Lecture International marketing (15/e): Chapter 18 - Philip R. Cateora, Mary C. Gilly, John L. Graham

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Lecture International marketing (15/e): Chapter 18 - Philip R. Cateora, Mary C. Gilly, John L. Graham

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Chapter 18 - Pricing for international markets. What you should learn from chapter 18: Components of pricing as competitive tools in international marketing, how to control pricing in parallel import or gray markets, price escalation and how to minimize its effect, countertrading and its place in international marketing practices, the mechanics of price quotations, the mechanics of getting paid.

International Marketing 15th edition  Philip R. Cateora, Mary C. Gilly, and John L. Graham Pricing Policy Parallel Imports • Parallel imports – Develop when importers buy products from  distributors in one country and sell them in  another to distributors who are not part of the  manufacturer’s regular distribution system • Occur whenever price differences are greater  than cost of transportation between two markets • Major problem for pharmaceutical companies • Exclusive distribution Roy Philip Full­Cost Versus  Variable­Cost Pricing • Variable­cost pricing  – Firm is concerned only with the marginal or  incremental cost of producing goods to be sold in  overseas markets • Full­cost pricing  – Companies insist that no unit of a similar product  is different  from any other unit in terms of cost  – Each unit must bear full share of the total fixed  and variable cost Roy Philip Skimming Versus  Penetration Pricing • Skimming   – Used by a company when the objective is to reach  a segment of the market that is relatively price  insensitive  – Market is willing to pay a premium price for the  value received • Penetration pricing policy  – Used to stimulate market and sales growth by  deliberately offering products at low prices Roy Philip Sample Causes and Effects  of Price Escalation Exhibit 18.2 Roy Philip Approaches to Lessening  Price Escalation (1 of 2) • Lowering cost of goods – Manufacturing in a third country – Eliminating costly functional features – Lowering overall product quality • Lowering tariffs – Reclassifying products into a different, and lower  customs classification – Modify product to qualify for  a lower tariff rate  within classification – Requiring assembly or further processing – Repackaging Roy Philip Approaches to Lessening  Price Escalation (2 of 2) • Lowering distribution costs – Shorter channels – Reducing or eliminating middlemen • Using foreign trade zones to lessen price  escalation – Establish free trade zones (FTZs) or free ports • Tax­free enclave not considered part of country • Postpones payment of duties and tariffs • Dumping – Use of marginal (variable) cost pricing – Selling goods in foreign country below the price of  the same goods in the home market Roy Philip How Are Foreign  Trade Zones Used? Exhibit 18.3 Roy Philip Leasing in International  Markets(1 of 2) • Selling technique that alleviates high prices and  capital shortages • Opens the door to a large segment of nominally  financed foreign firms  – Firms can be sold on a lease option but might be  unable to buy for cash • Can ease the problems of selling new,  experimental equipment  – Because less risk is involved for the users Roy Philip Leasing in International  Markets(2 of 2) • Helps guarantee better maintenance and service  on overseas equipment • Helps to sell other companies in that country • Revenue tends to be more stable over a period of  time than direct sales • Leasing disadvantages – Inflation may lead to heavy losses at end of  contract period – Currency devaluation, expropriation and political  risks Roy Philip 10 Countertrade as a Pricing Tool • Types of countertrade – – – – Barter Compensation deals Counterpurchase or offset trade Product buyback agreement Roy Philip 11 Countertrade as a Pricing Tool • Problems of countertrading – Determining the value of and potential demand  for the goods offered – Barter houses • The Internet and countertrading – Electronic trade dollars – Universal Currency/IRTA • Proactive countertrade strategy – Included as part of an overall market strategy – Effective for exchange­poor countries Roy Philip 12 Transfer Pricing Strategy (1 of 2) • Prices of goods transferred from a company’s  operations or sales units in one country to its  units elsewhere – May be adjusted to enhance the ultimate profit of  company • Benefits – Lowering duty costs – Reducing income taxes in high­tax countries – Facilitating dividend repatriation when dividend  repatriation is curtailed by government policy Roy Philip 13 Transfer Pricing Strategy (2 of 2) • Objectives – Maximizing profits for corporation – Facilitating parent­company control – Providing all levels of management control over profitability • Arrangements for pricing goods for intracompany transfer – Sales at the local manufacturing cost plus a standard markup – Sales at the cost of the most efficient producer in the company  plus a standard markup – Sales at negotiated prices – Arm’s­length sales using the same prices as quoted to  independent customers Roy Philip 14 ... Selling goods in foreign country below the price of  the same goods in the home market Roy Philip How Are Foreign  Trade Zones Used? Exhibit? ?18. 3 Roy Philip Leasing in? ?International? ? Markets(1 of 2) • Selling technique that alleviates high prices and ... Used to stimulate market and sales growth by  deliberately offering products at low prices Roy Philip Sample Causes and Effects  of Price Escalation Exhibit? ?18. 2 Roy Philip Approaches to Lessening  Price Escalation (1 of 2) •... Can ease the problems of selling new,  experimental equipment  – Because less risk is involved for the users Roy Philip Leasing in? ?International? ? Markets(2 of 2) • Helps guarantee better maintenance and service  on overseas equipment

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Từ khóa liên quan

Mục lục

  • Slide 1

  • Pricing Policy Parallel Imports

  • Full-Cost Versus Variable-Cost Pricing

  • Skimming Versus Penetration Pricing

  • Sample Causes and Effects of Price Escalation

  • Approaches to Lessening Price Escalation (1 of 2)

  • Approaches to Lessening Price Escalation (2 of 2)

  • How Are Foreign Trade Zones Used?

  • Leasing in International Markets(1 of 2)

  • Leasing in International Markets(2 of 2)

  • Countertrade as a Pricing Tool

  • Slide 12

  • Transfer Pricing Strategy (1 of 2)

  • Transfer Pricing Strategy (2 of 2)

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