The SAGE Handbook of Power Edited by Clegg and Stewart R Mark Haugaard www.ebook3000.com The SAGE Handbook of Power www.ebook3000.com www.ebook3000.com The SAGE Handbook of Power Edited by Stewart R Clegg and Mark Haugaard www.ebook3000.com Introduction © Mark Haugaard and Stewart R Clegg 2009 Chapter © Gerhard Gưhler 2009 Chapter © Keith Dowding 2009 Chapter © Peter Morriss 2009 Chapter © Charles Tilly 2009 Chapter © Rob Stones 2009 Chapter © Jacob Torfing 2009 Chapter © Rolland Munro 2009 Chapter © Richard Jenkins 2009 Chapter © John Allen 2009 Chapter 10 © Mitchell Dean 2009 Chapter 11 © Nigel Rapport 2009 Chapter 12 © Fredrik Engelstad 2009 Chapter 13 © Mark Haugaard 2009 Chapter 14 © Ray Gordon 2009 Chapter 15 © Siniša Maleševi´c 2009 Chapter 16 © Amy Allen 2009 Chapter 17 © Stewart R Clegg 2009 Chapter 18 © David Courpasson and Franỗoise Dany 2009 Chapter 19 â Kevin Ryan 2009 Chapter 20 © Bob Jessop 2009 Chapter 21 © Philip G Cerny 2009 Chapter 22 © Stewart R Clegg and Mark Haugaard First published 2009 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers SAGE Publications Ltd Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, Post Bag New Delhi 110 044 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008926494 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-4129-3400-8 Typeset by CEPHA Imaging Pvt Ltd., Bangalore, India Printed in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press, Trowbridge, Witshire Printed on paper from sustainable resources www.ebook3000.com Contents List of Contributors vii INTRODUCTION: Why Power is the Central Concept of the Social Sciences Mark Haugaard and Stewart R Clegg PART I FRAMING THE FIELD 25 ‘Power to’ and ‘Power over’ Gerhard Göhler 27 Rational Choice Approaches Keith Dowding 40 Power and Liberalism Peter Morriss 54 Power and Democracy Charles Tilly 70 Power and Structuration Theory Rob Stones 89 Power and Discourse: Towards an Anti-Foundationalist Concept of Power Jacob Torfing 108 Actor-Network Theory Rolland Munro 125 The Ways and Means of Power: Efficacy and Resources Richard Jenkins 140 Powerful Geographies: Spatial Shifts in the Architecture of Globalization John Allen 157 www.ebook3000.com vi PART II CONTENTS POWER AND RELATED ANALYTIC CONCEPTS 175 10 Three Conceptions of the Relationship between Power and Liberty Mitchell Dean 177 11 Power and Identity Nigel Rapport 194 12 Culture and Power Fredrik Engelstad 210 13 Power and Hegemony Mark Haugaard 239 14 Power and Legitimacy: From Weber to Contemporary Theory Ray Gordon 256 15 Collective Violence and Power Siniša Maleševi´c 274 PART III POWER AND SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES 291 16 Gender and Power Amy Allen 293 17 Managing Power in Organizations: The Hidden History of Its Constitution Stewart R Clegg 310 18 Cultures of Resistance in the Workplace David Courpasson and Franỗoise Dany 332 19 Power and Exclusion Kevin Ryan 348 20 The State and Power Bob Jessop 367 21 Reconfiguring Power in a Globalizing World Philip G Cerny 383 22 Discourse of Power Stewart R Clegg and Mark Haugaard 400 Index 466 www.ebook3000.com List of Contributors Amy Allen is an Associate Professor of Philosophy and Women’s and Gender Studies at Dartmouth College Her research focuses on the concepts of power, subjectivity, agency and autonomy in the work of Arendt, Foucault, Butler and Habermas Her articles on these topics have appeared in journals such as Constellations, Philosophy and Social Criticism, Hypatia, Philosophical Forum and Continental Philosophy Review She is the author of two books: The Power of Feminist Theory: Domination, Resistance, Solidarity (Westview Press, 1999), and The Politics of Our Selves: Power, Autonomy, and Gender in Contemporary Critical Theory (Columbia University Press, 2008) John Allen is a Professor of Economic Geography in the Faculty of Social Sciences at The Open University His research interests include power and spatiality, with particular reference to topology and scale and issues of urban and social theory Recently he has engaged with issues of pragmatism and geography, together with the privatization of authority and the geography of state power He has authored or edited over twelve books, the most recent of which is Lost Geographies of Power (Blackwell Publishing, 2003), which forms part of the Royal Geographical Society/Institute of British Geographers Book Series Philip G Cerny is a Professor of Global Political Economy at Rutgers University–Newark (New Jersey, USA) He is the author of The Politics of Grandeur: Ideological Aspects of de Gaulle’s Foreign Policy (Cambridge University Press, 1980; French edition, Flammarion, 1986) and The Changing Architecture of Politics: Structure, Agency and the Future of the State (Sage, 1990) He is co-editor of Power in Contemporary Politics: Theories, Practices, Globalizations (with Henri Goverde, Mark Haugaard and Howard H Lentner, Sage, 2000) and Internalizing Globalization: The Rise of Neoliberalism and the Erosion of National Varieties of Capitalism (with Susanne Soederberg and Georg Menz, Palgrave, 2005) In addition to the articles and chapters cited in this book, he is recently the author of ‘The Governmentalization of World Politics’, in Kofman and Youngs (eds), Globalization: Theory and Practice (London: Continuum, 3rd edition, 2008), ‘Restructuring the State in a Globalizing World: Capital Accumulation, Tangled Hierarchies and the Search for a New Spatio-temporal Fix’, Review of International Political Economy (October, 2006), and ‘Terrorism and the New Security Dilemma’, US Naval War College Review (Winter, 2005) Stewart R Clegg is a Professor at the University of Technology, Sydney and Research Director of the Centre for Management and Organization Studies; a Visiting Professor of Organizational Change Management, Maastricht University, Faculty of Business; a Visiting www.ebook3000.com viii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Professor to the EM-Lyon Doctoral Program, and Visiting Professor and International Fellow in Discourse and Management Theory, Centre of Comparative Social Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, and also at Copenhagen Business School He is a prolific publisher in leading academic journals in management and organization theory who has published a large number of papers and chapters and is the author and editor of over forty monographs, textbooks, encyclopedia and handbooks He is a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and a Distinguished Fellow of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management He is also an International Fellow of the Advanced Institute of Management Research To his surprise he has been researched as one of the top 200 business gurus in the world (What’s the Big Idea? Creating and Capitalizing on the Best New Management Thinking by Thomas H Davenport, Lawrence Prusak and H James Wilson, 2003) David Courpasson is a Professor of Sociology at EM Lyon Business School, France and researcher at OCE-EM Lyon Research Center He is also Research Dean and PhD Director at EM Lyon, and Visiting Professor at Lancaster University, UK His research interests include new forms of power and resistance in organizations, the dynamics of bureaucratic regimes of power and of structures of domination He has published extensively on these topics in recognized journals like Journal of Management Studies, Organization Studies and Organization He co-authored the Power and Organizations (Sage, 2006) with S Clegg and N Phillips, and authored the book Soft Constraint, which was published in 2006 by Liber/Copenhagen Business School Press He is the forthcoming editor-in-chief of Organization Studies Franỗoise Dany is a Professor of HRM at EM Lyon Business School, France She is the Head of the research center OCE (Organisations, Careers New Elites) Her research interests include HRM, and the evolution of the employment relationship She has done a lot of comparative research as well as critical research in order to put forward new insights regarding changes within modern organizations She has published in academic journals such as Organization Studies and the International Journal of Human Resource Management She is also author of several books in French Mitchell Dean is a Professor of Sociology at Macquarie University, Sydney, and Dean of the Division of Society, Culture, Media and Philosophy, and is a founding member of the Centre for Research on Social Inclusion His publications include Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society (Sage, 2nd edition, 2009 ) and Governing Societies (Open University Press, 2007) His interests include the analysis of different forms and contexts of power including sovereignty, biopolitics and liberalism, and various aspects of domestic and international rule Keith Dowding is the Head of Political Science Program in the Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University in Canberra and was formerly a Professor of Political Science at the London School of Economics He has published two books and many articles on political power and is editing a two volume Encyclopedia of Power for Sage He has also published widely in political science, public administration, urban studies, social and rational choice theory and political philosophy in journals such as American www.ebook3000.com LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix Political Science Review, American Journal of Political Science, British Journal of Political Science, European Journal of Political Research, Public Choice, Public Administration, Rationality and Society and Urban Studies Quarterly He has been co-editor of the Journal of Theoretical Politics since 1996 Fredrik Engelstad is affiliated to the Department of Sociology and Human Geography at the University of Oslo He also holds a part-time position at the Institute for Social Research, where he was director for two decades In addition to general sociological theory his research interests include power as reflected in social elite structures, in industrial relations, in culture, and in images of power in fiction literature Trained as a sociologist of working life, his research is based on survey methods as well as intensive interviews and historical approaches He was member of the core group of the Norwegian Power and Democracy Study 1998-2003, where he co-authored several books, on working life, business, and social elites He is series editor of the yearbook series Comparative Social Research, and for many years member of the board of European Consortium for Sociological Research Gerhard Göhler is a Professor Emeritus and taught political theory and the history of political ideas at the Free University Berlin until 2006 He is currently coordinating a research project on power and soft control at the Berlin research centre ‘Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood’ His research interests include the theory of political institutions, theories of power and control, the history of political ideas in modernity and the history and theory of political science He is co-editor of the collected works of Ernst Fraenkel, one of the founding fathers of German political science after 1945 (6 volumes, 1999–2008) He wrote on the early Hegel, Marx’s dialectic, liberalism and conservatism in the 19th century, and institutional theory (Institution Power Representation What Institutions Stand For and How They Work, 1997) Ray Gordon is the Head of the School of Business and the Associate Dean of Research for the Faculty of Business, Technology and Sustainable Development at Bond University His research interests include power in organizations, leadership, ethics and social control systems He is an ethnographer and employs discourse analysis, narrative and story-telling methods He has published extensively in internationally recognized academic journals such as the Leadership Quarterly, Organization Studies, the Journal of Public Administration and the Organization Management Journal He authored the book entitled Power, Knowledge and Domination, which was published in 2007 by Liber/Copenhagen Business School Press as part of its Advances in Organizations Studies series Mark Haugaard is Senior Lecturer in social theory in the Department of Political Science and Sociology, National University of Ireland, Galway, and was Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute, Florence He is founding Editor of the Journal of Power (Routledge) He has published over thirty articles and books on power and related subjects, including the following: Siniša Maleševic´ (co-eds.) Ernest Gellner and Contemporary Social Thought (Cambridge University Press, 2007); Haugaard and Howard Lentner (co-eds.) Hegemony and Power (Lexington Books, 2006); Haugaard ‘Reflections on Seven Forms of Power’ European Journal of Social Theory, (Sage, 2003); Haugaard and Siniša Maleševic´ (co-eds.) Making Sense of Collectivity: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Globalization www.ebook3000.com 478 INDEX P Panopticon (Bentham) 249–50, 253, 349, 353, 402, 437–8, 451, 456 Pareto, Vilfredo 275 parochial mode of control (Crawford) 363 Parsons, Talcott 2, 4, 15–16, 31, 92–3, 105n.2, 111, 127, 185, 243–5, 248, 259–61, 420, 440 Parsons, William Sterling 287 “passive resistance” 244 paternalism 11, 184 pauperism 353–6, 361 Peasants into Frenchmen (Weber) 229 Penrose, L S 46 performativity, theory of (Butler) 301–2 Pfeffer, J 261 “phase of juridical regression” (Foucault) 357 Phillips, N 324 Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein) 246 “physics envy” (Flyvbjerg) 414 Pinkerton’s 318 Pitkin, Hanna 28, 34, 37n.4 Plato 458 Plough Sword and Book (Gellner) 404 pluralism 8, 14, 22, 29, 74, 90, 102–4, 208, 227, 262, 286, 363, 385, 387, 262 Poggi, Gianfranco 18, 242, 282–5, 289n.5 politician-bureaucracy relationship 44 Polsby, N 262 polyarchal democracy 77 polymorphous crystallization (Mann) 372, 380 Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 353–4 Popper, Karl 348, 350, 414 Portes, A 149–50 positive conception of freedom (Berlin) 182 post-structuralism 8, 19, 108–9, 121–3, 294, 448 postmodern marketing theory 416 Poulantzas, Nicos 102, 111, 132, 367, 377, 380, 438, 459 power power to/power over 5–7, 15, 28–35, 35, 55, 73, 294, 306, 400–7, 448, 453 transitive-intransitive 6, 34–6, 35, 402–4 power with 33–4, 306, 307n.1, 448 Power: A Philosophical Analysis (Morriss) 405 Power: A Radical View (Lukes) 89–90, 110, 180, 240–1 power ableness/ability 48–50 power centers 86 Power Elite, The (Wright Mills) 93 Power in the Global Age (Beck) 159–60 power index approach 45–8 Power: Its Forms, Bases and Uses (Wrong) 97 Power, Michael 360 Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, The (Goffman) 450 Presidential State Council of Russia 388 press-gangs 311 Prince, The (Machiavelli) principal-agent models 44–5 Principles of Scientific Management, The (Taylor) 312, 314 private equity groups 167–9 private security companies 446 “privatization of governance” (Lake) 393 Prohibition 320, 328n.4 proletarian hegemony 413 protective republicanism 74 Protestant work-ethic 225, 419 Prussia see Germany Psychic Life of Power, The (Butler) 300, 302 public sector reform 360 punishment 110, 112, 114, 188, 233, 249, 311, 353, 361–2, 387, 432 “Puritans, Visionaries, Survivors” (Stewart) 416 Pusey, M 458 Putin, Vladimir 388 Putnam, Robert 148, 324 INDEX R Ranke, Leopold von 276 Rapport, Nigel 12–14, 427–32 Rasmusen, Eric 44 “ratio approach” 59–60 rational choice theory 3, 6, 40–51, 245, 404 Ratzenhofer, G 276 Rawls, John 405–7 real conjunctural/real ideal interests 99 “real interests” (Lukes) 89–90, 99, 264 realism/rational choice theories 32, 41–5, 50 realist interpretation see neorealist interpretation reappropriation 332 Reason 109, 422, 445 “recurrent dilemma” (Geertz) 194 redundancy 326 Reformation, The 225 Reich’s hypothesis (Foucault) 248 reification 21, 91, 130, 206, 253, 410, 417, 426, 431, 438, 443 religion 18, 285–7 Reproduction of Mothering, The (Chodorow) 297 Republic, The (Plato) 458 Research Assessment Exercises 459 resistance introduction 20, 332–4 Jean-Paul story 333–7, 338–9, 342–6, 453–5 isolation to escalation 337–9 culture 339–43, 340 workplace 343–5 resource management 147 responsible autonomy 179 revolution 40, 79, 117, 153, 250–1, 275, 284–5, 288, 296, 312, 317 Rice, Condoleezza 415 Riker, William H 47 rings of reference 244 role relationships (Merton) 95 Rome 277, 281, 423 Rorty, Richard 195, 416, 429 Rose, Nikolas 358–60 Rosenau, James N 389 Royal Ascot 432 “rule of anticipated reaction” (Friedrich) 262–3 “rules” (Giddens) 92 Russia 117, 389 Rustow, A 276 Ryan, Kevin 20–1, 451, 455–8 479 480 INDEX S Sacks, Harvey 413 Saddam Hussein 408 Sartre, Jean-Paul 200, 203, 410 Sassen, Saskia 10, 159, 162–9, 171 Scandinavia 219 Schattschneider, E E 262–3 Schelling, Thomas 223 Schmitt, Carl 276, 277–80, 282–6, 288n.2, 289n.5, 369, 412, 461 Scholes, M 438 Schultz, T W 148 Scotland 334–6, 344, 454 Scott, J C 337–40 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 425 Searle, John 228 second dimension of power 264 sectional/value groups (Key) 388 “security dilemma” 387 segregated housing patterns 223 Selections from the Prison Notebooks (Gramsci) 240–1 Sen, A K 431, 460 Sennett, Richard 226 Service Department 320, see also Ford Sociological Department sex 219, 457 Shakespeare, William 427 Shapley, Lloyd 46–8 Shapley-Shubik power index 46–8 Shearing, Clifford 363 Shubik, Martin 46–8 signification 92, 115 Silbey, S S 343–4 Simmel, Georg 197–8 Singer, Peter 69n.80 skyscrapers 228–9 “sleeping policemen” example 127–9, 417 Smith, M G 143 Smith, S S 147 social antagonism 118 social choice 41 social knowledge (Barnes) 247, 252 social movements 332–3 society 1–2, 6, 10, 20–1, 29–35, 42, 54–7, 63–5, 74, 90, 97, 109–10, 114, 117–9, 122, 125, 127, 136, 147, 149, 159–64, 169–71, 182, 184–5, 206, 211, 213, 220–3, 225–7, 230, 234, 244, 249–51, 257, 278, 280–3, 287, 296, 318–20, 311, 315, 333, 348–52, 354–64, 367, 370–3, 380, 384–6, 394, 397, 405–9, 417, 419, 428–30, 433, 435, 441, 446, 455, 457, 459, 461–2 “soft” control 269, 342 soldiers 311–12 solidarity 304 Sources of Social Power, The (Mann) 102, 214 sovereign power 183, 249–51, 350–1, 353–4, 358, 364 Spanish Inquisition 445 Sparta 247 “specific freedom thesis” (Carter) 56 specific power thesis 56–8 Spicer, A 332, 337, 453 Spinoza, Baruch 241 Spruyt, H 423 Stalinism 419 state, the aim of government 351–2 and hegemony 245, 250 and Hobbes/legitimacy 404–5 and rational choice 42–3 and violence 276–84, 447 defence of territory 114 definition 371–3 enterprise 360 introduction 21–2, 367–71 state power 18, 373–6, 460–1 strategic nature 376–81 Steiner, George 199 Steiner, Hillel 59–60, 62 Stocking, George 194 Stoicism 64 Stones, Rob Storyville 320 strategic selectivity 379–80 strategic-context analysis 378 strategic-relational approach (SRA) 367–9, 374–5, 377–8 Strauss, A 143 INDEX structural constraints 375 structural-functionalism 245 structuralism 111–12, 119–20, 194–5, 196–8, 211, 245–6 structuration (Giddens) 30, 95, 245, 409–10, 454 structuration theory explanation 7–8, 89–90 analysis 90–101, 105n.1 and non-reductionist pluralism 101–5 Structuration Theory (Stones) 89 structures 115, 127 481 “structures of domination” 92, 259–60, 269 structures/agents 90–1 subjectification 337 subjection 299–300 Subjection of Women (Mill) 355 subjectivism/objectivism 91–2 substantivism 9, 141 “sujet” 29 Sumer 422–3 Swidler, A 341 Sydow, J 91 symbolic capital 150–1, 219 symbolic interactionism 410 482 INDEX T topology 424 Torfing, Jacob 8, 412, 416 totalitarianism 4, 45 transcendence 295 translation 131–3 translegal/transnational domination 160 transnational politics 160, 461 Treatise of Orders and Plain Dignities (Loyseau) 350–1 Treitschke, Heinrich von 276–86 “triadic” freedom (MacCallum) 63 “trickling down” model 223, 224 Trotsky, Leon 117 Truman, President 286 trust 324–5 trust networks 84–7 truth 16, 248, 250, 266–8, 421–2, 426 Turkey 221 Turner, Victor 201, 214 Twin Towers attack 414–15 “Two concepts of liberty” (Berlin) 181 “two-level games” 386 tyranny 1, 242, 408 Takeuchi, H 326 Tarde, Gabriel 127 Taylor, Frederick Winslow 19, 312–17, 321–2, 324, 325, 401, 450, 458 Territory, Authority, Rights (Sassen) 159, 162–3 terrorism 447–8 Teschke, B 369 theatrical model (Goffman) 218–19 therapeutic interviews 321 Therborn, G 411 “third dimension of power” 111, 183, 185, 248, 252, 263–5 Third Way, The (Giddens) 104 Thompson, P 325 Thorne, Barrie 302 Thucydides 247 Tibet 434, 437 Tilly, Charles 7, 279–80, 283–5, 408 time study techniques 317 Tiv people (Nigeria) 145, 427–9 “tool kits” (Swider) 341 U U postulate (Kramer) 60, 64 UNI global union 171 unipolar system 390 United Kingdom 229, 439 United Nations 46, 390, 394 United Nations’ Human Development Index 77 United States 4, 221, 228, 232, 239, 396, 411–15, 424, 439, 446–7 Urry, John 127 US Constitution 46 utilitarianism 312–14, 353, 357, 455 INDEX 483 V vagabondage 354–6, 361 Vallas, S P 339–40, 346 valorization 217 value, intrinsic 56–7 Valverde, Mariana 355–6 Veblen, Thorstein 230 Vegetius (Roman writer) 387 Versailles 423 victim feminism 303 violence overview 17, 444–6 readiness to use 141–2 collective 243–4 classical sociology 275–9 contemporary sociology 279–84 ideology 284–8 “violent inscription” (Derrida) 114–15 von Hirsch, Andrew 363 voting power 46–8, 47 W Waltz, Kenneth 386, 388 war 2, 17, 43, 79–80, 82–5, 206, 215, 217, 228, 248–50, 274–8, 280–4, 288, 318, 327, 352–3, 385–7, 389–90, 392, 395–6, 444–7, 452, 456, 462 Warhol, Andy 433 Warhurst, C 325 Washington, George 228 ways and means 140, 144, 153 weapons 94, 233, 265, 283, 312, 389, 408–9, 446 Weber, Lynn 304 Weber, Max 2, 6, 9, 14, 16–17, 21, 28, 35–7, 133, 141–2, 151, 180–1, 185, 187, 191, 196, 202, 211, 213, 218, 222, 225, 227, 242, 256–61, 265, 269, 271, 275, 279–80, 282–8n.3, 327, 368–9, 393, 396, 405, 407, 415, 419, 433, 439, 442, 462 Weeks, J R 339 Weingast, Barry R 42 welfare 108, 179, 360–1 West, Candace 19, 300–4, 449 West Point Military Academy 312, 328n.1 Westphalian states system 369, 385, 387, 396 whales 424–5 “What is Enlightenment?” (Kant) 422 Whitehead, 201 Windeler, A 91 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 4, 246, 403, 413, 437 Wolf, Eric 198 Wolff, Jo 63, 65 women see gender Woolgar, S 133 workfare 361 “workhouse test” 353–4 world politics 385–6 World Trade Organization 390, 392 “would be” leaders 345 Wright Mills, C 93 Wrong, Dennis H 96–7, 100, 140, 143 484 INDEX Y Young, Jock 362 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 363 Yugoslavia 223, 229 Z Zazzau (Zaria) 143 zero-sum games 15, 164, 169, 243, 279, 326 Zimbabwe 412 Zimmerman, Don 19, 300–2, 304, 449 Zizek, Slavoj 119, 122 Zola, Émile 226