Bài viết Giải pháp phát triển môi trường miền núi vùng đồng bào dân tộc thiểu số nhằm góp phần thúc đẩy tăng trưởng kinh tế bền vững trình bày một số vấn đề lý luận về môi trường, thực trạng môi trường miền núi vùng đồng bào dân tộc thiểu số ở Việt Nam hiện nay, kiến nghị những giải pháp phát triển môi trường miền núi vùng đồng bào dân tộc thiểu số ở Việt Nam giai đoạn 2012-2020,... Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo.
GlAl PHAP PHAT TRiiN MOI TRI/ONG MI§N NOI VONG O N G BAO DAN TOC THI^U S NHAM G P PHAN THOC DAY TANG TRfldNG KINH T^ B^N VONG Trfing A Dfldng* Mien nui Viet Nam chid'm khoang 70% dien ti'ch dfi't tfl nhien, la dia bfin efl tru cua dai sd' cac ddng bao dan tgc thieu so' Mien mii Ifi dia bfin cd nhiiu tilm nang kinh te vfi ddng vai trd to ldn ddi vdi mdi trfldng sinh thai cua Vidt Nam noi chung, ddng thdi c6 vi trf dfic bidt quan trgng v l quo'c phong an ninh Hidn nay, tren dia bfin nfiy p h i n ldn ddng bao cac dan tgc thidu sd' dang gap rfi't nhieu khd khan nhfl: thieu Ifldng thflc, trinh dan trf thfi'p, ty Id mu chfl cao, cd sd t i n g ye'u kem, dang Ifi nhflng trd ngai ldn cho sfl phat tridn Hoa nhfip vdi sfl phat trien chung cua ca nadc, nhflng vfi'n de v l sfl dung khdng hdp ly cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien; dd thi hoa dang dfin tdi sfl mfi't can bang sinh thai, cha't ladng mdi trfldng bi anh hadng, d i n de'n dien mao kinh te' - xa hdi d mien nui, vung ddng bfio dan tdc thieu sd'chaa thd hidn dadc t a m vdc cua mdt vung nhieu tiem nfing Chinh vi vay, de phat t r i l n b i n vflng vide bao ve mdi tradng sd'ng la va'n de ra't quan trgng; dd, viec nghien cflu nhflng giai phap phat tridn mdi tradng mien nui vung ddng bfio dan tdc thieu sd' d Viet Nam cd y nghia dac bidt quan trgng Mot so' vfii'n d e ly l u a n ve m o i trfldng 1.1 Khdi niem mdi trUdng Theo dinh nghia rdng nhfi't thi mdi trfldng Ifi tap hdp tfi't ca cac dieu kidn vfi hien tadng ben ngdfii cd anh hfldng tdi mgt vfit t h i hofic mdt sfl ki$n Ba't efl mdt vfit t h i , mot sfl kidn nao cung tdn tgi vfi diln b i l n mgt mdi tradng Dd'i vdi ngfldi thi mdi tradng sd'ng la tong hgp nhflng dieu kidn vat ly, hoa hgc, sinh hgc, kinh t l , xa hgi bao quanh vfi anh hadng tdi Bfl sd'ng, sfl p h a t trien cua tflng ca nhan vfi cua tflng edng ddng ngadi Mdi trfldng song ciia ngfldi cd the dfldc hieu theo nghia rdng hofic nghia hep n h a sau: Theo nghia rdng thi mdi trfldng bao gdm ca tfii nguyen thien nhien vfi cac nhan tove cha't Ifldng cua mdi trfldng dd'i vdi sfle khoe va tidn nghi sinh sd'ng ciia ngadi Theo nghia hep thi mdi trfldng gdm cac nhan to' ve chfi't Ifldng cua mdi trfldng ddi vdi sfle khoe va tien nghi sinh sd'ng cua ngfldi, ggi tfit Ifi cha't Ifldng mdi trfldng Cac nhfin to dd thfldng la khdng khi, nadc, am thanh, anh sfing, bflc xa, canh quan, t h i m my, dao dflc, quan he chfnh tri xa hdi tai dia bfin sinh song va Ifim viec cua ngadi Cdn theo Luat bao vd mdi trfldng eua Viet Nam thi "Mdi trfldng bao gdm cae yd'u td' t a nhien va vat chfi't nhfin tgo bao quanh ngadi, c6 anh hadng den ddi sd'ng, san xufi't, sfl ton tai, phat trien cua ngadi va sinh vfit" 1.2 Mgt sd chUc ndng moi trudng chu ye'u cua Mdi trUdng la khong gian sinh sd'ng cko ngudi vd sinh vat * Trang A DiiOng, Thac si, Pho Giam d6'c Ban Quan ly dii an Dien mat trdi - Uy ban Dan toe E OUAN LY KINH TE Sfii 48 (7+8/2012) GlAl PHAP PHAT T R I ^ N MOi TRUONG MI^N NUI Trong cudc song hfing ngay, ehung ta d i u e i n mdt khdng gian nha't dinh d l phuc vu cho eae hogt ddng thie't yd'u nha: n h a d, ndi nghi ngdi, da't d l san xua't ndng nghiep, Ifim nghiep, thuy san, kho tfing be'n cang, Ydu cau v l khdng gian sd'ng cua ngfldi thay dd'i theo trinh khoa hgc, cdng nghe Trinh phat t r i l n cfing cao thi nhu c i u v l khdng gian san xua't se cfing giam Tuy nhien, mdi tradng ludn Ifi ndi cung cfi'p mat bang va nen mdng cho cfic dd thi, khu cdng nghidp, kie'n true hg t i n g cho dd thi vfi nong thdn, Mdi trUdng Id ncfi chda dUng cdc ngudn tdi nguyen cdn thii't cko ddi sd'ng vd sdn xudt cua ngUdi Vdi sfl hd trd cua eac he thd'ng sinh thai, ngfldi dfi Ifi'y tfl tfl nhien nhflng ngudn tai nguyen thidn nhidn c i n thie't phuc vu chd vide san xufi't cua cai vfit chfi't nhfim dap flng nhu cau cua minh Thien nhidn Ifi ngudn cung ca'p mgi tai nguyen c i n thiet N6 cung ca'p ngudn vat lieu, nfing Ifldng, thdng tin c i n thid't cho cac hoat dgng sinh sd'ng, san xufi't vfi quan ly cua ngfldi Rflng ta nhien cung cfi'p nadc, bao tdn tinh da dgng sinh hge vfi phi cua da't, cung cfi'p gd, dfldc hdu vfi cai thien dieu kien sinh thai; Thuy ldi cung c^p nadc, dinh daSng, cac ngudn thuy hai san; ddng thflc vat cung ca'p Ifldng thflc, thflc p h i m va cac ngudn gen quy hiim Khdng khi, nhiet dd, nang Ifldng mat trdi, gid, nfldc, de ngfldi hit thd, la mdi trfldng de cay cd'i r a hoa k i t qua; cac loai khoang san, d i u md cung cfi'p nang Ifldng vfi nguyen lidu chd cac hoat ddng san xufi't cdng, ndng nghiep Moi trUdng Id ndi chUa dUng cdc chdt phi thdi ngUdi tgo cudc sd'ng vd hogt ddng sdn xudt Sir 48 (7+8/2012) NGHllH Cflu TRAP Ptfi f j ^ ^ Trong qua trinh san xufi't va tieu dung cua cai vfit chfi't, ngadi ludn dao thai vao mdi trfldng cac cha't thai Sfl gia tang dan so' qua nhanh, qua trinh dd thi hofi, cdng nghidp hoa cfing Ifim cho khd'i ladng cac chfi't thai tang Ieh khong ngflng, nhiiu ndi qua tai gay d nhidm mdi trUdng nghiem trgng Mdi trudng Id ndi lUu trU ud cung cap thdng tin cho ngUdi Qua cac hoa thgch, bfio tfl phfi'n hoa va cac vdt tich cua qua trinh tien hoa tfl nhien ma mdi trfldng cdn Iflu gifl lai, dfi cung cfi'p cho chung sfl ghi chdp va Iflu trfl lich sil dia chfi't, lich sfl tid'n hoa cua vfit cha't va sinh v9,t, lich sfl xufi't hidn va phat trien van hoa cua lofii ngadi; ddng thdi cung cfi'p cac chl thi khdng gian vfi tam thdi mang tinh chfi't tin hieu vfi bao dgng sdm cac hidm hoa ddi vdi ngadi Mdi tradng lau trfl vfi cung cfi'p cho ngadi sfl da dang cac ngudn gen, cac lofii ddng thflc vat, cac he sinh thai tfl nhidn, cac canh quan tfl nhien vfi n h a n tgo co gia tri t h i m my de ngadi chiem ngadng vfi thfldng ngogn 1.3 Mdu thudn giua moi trudng vd phdt trien Phat t r i l n la qua trtnh nang cao dieu kidn sd'ng v l vat cha't va tinh than cua ngfldi bfing vide phat trien Iflc ladng san xufi't, thay ddi quan hd san xua't, quan hd xa hdi, nang cao cha't ladng hoat ddng vfin hoa Phfit tridn la xu the tfl nhidn cua mdi ca nhan ngadi hoac cgng ddng ngadi Dd'i vdi mdi qud'c gia, qua trinh phat triln phai nh^m dat tdi mdt muc tieu nha't dinh, tieu bilu cho mfle sd'ng vat chfi't vfi tinh than cua ngfldi dan qud'c gia dd Cac muc tidu phat triln thfldng dadc cu t h i hda hfing nhflng chi tieu v l ddi Sdng vfit cha't nhfl ladng thflc, nha d, nang ladng, vat hdu, dilu kidn sfle' khoe, va ddi sd'ng tinh than nhfl giad due, OUAN LY KINH T£ E D l O T l HfiHifeN cflu TBAO Blil GlAl PHAP PHAT T R I ^ N MOI TRl/ONG MjgN NOI Mdi trfldng vfi p h a t t r i l n cd md'i quan hg nadc tren t h i gidi, nha^t Ifi cac nadc dang ra't chat che Mdi trfldng Ifi dia bfin vfi dd'i phfit t r i l n Ifi cac muc tidu v l phat trien kinh tfldng cua phat t r i l n Dd'i vdi mdi vung cu td' - xa hdi va bao vd mdi trfldng phai dfldc the cua dfi't nadc hofic phgm vi ca nfldc gfin bd vdi n h a u xay dflng muc tieu, ludn tdn tai ddng thdi hai hd thd'ng dd \k: hd xae dinh c h i i n \\igc, k l hogch hoa cung nhfl thd'ng kinh t l xa hdi vfi hd thd'ng mdi d i l u hfinh vfi quan ly thflc hidn Ve phfldng didn t h i hi$n mdi trfldng mien nui, tradng vflng ddng bfid dan tdc thieu sd d Vidt Nam He thd'ng kinh te - xa hdi dfl^c cfi'u thfinh thflc sfl da vfi dang bi suy thoai vide khai bdi cac thfinh p h i n s a n xufi't, Iflu thdng, thac tfii nguyen thidn nhien mdt each bfla phfin phd'i, tieu dflng va tich luy, tao ndn bai nhfl: n a n p h a rflng, dfi't dai hi xdi mdn, mdt ddng nguyen lidu, nang Ifldng, che thoai hoa, Mdi trfldng m i l n nui, vung dong p h i m hfing hoa, p h i thai, Iflu thdng gifla cac bfio dSn tdc t h i l u sd' d Vidt Nam khdng cdn p h i n tfl cfi'u t h a n h he thd'ng kha nfing cung cfi'p du cho ngfldi nhflng He thd'ng mdi trfldng vdi eae p h i n tai nguydn c i n thiet d l t r i cudc sd'ng va mdi tradng tfl nhien va mdi tradng xa hdi hoat ddng Khu vflc giao thoa gifla h a i he thd'ng tao Thi^c t r a n g m d i t r i f d n g m i e n n u i mdi tradng n h a n tao Khu vflc giao v u n g d d n g b a o d a n t o e thie'u so' d Viet thoa nfiy thd hidn tfi't ca cac md'i quan hd Nam hien gifla phat trien vfi mdi trfldng 2.1 Diim mgnh, lgi the cua mien nui vung ddng bdo ddn tgc thieu so' Mdi tradng thien nhien cung ca'p tai nguyen eho he tho'ng kinh t l , ddng thdi tie'p n h a n cha't thai tfl he thd'ng kinh td' Chfi't thai eo thd d lai h a n mdi tradng thien nhien, hoac qua chd' bid'n rdi trd v l lgi he thd'ng kinh td' Mgt hoat ddng kinh td' mfi cha't phe thai khong the sfl dung trd lgi dadc vfio he thd'ng kinh te, dfldc xem la hogt ddng gay ton hgi den mdi tradng Viec lang phf tfii nguyen khdng t a i tao dadc n h a than da, d i u md, khoang san, hoac viec sfl dung tfii nguyen tai tao dadc n h a cac san p h i m lam nghiep, thuy san, mdt each qua mfle khid'n cho no khdng t h e h l i phuc dadc, hoae h l i phuc sau mdt thdi gian qua dai, Ifi nhflng hogt ddng td'n hgi dd'n mdi trfldng Cac hoat ddng phat tridn ludn ed h a i mat ldi va hgi Ban than thien nhidn cung ed h a i mat Thidn nhien la ngudn tai nguyen va phuc ldi dd'i vdi ngfldi, nhflng ddng thdi cung la nguon thien tai, h i i m hog dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng va san xufi't eua ngadi Theo so' heu thd'ng kd thd Viet Nam hien cd khoang 9,42 trieu h a dfi't ndng nghidp vfi n h i i u loai da't dfldc xem la td't nhfl dfi't ba zan, dfi't n a u dd da vdi, Mdt so' vung dfi't ndng nghiep, lam nghidp t a p trung hang tridu hdc ta, dia h i n h bang phang cho phdp to' chflc nhflng vung kinh td' ndng - lam edng nghidp tfip t r u n g nhfl Tay Nguyen va mdt sd'vflng p h u can Tay Nguyen Mdt d i l u h i l n nhidn dd'i vdi tfi't ca eae Do dinh ca Ifiu ddi d mien nui, dong bao EOI OUAN Lt KINH TE Ve phfldng didn phat tridn ndng • lam nghiep, m i l n nui, vung ddng bfio dan tgc t h i l u sd' d Viet Nam co nhflng diem mgnh, ldi thd' so s a n h nhfl sau: Khi h a u d m i l n n u i Vidt Nam Ifi ra't khac nhau, n h a n g nhin chung la t h u a n ldi, fim mat, v l m u a ddng cd nhiet dd tha'p, cd thd gieo trdng dfldc nhieu logi cfiy trdng cd ngudn gdc dn ddi va gia t r i kinh te' eao nhfl mdt sd'loai r a u xanh, dadc lieu, lua, Sfii 48 (7+8/2012) GlAl PHAP PHAT TRI^N MOI T R I / O N G MISN N NGHIEN cuu TRAU cac dfin tdc thieu so' co t r u y i n tho'ng dofin kd't, tadng trd n h a u cung xay dflng cudc sd'ng Qua nhieu thd' he, ho da due rut dadc nhieu kinh nghidm san xufi't, canh tfic, bid't tan dung ngudn tfii nguyen thien nhien, khfic phuc dadc n h i i u h a n che v l dia hinh, nhieu kinh nghiem canh tac tren dfi't dd'c, kinh nghidm luan canh, xen canh, goi V\L vk lam ndng - lam k i t hdp cd gia Lri khoa hgc va gia tri thflc tidn cao 2.2 Nhdng hgn cua mien nui che, bdt lgi chu ye'u Dia hinh chia cat lam cho dfi't canh tfic phan tan, m a n h m u n khdng bfing phang, khid'n eho viec fip dung ky thufit tien tien vfio canh tac, san xua't, nhfi't la vide cd gidi hoa gap nhieu kho khfin Ngay tren mdt dia bfin, nhang chd' canh tac cung khac nhau, anh hadng khdng nhd den kd't qua san xufi't "tren mgt sadn dd'c vung Phong Thd' (Lai Chdu), ngadi ta da xay dflng tdi hdn 400 bac thang rugng, va n h a the', sfldn dd'c phai chia lam phan: dinh, gifla va chfin dd'c, mdi phan CO mdt thdi vu, mgt mat ca'y rieng, khdng phu thudc vao nhau, ngadi dan dia phadng ggi la " Cao san cu "; " Trung san cu " va " Ti san cu ", n h i m I l n se Ifim mfi't mua hofic it Ifi giam thu hoach (Li Van Khoa (1997, tr 41)) Theo bfio cao cua Cue Kiem Ifim thudc Bd Ndng nghidp vfi P h a t t r i l n ndng thdn, td'ng dien tich tflng ca nfldc khoang 10,9 tridu ha; ty Id rflng trdn dau ngfldi thfi'p nha't tren the' gidi mdi chi dat 0,14ha/ngadi (thi gidi Id 0,97haIngUdi) them vae dd ehe phu dfi't vfi tang da't m a t nhflng nfim g i n day eung bi tha hoa t r i m trgng rflng mfi't d i n dd'n dfi't bi xdi mdn, lu lut, han han vfi lam cho da't dai ngfiy cang trd nen trd'ng, trge, mdi trfldng tfl nhidn hi tfin pha, can bang sinh thai bi dao ldn Cd sd h a t a n g yd'u kdm hdn so vdi m i l n Sfli48 (7+8/2012) «6>rmi xudi, mfle vo'n d i u tfl vd'n da thfi'p, nhflng cdng trinh da co xud'ng cfi'p, giao thdng di lai khd khfin, hidn tadng lu qudt x;iy cang n h i i u vdi cfldng dd manh liet d i n den tan pha khdng ehi mua mfing, tfii san, nhflng cdng trinh giao thdng, thuy ldi mfi cadp dl nhieu sinh mang ngadi nhfi't la m&'y n&m g i n day 2.3 Thuc trgng mdi trudng mien nui, vdng ddng bdo ddn tgc thieu sd d Viet Nam hien 2.3.1 RUng bi suy thodi tdi phd Ndi de'n moi tradng, trfldc he't Ifi ndi de'n didn tieh rflng vfi mat ehe phu cua tham thifc vfit va day cung Ifi thadc de danh gifi mfle an toan sinh thai cua mdt Quo'c gia Hidn d Viet Nam co tong didn tich rflng la 13.118.773 ha, d6 rflng tfl nhidn la 10.348.591 va rflng la 2.770.182 Rflng Vidt Nam dang bi suy thoai nghiem trgng, hang nam cd hang trfim rflng bi tfin pha va chung ta cung dang ganh chiu nhflng hfiu qua ma minh gay dd'i vdi rflng Theo thd'ng ke cua Cue kilm lam vfio 12/2009: Viet Nam efl 4145,74 rflng bi tfin pha Rflng bi chat pha trade tien Ifi de Ifi'y da't trdng cay cdng nghidp, nudi thuy san, xay dflng, cho muc dich ndng nghiep nha; trdng ca phe, trdng eao su va phfit trien trdng nhflng cay ladng thflc, cdng nghidp khac, hay pha rflng d l lam cac khu du lich, vui chdi, giai tri, Theo cfic nha chuyen mdn da bao dd'n n a m 2020 ca nadc se cd 40% rflng cdn lgi bi t a n p h a Vdi khu vflc mien nui phfa Bfic va Tay Nguydn dadc xem Ifi cd tilm nang rflng ldn nhfi't cua Vidt Nam Tuy nhidn, nhflng nam gan day, chieu hfldng pha rflng lam nadng rfiy ngfiy cfing tfing Dieu la lung la riing d khdi nui thadng ngudn sdng Chay (Ldo Cai) hiem trd nhang didn tfch cdn rfi't it 2.3.2 Suy gidm tdi nguyin ddt OUAN Lt KINH T£ E S f'lJiiliiHfiHlfeN cflu TBAO Bfll Tac ddng Liou cflc cua ngadi d che canh tac n h a dot pha rflng bfla bai, Ifim nadng rfiy du canh, ke ca c h l trdng cay Iddng thflc vfi cay cdng nghidp ngfin ngfiy da gay khdng it tai hai cho vi^c tfin pha dfi't dai, khid'n cho tfii nguydn rflng hi suy giam nghiem trgng "d Viet Nam hdu qUii ciia viec chat pha rflng, dot rflng bfla bai, sfl dung da't khdng ben vflng qua n h i i u thd hd nen da't bi thoai hoa nghiem trgng, nhiiu ndi mfi't kha nang san xua't va xu hfldng hoang mgc hoa ngfiy cang phfit triln, nhfi't Ifi d cac da't trd'ng ddi trge "(Le Vdn Khoa, Nguyin Nggc Sinh, (2000 tr 114)) Hign tfldng xdi mdn, huy hogi dat xay nghiem trgng hdn ca la d cac vung ddi nui va eao nguyen nhfl Tay Bfic, Ddng Bfic, dai nui miln Trung vfi Tay Nguyen; nhflng vung ngoai vide phai chiu trflc tiep hau qua cua vide tfin pha ldp phu thfle vfit rflng, cac dilu kien chung cua chd' tfl nhien, cdn c6 mdt so' dieu kidn t h u a n ldi cho xdi mdn n h a dia hinh cao, dd'c, hi chia cfit manh, dd cd nhiiu sUdn dd'c tdi 25 - 30 do, Ifi nhflng ye'u td' tfl nhien thue day cho vide rfla trdi ldp da't mau canh tac d ben tren de trd lgi da gd'c, khdng cd kha nang trdng ca'y De'n nay, Viet Nam vfin chfla co each nao ngan chan dadc qua trinh dai h a u nhfl ngfin chan khdng eho gid mua Ddng Nam fim adt luon vfio cac thung lung va mang de'n nhflng cdn mfla gay n h i i u lu lut, nhflng chung ta co the hgn chd' mdt p h i n rfi't ldn tac hai chung gay r a bfing each bao ve ldp phu thflc vfit rflng, tfl dd d i l u tid't dfldc ehe dd nadc sdng, ngan chan nan xdi mdn tren cac ddi nui Do dd, de bao ve vfi ngfin chgn sfl suy giam tai nguyen da't, c i n khai thac rflng ndi rieng vfi cac tfii nguyen thien nhien khac mgt each hdp ly 2.3.3 Suy gidm tdi nguyin nUdc Khi ldp phu thflc vfit bi tfin pha, dfi't EU OUAN Lt KINH T£ GlAl PHAP PHATTRI^N M I TRUONG MICN NOI khdng chi bi xdi mdn, Ifim thay dd'i cae tinh cha't v§t ly va hoa hoc mfi cdn gfiy hfing loat hfiu qua dd'i vdi mdi tradng sd'ng Dfi't bi rfla trdi, d nhiem nadc vfi nong tap ch^t ldn, tinh chfi't hoa hgc cua nadc thay dd'i Mat khac, vdi Ifldng bfln, cat tfch tu theo cac sdng, sud'i chay v l Ifing dgng lgi cac hd chfla, bdi Ifi'p trfldc cac cac dap dang, cac ctia la'y nfldc vao cac hd thd'ng thuy ndng vung Iflu, iam anh hfldng den sfl vfin hfinh vfi thfim chi Ifim td li^t hogt ddng cua nhieu cdng trinh Dfic bidt vfio mua khd, nhflng ndi mfi't rflng trd nen r a t khfie nghiet, eae suoi khd egn, nan thieu nfldc trd ndn t r i m trgng, cd vung n g a dfin phai di hfing chuc cfiy sd'de Ifi'y nadc sinh hogt nhfl vung Luc Khu d Cao Bfing, vung Ddng Vfin, Meo Vgc d Ha Giang, Tinh t r a n g khan hiem nadc cfing trd ndn nghidm trgng d Tfiy Nguydn, ndi cd thang mua mfla vfi t h a n g mua khd Nhflng nam g i n day, phfit trien khong can ddi cac loai cay cdng nghidp d vung nfiy, dfin den tinh trgng k h a i thfic ngudn nadc ngam de tadi bfla bai, Ifim eho ngudn nadc mat bi can kidt, tut mfle nfldc n g i m 2.3.4 Suy thodi da dgng sinh hgc Ckc hd sinh thai vung doi nui thay doi tfl rflng mfla nhiet ddi den cac ddng cd gid mua, cac trang cay bui da cho Viet Nam mdt tai nguyen ddng thflc vat phong phu n h a cac lofii chim, thfl, ca, cung ca'p mdt ngudn gien da dang cho nudi t r l n g Cho dd'n nhiiu loai thflc vat bac eao cd h a t dung Ifim nguon ladng thflc, thflc pham, lam thud'c chfla bdnh, thfle fin gia siic, Ifi'y go, tinh dau va nhieu nguydn lidu khac de'n da mfi't dan Theo dfinh gia ciia cac nha nghien cflu thi nhieu loai ddng vfit va thflc vat d Viet Nam dang giam s u t n h a n h chdng, ben canh viec ma't ndi efl tru rflng hi tfin pha, ngudn nfldc bi egn kidt v l Ifldng va cha't, cdn cd nguyen n h a n ngn san bfin, budn ban bfla bai, da tieu diet nhieu lofii, t h a m chi cd lofii Stf 48 (7+8/2012) GlAl PHAP PHAT T R I ^ N MOI T R U O N G M I ^ N NOI dfi bi tidu diet hofin tofin Da tfl lau, Vidt Nam da khdng cdn lofii heo vdi, te giac hai sflng; cfic lofii hd rflng, cdng, cae lofii chim tri cung dang bi suy giam vfi dang tflng vfing bdng nhieu khu rflng d Vidt Nam Day la mgt tdn tha't ra't ldn trdn ta't ca cac phadng didn: kinh te', khoa hgc, mdi tradng va n h a n van va la nguydn nhan d i n de'n can bang sinh thai ta nhidn eo thd bi dao ldn 2.3.5 Su cove mdi trUdng Lu lut thadng tac ddng de'n nhflng vung rdng ldn vfi kdo theo nhflng tai hog khfic n h a ngap ung, pha huy nhfi cfla kdnh madng Ngay nay, xu hadng ndng ldn cua hfiu tofin e l u cac thai cd hidu flng nhfi kinh cilng gop p h a n Ifim eho lu lut, bao, hogt ddng m a n h hdn v l t i n so' vfi cfldng dd Cflng vdi bao lut, h a n han cung xay lien tid'p d nhieu ndi, mang tfnh cue be tflng vung, n h a n g nd'u lien he cac hidn tadng ta nhidn bfi't thfldng d n h i i u vung lai vdi nhau, ta d l n h a n r a day la nhflng tin hieu khdng thd xem thfldng 2.4 N g u y e n n h a n c h u ye'u d a n d e n tinh t r a n g suy t h o a i m o i trifdng m i e n n u i v u n g d o n g b a o d a n t o e t h i e u so' Viet Nam da va dang cd nhieu cd' gang vide bao ve rflng va da dgng sinh hgc, nhang vide suy thoai mdi trfldng vfi da dang sinh hge vfin dang didn mdt each manh me d nhieu ndi Nguydn n h a n cd nhieu, nhang cd t h i chia thfinh hai logi: nguydn nhan trflc tiep vfi nguyen n h a n sfiu xa n h a sau; Nguyen nhdn trUc tiip: Sfl md rdng dfi't ndng nghiep canh tac la mdt nhflng nguydn nhfin q u a n trgng n h ^ t Ifim suy thoai mdi trfldng vfi dd't nadng Ifim r l y , khdng nhiJng pha hoai ldp phu thflc vat rflng bdi "nhflng sfl dae chinh xac eho thfi'y dd't dfi't rfiy, nhidt dfi't tren mgt cd the len dd'n 100 dd, dfldi cac t h a n cfiy to chay am i Ifiu So 48 (7+8/2012) NGHIEN CUU TRAOnriilTOl ngfiy dd'n trdn 300 va sau dfldi mat da't v i n edn de'n 180 Da't rfin lgi, cfi'u tadng dfi't bi pha huy vfi nd'u cdn trdng trot Ifi chi nhd vfio ldp tro phii hd tren mfit dfi't ma thdi, ldp tro nfiy rfi't de bi cudn trdi vao thdi gian cd maa ldn" (Li Vdn Khoa (1997, tr 54)) Vide khai thac cfic san ph^m ngoai go theo danh gia khoang 2.300 b a i thflc vat cho cac san p h i m ngoai gd n h a song, may, tre, nfla, la cfic logi, cfiy dfldc lieu, cay cho d i u , nhfla, dadc s\l dung vfi budn ban tren thi trfldng nadc vfi xufi't k h i u Nhieu lofii ddng vfit hoang da eung dang bi khai thfic mdt each manh me khid'n cho da dang sinh hoc ngfiy cang bi mfi't can bfing va mdi tradng ngfiy cfing suy giam Tinh trgng khai thac, budn ban trai phep, xufi't k h i u cac loai gd quy hiem, cac loai ddng vat hoang da vi pham phap lenh bao vd rflng nhflng nfim vfla qua cung Ifi mdt nhflng nguyen nhan trflc tie'p gop phan Ifim suy giam mdi trfldng sinh thai d Viet Nam Nguyin nhdn sdu xa: Tfing dan sd' qufi nhanh Ifi mgt nhflng nguyen nhan ehinh dfin den tinh trang suy thoai mdi tradng sinh thai d Viet Nam Sfl gia tang dan sd' ddi hdi tang nhu e l u sinh hoat vfi cac nhu e l u thie't yd'u khac, nhfi't la tai nguydn da't cho san xua't ndng nghiep Sfl gia tfing mfit dfin sd' da dfin de'n ngn phfi rflng va sfl suy thoai nghiem trgng v l cac hd sinh thai vfi tfii nguyen thien nhien Dan so tfing nhanh d i n den tinh trgng phai di chuyen dan tfl vung nfiy sang vung khac Khi va'n d l di dan cd td' ehfle khdng bao dam dap flng nhu c i u di chuyin cua nhan dan thi tinh trgng di dan tfl se bung n l va dia phadng ndi cd dan di ca tfl den khdng nam qui hogch se ganh chiu canh da't chat, ngadi ddng, nghdo ddi, lac hau d i n d i n eudc sd'ng du canh, du ca va h a u qua la rflng bi phat quang, n h i i u loai ddng vat cd nguy cd bi OUAN Lt KINH TE E • iJi'ilH NGHItN Cflu TRAO Btfl tuyet chung, dfi't dai hi xdi mdn, thoai hoa vfi mfi't kha nfing canh tac Theo k i t qua dilu tra nfim 2009, Vjdt Nam cd de'n 70,4% dfin sd' sd'ng d ndng thdn V i e t ' N a m Ifi mgt nhflng nfldc ndng nghidp phu thudc vao tfii nguydn thidn nhien Dfi't ndng nghiep d nhieu ndi t h i l u nghidm trgng, nhiiu ngadi phai sd'ng dfla vfio rflng, ddi sd'ng rfi't thfi'p them- vfio dd ngheo ddi nhiiu nguydn nhan, dd ed nguyen nhfin thid'u rudng, thie'u vdn d i u tfl, nen nhflng ngfldi nghdo thfldng phai dd'n sinh sd'ng d nhflng ndi khdng thufin lgi, phai dfla vfio tai nguydn thien nhien de sinh sd'ng dd da tac ddng mdt p h i n khdng nhd vide Ifim cho tfii nguyen thidn nhien cang suy giam n h a n h chdng Chinh sach dd'i mdi kinh te' vi md dfi dem lai dien mgo hoan tofin mdi cho nen kinh td' Viet Nam nhflng nfim gan day Tuy nhidn, nhu e l u thflc td' phuc vu eho phat trien kinh te' cfing tfing, cac khu cdng nghiep, eac thfinh phd', thi trfi'n, thi tfl ngfiy eang md rdng vfi phat trien, ngudn tfii nguyen thidn nhidn thi cd hgn Do dd, mdi trfldng d Viet Nam, nhieu ndi cd sfl suy thoai vdi mfle bao ddng, dgc bidt Ifi suy thoai da^t, rflng, ngudn nfldc vfi da dgng sinh hge Kieu nghi nhufng giai p h a p phat trien m o i trifdng m i e n nui viing ddng bao dan t o e t h i e u so' d Viet N a m giai doan 2012-2020 Nhfl dfi phan tich, sfl khai thfic qua mfle cua ngfldi ddi vdi ta nhien Ifim egn kidt tai nguyen, nha't la nhflng tai nguyen khdng tai tao dfldc, da vfi dang de dda tadng lai cua chinh ehung ta Do dd, nghien cflu dfla nhflng giai phfip phat t r i l n mdi tradng mien nui vung ddng bao dan tgc t h i l u so' d Viet Nam giai dogn 2012- 2020 cd y nghia dfic biet quan trgng La mdt nhfi nghien cflu chinh sach dan EQ QUAN Lt KINH T I GlAl PHAP PHAT TRI^N MOI TRI/ONG MI^N NUI tdc cua Dang, Nha nfldc, dd dia bfin chu yd'u Ifi cac tinh m i l n nui, ndi dgi da so dong bfio cfic dan tdc thieu sd' sinh sd'ng, de cd nhflng giai phap phat trien mdi trfldng m i l n mil vung ddng bfio dan tdc thieu sd'd Vidt Nam giai dogn 2012- 2020, theo tac gia, Vidt Nam c i n thflc hi0n td't mdt sd'giai phap cd ban sau; Ma/ la, phdi hdp chat che vdi cdc dia phddng tuyen truyen, gido due cho dong bdo cdc ddn tgc thieu so ndng cao nhdn thUc vi mdi trUbng Trong bdi canh chung v l tai nguyen thien nhidn vfi mdi trfldng sd'ng cua chung ta hien nay, cung nhfl dilu kien cu t h i ve tai nguyen mdi trfldng cua Viet Nam, cd tai nguyen mdi tradng d mien nui, vung ddng bao dan tdc t h i l u so' dang tren da suy thoai, muc tieu d a a giai phap phat trien mdi trfldng m i l n nui vung ddng bao dan too t h i l u sd chl c6 t h i dat dfldc mdi ngfldi dan hinh t h a n h cho minh mgt nhan thflc mdi Do la s a phfit trien hien va nha't la nhflng nfim dau cua the ky , khdng ehi la nhflng ehi so' v l kinh td' GDP hay GNP, ma d6 la cac chi so' tong hdp; kinh te phat trien b i n vflng; mdi tradng sd'ng e6 chfi't ladng td't Con ngadi vfi xa hdi la bg phan dac thfl cua tfl nhien, sfl tdn tai va phat trien eua ngfldi vfi xa hgi khdng t h i tfich rdi gidi tfl nhien Nhan thflc dd bao dam cho ngfldi dfin d mgi m i l n da't nfldc c6 t h u nhap vfi mfle sd'ng tfldng dfldng nhau, khdng cdn khoang each chenh lech qua xa gifla ddng bfing vfi m i l n nui, gifla cac vung, cac nhom dan efl vdi Di nhidn, day khdng phai Ifi sfl cao bfing mfi dfiy Ifi sfl p h a t trien theo chieu sau Moi ngfldi, moi vung d i u cd m a t bfing kinh te thd'ng nha't da dang va phat triln kinh te phai dfldc lufin chflng day du vfi chinh xac v l m a t mdi trfldng sd'ng V l van hoa xa hdi, bao dam cho ddng bao cac dfin tdc t h i l u so' c6 mfle hadng thu van Sl^48 (7+8/2012) GlAl PHAP PHAT TRigN MOl T R U O N G M I ^ N NOI NGH|£N cflu TRAO Bdi P l T T l hoa chung n h a eac vung ddng bfing v l phat thanh, t r u y i n hinh dadc p h u sdng d i n ca nhflng ndi vung sau vung xa Tflng bfldc xfiy dflng vfin hoa mdi trfldng bfing cfich phat huy, khai thac nhflng gia t r i van hoa t r u y i n thd'ng dan tdc va tid'p t h u co chgn Igc nhflng thfinh tflu vfin hoa hien dai cho phu hdp vdi nhiem vu xay dflng y thflc bad vd mdi trfldng hien la biet sd'ng h a i hofi vdi thien nhidn, gfin b6 vdi thien nhien, bie't khai thac vfi sfl dung thien nhidn gidi hgn cho phep de p h a t trien kinh te' - xa hdi Ckc dia phadng c i n d l xua't, xay dflng chinh sach t h u h u t cac ngudn Iflc tfii chinh d i u tfl cho vide p h a t trien vfi bao vd mdi tradng d m i l n nui vung ddng bfio dfin tdc t h i l u sd' tfl n h i i u ngudn khfic nhfl: tfl ngudn ngan sach nhfi nadc, tfl cac chinh sach kinh te ve bao vd mdi tradng, trich tfl ngudn ldi khai thac tai nguyen mdi trfldng de d i u tfl lgi cho vide bao vd mdi trfldng, tfl sfl dong gdp cua xfi hdi vk tfl ngudn vien trd cua cac te' chflc va ngoai nfldc Hai Id, xdy dUng thi chi vd cdng cu qudn ly mdi trUdng Bd'n la, xdy dung phong trdo qudn bdo vi mdi trUdng Tfch cflc t h a m vfi'n vdi cac nhfi hogch dinh chinh sach vfi cac dia phfldng xay dflng cac lufit tuc, hadng adc v l sLt dung tai nguyen thien nhien mdt each cd hieu qua, lam nen tang cho vide giao due y thflc v l sinh thai va nang cao trach nhidm bao vd mdi tradng dd'i vdi ddng bao cac d a n tdc thieu sd' Cdng tac giao due y thflc ve mdi trfldng phai thflc hidn thadng xuydn va lien tuc, c i n phai xay difng v l mat ndi dung, quy thdi gian va hinh thflc giao due thich hdp vdi tflng loai dd'i tadng trdng xa hgi C i n tuyen truyen, giao due cho ddng bao eac dan tgc thieu sd' vfi nhfin dfin sinh sd'ng d m i l n nui thd'ng nhfi't nhfin thflc rfing bao ve mdi tradng la sfl nghiep cua toan dfin Sfl nghiep chi c6 t h i thflc hien t h i n g ldi vdi sfl t h a m gia t a giac cua ddng dao quan chung nhan dan, tao mgt phong trao rdng ldn, thadng xuyen va lau dfii Ba Id, tdng cUdng vd da dgng hod ngudn lUc tdi chinh cho bdo vi mdi trUdng miin nui cua khoa hgc va cdng nghd eung vdi nhu e l u vfi n h a n thflc cua ngfldi dang tgo chung Phong trao q u i n chiing xay dflng tren cd sd gild due, phat huy truyen thd'ng tap quan cua cac dfin tgc, dfla vao cac td chflc quan chung hien cd n h a Hdi lien hidp phu nfl, Hdi Dd'i vdi can bd, cdng chflc, cdng nhfin vien Ndng dan, Hdi cflu chid'n binh, Doan cdng tfic va sinh sd'ng d m i l n nui, vung ddng nien cdng san Hd Chi Minh, xay dflng them bao dan tde thieu sd', e i n dfla trinh hidu cac to ehfle mdi thich hdp nha; Hdi bao vd bie't v l mdi tradng va trach nhidm bao ve thidn nhien mdi tradng, Hdi bad vd, cflu trd mdi trfldng vao mdt nhflng tidu e h u l n dgng vfit hoang da, danh gia p h i m cha't dgo dflc eua can hd Cfin bd quan ly, can bd lanh dgo eae cfi'p, can bd khoa hgc ky thufit, eac chu doanh nghiep, Tdm lai, b u y hoai mdi trfldng sd'ng hidn cae giam dd'c cdng ty, xi nghiep tfl Trung da trd thfinh vfi'n d l toan cau, la y l u to' fldng d i n dia phfldng phai la nhflng ngadi di thach thfle t r i tud va y chi eua ngadi d i u vide n a n g cao y thflc, trach nhiem Trong n i n vfin minh cdng nghidp, ngadi bao ve mdi trfldng Khdng vi ldi nhufin kinh da dgt dadc nhflng t h a n h tflu rflc rd te ma bd qua cae chi tidu ve bao ve mdi san xuat cua eai vat cha't va mgi mat eua ddi trfldng sinh thai sd'ng xa hgi Song cung chinh m a t hgn che Sai 48 (7+8/2012) OUAN Lt KINH T^ EH i r o i HflHlfeN cflu TRAO flgl GlAl PHAP PHAT TRI^N MOl TRUONG MI^N NOI , nguy cd cd the xay cudc khung hoang mdi trfldng toan ciu, de doa sfl sd'ng cua lofii ngfldi Do dd, xfiy dflng y thfle mdi trfldng Ifi mgt nhflng ye'u td' n i n tang ehu ye'u Ifim thay doi nhfin thfle vfi h a n h vi cua ngfldi hfldng tdi muc tieu phfit tridn, gdp p h i n tai hofi nh^p gifla ngfldi - xa hdi va tfl nhidn dfi trd thfinh va'n d l ca'p bach cua thdi dai kinh t l - xa h^i m i l n nui, vung ddng bao dfin tdc t h i l u sd' ndi ridng c i n tfnh to^n va g i n ch§t chg vdi chid'n Iflgc bao vd mdi trfldng d l phat t r i l n mdi tradng m i l n nui vflng dong bfio dfin t^e t h i l u sd'd Vidt Nam./ Tri thflc cua ngadi v l thd' gidi v i n 11 cai cd gidi hgn so vdi cai vd hgn cua t h i gidi vat chfi't, mdi tradng, sinh thai Tuy nhidn, nhflng tri thflc mfi ngfldi da bid't, du cho phdp ngfldi nhfin thfle dfli?c r i n g ngfiy vfi'n d l khung hoang mdi tradng, sinh thai da vadt khdi gidi hgn qud'c gia, khu vflc vfi mang tinh toan e l u Do dd, chi cd ngadi, dinh cao cua sfl tien hoa cua gidi tfl nhien, vdi tinh flu trgi la cd y thflc va h i l t lao ddng san xufi't cai tao the gidi tfl nhidn mdi CO kha nang giai quyit vfi'n d l khung hoang mdi tradng Tuy nhien, thfle hidn nhidm vu dd phai Ifi hogt ddng cd y thflc, cd sfl phdi hdp chat che gifla ca nhan, cdng ddng vfi xfi hdi, gifla cac qud'c gia, khu vflc vfi tofin elu The gidi tfl nhidn la ngdi nhfi ehung cua ngadi vfi xfi hdi hien nay, c i n dadc bao vd, ngfldi, khdng phfin biet mfiu da, qudc tich, c i n phai thay do'i h a n h vi flng xfl vdi thien nhidn L6 Ba Thao (2001), Thiin nhiin Vi^t Nam, Nxb Gifio dMC Hfi Ndi, 2001 Trong tien trinh cdng nghidp hoa hien dgi hoa d Viet Nam hidn nay, eung vdi nhflng tflu to ldn ve phat t r i l n kinh t l - xa hdi, va'n d l mdi tradng, nha't la mdi trfldng miln nui, vung ddng bad dfin tgc t h i l u sd dang CO nhflng b i l u hidn suy thoai t r i m trgng Dfiy Ifi mgt thach thflc cho sfl phat t r i l n vi vfiy k^ hogch, qui hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hdi ndi ehung, phat t r i l n B ] OUAN Lt KINH T£ TAI LI§U THAM KHAO Bfli Xufin Hilu (1996), "Bdo vi mdi trUdng sdng • Vdn di cd tinh thdi dgi", Tgp chl C^ng sdn, sdl7-4, 1996 Le van Khoa Chu bidn (1997), Mdi trUdng va phdt triin bin vOng d Miin nui, Nxb Giao dye, 1997 Le Vfin Khoa, Nguyen Ngoc Smh (2000), Chiin luge vd chinh sdch mdi trUdng, Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Hfi Noi, 2000 Pham Vfin Boong (2002), y thtic sinh thdi vd vdn di phdt trien Idu bin, NXb Chinh tri quoc gia, Hd Ngi, 2002 Pham Thi Ngoc Trim (1997), Mdi trUdng sinh thai vdn di vd gidi phdp, NXb Chinh tri quoc gia, Hfi N6i, 1997 Lugt Bdo vi mdi trUdng ndm 2005 Tai lieu Hoi thao "Trao doi thong tin, kinh nghidm ve bao v? moi trUdng khu vUc miln mii phia Bfic", Vu H