The sage handbook of counselling and psychotherapy

The SAGE Handbook of Counselling and Psychotherapy The SAGE Handbook of Counselling and Psychotherapy 4th edition Edited by Colin Feltham Terry Hanley Laura Anne Winter SAGE Publications Ltd Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 © Colin Feltham, Terry Hanley and Laura Anne Winter 2017 Chapter 1.1 © Colin Feltham and Terry Hanley 2017 Chapter 1.2 © Colin Feltham and Terry Hanley 2017 Chapter 1.3 © Laura Anne Winter and Terry Hanley 2017 Chapter 1.4 © Laura Anne Winter, Colin Feltham and Terry Hanley 2017 Chapter 2.1 © Laura Anne Winter 2017 Chapter 2.2 © Jenny Bimrose 2017 Chapter 2.3 © Simon Parritt 2017 Chapter 2.4 © Léonie Sugarman 2017 Chapter 2.5 © Liz Ballinger 2017 Chapter 2.6 © David Mair 2017 Chapter 2.7 © William West 2017 Chapter 2.8 © Doireann Mangan 2017 Chapter 3.1 © Laura Anne Winter 2017 Chapter 3.2 © William B Stiles 2017 Chapter 3.3 © Biljana van Rijn 2017 Chapter 3.4 © Andrew Reeves 2017 Chapter 3.5 © Lucy Johnstone 2017 Chapter 3.6 © Julia Noble and Terry Hanley 2017 Chapter 3.7 © India Amos 2017 Chapter 3.8 © India Amos 2017 Chapter 3.9 © India Amos 2017 Chapter 4.1 © Laura Anne Winter 2017 Chapter 4.2 © Chris Rose 2017 Chapter 4.3 © Mary Creaner 2017 Chapter 4.4 © Antony Froggett 2017 Chapter 4.5 © Barbara Mitchels 2017 Chapter 4.6 © Tim Bond 2017 Chapter 4.7 © Tim Bond 2017 Chapter 4.8 © Colin Feltham 2017 Chapter 4.9 © Peter Jenkins 2017 Chapter 4.10 © Sobhi Girgis 2017 Chapter 4.11 © John McLeod 2017 Chapter 5.1 © Terry Hanley 2017 Chapter 5.2 © Anthea Millar 2017 Chapter 5.3 © Ruth Williams 2017 Chapter 5.4 © Mark Linington and Victoria Settle 2017 Chapter 5.5 © Lionel Bailly 2017 Chapter 5.6 © Jessica Yakeley 2017 Chapter 5.7 © Julia Segal 2017 Chapter 5.8 © Richard J Brown, Sara Bardsley and Vanessa Herbert 2017 Chapter 5.9 © John Boorman, Eric Morris and Joe Oliver 2017 Chapter 5.10 © Jill Mytton and Heather Sequeira 2017 Chapter 5.11 © Sunil Lad and Chris Irons 2017 Chapter 5.12 © Michaela Swales and Christine Dunkley 2017 Chapter 5.13 © Catherine Kerr and Liz Royle 2017 Chapter 5.14 © Adam J Scott and Kate Adam 2017 Chapter 5.15 © Windy Dryden 2017 Chapter 5.16© Nick Totton 2017 Chapter 5.17 © Ladislav Timulak 2017 Chapter 5.18 © Emmy van Deurzen 2017 Chapter 5.19 © Michael Ellis and Jonathan Smith 2017 Chapter 5.20 © Keith Tudor 2017 Chapter 5.21 © Clark Baim 2017 Chapter 5.22 © Helen Sieroda 2017 Chapter 5.23 © John McLeod 2017 Chapter 5.24 © Jo Cooper 2017 Chapter 5.25 © David Winter and Fay Fransella 2017 Chapter 5.26 © Guy Shennan 2017 Chapter 5.27 © Claire Pollitt 2017 Chapter 5.28 © Elizabeth Robinson and Graham Dyson 2017 Chapter 5.29 © Stephen Palmer 2017 Chapter 5.30 © John McLeod and Mick Cooper 2017 Chapter 5.31 © Konstantina Kolonia and Helen Kyritsi 2017 Chapter 5.32 © Val Wosket and Peter Jenkins 2017 Chapter 5.33 © Charlotte Sills and Keith Tudor 2017 Chapter 5.34 © Digby Tantam 2017 Chapter 5.35 © Colin Feltham 2017 Chapter 6.1 © Laura Anne Winter 2017 Chapter 6.2 © Richard Velleman 2017 Chapter 6.3 © Gill Donohoe and Tom Ricketts 2017 Chapter 6.4 © Linda Machin 2017 Chapter 6.5 © Denis O’Hara 2017 Chapter 6.6 © Andrew Guppy and Sally Woods 2017 Chapter 6.7 © Christiane Sanderson 2017 Chapter 6.8 © Caroline Vermes 2017 Chapter 6.9 © Jill Balmont and Ida Waksberg 2017 Chapter 6.10 © Christine Wilding 2017 Chapter 6.11 © Daniel Zahl 2017 Chapter 6.12 © Tom Ricketts and Gill Donohoe 2017 Chapter 6.13 © Julia Noble 2017 Chapter 6.14 © Tom Ricketts and Gill Donohoe 2017 Chapter 6.15 © Claudia Herbert 2017 Chapter 6.16 © Bernie Ryan 2017 Chapter 6.17 © Brian Martindale 2017 Chapter 6.18 © Gail Evans 2017 Chapter 6.19 © Rosaleen McElvaney 2017 Chapter 6.20 © Rowan Bayne 2017 Chapter 6.21 © Andrew Reeves 2017 Chapter 7.1 © Terry Hanley 2017 Chapter 7.2 © Nick Hodge and Anja Rutten 2017 Chapter 7.3 © Simon Parritt 2017 Chapter 7.4 © Liz Ballinger 2017 Chapter 7.5 © Olivier Cormier-Otano and Dominic Davies 2017 Chapter 7.6 © Emma Williamson 2017 Chapter 7.7 © Rachel Tribe and Anita Tunariu 2017 Chapter 7.8 © Jude Boyles 2017 Chapter 7.9 © Zsуfia Anna Utry and Stephen Palmer 2017 Chapter 7.10 © Andrew Reeves 2017 Chapter 7.11 © Elaine Kasket 2017 Chapter 7.12 © David Goss 2017 Chapter 7.13 © Gareth Williams 2017 Chapter 7.14 © Sarah Hovington and Zubeida Ali 2017 Chapter 7.15 © Alex Coren 2017 Chapter 7.16 © Kevin Friery 2017 Chapter 7.17 © Kathryn Geldard, David Geldard and Rebecca Yin Foo 2017 Chapter 7.18 © Kathryn Geldard, David Geldard and Rebecca Yin Foo 2017 Chapter 7.19 © Naoko Kishita and Ken Laidlaw 2017 Chapter 7.20 © Rudi Dallos 2017 Chapter 7.21 © Stephen Paul 2017 Chapter 7.22 © Gail Evans 2017 Chapter 7.23 © Maxine Rosenfield 2017 Chapter 7.24 © Kate Anthony 2017 Chapter 7.25 © Kate Anthony, Stephen Goss and DeeAnna Merz Nagel 2017 First edition published 2000 Reprinted 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Second edition published 2006 Reprinted 2007, 2009, 2010 Third edition published 2012 Reprinted 2014 (twice), 2015, 2016 (three times) This fourth edition published 2017 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers Library of Congress Control Number: 2017933985 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-4739-5330-7 ISBN 978-1-4739-5331-4 (pbk) Editor: Susannah Trefgarne Editorial assistant: Talulah Hall Production editor: Sushant Nailwal Copyeditor: Sarah Bury Proofreader: Sunrise Setting Indexer: Elske Jannsen Marketing manager: Michael Ainsley Cover design: Sheila Tong Typeset by: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed in the UK In memory of Moira Walker and David Geldard primary care 573–578 primary emotions 264 privacy 517 private logic 181 private practice 22, 567–572 assessment 75 drug treatment 364 legal matters 155, 156 proactive counselling process 599–600, 600 problem solving 13, 128–129, 392 ethical 139–141 problems, origin and maintenance acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) 219–220 Adlerian Therapy 181 attachment-based psychoanalytic psychotherapy 192–193 cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) 321–322 cognitive therapy (CT) 225–226 compassion focused therapy (CFT) 231 dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) 236–237 ecotherapy 259 emotion-focused therapy (EFT) 264–265 existential therapy 270–271 Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) 242 Gestalt therapy 276 interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) 327 Jungian Analytical Psychology 187 Lacanian Therapy 198 multimodal therapy 332–333 narrative therapy 299 neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) 304 personal construct counselling and psychotherapy 309–310 person-centred therapy (PCT) 281–282 pluralistic therapy 339–340 psychoanalytic therapy 202 psychodrama 287 psychodynamic interpersonal therapy (PIT) 211–212 psychodynamic psychotherapy 207 psychosynthesis therapy 293 rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) 253 schema therapy (ST) 344–346 skilled helper model 351 solution-focused brief therapy 314 transactional analysis (AT) 356–358 procedural sequence model 320 procedural sequence object relations model (PSORM) 320 procedures 320 process measures 90–94, 92, 93 process notes 133 process research 165–166 professional conduct procedures 144–148 professional development see personal and professional development (PPD) professional ethics see ethics professional investigation and adjudication process 145–148 professional organisations accreditation 17–18 historical developments 3–4, 4–8 professional skills see skills and strategies Project MATCH 384 projection 276 projective identification 207 psychiatric diagnosis see diagnosis psychic determinism 201 psychoanalysis 3, 12 psychoanalytic therapy 200–204 group therapy 617–618 psychodrama 285–289, 616 psychodramatic roles 287 psychodynamic approaches to therapy 179–214, 406 psychodynamic interpersonal therapy (PIT) 210–214 psychodynamic psychotherapy 104, 205–209 psychodynamic therapy client-therapist relationship 67, 102 neuropsychological setting 565 psycho-educational guidance 13 anxiety 391 cognitive therapy (CT) 226 domestic abuse (DA) 418 multimodal therapy 332, 333 neuroscience and neuropsychology 564 schema therapy (ST) 346 young people 600 psychological contact 97 psychological type theory see preference theory psychological types 187 Psychological Wellbeing Practitioners (PWPs) 18 Psychologically Informed Environments (PIEs) 532 Psychology in Hostels (PIH) Project, Lambeth 532–533 psychopathology 211, 351, 377–378 see also problems, origin and maintenance psychopharmacology (drug treatment) 362–368 drug-related problems 411 eating disorders 424 mental disorder 161 normalizers by condition 365–366 obsessive compulsive disorder (OCDS) 448–449 phobias 461 psychoses 477–478 transmitters and drugs affecting them 366–367 types of treatment 365 psychoses 475–479 psychosis (Freud) 202 psychosomatic symptoms see medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) psychosynthesis therapy 291–295 psychotherapeutic counselling psychotherapists see therapists psychotherapy see counselling and psychotherapy qualitative research 168 quantitative research 168–169 queer theory 50 questionnaires 77 questions 315 race 57–60 racism 60 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) 166, 168 Range of Response to Loss Model (RRL) 395–396, 396, 397–398, 398, 399–400, 399 rape see sexual violence rational beliefs 252 rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) 251–255 rational therapy (RT) see rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) rational-emotional dissociation 229 rationalisation 476 reality testing 227 reciprocal roles (RRs) 320, 321–322 recognition 322–323 record keeping 132–136 re-evaluation 243 referrals 96, 111 reflecting teams 611–612 reflective listening 102 reflective-practitioner 176 reflexive practice 104–105, 111, 119 reformulation letters 109, 322 refugees 542–545 relapse prevention 109, 391, 411, 413, 478 relational communication 626 relational frame theory (RFT) 219 relational/interpersonal approaches 619 relationship and sex problems 481–486, 627 relationship therapy 623–627 relaxation 392 reliability 91 reliable change 168 religion 14, 49, 53–56, 275 repertory grid technique 310–311 repetition compulsion 202 research 165–171 formulation 87 importance of 175–176 outcome and process measures 91 into supervision 124–125 research evidence acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) 222 Adlerian Therapy 184 Asperger Syndrome (AS) 514–515 attachment-based psychoanalytic psychotherapy 194 children 595 coaching 550–551 cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) 324–325 cognitive therapy (CT) 227 compassion focused therapy (CFT) 234 depression 407 dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) 239 disability 520 ecotherapy 260–261 emotion-focused therapy (EFT) 267 existential therapy 272–273 Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) 245 family therapy 612 feminist therapy 524–525 further and higher education 557 gender, sexuality and relationship diversity (GSRD) therapy 529 Gestalt therapy 278 homelessness 534 interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) 329 interpreters 539–-540 Jungian Analytical Psychology 188 Lacanian Therapy 199 media work 561 Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) 250 multimodal therapy 336 narrative therapy 301 neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) 305–306 neuroscience and neuropsychology 565 older people 605–606 personal construct counselling and psychotherapy 311 person-centred therapy (PCT) 283–284 pluralistic therapy 342 primary care 577–578 psychoanalytic therapy 204 psychodrama 289 psychodynamic interpersonal therapy (PIT) 213–214 psychodynamic psychotherapy 208–209 psychosynthesis therapy 295 rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) 255 refugees 545 relationship therapy 627 schema therapy (ST) 348 short-term therapy 582–583 skilled helper model 353–354 solution-focused brief therapy 317 telephone counselling 633 text therapies 637 transactional analysis (AT) 359 workplace therapy 588 young people 601 resilience 528 resistance to treatment 202 responding 315 response prevention 448 responsibility 363 retroflection 276 reviews 103, 109 revision 323–324 rigour 369 risk 78–83 collaborative positive risk-taking 82–83 exploration 82 legal obligations 157 mitigation 82 risk assessment 72, 76–77 domestic abuse (DA) 416–417 quantitative approaches 81–82 suicide and self-harm 500–501 Rogers, Carl 3, 165–166, 175, 280 client-therapist relationship 68, 97 group therapy 616 objective for clients 108 role dispute 327–328 role play 288, 347 role reversal 288 role theory 287 role training 288 role transition 328 roles reciprocal roles (RRs) 320, 321–322 see also fixed-role therapy Roszak, Theodore 258 rumination 247 ruptures 69, 103–104 Ryle, Anthony 320 safeguarding 81 safety behaviours 387, 391 sameness 60 sand play work 594 schema therapy (ST) 344–348 schemas 226 schizophrenia 377 school-based counselling 21 science, criticism of psychotherapy 371 scientist-practitioners 175–176 Scotland 574 script 356, 357–358 secondary emotions 264 selective attention 387 Self 187, 292 self 117 acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) 221 affirmative ageing 40 child sexual abuse 489, 491 compassion focused therapy (CFT) 233 in context 118–119 existential therapy 270 as a group 118 loss of 476, 564 roles and 287, 288 transpersonal 292 self-actualisation 14, 275–276, 281 self-awareness 59, 65 self-characterization 310 self-concept 281, 281–282 self-criticism, two chair dialogue for 266 self-defeating patterns 345 self-determination 10 self-disclosure 598–599 self-esteem see low self-esteem self-experience 281 self-harm 80–81, 498–504 risk factors 500 self-injury 80–81, 499 self-interruption, two chair dialogue for 266 self-reflection 104–105, 111, 119 self-regulation, organismic 276–277 self-stereotypes 605 sensory experience 304 sequential diagrammatic reformulation (SDR) 322, 323 service anxiety 149–150 service commissioners 91 service users see clients sex 48 sex problems see relationship and sex problems sexual abuse in childhood 487–492 sexual violence 469–474 sexuality 48–51, 518–519 see also gender, sexuality and relationship diversity (GSRD) therapy shadow goals 15 shame 527 Shapiro, Francine 241 short-term therapy 579–583 siblings 181 sick role 15, 327, 441 silencing 299 single-session therapy (SST) 601 skilled helper model 349–354, 353 skills and strategies acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) 220–222 Adlerian Therapy 182–183 alcohol problems 383 attachment-based psychoanalytic psychotherapy 193–194 basic skills 64–65, 102–103 beyond therapy 114–115 cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) 322–324 cognitive therapy (CT) 227 compassion focused therapy (CFT) 232–234 depression 406–407 dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) 238–239 ecotherapy 259–260 emotion-focused therapy (EFT) 265–267 existential therapy 271–272 Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) 242–245 Gestalt therapy 277–278 interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) 328–329 Jungian Analytical Psychology 188 Lacanian Therapy 198–199 Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) 248–250 multimodal therapy 333–336, 334, 335 narrative therapy 300–301 neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) 305 personal construct counselling and psychotherapy 310–311 person-centred therapy (PCT) 283 pluralistic therapy 340–342 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 466–467 psychoanalytic therapy 203–204 psychodrama 288–289 psychodynamic interpersonal therapy (PIT) 212–213 psychodynamic psychotherapy 208 psychosynthesis therapy 293–295 rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) 253–255 schema therapy (ST) 346 skilled helper model 352–353 solution-focused brief therapy 315–317 transactional analysis (AT) 358–359 SMART 570 SMS 635, 640 social anxiety disorder 458 social capital 44 social change 15, 523 social class 43–46 social context 180 “Social Interest” 180 social justice 26–27 Social Learning Theory 410, 441 social media 124, 518, 641 see also online counselling social model of disability 35, 37 social phobia 458 social shaping 231 social/cultural roles 287 sociatry 286 socio-cultural perspectives 26–28 sociology 371 Socratic questioning 227 soft skills 130 solo/vision quest 260 solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) 313–317 somatic roles 287 somatization 441 speech 197 see also language SPICC model 594 spirituality 14, 49, 53–56 spontaneity 286 stabilisation 418 stepped care 576 stereotypes 30, 39, 41, 605 stigma 37, 430 stories 352 storytelling see narrative therapy Strange Situation 191 stress 405 minority stress 51, 526 stress management 493–497 stress-vulnerability model 475 student support services 553–554 substance misuse see drug-related problems suicide 80, 498–504 risk factors 500 superconscious 292 superego 201, 202 superpersonalities 293–294 supervision 104–105, 121–125 client-informed feedback 152 ending phase of therapy 110, 111 family therapy 610 primary care 577 professional conduct procedures 147 by telephone 633 telephone counselling 633 working with disability 517–518 supportive therapy 13 symbolic capital 44 symbolic strategies 600 symptom amelioration 13–14 symptoms see medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) synchronicity 188 systemic change 15 systemic evocative unfolding 266 systemic family therapy see family therapy tame problems 128–129 team formulation 87 team working 237, 313, 514 technology Asperger Syndrome (AS) 514 electronically delivered text therapies 634–637, 640 in supervision 124 telephone counselling 630–633 wider issues 639–641 telephone counselling 630–633 temperament 404–405 terrorist activities 134, 135 test-operate-test-exit (TOTE) model 303–304 text therapies 634–637, 640 theories see therapeutic approaches therapeutic alliance 68–69, 75, 102, 166 therapeutic approaches 174–176 alternative approaches 361–373 cognitive-behavioural approaches 217–255, 406 constructivist approaches 297–317 humanistic-existential approaches 72, 257–296, 406, 407 integrative and eclectic approaches 319–359, 473, 594 psychodynamic approaches 179–214, 406 see also individual therapies therapeutic gardening 260 therapeutic relationship see client-therapist relationship therapeutic skills see skills and strategies therapists 45–46 therapy access to 149, 518, 631 see also Improving Access to Psychological Therapy Programme (IAPT) beginning phase 96–100 ending phase 107–111 length/duration 98, 150–151 see also short-term therapy Lacanian Therapy 198–199 Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) 247 psychoanalytic therapy 203 middle phase 101–105 therapy goals see goals therapy rooms 97 third sector 20–21 thought disorder 476 Thought Record 435–437 time-limited play therapy 593 timeline 605 training 16–18, 119 allied professions 18 primary care 577 skills beyond therapy 114–115 supervisors 124 telephone counselling 633 transactional analysis (AT) 355–359, 485 transactions 357–358 transcendental experience 14 transference 67, 188, 202–203 transgender 529 transition 328 transmitters and drugs affecting them 366–367 transpersonal self 292 Trans-theoretical Model 410–411 trauma 86, 202, 417, 430 see also post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) 488 trauma-informed practice (TIP) 415, 418 treatment resistance to 202 see also intervention treatment outcomes alcohol problems 384 anxiety and panic 392–393 bereavement 401 domestic abuse (DA) 419 drug-related problems 413 eating disorders 425 HIV/AIDS 432 low self-esteem 439 medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) 443–444 obsessive compulsive disorder (OCDS) 449 personality disorders 454–455 phobias 461 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 467–468 psychoses 479 sexual abuse in childhood 491–492 sexual violence 473–474 stress management 497 suicide and self-harm 503–504 see also research evidence treatment retention 424 two-chair technique see chair work uncertainty 389–390 unconscious 197, 201 see also consciousness; superconscious understanding 14 Unified Model of Depression 226 United Kingdom Alcohol Treatment Trial (UKATT) 384 United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP) code of ethics 10, 26 formulation 84 unplanned endings 109–111 validity 91 values 9–10, 219, 221, 568–569, 569 BACP professional values 568 values-based approach to practice 568 videoconferencing 640 videotaped feedback 461 violence risk management 81, 82–83 against women 29–30 see also sexual violence virtual exposure therapy 640–641 virtual reality 640–641 vision 570 vision quest 260 voice 299 voluntary agencies 20–21 vulnerable adults 81 Wales 574–575 Web 2.0 641 welfare-oriented information 13 wicked problems 128–129 window of tolerance 467 withdrawal ruptures 104 women discrimination and inequality 29–30 educational achievement 30 sexuality 50 see also feminist therapy working alliance 122–123 workplace changes 129–130 workplace therapy 22, 75, 585–588 writing 300 letters 109, 234, 300, 324, 347 young people (adolescents) 40, 41, 597–601 anxiety disorder 377 eating disorders 424 zone of proximal development (ZPD) 322 .. .The SAGE Handbook of Counselling and Psychotherapy The SAGE Handbook of Counselling and Psychotherapy 4th edition Edited by Colin Feltham Terry Hanley Laura Anne Winter SAGE Publications... are counselling and psychotherapy? 1.2 What people come to counselling and psychotherapy for? 1.3 What are the training routes in counselling and psychotherapy? 1.4 Where counsellors and psychotherapists... in their services She is a Fellow of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP), awarded for her outstanding services to the profession, and Past-President and Fellow of the