Lecture Management information systems: Solving business problems with information technology – Chapter 2

In this chapter you will learn: What types of computers are needed for business applications? What are the basic objects that computers process? What are the main components of a computer? Why is the operating system so important? How does the Internet change the role of computers? What are the main software applications used in business?.

Introduction to MIS Chapter Information Technology Foundations Copyright © 1998-2002 by Jerry Post Introduction to MIS Personal Productivity   Introduction to MIS   Outline            Types of Data Trends Hardware Components Operating Systems Business Tasks Application Software Operating Systems Cases: Entrepreneurial Business Appendix: Displaying Data Introduction to MIS   Trends  Hardware      Software and Operating System Trends       Size (capacity) Speed (performance) Reliability Data Types Original: Early: Easier: Current: Introduction to MIS User/Programmer Sequential Questions Menus User/Event Driven   Technology Trends    Cost of workers increasing Cost of technology decreasing Capabilities increasing    Processing speed Storage capacity Types of data         text image sound video Quality and reliability Communications Introduction to MIS   Brief History of Computing  Forerunners          Atanasoff Berry Computer ENIAC electronic digital computer EDSAC stored program computer 1951 1954 UNIVAC I: U.S Bureau of Census IBM 650: popular 1st generation 1960     1942 1946 1949 1950   Pascal's mechanical adding machine Leibnitz' calculator Industrial Revolution in England Babbage's analytical engine Hollerith's punched-card system 1940   1642 1694 1750 1834 1880 1965 1965 Introduction to MIS IBM System/360: 3rd generation DEC PDP-8: 1st minicomputer   Computing History  1970           IBM Personal Computer Apple Macintosh 32 bit microprocessors (I486 & M 68040) RISC processors, LANs Rapidly declining cost of small computers Software integration The Internet 2000     1982 1984 1988 1989 1990   IBM System/370 announced MITS Altair 8800: micro kit Cray I shipped supercomputer TRS-80/I, Apple II introduced 1980   1970 1975 1976 1978 Ubiquitous computing Speech recognition Introduction to MIS   Data Types Input Numbers Text Process 000001100 000001000 000010100 12 + = 20 This is a test 84 104 73 115 … Output 20 This is a test 0010000000000000000 0100000000000001001 0110000011000011011 0111111111111001111 1111111111111011111 1111111111100011111 Images pitch or volume Time Sound 8905… 000001000 000001001 000010100 … Video   Introduction to MIS   00101010111 11010101010 01010101010 11110100011 00101011011 00101010111 11010101010 01010101010 11110100011 00101011011 00101010111 11010101010 01010101010 11110100011 00101011011 00101010111 11010101010 01010101010 11110100011 00101011011 00101010111 11010101010 01010101010 11110100011 00101011011 Application Objects  Primary Objects       Primary Functions Text Numbers Pictures Sound Video       Object Attributes All   Cut Copy Paste Edit Save and Retrieve Align Functions Cut, copy, paste, edit, save, retrieve, align Numbers Precision, scale Total, calculate, compare Text Typeface, size, bold, italic, etc Search, format, spell­check Image Resolution, number of colors bit­map or vector Color and light changes rescale, rotate, blend, etc Sound Sample rate, frequency & amplitude, MIDI or sample Record, playback, frequency and amplitude shifts Video Inherit image and sound attributes and functions, frames per second Record, playback compress and decompress Introduction to MIS   Application Objects: Numbers  Numbers  Attributes     Precision Display format Precision Value limits Functions     Computations Aggregation Sorting Comparisons 5.563 0.354 + 6.864 12.781 Round off before add 5.56 0.35 + 6.86 12.77 Yes Is the display precision the same as the computation precision? Internal data formats Spreadsheet: =Round(5.563,2) Introduction to MIS   No decimal places Integer -32,768 to 32767 Float +/- 3.4 x 10 38 Double +/- 1.797 x 10 308   Round off after add 5.56 0.35 + 6.86 12.78 15 10 Compatibility   Hardware standards? Operating systems    Unix Windows-NT Software & Data   Binary incompatibility File compatibility & conversion   Leading software Limited standards (e.g., ASCII) Error reading file Invalid format   Introduction to MIS   39 Software Categories     Operating System Utilities Programming Languages and Tools Application  General purpose examples     Single purpose examples        Word processing Spreadsheets Graphics Accounting Tax preparation Games CAD-CAM Database Management Systems (DBMS) Introduction to MIS   40 Operating Systems Device driver Device driver Operating System  Operating system tasks      Identify user (security) User interface Load applications Coordinate devices Device driver Device drivers for independence       Device driver Input Process Output Secondary storage Introduction to MIS   41 Operating Systems: User Interface   Introduction to MIS   42 Multitasking & Components  Components operate at different speeds      nanoseconds seconds or milliseconds seconds or milliseconds milliseconds Time comparison      Processor Input Output Secondary Storage ns / sec == micro / sec == ms / sec == Introduction to MIS   31.7 years 11.6 days 16:40 min:sec 43 Multitasking Single Tasking Task Task Task Multitasking   Introduction to MIS   44 Early Computer Languages  1st generation:     1101 1111 0111 2nd generation:      1110 1001 1101 MOV AX,[011E] ADD AX,[0100] MOV [0FEB],AX Introduction to MIS   Machine get data at 1101 add value at 1111 put result in 0111 Assembly get value at 011E add value at 0100 put result in 0FEB 45 Computer Languages  3rd generation:  Four popular variations       SQL:   total = net + taxes; Database select net+taxes from sales; 5th generation:    FORTRAN Basic COBOL C 4th generation:  Procedural Not Exist Yet Artificial Intelligence Natural Language Example: What were gross sales last month? Introduction to MIS   46 Cases: Entrepreneurial Business Small businesses are beginning to rely on microcomputers and turnkey minicomputer applications because of their low costs and off-the-shelf software applications Photo courtesy of Armatron   Introduction to MIS   47 Cases: Amazon.com Peapod www.amazon.com www.peapod.com What is the company’s current status? What is the Internet strategy? How does the company use information technology? What are the prospects for the industry?   Introduction to MIS   48        Column (or bar) Line Pie Scatter Specialized (e.g., stock prices) Features   Title Axes        Formats Labels Consistency   Appendix: Displaying Data Chart Types Scale and size Colors Goal: Convey information Avoid: Unnecessary decoration Introduction to MIS   49 Column or Bar Chart Rolling Thunder Bicycle Sales by Model $1,000,000 $800,000 $600,000 $400,000 $200,000 $0    Purpose: Introduction to MIS Compare data by categories   50 Pie Chart Rolling Thunder Bicycle Sales by Model 14% 1% 8% 22% Hybrid Mountain Race 19% Road Tour Track 36%    Purpose Introduction to MIS Compare categories to total (percent)   51 Line Chart Bicycle Sales by Type for Each Month $120,000 $100,000 Hybrid $80,000 Mountain $60,000 Race $40,000 Road $20,000 Tour    Purpose Introduction to MIS Dec Nov Oct Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan $0 Track Compare categories over time   52 Scatter Chart Price and Build Time Selling Price $5,000 $4,000 $3,000 $2,000 $1,000 $0 10 Days to Build    Purpose Introduction to MIS Compare two non-categorical series Often used to look for correlations   53 ... Introduction to MIS   22   Introduction to MIS   P/III-550 P/III-450 P/II-400 P/II-333 P/II -26 6 P/Pro -20 0 P/MMX -23 3 P/MMX -20 0 P/MMX-166 P-166 P-133 P-100 P-75 P-60 486DX-50 486DX-33 486DX -25 486SX -20 386SX -25 Intel... Photo-CD Resolutions Name Resolution (v x h) Thumbnail 128 x 1 92 Thumbnail 25 6 x 384 TV 5 12 x 768 HDTV 1 024 x 1536 Digital Print 20 48 x 30 72 Pro 4096 x 6144   Amplitude/volume Frequency/pitch MIDI... 486DX- 486DX- 486 33 25 33 DX2-66   Introduction to MIS   1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20 00 20 01 P-60 P-100 P-166 P/MMX- P/II-300 P/II-450 P/III-550 P/III-1G P/4 /2. 0 20 0 24 Speed and Cost