Đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa và kết trị của nhóm tính từ chỉ đặc điểm về lượng của sự vật trong tiếng việt tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION NGUYEN THI THANH HUONG CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEMANTICS AND VALENCY OF THE QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVE GROUP OF THINGS IN VIETNAMESE Major: Linguistics Code: 9.22.90.20 SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS OF LANGUAGE HANOI - 2020 THE THESIS WAS COMPLETED AT: HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Science instructor: Assoc Prof Dr LE THI LAN ANH Prof Dr NGUYEN VAN HIEP Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Dinh Van Duc Ha Noi National University of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviewer 2: Prof Dr Nguyen Van Khang Institute of Linguistics Reviewer 3: Prof Dr Do Viet Hung Hanoi National University of Education The thesis will be protected before the thesis dissertation committee The school met at Hanoi National University of Education in hours days months years The thesis can be found at the libraries: - The National Library, Hanoi - The Ha Noi National University of Education LIST OF THE TOPIC-RELATED PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC PROJECTS I PROJECT OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY Studying the valency of the group of quantitative adjectives in Vietnamese,(2016), Đề tài NCKH Cấp Cơ sở, Trường Đại học Hồng Đức II SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong (2013), Characteristics of quantitative adjectives in Kieu novel by Nguyen Du, Journal of Language and Life Issue /2013, pp 43-46 Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong (2016), The valency of the group of quantitative adjectives of things in Kieu novel – Nguyen Du, Hong Duc University Journal of Science, Issue 31, pp 125-134 Nguyen Thị Thanh Huong (2017), Meaning transference and valency change of the group of quantitative adjectives of things in Kieu novel- Nguyen Du, Hong Duc University Journal of Science – special isue, pp.124-131 Nguyen Thị Thanh Huong (2017), The valency of the group of quantitative adjectives of things in Vietnamese, Journal of Dictionary & Encyclopedia issue (48), pp 54 - 60 Nguyen Thị Thanh Huong (2017), The valency and valency change of quantitative adjectives in Vietnamese, Journal of Dictionary & Encyclopedia, issue (50), pp 21- 27 Nguyen Thị Thanh Huong (2019), Meaning transference of the group of quantitative adjectives of things in Vietnamese, National language and linguistics conference 2019, pp.287-296 INTRODUCTION The reason for choosing the topic 1.1 Adjective is a part of speech which has a large number and occupies an important position in Vietnamese In addition to the types of adjectives describing other characteristics of things, the quantitative adjective group of things plays a significant role, making the abundance and diversity of adjectives in particular and Vietnamese part of speech in general 1.2 The theory of valency is one of the most important grammatical theories The research of this theory contributes to solving the essential problems for Vietnamese grammar, especially the relationship between semantics and grammar in language realization The theory of valency shows that there is a relationship and interaction between the semantics and the valency attribute of the word In particular, the semantics plays a role of dominating the valency, regulating the realization of the valency of words in administrative activities And vice versa, through the semantic attribute valency model, its inherent nature is revealed 1.3 Language research from the perspective of valency is a new research direction and has not received much attention In the general trend of world linguistics, in Vietnam, in recent years, the theory of valency has been quickly applied in a number of research projects But with the quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese in the light of the theory of valency, there has not been any full and comprehensive scientific research This is really a promised land to discover interesting things For the above reasons, we choose the problem: Characteristics of the semantics and valency of the quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese as the research topic of the thesis Research purposes and tasks 2.1 Research purposes Clarifying the characteristics of the semantics and valency of the quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese, thereby confirming the close relationship between semantics and valency of this adjective group in language realization 2.2 Tasks of the thesis - Developing a theoretical framework as the basis for the implementation of the topic: theory of valency, theory of semantics and the theory of quantitative adjective of things in Vietnamese - Analyzing and describing the characteristics of the semantics and valency of quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese when being used with the original meanings - Analyzing and describing the meaning development and valency change of the quantitative adjective group in Vietnamese Objects, scope of research and scope of linguistic data sources Research object of the thesis is the characteristics of the semantics and valency of quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese in 55 linguistic data sources in two types of text of two different styles: science and art Research methods The thesis applies a number of following research methods: Descriptive method combined with method of syntax analysis; methods of modeling, comparison, statistics and classification Contributions of the thesis 5.1 In term of theory This is a systematic research specialized in the semantics and valency of the quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese Through the research, the thesis takes a further step clarifying the theory of valency and semantics as well as their close relationship At the same time, it contributes more voice to demonstrate the progress of modern grammar research directions: grammar associated with semantics 5.2 In term of practice The research results will be practical contributions to the research and learning of Vietnamese, namely: compiling research documents, teaching and learning Vietnamese, explaining words in textbooks as well as in everyday communication especially in acquiring knowledge of science and literature through linguistic material At the same time, helping native speakers have a more specific view to use them better, more sophisticated and diverse (viết lại) Layout of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references and linguistic data sources, the thesis includes chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of research situation and theoretical basis; Chapter 2: Characteristics of the semantics and valency of quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese when being used with the original meanings; Chapter 3: Semantic development and valency change of quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese Chapter OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS 1.1 Overview of research situation 1.1.1 Research situation on the meaning and valency of words 1.1.1.1 Research situation on the meaning of words In the world, the research of the meaning of words has been particularly interested by linguists The first one to mention is Michel Bréal - with the work: “ Essai de Sémantique (Science des signification, 1877), then F.de Saussure (1916), C.K Ogden and I.A Richards (1923), G Stern (1931), V.A Zveginxev (1957), S Ullmann (1962), John Lyons (1977) Besides, G Lakoff, M Johnson, M Turner, C Fillmore, V Evans, M Green also pay attention to and research the meaning from the angle of cognitive linguistics In Vietnam, linguists have acquired and selected research achievements about the meaning of linguists in the world From the angle of traditional linguistics, the earliest researcher with many works on the theory of the meaning of words is Do Huu Chau (1998), followed by Nguyen Thien Giap (2005), Le Quang Thiem (2008), Do Viet Hung (2014), etc From the angle of cognitive linguistics, authors such as Nguyen Duc Ton, Ly Toan Thang, Tran Van Co, Nguyen Van Hiep, etc also researched the meaning of words, especially the meaning transference of words Although from different angles, basically, researchers came up with the concept of the meaning of words, meaning components of words, the phenomenon of meaning transference of words, etc 1.1.1.2 Research situation on valency of words In the world, the theory of valency was researched on many levels with many different points of view First of all, L Tesnière with Elément de Syntax structurale (Arguments of syntactic structure) (1969) gave an understanding of the valency of the verb and the way to distinguish the circumstants and actants Then S.D Kasnelson (1973) clarified the method to understand the valency and distinguish the valency from the ability to engage in syntactic relationships N.I Tjapkina (1980) and A.M Mukhin (1987) expanded the concept of valency of verbs M.D Stepanova (1988) extended the concept of valency from the word level to other levels and aspects of language In Vietnam, Vietnamese linguists quickly apply the theory of valency to Vietnamese research The first one to mention is Cao Xuan Hao (2006) with the work "Vietnamese - Fundamental of Functional Grammar" One of the pioneers who flexibly applied the theory of valency of L Tesnière to language research in Vietnam was Nguyen Van Loc (1995) Dinh Van Duc (2015) put the issue of the research on parts of speech of Vietnamese in the direction of the research of functionalism and was primarily concerned with the theory of valency Besides, there were: Nguyen Thi Quy (1995), Nguyen Van Hiep and Lam Quang Dong (2008), Le Thi Lan Anh (2014), Nguyen Manh Tien (2016), etc Reviewing the works that mentioned the semantics and valency of words in general, adjectives in particular, we can see that this problem has received a lot of research interest Most of the authors pointed out the general characteristics of semantics and valency of words and adjectives But in fact, the application of the theory of semantics and valency to research a specific adjective group, quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese, is still an area with many complex and interesting issues 1.1.2 Research situation on the meaning and valency of Vietnamese adjectives Adjective is a basic part of speech of Vietnamese language Therefore, adjectives are mainly reviewed from a grammatical perspective in terms of grammatical meaning, conjugation ability and grammatical role However, there are also works referring to the semantics of adjectives; The relationship between semantics and valency of some specific adjectives, such as those of Chu Bich Thu (1996), Nguyen Thi Du (2004), Le Xuan Binh, (2009), Nguyen Quynh Thu (2013), Tran Ai Chin (2014), Nguyen Thi Huyen (2018) 1.2 Topic-related theoretical basis 1.2.1 Overview of the meaning of the word 1.2.1.1 The meaning of words and the semantic development of words from a structural perspective a Conception of the meaning of the word The concept “the meaning of the word” is one of the important concepts of language and paid attention by linguistic researchers There are many different views and definitions about the meaning of the word, however, in general, there are three important groups In this thesis, we agree with the conception stating that the meaning of the word is as an abstract mental entity that exists in the brain of native speaker b Meaning components of the word The meaning of the word should be understood to be set of components of the following meanings: denotative meaning, significative meaning, pragmatical meaning and grammatical meaning The four above-mentioned meaning components of the word are the meanings of the word in the system – They are inherently stable and constitute the nuclear meaning of the word And in term of functionality, the word always creates other meanings, without stability is called the connotational meaning c Multiple-meaning phenomenon means and the phenomenon of meaning transference of the word Multiple-meaning phenomenon means a semantic phenomenon in which a word (a phonetic shell) contains two or more meanings and each meaning corresponds to one or some things and phenomena in objective reality Meaning transference means that a meaning of a word is formed based on an existing meaning of that word The meaning transference of the word is always done through the method of transferring meaning There are many criteria for classifying method of transferring meaning, but according to some researchers, there are two methods of transferring meaning: metaphor and metonymy 1.2.1.2 Some basic concepts of cognitive linguistics related to the meaning and the semantic development of words a Concept, conceptualization, conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy Concept is the result, the product of human cognitive activities about the world around them as well as themselves through their interaction with the world The concept may be expressed in words and may not be expressed in words as well Conceptualization is the cognitive activity to form concepts, including many different mental processes Conceptual metaphor is the systematic logical mappings between two conceptual domains: the source domain and the target domain The nature of conceptual metaphor is in the structuration and perception of these phenomena in the interpretation of other phenomena It has a one-way nature, motivating the source domain and the target domain to bring about additional meaning (knowledge) that is quite detailed and impressive sometimes Conceptual metonymy is a cognitive process in which a conceptual entity (means) provides the mental reception to another conceptual entity (target) in the same domain or the same idealized cognitive model b Category and categorization Category is a scientific concept reflecting the most common and basic attributes and relationships of phenomena In cognitive linguistics, the category is one of the cognitive forms of human thinking that allows to generalize experience to classify things and phenomena in the objective world Categorization is a human cognitive process about the world around them and classifying them into basic categories On this basis, people are able to form concepts and acquire meaning of linguistic symbols c Domain, source domain and target domain Domain is a conceptual entity used in conceptual metaphor theory and approaches related to conceptual mappings Conceptual domain has a relatively complex cognitive structure related to unified aspects of experience, is a collection of concepts that are closely connected Source domain consists of a collection of verbal entities, attributes, processes and relationships, which are semantically linked and seem to be stored together in mind Target domain tends to be abstract and draws its structure from the source domain through metaphorical links or "conceptual metaphor" 1.2.2 Overview of the valency of the word 1.2.2.1 Concept of valency Based on the concept of valency of domestic and international linguists, the valency of the word is the ability of words to incorporate into itself syntactic formants that help to realize the semantic characteristics of words 1.2.2.2 Concept of arguments, classification of arguments a Concept of arguments Arguments are formants that realize the semantic characteristics of the central word, which can assume a certain grammatical position in the sentence b Classification of arguments In this thesis, we use a pair of terms: actants and circonstants Actants are the type of argument needed for a word to have a minimum level of meaning complete without the help of context This argument is strongly influenced by the semantic - grammatical characteristics of words Circonstants are the type of argument that may or may not be present next to the central word, but must still be permitted by it The semantic-grammatical characteristics of this argument are still dominated by the central word 1.2.2.3 Principles and tactics of valency determination a Principle of valency determination The arguments of the word, as grammatical units, are characterized by two aspects: semantics and grammar Therefore, the principle of determination of the valency of the word must be based on the characteristics of form (structure) and content (semantic) b Tactics of valency determination When determining the valency of the word, there are many tactics, however, the simple but most effective tactic is the question-making This is a tactic based on the semantic structure of the central word for question-making to find out the arguments In other words, we use the word central to ask questions to find out arguments Such as, it can be meant that the central word will be present in all questions for searching arguments The answers to 10 such questions are the word’s arguments Each question will help us identify a blank cell needed or can be filled, which is equivalent to an argument 1.2.2.4 Relationship between semantics and valency of the word The meaning and valency attribute of the word are always in close relationshio In particular, the meaning always plays a dominant role to the valency, meaning that the meaning of the word stipulates the realization of valency of the word in the activities of functionality In contrast, through the valency model, the inherent semantic attribute of the word is expressed This is the basis to assert that in every language, the ultimate basis of syntactic connection is the semantic factor The stipulative feature of semantics to valency is shown in that each type of valency, normally associated only with the lexical grammatical meaning of the word The valency is closely dependent on the meaning of the word, therefore, the change of vocabulary-grammer meaning always leads to the change in its valency Sub-conclusion The group of quantitative adjectives of things is one of the central, basic groups of words in any language This group has many complicated characteristics attracting the attention of many researchers In implementing this topic, we have established some basic theoretical concepts in terms of semantics, valency These theoretical aspect will be applied to clarify the semantic characteristics and valency of this adjective group when used with the original meaning and meaning development Chapter CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEMANTICS AND VALENCY OF THE QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVE GROUP OF THINGS IN VIETNAMESE WHEN USED WITH THE ORIGINAL MEANINGS 2.1 An overview of quantitative adjectives of things in Vietnamese 2.1.1 Concept of quantitative adjectives of things in Vietnamese Based on different concepts of researchers, in this thesis, we state that: The quantitative adjectives is these are adjectives that quantify things (high, low, shallow, deep, wide, narrow, short, long, heavy, light, etc) and express the number of things (full, shallow, sufficient, insufficient, little, much, crowded, big, small, middle, etc) 14 Arguments indicating quantity Arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics Arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics Quantitative adjectives Arguments indicating comparison Figure2.2 The valence model of the quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese when used with the original meanings When used with the original meanings, the valence model of quantitative adjective group consists of four arguments surrounding the nuclear adjectives: (1) Arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics, (2) Arguments indicating quantity, (3) Arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics (4) Arguments indicating comparison In particular, the arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics are actants, the remaining three arguments are circonstants 2.3.2 The arguments characteristics of quantitative adjective group of things when used with the original meanings 2.3.2.1 Arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics a For content This type of arguments supplements and realizes the meaning of things with quantitative characteristics expressed by quantitative adjectives These are things in a material form that can be perceived by humans Through a survey of 2045 sentences, of which 1224 sentences containing quantitative adjectives used with the original meaning from 55 linguistic sources, the results are as follows: 15 Arguments indicating Number of No things having Examples occurrences quantitative characteristics Objects or This room is 12 square meters wide, the door artificial is in the middle, the two sides have two small objects beds, each headboard has a cabinet of books 381 and clothes (Nguyen Huy Thiep – Collection of short stories) Natural The abyss is more than a hundred meters phenomenas deep, beneath the abyss is a dry, shallow 362 stream (Nguyen Huy Thiep – Collection of short stories) Human Baby weighs three pounds two kilograms, 218 honey (Le Luu – Two houses) Animals This octopus is 18m long (including the mouth cap), the eyes are 30cm in diameter, 162 the cornea of the mouth is about the size of a hat (Nguyen Quang Vinh - Biology grade 7) Plants Grass is few inches taller than a thin willow 137 grass (Nguyen Du - Story of Kieu) Rate % 31% 27% 18% 13% 11% Table 2.1 Statistics of Arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics when the quantitative adjective group of things used with the original meanings b For form * Location When realized in the sentence, the position of the arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics is usually before the quantitative adjectives, which can be considered as its common position Arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics Quantitative adjectives * Word type Arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics may be expressed by the following types of words: nouns, pronouns * Structure Arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics may be structured from a word or noun 2.3.2.2 Arguments indicating quantity 16 a For content Arguments indicating quantity create specific numerical meanings of quantitative adjectives of things Thanks to it, the quantitative characteristics of things in objective reality can be “quantified” Through surveying the corpus, we find that this expression expresses the following meanings: size, weight, distance For example: Pho Minh Cauldron: Cast in bronze in the time of Tran Nhan Tong, located at the yard of Pho Minh pagoda (Tuc Mac, suburban Nam Dinh) The cauldron 4foot 1,6 m) deep, 10-foot ( wide, weighing over tons (Tran Ngoc Them– Introduction to Vietnamese Culture) b For form * Location: The common position of the arguments indicating quantity can be before or after quantitative adjectives In particular, the position behind is basic, appears with high frequency Arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics Quantitative adjectives Arguments indicating quantity * Word type The arguments indicating quantity are determined by numerical words, the number of words indicating the estimated and inaccurate quantity, and the noun of the unit of expression * Structure The arguments indicating quantity are composed of a word combined with unit nouns (science, folklore, nature), a specific combination of number of words (word group): sub-word + word count + single science unit noun 2.3.2.3 Arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics a For content Arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics add meanings of levels and nuance to the quantitative adjectives of things, help the amount of things to be expressed in more specific, suggestive, and descriptive ways For example: During high tide, the river bed is spaciously wide up to thousands of meters and more than ten meters deep (Phan Ngoc Lien – History grade 6) b For form * Location: As a supplement of meaning to adjectives, the arguments indicating the levels and 17 nuance of characteristics usually can be before or after adjectives, directly combining with the central adjectives In particular, the position behind is basic and popular Arguments indicating things having quantitative Arguments indicating level Quantitative adjectives characteristics and nuance of characteristics * Word type The basic expression form of arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics is expressed by adjectives * Structure Mostly, the arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics is usually made up of either a alliterative word or a compound word 3.2.2.4 Arguments indicating comparision a For content Arguments indicating comparision add the levels and shades or add detailed information for the nuclear adjectives For example: The head is heavy and hot like a sticky rice pot (Ha Minh Duc - To Hoai’s Collection, episode 1) b For content * Location As an adjunctive, additional meaning to the adjective, the common position of the arguments indicating comparision always behind the adjective, indirectly associated with the central adjective with words indicating comparative relations: as, equal, more, be… Arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics Quantitative adjectives Arguments indicating comparision * Word type The arguments indicating comparision are expressed by a noun or linguistic noun * Structure In terms of structure, the arguments indicating comparision has the following structure: a word, a phrase 2.3.3 Presence ability of the arguments in a sentence 2.3.3.1 Full presence ability The full presence ability is the case that all the arguments in the valence structure of the quantitative adjective group of things when using the original meaning are realized in the sentence In fact, the survey of 55 linguistic sources shows that, in 1224 sentences 18 containing quantitative adjectives when using the original meaning, the fully presence ability arguments not appear 2.3.3.2 Inadequate presence ability Inadequate presence ability is the case of missing one or several arguments in the valence structure a Absence of arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics Theoretically, this is actant that must be present in However, under the influence of context, there are still cases where this arguments is missing for certain purposes, often taking place in artistic texts For example: I shot this bear in Sponge Weighs 137 pounds (Nguyen Huy Thiep- Collection of short stories) b Absence of quantitative arguments Because these are circonstants, they may not appear in the sentence For example: On the cowlick, long white whip hair dangled like the red tail of a white horse (Ha Minh Duc – To Hoai’s Collection, episode 1) However, due to the influence of pragmatic factors, this factor may appear incomplete when omitted, but this computation is rare and uncommon c Absence of arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics and arguments indicating comparision If the phenomenon of absence of the arguments indicating things with quantitative characteristics is very rare and uncommon, the phenomenon of absence of the arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics and arguments indicating comparision is quite popular, aiming for specified purposes For example: This morning, Mr Pho's eyes were deep and his beard was a full centimeter long (Many authors - Good short stories) d Absence of quantitative arguments; arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics and arguments indicating comparison In these cases, circonstants not appear, only actants are the arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics appears with the central adjective This phenomenon is quite common For example: 19 Now the ocean is wide the sky is high (To Huu - Literary works awarded Ho Chi Minh Prize) Sub-conclusion Through a survey of 55 linguistic sources, 2045 sentences in scientific and artistic texts, we found that: In Vietnamese, there are 31 quantitative adjectives are single words In term semantic, the quantitative adjective group has the meaning measure of things and express the number of things In terms of valence, due to the dominance of semantic characteristics, quantitative adjective group of things always requires arguments Each type of arguments has different content and form characteristics The presence of the sentences in a sentence is flexible and extremely diverse Chapter SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGING THE VALENCY OF QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVE GROUP OF THINGS IN VIETNAMESE 3.1 The semantic development of quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese 3.1.1 Concept of the semantic development of words The semantic development of words is a universal phenomenon in all languages, derived from communication needs and motivation of human The essence of semantic development is the conceptual development, associated with the process of conceptualization, is the projection from one conceptual domain to another and the semantic structure is essentially the appearance of the semantic structure The process of semantic development of words can take place in many different ways and is related to the expansion of the semantic category, to the variation of the category hierarchy The semantic development of the group of quantitative adjectives is shown in the meaning transference according to the conceptual metaphor and the category expansion From the survey results 821/2045 sentences containing quantitative adjectives used with the tra meaning transference, the thesis will present semantic development directions of quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese ways as follows: 3.1.2 Semantic development directions of quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese 3.1.2.1 Quantitative adjective group that expresseses people a Quantitative adjective group that express personality of people Quantitative adjective group development meaning to express personality of people 20 based on metaphorical notions that PERSONALITY IS AN OBJECT WITH QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS For example: The doctor voice is still as cold as ice cream: - Depending on the family (Many authors – Good short stories) b Quantitative adjective group that express concepts that belong to human thinking, intelligence, knowledge and awareness Based on metaphor, INTELLIGENCE, KNOWLEDGE, TALENTS ARE OBJECTS WITH QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS, the quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese has the ability to transference meaning to express concepts of human thinking and intellectual activity and knowledge These are all abstract concepts For example: High conspiracy is not as good as thick mind (Vietnamese Proverbs - Folk songs) c Quantitative adjective group that express psychological - emotional characteristics of people Based on the conceptual metaphor, AFFECTION IS AN OBJECT WITH QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS, the quantitative adjective group of things is expanded the meaning beyond the limit of quantitative characteristics of things to describe the level of affection and spiritual life, inner life of man This is a quite remote transference and difference in nature (from the physical category to the spiritual category), which is the most abundant and predominant transference meaning in large numbers For example: Deep affection, heavy sentimental attachment, sweet spring sky (Nguyen Binh - Nguyen Binh whole episode) d Quantitative adjective group that express life and fate of people Quantitative adjective group transferences meaning to express life and fate of each person basing on metaphor, LIFE, FATE IS AN OBJECT WITH QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS For example: The dog is dead Life is short, the life of an unborn (Nguyen Huy Thiep - A collection of short stories) 3.1.2.2 Quantitative adjective group that express time By the effect of metaphor, TIME IS AN OBJECT WITH QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS, the quantitative adjective group of things has the ability to transference meaning to express time, from space to time, from concrete to abstract For example: Long past is my black hair (Xuan Quynh - Xuan Quynh Poetry) 3.1.2.3 Quantitative adjective group that express personality, mood of the objects, natural phenomena In the concept of entity, THE NATURAL PHENOMENA ARE MOODY OBJECTS, Time Personality, mood of the objects, natural phenomena21 ATTRIBUTES OF THE SOURCE DOMAIN ARE USED TO PERCEIVE THE DESTINATION DOMAIN The quantitative adjectives belong to the human meaning field which transference meaning to express status and emotion of things For example: Forest is callous, emotionless, unruffled, frigid, cruel Forest like that People forever Nature like that forever: callous, emotionless, unruffled, frigid, cruel (Nguyen Huy Thiep - A collection of short stories) Figure 3.1 Diagram of semantic development directions of quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese 3.2 Valency transference of quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese 3.2.1 Transference of valency model Surveying 55 linguistic sources, we found that valency model of the quantitative adjective group transferenced and meaning content, form of each type of arguments also had certain transferences Arguments indicating things having characteristics Arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics Quantitative adjective Arguments indicating comparison Quantitati 22 Figure 3.2 Valency model of the quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese when changing meaning A set of three arguments revolving around adjectives are: (1) Arguments indicating thing having a characteristic, (2) Arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics (3) Arguments indicating comparison The quantitative arguments not appear In particular, the arguments indicating a thing having a characteristic are still actants while the arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics and the arguments indicating comparison are circonstants 3.2.2 Transference of Argumentss 3.2.2.1 Transference of argumentss indicating thing having a characteristic a For content The arguments indicating things having characteristics still supplements and actualizes the meaning of things having characteristics due to the expression of adjectives However, the difference is that the arguments indicating things having quantitative characteristics transferences to the arguments indicating the things having characteristics and the scope of the meaning is extended At the moment, the quantitative adjective has the ability to combine both material things and non-material things, belonging to different meaning field, expressing different shades of meaning The thesis has surveyed 821 sentences containing quantitative adjectives when used with the meaning of transference in 55 linguistic sources, the results are as follows: No Arguments Number of Rat indicating things Example occurrences e % having characteristics Emotional state, My heart is wide but the heaven is tight human spiritual (Tu luc van doan Collection, Volume 3) 339 41% life The autumn is too short, followed by a Time long and sad winter (Nguyen Hong 252 31% Selected works) Activities of High talent and wide knowledge human thinking, shall bring about fortune and luck 85 10% intelligence (Nguyen Binh - Nguyen Binh whole and knowledge episode) The fate is heavy with female karma Life, fate 48 6% (Nguyen Du - Story of Kieu) 23 Things, natural Cold flowers, sparse afternoon, gradually falling dew (Xuan Dieu - Poetry and life) phenomena 97 12% Table 3.1 Statistics of arguments indicating things having characteristics when the quantitative adjective group transferences meaning b For form * Location The arguments indicating things having characteristics can still stand in both positions, before and after adjectives The front position is still basic Arguments indicating things having characteristics Quantitative adjectives In general, compared with other arguments, when the quantitative adjective is used with both original meaning and transference meaning and field transference, the arguments indicating things having characteristics have a relatively stable position * Word type The arguments indicating things having characteristics often combine directly or indirectly with the adjectives and can be questionable nouns, noun phrases and pronouns In particular, when this argument is given by a noun transformed noun by adding the nominal arguments first and there is usually an "one" with the expression * Structure The arguments indicating things having characteristics has forms composed of a word or a phrase 3.2.2.2 Transference of arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics Although still participating in the valency model, the arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics appear relatively little and there is little transference in content and form a For content This result still adds the meaning of degree and shade to the adjective They both give information about the nature of things and tell us the relationship between things and subjects For example: Love is very far swinging under blanket (Nguyen Binh - Nguyen Binh whole episode) b For form * Location: The arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics usually behind the adjective, directly combining with the adjective Arguments indicating things having characteristics Quantitative adjectives Arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics * Word type Through a survey of over 55 linguistic sources, we found that the basic expression form of the arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics still due to the expression 24 adjectives * Structure In terms of structure, the arguments indicating degree and shade of the characteristic is usually composed of a complex word 3.2.2.3 Transference of arguments indicating comparison Unlike when the group of quantitative adjective used with the original meaning, when the adjective group transferenced its meaning, the arguments appeared with lower frequency and had the following characteristics: a For content The arguments indicating comparison still add level meaning, shade, or extra detail to the nuclear adjective Especially in artistic texts, this combination indicating increases the perceived and expressive value of poetry words The arguments indicating comparison are still non-physical objects and phenomena with abstraction For example: Kieu's fate is as thin as sheet (Nguyen Du - Story of Kieu) Through the survey of linguistic sources, when used with the transference meaning, the arguments indicating comparison are still non-physical objects and phenomena with abstraction b For form * Location The common position of the arguments indicating comparison is always behind the adjective, indirectly associated with the central adjective by words indicating comparative relations: such as, equal, more, is Arguments indicating things having Quantitative adjectives characteristics Arguments indicating comparision * Word type Just like when an adjective is used with its original meaning, the basic form of the arguments indicating comparison is usually expressed by a noun or noun phrase * Structure In terms of structure, the arguments indicating comparison can be made up of a word or phrase 3.2.3 Presence possibility of the Arguments in a sentence 3.2.3.1 Full presence possibility Surveying 55 linguistic sources, among 821 sentences containing quantitative adjective used with the meaning of transference, there is no case that the trio of arguments with full presence This proves that when the quantitative adjective group used with the 25 original meaning or the transitional meaning, the possibility of full presence of the set of arguments in the valency model does not occur 3.2.3.2 Inadequate presence capacity a Absence of arguments indicating things having characteristics Like when the adjective group uses the original meaning, under the influence of context, the arguments indicating things having characteristics is still missing for certain purposes such as: avoiding repetition of words, creating close links between language units, rhythms, directing readers to new information, the focus of notifications For example: Broad as mother's affection when pushing cradle As passionate as a lover forever (Xuan Dieu - Poetry and life) b Absence of arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics Due to the influence of pragmatic factors, the arguments may be omitted This phenomenon is common when the arguments indicating comparision appear The intention of the writer to avoid duplicate information so the listener focuses on new information For example: A sadness as far as waves crashing (Huy Can - Collection Huy Can II) c Absence of arguments indicating comparision The arguments indicating comparison shall be omitted when the arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics appear to increase the attention of information of another arguments and avoid repeating the same information If omission of arguments indicating things having characteristics happens uncommonly, this omission of arguments is fairly common For example: Love you so heavy heart (Nguyen Du - Story of Kieu) d Absence of arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics and arguments indicating comparison In actual use of the lower language, the case of absence of arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics and arguments indicating comparison is very common At this time, there is only one single Arguments surrounding the adjective - the arguments indicating things having characteristics For example: Deep love ∅ heavy sentiment ∅ big grace (Nguyen Binh - Nguyen Binh whole episode) Sub-conclusion The quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese has a very development diverse meaning, from the fact that only the physical properties of the quality of things in the objective world have transferenced meaning to express the contents related to all fields in the spiritual life of man Based on the conceptual metaphor, the quantitative adjective group has 26 development meaning to express people, time, things and nature When semantics development, the reasoning is the transference in valency The common valency model transferences and the meaning content, form of each Arguments also has certain transferences The phenomenon of omitting the arguments in the sentence also takes place CONCLUSION Applying the theory of meaning and valency to solve a specific object - the adjective group indicating the quantitative characteristics of things in Vietnamese - is actually a fairly new approach Based on the survey of 55 linguistic sources belonging to two different types of documents, the thesis obtained the following main results: The thesis has statistics in Vietnamese language with 31quantitative adjective They are all lexical adjectives – grammar specifies the mandatory arguments that make up its valency In terms of semantic characteristics, when the quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese is used with the original meaning has the meaning quantify of things and express the number of things Including two groups of meanings: group quantitative of things (measure the size, the weight, the heat, the distance and group express the number of things In particular, the group measure of things appears more Besides the quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese has a very development diverse meaning, from the fact that only the physical properties of the quality of things in the objective world have transferenced meaning to express the contents related to all fields in the spiritual life of man Based on the conceptual metaphor, the quantitative adjective group has development meaning to express people, time, things and nature In particular, the meaning express the psychological - emotional characteristics of the human being is a quite remote and difference in the predominant nature with a relatively large number When semantics transference, the reasoning is the transference in valency The common valency model transferences and the meaning content, form of each Arguments also has certain transferences The phenomenon of omitting the arguments in the sentence also takes place Regarding valency characteristics, with the role of the center of the meaning structure, the quantitative adjective group of things requires the associated arguments surrounding it to be semantically suitable When used with the original meaning, in the most complete form, the value structure model consists of four arguments: (1) arguments indicating things with quantitative characteristics, (2) quantitative arguments (3) arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics (4) arguments indicating comparison These factors have their own characteristics both in terms of grammar (form) and semantics (content) and have a close correlation with each other to form model of argument rotating around adjectives The arguments indicating things with quantitative characteristics are actants suplementing have lexical meanings for things bearing the quantitative characteristics Basic position goes before adjectives The 27 remaining three circonstants the arguments that add the quantitative characteristics, meaning level, shade or additional information to the adjectives and often behind the adjectives When the quantitative adjective group transferenced the meaning, the value model of valency transferenced and the meaning content, the form of each argument also had a certain transference Specifically, the quantitative arguments not participate in the structure of the valency structure At that time, the valency model of this adjective group had only three arguments: an actant is the argument indicating the things having characteristics and the two circonstants are the arguments indicating level and nuance of characteristics and the arguments indicating comparison Regarding the transference of the argument, the transference in appearance generally does not have much difference in position, structure and type The most distinctive difference is still the transference in the content of argumentsthat take on the most powerful and clear argumentsal role It is this transference that creates strange, unique combinations that express the creative purpose and style of each individual when using language, especially artistic language The possibility of the presence of the argumentsin a sentence is considered The results showed that the phenomenon of the argumentsin the model of the valency structure presents fully but did not occur when the quantitative adjective groups were used with both original meaning and transference meaning But in certain contexts, the absence of arguments often occurs primarily in artistic texts for different purposes Particularly for the central adjective, no absence occurs This confirms that, in all contexts, the central adjective is always the most permanent in the model In other words, the characteristics of the quantitative adjective structure model of things in Vietnamese depend on the valency attribute of the nuclear adjective The content of significance of the quantitative adjective group of things governs the valency model In contrast, through the semantic characteristic valency model is manifested most clearly A transference in content or form or both of any kind of an argument, is also a sign of the "transference", the semantic transformation of the central adjective From there, we can confirm the close relationship between content and form of expression, between semantic characteristics and valency of words In particular, the meaning always plays a dominant role in valuing, stipulating the realization of valency of the word in public administration activities And through the valence model, the inherent semantic attribute of the word is revealed Studying the influence of the meaning factor on the combined attribute in particular and the grammatical activities of words in general contributes to solving important issues of Vietnamese grammar With the study of the quantitative adjective group of things in Vietnamese on two aspects of learning and semantics that are independent and interacting with each other, the thesis has added a voice to confirm the research direction from the perspective of 28 grammar Power is a new research direction The research results of the thesis initially provide readers with a general and specific picture about the quantitative adjective group of things in terms of semantics and valency Hopefully this will be a premise for in-depth study of other adjective groups in Vietnamese ... ARTICLES Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong (2013), Characteristics of quantitative adjectives in Kieu novel by Nguyen Du, Journal of Language and Life Issue /2013, pp 43-46 Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong (2016), The... Nguyen Thị Thanh Huong (2017), The valency of the group of quantitative adjectives of things in Vietnamese, Journal of Dictionary & Encyclopedia issue (48), pp 54 - 60 Nguyen Thị Thanh Huong (2017),... the semantic attribute valency model, its inherent nature is revealed 1.3 Language research from the perspective of valency is a new research direction and has not received much attention In the