing on the field of modality and revolving around the definition as well as the classifications of modality, means of modality expression The scope of the study of the relationship between the modality of the questions and the imperatives, the modality meaning of syntactic affection in the languages, however, in the scope of the literature we have not been successful whichever is directly systematically interested in researching how to express the modality of the speech- acts in English and Vietnamese, manifested not only by questions but also by other types of sentences such as command, narration at doctoral thesis For the reasons stated above, the study of the means of expressing modality in question of this thesis is necessary, helping to provide a broader view of the modality in language This study is not only to meet the academic needs but also to meet the practical needs The doctoral thesis may to some extent contribute to the compilation of references for intensive teaching and learning, improving understanding for those who are interested in the research field of the thesis Aims of the research This doctoral thesis was carried out to serve the following aims: To study the means of modality expressing in English and Vietnamese questions in order to learn about the similarities and differences of means of modality expressing in terms of semanticspragmatics in both languages Through the research, the author may cultivate the necessary understanding, raising the level of service for the teaching and translation of foreign languages The research task of the doctoral thesis focuses on understanding the following issues: Speech act theory, the act of asking, the modality and the means of modality expressing in languages Identify direct and indirect speech acts in English and Vietnamese Describing means of modality expressing in direct and indirect speech acts in English and Vietnamese Finding out the similarities and differences of speech act modality, epistemic modality, deontic modality and means of modality expressing in English and Vietnamese questioning Object, scope of research and scope of linguistic sources The object of the thesis is the means of modality expressing in English and Vietnamese speech acts of questions that means within the scope of this doteral thesis, we focus on surveying the means of modality expressing in English and Vietnamese direct and indirect speech acts of questions This doctoral thesis is serveyed on sources such as English - Vietnamese questions, sources of narration, and statements used by a group of natural language authors of Stanford University (The Stanford Natural Language Processing Group) conducts voice recordings in TED talks videos (English-Vietnamese bilingual corpus: http://nlp.stanford.edu/project/nmt/ ), literary works such as Margaret Mitchell's "Gone with the Wind” by Margaret Mitchell","The Da Vinci Code" by Dan Brown, the collection of Nguyen Hao Hai short stories, the collection of Chu Lai short stories, the collection of Ngo Tu Lap short stories named "Month with 15 days", the collection of Nguyen Huy Thiep, the collection of Nam Cao short stories, Ngo Tat To novels and the short stories printed on newspapers and magazines of the People's Army from 2000 to 2016 Currently, there are many types of modality that are established according to different criteria The scope of this thesis's research focuses on the attitude and means of modality expressing the attitude of verbal action, epistemic modality and deontic modality in direct and indirectspeech act of questions in English and Vietnamese The means of modality expressing attitudes in rhetorical English and Vietnamese are beyond the scope of this doctoral thesis The speech act of question is an act that the speaker performs through the language, a type of illocutionary that tries to elicit a certain information in the form of an answer In other words, this is the action the speaker takes to gather unknown information to know The speech act of question can have many means of modality expression and the same way of expression can perform many different speech act Questioning uses interrogation and other structures to request information or carry out communication purposes The speaker may use the questionnaire (or other sentence structure such as narrative or imperative) to perform an act of verbal inquiry The speech act of question expressed by the question is the direct speech act The speech act of question performed by narative or imperative is called indirect speech act Thus, there are many different ways to perform the same speech act, because there are many different sentences performing the same speaking purpose From the analysis mentioned above, we suggest the following questions in English and Vietnamese: (1) The act of asking directly in English and Vietnamese is the questioning action expressed by a question; (2) Indirect questioning of English and Vietnamese is the act of asking, expressed by narrative and imperative Method of the research Research methodology: To research the topic, we use the main research method which is the descriptive and collation method The descriptive method is aimed at clarifying the types of modality and the means of modality expressing in English and Vietnamese speech act of question In the descriptive one, we have applied the same tactics such as statistics, classification and tactics of contextual analysis on the specific linguistic sources we collected In addition, we use a comparative method to find out the similarities and differences between the emotional units, the means of modality expressing, and the effect of using them in reality, thereby we are better in understanding the modality , and the means of modality expressing in English and Vietnamese speech act of question to improve the efficiency of verbal communication The contribution of the thesis The thesis has identified the direct and indirect speech act of question in English and Vietnamese The research focuses on the means of expressing the speech act modality, the means of epistemic modality expressing, the means of deontic modality expressing in direct and indirect speech act of questions with specific characteristics of content and the corresponding relationship between form and content Through analysis, the research has initially recognized the similarities and differences in means of expressing the speech act modality, means of expressing epistemic modality, means of expressing deontic modality in directly and indirectly speech act of questions in English and Vietnamese Theoretical and practical meanings of the doctoral thesis In the theory: Through the comparison of the modality and the means of modality expressing of speech act questions in English and Vietnamese, the thesis helps to get more awareness of the expression of speech ach modality, epistemic modality, deontic modality in English and Vietnamese act of asking directly and in the act of asking indirectly as well as to find the similarities and differences of means of expressing modality in English and Vietnamese act of asking In practice: Although the modality status has not been new, it has always been an interesting topic that attracted the attention of many linguists In the spirit of inheriting and promoting the research results of many previous authors on the issue of modality and means of modality expression , in this thesis, we focus on research to highlight internal issues: how to use the modality and how to convey modality in direct and indirect speech act questions in English and Vietnamese There are not many studies on the means of expressing modality in illocutionary types in the speech act of question of both languages: English and Vietnamese The results of the thesis will serve for the further teaching foreign languages, or a reference for those who are interested in the research area of the topic The design of the doctoral thesis The doctoral thesis is organized into three chapters and is concluded the Introduction and Conclusion Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation and the theoretical basis of the thesis Chapter 2: Means of modality expressing in direct speech act of question in English and Vietnamese Chapter 3: Means of modality expressing in indirect speech act of question in English and Vietnamese CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE THESIS 1.1 Overview of the situation study and the means of expressing modality in English and Vietnamese 1.1.1 Abroad research Foreign linguistic researchers such as Ch.Bally (1905), O Jespersen (1949), V Wright (1951), N Rescher (1968), J Lyons (1995), J.R Searle (1969), T Givón (1993), F Palmer (2001) have made significant contributions to the development of a general theoretical framework on modality and modality classification In it, Ch.Bally was the first to distinguish Modus (status part) as one of two essential and important components of the meaning structure of the speech attached to the psychological aspect, showing the factors belonging to the offense micro-emotions, wills, attitudes, and assessments of the speaker on what is being said, in relation to reality, to the interlocutor and to the context of communication Most of the researchers on the modality in foreign countries such as O Jepersen (1949), V Wright (1951), N.Reacher (1968), Quirk et al (1972), T Givón (1993), M.A K Halliday (1994), J Lyons (1995), F Palmer (2001) discuss about two main types of states: linguistics modality and logic modality 1.1.2 Domestic research In Vietnam, the linguists such as Hoang Phe (1989), Cao Xuan Hao (1991), Ho Le (1992), Le Dong (1996), Nguyen Thi Luong (1996), Nguyen Duc Dan (1998), Diep Quang Ban (2000), Hoang Tue (2001), Pham Hung Viet (2003), Bui Manh Hung (2003), Nguyen Van Hiep (2001, 2004, 2007, 2015) directly concerned about the modality of affairs The researches are very detailed and there are many in-depth interpretations of the emotional issues in various aspects Cao Xuân Hạo (1999) distinguished two types of attitudes: the modality of speech acts and the modality in statements Nguyen Thi Luong (1996) applied the linguistic action theory to the study of ten end-use verb phrases to ask in order to find out the verbal actions that end-to-end participle has the ability to express in the specific context in which they appear, describing the validity of those actions” Pham Hung Viet thinks that in order to express the modality of a sentence, there must be facilities such as phonetic means (intonation, stress), vocabularies (verbs, adverbs, adverbs, exclamations, etc.) the context of the situation, grammar (reversing word order, changing sentence structure ) and Vietnamese adverbs that can participate in expressing a number of different types of illocutionary including direct and indirect speech act of question Nguyen Van Hiep (2007) addresses the main modality categories in language based on the opposites of modality pairs such as (the epistemic modality and deontic modality ), the contrast between the epistemic modality and the root modality, the opposite of agent-oriented modality and speaker-oriented modality , the opposite of the modality of the speech purpose and the state of the statement The emotional contradictions he points out show a wide range of modality studies - The speech act of question is correct to use their target language The form of a question in Vietnamese is as follows: Questions often use pronouns such as ai, gì, nào, sao, sao, đâu, bao giờ, bao nhiêu, à, ư, hả, chứ,, specific participle in question such as (có)… khơng ,có phải không (đã,… chưa…) Specific participle in question such as such as (có)… khơng ,có phải khơng (đã,… chưa…) with hay (connecting the related parts of choice) The participle of modality participle (à, ư, nhỉ, ) The end of the question is the question mark (?) In written form and the glide up intonation in spoken form (usually glide up intonation on the voice at the end of the sentence) In Vietnamese, direct speech act of question is the action performed by overview /general question,Wh- question, alternative question, and echo question 2.2 Means of expressing modality in the direct speech act of question in English 2.2.1 Means of expressing speech act modality in the in the direct speech act of question in English The modality in the direct speech act of question in English is questionable modality The questioning attitude is used by the speaker to express the desire to learn the unknown or doubtful and to expect the answers and explanations of the listener to the speaker The means of conveying the questionable modality is the question According to synthesized questionable speech sources in English-Vietnamese corpus bilingual corpus (http://nlp.stanford.edu/project/nmt/), literary works such as "Gone with the Wind" written by Margaret Mitchell, "The Da Vinci Code" written by Dan Brown , we statistically included 545overviewed questions, 525 partial questions/Wh- questions , 485alternative questions, 465 echoed question on a total of more than 2020 questions Questionable modality expressed by means of interrogative sentences often contain modality predicate verbs (look like, suppose, think, would of ask, may, will, must, should, ), question structure with or / or maybe, the question words such as what, why, how, 10 where, when, , the verbs Say, tell, ask before the whole question clause or question words used to ask 2.2.2 Means of expressing epistemic modality and deontic modality in direct speech act of question in English Epistemic modality and deontic modality in direct speech act of question in English is marked by declarative mood, modal verbs, modal adjectives, modal adverbs, hedges, modal nouns 2.3 Means of expressing modality in the speech act of question in Vietnamese 2.3.1 Means of expressing speech act modality in the in the direct speech act of question in Vietnamese Direct speech act of question is the action in language used by the speaker to express unknown or doubtful things and expect the answers and explanations of the listener to the speaker Modality in direct speech act of question inVietnamese is questionable modality The questionable modality is expressed through the means of questions such as overviewquestions, alternative questions, Whquestions and echo questions 2.3.2 Means of expressing epistemic modality and deontic modality in direct speech act of question in Vietnamese Epistemic modality and deontic modality are both subjective modality The subjective modality is the kind of modality related to the speaker's attitude to what is said in the sentence as well as the relationship between the subject and the core of an expression being marked The subjective modality is also the speaker's judgment about the truth of what is said in the sentence; is the possibility or necessity of that; is the speaker's way of assessing the situation conveyed; is the speaker's introduction of the nature of the sentence; is the relationship between sentences and situations of good dialogues with context and many other content in the field of logic or superlanguage Means of expressing epistemic modality and deontic modality in direct speech act of question in Vietnamese are expressed by: (1) Modal verbs: muốn, có thể, phải, dám, cần phải, phải nói, biết, nghĩ, đốn, đồ, tiên đoán, bị, nên, cần, hi vọng, sẽ, suýt, toan, định, hòng…; 11 (2) Modal modifiers: đã, đang, sẽ, còn, chưa….; (3) Modal participles : à, ư, nhỉ, nhé, chăng… ; (4) Modal Adverbs: có lẽ là, là, chắn, thường xuyên, cần thiết, thường thường, thực tế…; (5) Modal adjectives: thật, thật, hiển nhiên, rõ ràng, đúng, rất, quá, lắm, chắc, hết sức, vô cùng, cực kì, tốt nhất, nhất, vừa vừa (6) Hedges : Chúng (tôi) cho rằng, chúng (tôi) nghĩ rằng, nghĩ rằng, chúng (tôi) tin rằng, theo chúng tôi, theo tôi; tơi hỏi khí khơng phải, tơi mạn phép hỏi, không phiền xin phép hỏi….; 2.3.3 The similarities and differences in means of expressing modality in direct speech act of question in English and Vietnamese 2.3.3.1 Similarities In both languages, there are numbers of means of expressing speech act modality, means of expressing epistemic and deontic modality in the direct speech act of question includes grammar, vocabulary and phonetic In terms of the number of means of expressing those modalities in direct speech act of question in Engish and Vietnamese are equivalent 2.3.3.2 Differences In different languages, the expressions of modality are not the same In English, the modality is expressed through grammatical systems such as modal nouns – (Possibility, probability), and phonetic means (intonation contour - contour, intonation -tune: the glide -down, the glide-up, the take-off, the dive ) the syllable (tonic syllable), combined with the words to convey content of question which is one of the means to convey the epistemic and deontic modality quite peculiarly in English, which is absent or rarely used in Vietnamese We realize that the vocabulary part like the modal particle (à , , , nhé, sao, chăng…) all conveys a certain modality meaning and is a specific feature in Vietnamese, however, these informal phrases are not in English, instead English people use intonation (intonation, volume stress) to convey the nuances of modality 12 CHAPTER MEANS OF MODALITY EXPRESSING IN INDIRECT SPEECH ACT OF QUESTION IN ENGLISH AND ENGLISH 3.1 Overview of the indirect speech act of question in English and Vietnamese From the standpoint of indirect speech act of question, it can be seen that the indirect speech act of question has two forms of expression: The first form of expression is that the force of interrogation is expressed in a form that is not a question, and the expression The second is the form of questions used to indicate an effect in another illocutionary- not to ask for information In the framework of this thesis we focus on the first form of expression 3.1.1 Definition of indirect speech act of question Indirect speech act of question is the act of asking using a non-formal style of the question and being identified by the speaker's purpose, which means that there are many ways to perform the speech act of question The act of asking through a question is called direct speech act of question The indirect speech act of question is the action when the speaker does not use the question, but uses the narrative and the imperative to ask in order to find the answer that the speaker wants to know 3.1.2 Identify indirect speech act of question in English Indirect speech act of question is identified by the speaker's purpose, the form and structure of the narrative and imperative used in communication They often have the following formal signs: 3.1.2.1 Indirect speech act of question in English through narrative sentences (1) The main proposition is to use narration (2) The subordinate contains questionable pronouns, modal words (3) Intonation questions Form of English narrative sentence The characteristic of the narrative form is that it does not have the formal characteristics of the question, sentence or exclamation sentence meaning that the narrative does not use specific 13 words and specific words such as the word suspected: interrogative, interdependent / imperative, exclamatory Narrative sentences are the most common and important type The function of the narrative is to convey information, an incident, a phenomenon, or to declare something In written form, narrative sentences usually end with a full stop (.), Or sometimes an exclamation mark (!) Or an ellipsis (;) The narrative form is usually divided into two types: affirmative and negative form The structure of the narrative sentence used in question includes the narrative mood of the verb (in the main clause), the question word (Wh-word) in the sub-clause 2.2.2.2 Indirect speech act of question in English through imperative sentences Indirect questioning in English through the usual imperative is: (1) A proposition is a command mode (2) The subordinate contains questionable pronouns such as Who, Whom, which, whose, why, how (3) Intonation questions Form of English imperative sentence An imperative is a sentence that is so dictated that it is also called a sentence, used when the speaker requests or orders another person to something It is often followed by the word "please" The subject of the command is implied as "you" In English, a statement is characterized by a command phrase with the sign that the absence of the subject, the verb in its original form and the absence of the adverb as well as the means of marking the time and the accompanying Indirect speech act of question of English through the narration has the following signs: (1) The modal verbs: want to know, ask, wonder, want to ask in the predicate position and questionable words like who, what, why, ….in the position of sub- clause consistent in the sentence (2) There is questionable words (3) Context Form of Vietnamese narrative sentence Narrative sentences are descriptions, presentations, and identification of many kinds of things Narrative sentences in 14 Vietnamese not have unmarked sentences like other sentence types, they are seen as a statement and have specific language signs This type of sentence often uses a period at the end Narrative sentences are not always used for identification but in addition to those values they are also used for asking or asking for suggestions or expressing emotions Narrative sentences are very common in communication Indirect speech act of question through the Vietnamese narrative is identified through: The modal verbs: Nói cho biết, nói, cho biết in the predicate position( main clause), the question words like ai, gì, nào, in the propositional position in sub-clause of sentences 3.1.2.2 Indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese through imperative sentences The Indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese through inperative sentence have the following signs: (1) Verbs represent the required actions and asked: : Nói cho biết, nói, cho biết (2) Question words such as sao, gì, nào, đâu,đi chứ, in the sub-clause of sentence (3) Context Form of Vietnamese imperative sentence The imperative sentence in Vietnamese is, in fact, a narrative structure but is marked mainly by intonation and some emotional elements such as "“ hãy, đừng, chớ, , etc." or the "“ đi, nào, thôi,đi chứ, etc ”The final sentence has an exclamation mark (!) 3.2 Means of expressing modality in indirect speech act of question in English 3.2.1 Means of expressing speech act modality in indirect speech act of question in English Speech act modality in direct speech act of question in English is questionable modality The questioning attitude is used by the speaker to express the desire to learn the unknown or doubtful and to expect the answers and explanations of the listener The means of conveying the questionable modality is the question According to 15 the synthesized data, we have 545 overview questions, 525 whquestions, 485 alternative questions, 465 echo questions out of a total of more than 2020 interrogated statements Interrogative modality expressed by means of interrogative sentences often contains modal predicate verbs (look like, suppose, think, would of ask, may, will, must, should, ), question structure with or / or maybe, the question words what , why, how, where, when, , the verbs Say, tell, ask before the whole question or question words used to ask 3.2.2 Means of expressing epistemic and deontic modality in indirect speech act of question in English Epistemic and deontic modality in indirect speech act of question in English is marked by declarative mood, modalverbs, modal adjectives, modal adverbs, modal nouns, hedges 3.3 Means of expressing speech act modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese 3.3.1 Means of expressing speech act modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese Speech act modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese is the act of words used by the speaker to express unknown or doubtful things and expect the answers and explanations of the listener Modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese is questionable modality The questioning modality is highlighted through the means of questioning such as overview questions, alternative questions, wh- questions and interrogated questions 3.3.2 Means of expressing epistemic modality and deontic modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese Epistemic modality and deontic modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese are both subjective modality The subjective modality is the kind of moality related to the speaker's attitude to what is said in the sentence as well as the relationship between the subject and the body of an expression being expressed The subjective modality is also the speaker's judgment about the truth of what is said in the 16 sentence; is the possibility or necessity of that; is the speaker's way of assessing the situation conveyed; is the speaker's introduction of the nature of the sentence; is the relationship between sentences and situations of the dialogues with context and many other content in the field of logic or superlanguage Means of expressing the attitude in the epistemic modality and deontic modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese are expressed by: (1) Modal verbs: muốn, có thể, phải, dám, cần phải, phải nói, biết, nghĩ, đốn, đồ, tiên đốn, bị, nên, cần, hi vọng, sẽ, suýt, toan, định, hòng…; (2) Modal modifiers đã, đang, sẽ, còn, chưa….; (3)Modal participles : à, ư, nhỉ, nhé, chăng… ; (4) Modal adverbs: có lẽ là, là, chắn, thường xuyên, cần thiết, thường thường, thực tế…; (5) Modal adjectives: hiển nhiên, rõ ràng, đúng, tốt nhất, nhất, vừa vừa accompanied by quantified modifiers rất, quá, lắm, chắc, hết sức, vô cùng, (6) Hedges : Chúng (tơi) cho rằng, chúng (tơi) nghĩ rằng, nghĩ rằng, chúng (tôi) tin rằng, theo chúng tơi, theo tơi; tơi hỏi khí khơng phải, tơi mạn phép hỏi, không phiền xin phép hỏi….; 3.3.3 Similarities and differences in means of expressing modality in indirect speech act of question in English and Vietnamese 3.3.3.1 Similarities In both languages, means of expressing modality in indirect speech act of question in indirect speech act of question includes grammar, vocabulary and phonetic means In terms of the number of means of expressing speech act modality, epistemic and deontic modality in indirect speech act of question in both languages are equivalent 3.3.3.2 Differences In different languages, the expressions of modality are not the same In English, the meaning of modality is expressed through grammatical systems such as consciousness - lexical means such as modal nouns (possibility, probability) and phonetic means (such as intonation of the glide-down, the glide- up, the take-off, the dive) is 17 one of the means of conveying the sense of modality and fairly pious modality in English which is not or rarely used in Vietnamese We realize that the vocabulary part like the state particle (à , , nh ỉ , nh é, sao, chăng…) all conveys a certain meaning and is a specific feature in Vietnamese, however, these informal phrases are not in English, instead English people use intonation (intonation, volume stress) to convey the nuances of modality 3.4 Means of expressing modality in indirect speech act of question in English 3.4.1 Means of expressing modality in indirect speech act of question in English Means of expressing modality in indirect speech act of question in English are commonly found: The narrative consciousness, the imperative mode in the main clause, the subclause contains the question pronouns, modal words, intonation of questions and presses on questionable focal points 3.4.1.1 The means of narration mood in the main clause The means of narration mood is one of the means to express the state of the verbal action in the indirect speech act of question The narrative form of the verb in the main clause reveals the questioning element and the purpose of the speaker's questioning when seeking information and answers from the respondent 3.4.1.2 The means of imperative mood in the main clause The mode of imperative is considered to be one of the means of expressing the modality of speech act of question The imperative form of the verb in the main clause shows the purpose of the request, the command (request), of the speaker when he wants the listener to perform the response 3.4.1.3 Means of pronouns in question, modal auxiliaries in sub- clauses Question pronouns, modal words What, Where, Which, Who, Why, How expressing the questioning element that the questioner wants to reach the listener appear in the subclause in the position immediately after the narration of verb like to know, wonder about, double / suspect / suppose, want to know, ask , the imperative mode of the verb tell, let me know shows the speaker expresses the 18 purpose of the question, the purpose of the request and search for information to guide the listener to identify and follow his / her question destination, from which there is an appropriate answer 3.4.1.4 Means of Intonation The intonation emphasizes the questioning points, the question pronouns, the questionable adverbs in sub-clauses not only help the speaker convey the purpose of the question, but also helps the listener to identify the intent of the questioner, grant answers, or make appropriate requests The intonation with which the speaker presses on the questionable focal point means that the focal point needs specific listener answers 3.4.2 Means of expressing the epistemic and deontic modality in indirect speech act of question in English 3.4.2.1 Means of expressing the epistemic modality in speech act of question in English Means of pronouns who, why, how, where, etc., the auxiliary verbs do, be, have in the sub- clause of the narrative and the statements used to ask The semantic characterization of the medium from this question gives some cognitive significance of the speaker's questionable focus reflected in the sentence 3.4.2.2 Means of expressing the deontic modality in speech act of question in English The act of asking the use of narrative sentences is the act of requesting information, explaining and confirming the accompanying information which is a type of question with omitted question marks (?), Question clauses, or expressions The question is often identified based on the response information, the information retrieval is omitted, and the emotional factors that indicate pious morality Moral and moral factors in the narrative used to ask are often expressed by verbs like want to know, want to ask, would like to know, wonder, suppose, double in the main clause, stress and intonation of the questioner into the focus points 3.5 Means of expressing modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese 3.5.1 Means of expressing the modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese The modality meaning of indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese is expressed by the following means: 19 (1) verb tense system : muốn biết, băn khoăn, muốn hỏi, muốn tìm hiểu…, Hãy nói cho biết, Xin cho biết… , is the main clause (2) question words like ai, nào, sao, khơng, có phải in sub-clauses (3) questionable intonation 3.5.2 Means of expressing epistemic and deontic modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese 3.5.2.1 Means of expressing epistemic modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese Means of expressing epistemic modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese using narrative sentence: Through the questioning elements of the word ai, làm gì, nào… in the subclause of narrative and imperative sentences to ask The semantic characterization of the medium from this question gives some perceived meaning to the listener about the speaker's questionable focus reflected in the sentence 3.5.2.2 Means of expressing deontic modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese Means of expressing deontic modality in indirect speech act of question in Vietnamese include: (1)Modal verbs like Muốn biết, Băn khoăn, muốn hỏi…in the main clause of the narrative sentence, verbs show the action required, demand, ask: Nói cho biết, nói, cho biết, …in the main clause of the imperative sentences (2) The modal adjectives and adverbial modality of quantifier rất, thực (3) Modal adverbs dĩ nhiên, chắn , (4) Modal participle đi, chứ, nào, in the sub-clause C Similarities and differences in means of expressing modality in indirect speech act of question in English and Vietnamese Similarity To convey the emotional meaning of the indirect questioning act, both English and Vietnamese languages use the grammar, vocabulary and phonetic means The grammatical means in English 20 are the modalities (narrative, imperative) of the predicate verb, in Vietnamese, the usage of the modal verbs expresses the requirements and requirements in the main clause Vocabulary facilities in English and Vietnamese include the status verb as a predicate, the predicate state pronoun, the adverb, the adjective, and the state adverb Means of questionable pronouns, state adverbs, state adjectives, and state pronouns in the subordinate clause help the speaker to make clear the content of the question Most grammatical, lexical, or phonetic means are those that help convey the behavior of verbal, cognitive, and ethical behavior, in which the grammatical and linguistic means are be used with high frequency Phonetic means, although not having a high frequency of appearance in the source of material, is also one of the effective means of conveying the meanings Differences The difference when using the vocabulary means in English to express the behavior of words, cognitive behavior, and morality means that this language has a Thai noun and not in Vietnamese In English, the means of the predicate verb to indicate the time of action is expressed by time (present tense, past tense or future tense), perfective form, or continuous form But for Vietnamese, the determination of the time of action is always based on specific contexts, based on adverbial expressions that have been and will be In English, there are no vocabulary parts to convey the expression expressed equivalent to the state expressions "“ à, ư, nhỉ, nhé, ạ, thôi, nào, đi, ” in the sub-clause of the narrative, the imperative used to ask of Vietnamese language that they use intonation (intonation, stress) In an indirect question using a narrative or imperative, the questionable focus in the sub-clause is considered as an important sign that identifies exactly the type of question and thus, expresses the subjective opinion of the speaker 21 CONCLUSION The analysis of the situation towards approaching the issue of verbal action shows that the relationship between the speaker, the listener and the content of speech contains a lot of emotional content so the role of the participant can communicate emphasize In the light of the theory of verbal action, through comparative and comparative analysis of the state and the means of expressing the situation in the act of asking English and Vietnamese, we realize that there are three types of state: (1) The speech act modality is the attitude expressing the purpose of speech, attitudes, opinions and appreciation of the speaker with the views and opinions stated in the proposition as well as the perceived attitude of the listener for what is being said represents the speaker's characteristic of speech, which is tied to interpersonal relationships in communication (2) Epistemic modality is a state that expresses the opposition between affirmation and negation of the existence of things, showing status, ability, attitude, position, mood or emotion, assess, make sure the speaker of the propositional content is informed, about the reliability of what is being assessed, about the ability or reality (3) Deontic modality means the attitude that expresses the moral responsibility, the will, the will of the speaker mentioned in the sentence, the moral legitimacy or social norms towards the person The certain or made by the speaker himself belongs to the category of moral status In every language, modality is expressed by various means For English and Vietnamese, speech act modality, epistemic and deontic modality in direct and indirect speech act of question are conveyed in a number of ways but the most common are still through means of question interrogation and other sentences of questioning purpose (such as narrative sentences, imperative sentences used to ask) through verb means (in form) and through modal adjectives, modal adverbs, modal nouns In direct speech act of question in English and Vietnamese speech act modality is expressed by: +Overview question 22 + Wh- question + Alternative question + Echo question Epistemic and Deontic modality of English meanings are expressed by means: + Narrative of indicative mood, + Modal verbs (may, will, could, would, must, might, shall, should, need, dare, used to) + Modal adverbs (maybe, possibly, certainly, obviously, frequently, necessarily, often, totally, of course, esentially, generally, actually, natually + Modal adjectives (possible, probable, likely, certain, necessary, obvious, evident, true), ergonomic adjectives (possibility, probability, chance, rumor) + Hedges (I think , If you don't bother , As far as I know, Frankly speaking ), Epistemic and deontic modality of Vietnamese are expressed by means of : + Modal verbs: muốn, có thể, phải, dám, cần phải, phải nói, biết, nghĩ + Modal modifiers : đã, đang, sẽ, còn, chưa… + Modal participles: : à, ư, nhỉ, nhé, chăng… + Modal adverbs: có lẽ là, là, chắn, thường xuyên, cần thiết, thường thường, thực tế… + Modal adjectives: thật, thật, hiển nhiên, rõ ràng, đúng, rất, quá, lắm, chắc, hết sức, vô cùng, cực kì, tốt nhất, nhất, vừa vừa + Hedges : Chúng (tôi) cho rằng, chúng (tôi) nghĩ rằng, nghĩ rằng, chúng (tôi) tin rằng, theo chúng tôi, theo tôi; tơi hỏi khí khơng phải, tơi mạn phép hỏi, khơng phiền tơi xin phép hỏi….; Khơng biết tơi có nhầm khơng, ? Nghe nói/nghe bảo/ nghe đâu/ nghe như/ nghe đồn/ nghe người ta nói ? Cũng tơi nhầm ? Nếu tơi khơng nhầm ? Theo tơi biết/hiểu, ? 23 In an indirect speech act of question in English and Vietnamese, the speech act modality is expressed by: + Narrative sentence to ask + Imperative sentence to ask Epistemic modality in English and Vietnamese is expressed by means of : + Pronouns of question why, why, how, where, the auxiliary verbs do, be, have, interrogative pronouns like ai, làm gì, nào, sao, khơng, có phải khơng modal participles đi, nào, in the sub- clause of the sentence, the narrative , imperative is used to ask Deontic modality in English and Vietnamese is manifested by means of: + English verbs want to know, want to ask, would like to know, wonder, suppose, double in the main clause of the narrative used to ask, the English verb tell, let in the main clause of imperative sentence used to ask; Vietnamese modal verbs: muốn biết, băn khoăn, muốn hỏi, muốn tìm hiểu…in the main clause of the narration, Vietnamese modal verbs Hãy nói cho biết, Xin cho biết… are located in the main clause that is in the imperative to ask +Question intonation The survey of the speech act modality, the epistemic and deontic modality and means of expressing modality in direct and indirect speech act of questions in English and Vietnamese may be more sketchy, may have errors and need to be further studied However, we hope that in some ways the doctoral thesis will be a reference for those who are interested in the field of attitudes and means of expression in English and Vietnamese questioning 24 ... Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh: Nghĩa tình thái kiểu hỏi danh thể câu trần thuật”, Tạp chí Từ điển học bách khoa thư, số (58) 3/2019 Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh: Tình thái kiểu hỏi danh tiếng Anh tiếng Việt , Tạp chí... Vân Anh “Nghiên cứu số phương tiện biểu đạt tình thái câu hỏi tiếng Anh , Tạp chí ngơn ngữ đời sống, số (239) 2015 Võ Đại Quang- Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh “Một số đặc điểm ngữ dụng kiểu câu hỏi danh tiếng. .. English-Vietnamese corpus bilingual corpus (http://nlp.stanford.edu/project/nmt/), literary works such as "Gone with the Wind" written by Margaret Mitchell, "The Da Vinci Code" written by Dan Brown , we statistically