Cơ sở tâm lý rèn luyện ý chí của hạ sĩ quan, binh sĩ ở các sư đoàn bộ binh quân đội nhân dân việt nam tt tiếng anh

1 INTRODUCTION 1 Reasons for choosing the thesis topic The willpower plays a very important role in human life and activities It is the spiritual strength for people to overcome complex difficulties in practical activities President Ho Chi Minh made it clear that “Nothing is hard; It is only fearful of unstable heart; From digging mountains and filling in the sea; Determination willpower complete all” [57, p.440] In particular, in fighting activities, the danger, fierceness, sacrifices, losses all require soldiers to be cunning, brave, resilient, enduring in order to win”[13, p.137] Aware of the position and role of the willpower in military activities, the Tenth National Military Party Congress, the term 2015 - 2020 identified "building strong and firm political capacity, steady goal of national independence and socialism, high determination; absolute fidelity and willpower to fight, sacrifice to protect the Party, the State, the people and the socialist regime for officers and soldiers" [24, p.42] In order to accomplish the above objectives and requirements, and at the same time contribute to the construction of the revolutionary, regular, elite and step-bystep army, it requires divisions in general and infantry divisions in particular to continue improving the results of educating and training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in a comprehensive way For infantry divisions, training the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is a very important task and requirement in the process of training and combat readiness In the status quo of strong development of modern weapons, high-tech war, reverse impact of the market economy, the fierce resistance of hostile forces, the matter of training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions becomes more and more important Thoroughly implementing the Resolution No 765 - NQ/QUTW of the Central Military Commission "On improving the quality of training in the period of 2013-2020 and the following years", during the last time, together with improving the quality of training, infantry divisions regularly value the education and training of willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers However, besides the results achieved in training, infantry divisions still present certain limitations such as: The 2 quality of training has inconsistent contents; the innovation of contents and programs of training fails to meet the development of the task situation; some units do not perform well on training and training of soldiers [73], [88], and [97] Researches and surveys of training and practices in infantry divisions show that there are still some non-commissioned officers and soldiers who have not been active in the performance of their missions, resulting in low mission completion To overcome the above-mentioned limitations, it is required that in the coming time, infantry divisions must improve the quality of training and training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers Over the years, the issue of training the willpower of soldiers military has been concerned by Vietnamese and international researchers in various aspects However, there has not been any research project on training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in military activities, especially; there has not been any research project on psychological basis for training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in the infantry divisions systematically Originating from the theoretical and practical basis mentioned above, the topic of "Psychological basis for training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in the infantry divisions of the Vietnam People's Army" for the research thesis 2 Purposes and tasks of the research Purposes The dissertation researches on practical and theoretical issues of psychological foundations to train the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers Accordingly, it proposes sociopsychological measures to train the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions, contributing to improving the quality of fighting-readiness training for non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions today Tasks Giving an overview of the thesis-related research Building the theory on psychological basis for training the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers, pointing out the components making up and the factors affecting the willpower Conducting the surveys and assessing the current situation of the willpower of non-commissioned officers Proposing socio-psychological measures to train the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions of the 3 Vietnam People’s Army Carrying out the relevant experiments on training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army 3 Object, Participants and Scope of the research Object The components making up and the factors affecting the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions Participants Non-commissioned officers, soldiers, leaders and commanders at infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army Scope In terms of content: The dissertation concentrates on psychological basis for training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, especially the components making up and the factors affecting the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions The dissertation researches on the current situation of the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers In terms of participants: The dissertation conducts the surveys with the participation of 430 non-commissioned officers and soldiers (enlisted in 2017 = 200; enlisted in 2018 = 230), 110 officials (regiment, company, and battalion) at Division 312, Army Corp 1; Division 325, Army Corp 2; Division 3, Military Zone 1 In terms of time: Sufficient data and numbers are mainly from 2015 to present 4 Scientific hypothesis The willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions is a personal quality, making up of three components: recognition, attitude and action The components making up the willpower are in great harmony and closely linked Of which, attitude and action of non-commissioned officers and soldiers are of average level Psychological basis for training the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions are the components making up the willpower (recognition, attitude and action); the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers is 4 affected by objective and subjective factors, of which the subjective factors are of greater effect The willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers can be trained by identifying appropriate socio-psychological measures, the components making up and the factors affecting the training of the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions 5 Methodology and research methods Methodology The thesis is based on the thorough understanding of the science of psychology and such approaches as: the principle between psychology, consciousness and activity; principle of system and structure; principle of development; principle of personality These principles are considered as the red thread for this dissertation Research method Method of theory study: Using combined methods of analysis, generalization, comparison the foreign and domestic published works related to the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions Method of reality research: Method of observation; Method of questionnaires; Method of conversation; Method of interview; Method of experts consult; Method of experiment; Method of multiple choice Method of maths statistics: Use of software SPSS 16.0 to calculate the data of survey, investigation, experiment and showing research results 6 New contributions of the research In terms of theory The dissertation contributes to diversify the theory on psychological basis to train the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions It especially clarifies basic psychological factors making up the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army In terms of practice The surveys of the current situation show that the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is of high level, of which the factor of 5 recognition is of quite good level, the factor of attitude and action is of average level, the result of fulfilling task is of non-commissioned officers and soldier’s average level The components making up the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers are in great harmony and closely linked The thesis’s findings show that the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is influenced by two groups of factors: subjective and objective Of which, the subjective factors are non-commissioned officers and soldiers activeness in self-training and life experience, the objective factors are the exemplarity and prestige of the officials, the training programs, conditions and equipment’s The thesis proposes socio-psychological measures to train the noncommissioned officers and solders’ will at infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army Simultaneously, relevant experiments are conducted to affirm the feasibility of the proposed socio-psychological measures 7 Theoretical and practical significance of research In terms of theory The thesis’s findings contributes to adding and promoting the psychological theory on training the willpower of army officers in general and that of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army in particular In terms of practice The findings of the study serve as fundamental foundations to promote the role of the officials during the process of training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, which helps to improve the efficiency of training the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers in local units presently The thesis can be used as references for learners in general, officials and army officers in particular in order to improve the quality of training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in the army 8 Structure of the thesis The thesis includes: Introduction, Overview, The content consists of 4 chapters (13 periods), Conclusion, List of References and Appendixes Chapter 1 6 LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO THE THESIS 1.1 The foreign works 1.1.1 The works on the quality and structure of the willpower 1.1.1.1 The works on quality of the willpower of people and army officers Typical authors: A.V Xuvorov, Ceruchiaski, P A Rudich, X.O Macarov, Pham Hoang Gia and The Truong (translated version, 1987), K Platonov, A.V Đulov, A.G Covaliov, Stogdill, etc These authors indicate the following typical qualities of the willpower of soldiers: target direction, determination, firmness, patience, self-control, autonomy, creativity, courage, independence, sense of discipline, persistence, spirit of bravery 1.1.1.2 The works on structure of the willpower Typical authors: V.I Selivanov, X L Rubintein, A S Punhi, I.M.Setrenov, E P Ilin, etc The above authors state that the willpower is made up of different components such as: recognition; ethics, biopsychology; motive; emotion; action; manipulation, etc Notably, two authors A S Punhi and I M Setrenov share the common view that structure of the willpower is in close link with three components: recognition, motive (emotion), manipulation (action) 1.1.2 The works on the factors affecting the willpower and the willpower training Typical authors: Ceruchiaski, A Sipnhep, P A Rudich, Pham Hoan Gia and The Truong (translated), A Ph Sramtrenco, J Kennedy, etc The above authors show the factors affecting the willpower training of people in general and that of soldiers in particular: Need, intellect, life experience, working passion, communication, fighting activity; teaching methodology and education; learning condition in line with fighting reality; knowledge and experience of officials; self-training of each individual; impact of the collective 1.1.3 The works on the path and ways of training the willpower Typical authors: A Sghipnhep, A.S Punhi, L.I Gurevich, Snurop, A A Xmiecnov, M.I Diachenco and L.A Candubovich, A.M Xtoliarenco, V.A Crucheski, X.O Macarov, R Baumeister, etc The above authors claim that 7 the path and measure to train the willpower is a long term conducted by the process of educating and training of each individual It is important to promote the role of the collective, holding the activities, selecting the aim and defining the appropriate method to effectively train the willpower 1.2 The domestic works 1.2.1 The works on the willpower quality of army officers Typical authors: Vo Nguyen Giap, Nguyen Ngoc Phu, Dinh Hung Tuan, Do Duy Mon, Nguyen Van Viet, Pham Xuan Nguyen, etc These authors indicate some typical qualities such as: persistence, courage, target direction, determination, firmness, patience, self-control, autonomy, creativity, independence, sense of discipline, spirit of bravery However, there has been no works addressing the subjects are noncommissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions 1.2.2 The works on factors affecting the willpower, the willpower training Typical authors: Hoang Linh, Nguyen Ngoc Phu, Hoang Dinh Chau, Vu Dung, Le Van Quang, etc The above authors point out the factors affecting the willpower and the willpower training are: recognition, physical development, social environment, education background and self-education, life experience, socio-political condition and particular features of the military with both negative and positive effect 1.2.3 The works on the path and the measure of training the willpower Typical authors: Do Long, Hoang Linh, Nguyen Van Son, Nguyen Mau Loan, Nguyen Dinh Minh, Hoang Dinh Chau, Phung Khac Dang, Do Manh Hoa, Hoang Dinh Chau and Ngo Minh Tuan, Kieu Van Vang and Duong Ngoc Thuong, etc These authors indicate the path to train the willpower and determination for fighting via education, self-education, and training and fighting They also define some measures to formulate and develop the willpower quality such as: Strengthening army officers’ awareness, motive, responsibility and promoting the positivity of self-training for army officers 1.3 An overview of the research results related to the thesis and the issues need further addressing in this thesis 1.3.1 An overview of the research results related to the thesis 8 Firstly, the issue of the willpower quality of people and officials, soldiers in the army has been paid much attention by foreign and domestic authors Simultaneously, they point out the following qualities of the willpower: persistence, courage, target direction, determination, firmness, patience, self-control, autonomy, creativity, independence, sense of discipline, spirit of bravery These findings help to have an insight into the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions Secondly, in terms of structure of the willpower, the foreign psychologists indicate the following basic components of the willpower structure: recognition; motive; emotion; action; manipulation; ethics; bio-psychology These serve as important foundations for this thesis’ author to formulate components making up the willpower structure of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions Thirdly, the previous researchers have indicated the factors affecting the process of the willpower training such as: level of recognition, physical development, social environment, education background and selfeducation, life experience, socio-political condition and particular features of the military with both negative and positive effect Fourthly, these authors indicate the path to train the willpower and determination for fighting via education, self-education, and training and fighting They also define some measures to formulate and develop the willpower quality such as: Strengthening army officers’ awareness, motive, responsibility and promoting the positivity of self-training for army officers These serve as basis to build up measures for training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions at present 1.3.2 The issues need further addressing in this thesis First, although there are several works on training the willpower for students, officials, soldiers, there are no works addressing the subjects are non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions in the Vietnam People’s Army Therefore, the thesis needs to concentrate on formulating the system of concepts such as: the willpower; the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers; the willpower training of army officers; the willpower training of non-commissioned officers and soldiers; psychological basis for training the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions 9 Second, the previously published works have not yet mentioned the components making the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers Thus, one important task of the thesis is to clarify the components making the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions Third, training will of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army is affected by both objective and subjective factors Therefore, the analysis of factors affecting the willpower training of non-commissioned officers and soldiers can be seen as foundations for this thesis to propose sociopsychological measures to train the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions Fourth, the thesis’s task is not only to clarify the theoretical issues on the willpower training but also to thoroughly research and assess the current situation of training the willpower and factors affecting the willpower training of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions Accordingly, the thesis proposes sociopsychological measures to train the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions Conclusion of chapter 1 The present chapter generalizes the foreign and domestic published works on the willpower, the willpower training The previously published works have diversified and deepen the thesis’ practical and theoretical issues The previous works have indicated quality of the willpower; psychological structure of the willpower; factors affecting the willpower; the path and measure to train the willpower However, these works only concentrate on clarifying factors related to the willpower of students, athletes and army officers, but no works on non-commissioned officers and soldiers and factors affecting the willpower training of noncommissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions The study on the willpower training of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army needs to select and inherit the previous findings, especially the willpower, the willpower training, factors affecting the willpower training process of non-commissioned officers and soldiers All of these serve as foundations for this thesis to clarify the psychology of 10 training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers at infantry divisions of the Vietnam People’s Army Chapter 2 THEORY ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS FOR TRAINING THE WILLPOWER OF NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS IN THE INFANTRY DIVISIONS OF THE VIETNAMESE PEOPLE’S ARMY 2.1 Basic concepts 2.1.1 The willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers Willpower Willpower is a quality of personality, expressed in the aspects of awareness, attitude, action, helping people overcome difficulties and obstacles in the course of activities, in order to achieve their goals and tasks Willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers The will of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions of Vietnamese People's Army's is a quality of military personality, expressed in the aspects of awareness, attitude, action, helping non-commissioned officers and soldiers overcome difficulties and obstacles in military activities 2.1.2 Training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions Training willpower of soldiers Training willpower of soldiers is the process of officers on training and influencing cognitive aspects, attitudes and actions of the soldiers, helping them overcome all difficulties and obstacles to achieve their goals and purposes in military operations The concept of training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers Training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions of Vietnam People's Army is the process of training and self-training of each non-commissioned officer and soldier to help them overcome all difficulties and obstacles in the process of military activities, fulfilling the assigned duties and tasks Characteristics of training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers Firstly, it takes place in difficult and arduous conditions, under the direct impact of climate and complex terrain 11 Secondly, it takes place through military training activities on the field, outdoor training ground, in association with infantry tactics Thirdly, it takes place during the process of using military equipment, operating, and carrying heavy loads Fourthly, it is a long, difficult and complex process, associated with self-cultivation and training of each individual 2.1.3 Psychological basis for training willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions The psychological basis for training willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions means factors that make up the willpower (awareness, attitude, action), acting as a basis for training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, helping them fulfil their assigned tasks and duties 2.2 Components of willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions 2.2.1 The factor of conception Conception of task requirements; conception of military operation characteristics; conception of the mode of action; conception of the requirements for military personality quality; conception of intrigues and tricks of the enemy 2.2.2 The factor of attitude Attitude of efforts; sense of responsibility; self-awareness; reliability; readiness, excitement 2.2.3 The factor of action Resilient, courageous action; cunning and creative actions; strictly disciplined action; self-restraint, self-control actions; persistent and durable actions 2.3 Factors that affect training willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions 2.3.1 Subjective factors Qualifications and competencies of staff; the model and reputation of the staff; mind-physiological characteristics of noncommissioned officers and soldiers; active self-discipline of noncommissioned officers and soldiers; experience of non-commissioned officers and soldiers 2.3.2 Objective factors Requirements and duties of national defense in the current period; contents and programs for training non-commissioned officers and soldiers; conditions and means for training non-commissioned 12 officers and soldiers; socio-economic environment and area of the garrison; military collectives Conclusion of chapter 2 The researcher developed, analysed and clarified the concepts and tools of willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers; training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, the psychological basis for training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions In the thesis, the willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers is considered as a quality of personality, formed by psychological factors such as conception, attitude, and actions to overcome difficulties and obstacles in activities to achieve the set goals The researcher clarified the psychological basis to train the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers which are components of willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, including: conception factor, attitude factor, action factor At the same time, to assess the status of the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions, the researcher determined the basic indicators in each criterion Based on the responsibilities and duties of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions of Vietnam People's Army, the purpose of training the willpower, the thesis analysed and clarified four characteristics of training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions Two groups of factors are identified: (Group of subjective factors; group of objective factors), affecting the process of training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers of infantry divisions Chapter 3 RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND METHOD 3.1 Research organization 3.1.1 Researched unit Infantry division No 312 - Corps 1, Infantry division No 325 Corps 2, Infantry division No.3 - Military zone 1, 3.1.2 Distribution of recipients Recipients of the research include 430 non-commissioned officers and soldiers; 110 unit officers in infantry divisions 3.1.3 Contents of research 13 Theoretical issues about the psychological basis of training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions of Vietnam People's Army Surveying and assessing the reality of components of willpower; results of task performance of noncommissioned officers and soldiers; Factors affecting the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions of Vietnam People's Army Experimental testing of a psychological - social measure in training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions of Vietnam People's Army 3.1.4 Phases of research Phase 1: Theoretical research and preliminary survey, completing the detailed outline; Phase 2: Surveying and assessing the situation, proposing impact measures and conducting impact experiments; Phase 3: Checking the survey data and continuing to add thesis content; Stage 4: Completing the thesis 3.2 Methods of research To serve thesis, a combination of many different research methods is used such as: Document research methods; observation method; in-depth interview method; expert method; questionnaire method; active product research method; experimental method; data analysing and processing method by mathematical statistics 3.3 Criteria for assessing willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers In the thesis, there are 4 criteria including: Conception of noncommissioned officers and soldiers; attitudes of non-commissioned officers and soldiers; actions of non-commissioned officers and soldiers; results of task performance of non-commissioned officers and soldiers Conclusion of Chapter 3 In order to obtain the results in researching the situation of training the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions, the thesis carefully prepared the research organization, used research methods Therefore, the process of surveying and assessing the situation followed plan, overcoming difficulties arising in the process of studying the situation The thesis used a combination of research methods of psychology, mainly through the questionnaire survey method; expert method; in-depth interview method; experimental methods; data processing by mathematical statistics Thereby, it obtained practical and valid qualitative and quantitative data valid when assessing the reality of the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, factors affecting the willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers 14 Chapter 4 THE FINDINGS OF RESEARCH 4.1 Status quo of willpower of noncommissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions of Vietnamese People’s Army 4.1.1 General information about status quo of willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions Status quo of willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions is at high level (GPA = 3.41), evaluation of non-commissioned officers and soldiers (GPA = 3.44); the evaluation of unit officers (GPA = 3.29), the difference is (0.15) Specifically: factor of conception (GPA = 3.45); factor of attitude (GPA = 3.40); factor of action (GPA = 3.38) This result reflects the status quo of willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions 4.1.2 Status quo of willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions reflected by evaluation criteria 4.1.2.1 Status quo of conception factor of non-commissioned officers and soldiers Conception factor of non-commissioned officers and soldiers is at good level (GPA = 3.45), in which, "conception of duty requirements" is ranked highest (GPA = 3.69); followed by "conception of personality qualities" (GPA = 3.41); finished by "conception of operational characteristics" (GPA = 3.24) Comparing the correlation between conception items of non-commissioned officers and soldiers The results of the Peason correlation coefficient test (r) show that the conception items are positively and strongly correlated with each other (r: from 0.306 ÷ 0.870; p = 0.00 50% shows that the EFA model is suitable Testing and assessing the influence of survey objects (assessments of non-commissioned officers and soldiers; assessment of unit officers), Independent Samples Test shows sig value = 0.03 < 0.05, variance between the two position groups is different; sig (T-Test) value = 0.000 0.4 Objective factors: The results of surveying the influence of objective factors on training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers show that the influence degree of objective factors on training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers (GPA = 3.77) Of which, the strongest are "training contents and programs of non-commissioned officers and soldiers" (GPA = 4.06) and "conditions and means to ensure the training of non-commissioned officers and soldiers" (GPA = 3.95); the lowest is the "social environment, the area where the troops are stationed" (GPA = 3.56) that has a strong influence on training of willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers Comparing the correlation between objective factors The results of Pearson correlation analysis (r) show that the objective influence factors are positively and relatively strong (close) with each other (r: from 0.442 ÷ 0.651), the degree of correlation of the items r> 0.4 23 Comparing the relationship between subjective and objective factors Pearson Correlation (r) analysis is conducted to find out the correlation between the identified subjective and objective factors It showed that the pairs of influencing factors have a positive and very strong correlation to the process of training willpower of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in infantry divisions (r: from 0.386 ÷ 0.651; p