Giáo trình tiếng Nhật trung cấp An integrated approach to intermediate Japanese (Revised edition): Phần 2

Giáo trình tiếng Nhật trung cấp An integrated approach to intermediate Japanese (Revised edition) được biên soạn như một giáo trình học tiếng Nhật trung cấp bao gồm các phần từ vựng, đọc hiểu, ngữ pháp, nghe hiểu…giúp bạn củng cố năng lực Nhật ngữ của mình ở mức độ trung cấp và sẵn sàng cho kì thi JLPT. Phần 2 được giới thiệu dưới đây là sự tiếp nối phần 1 của cuốn sách bao gồm 8 bài học còn lại trong tổng 15 bài học giúp các bạn cải thiện kỹ năng nghe, kỹ năng đọc hiểu của bản thân. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo.

{_EÞt4_rle_þ,-6 ã Þ_).

LT URE No

oaoaC

Jobs for Students

>>>>>

J n the U.5., even elementary school and junior high school children sometimes work to

I earn pocket money by babysitting, delivering newspapers, mowing grass for others, etc.High school students with part-time jobs are not at all rare ln Japan, on the other hand,

youngsters through high school are usually discouraged by their parents and teachers from

working part-time since they must study hard in and out of school to survive "examination hell." They are expected to devote their full energy to studying to get into the "right" school or college They simply do not have time for part-time jobs.

Once in college, however, things change dramatically Since course work is not even half

as rigorous in Japan as in the U.5., many college students acquire part-time jobs The best

kind of job is tutoring students from elementary school to high school to prepare them for

entrance exams They also work as sales clerks, sports instructors, interpreters/translators,

or anything else as long as it brings in money.

ln the U.S., one often hears about students working their way through college That is

not usually the case in Japan Parents are supposed to take care of their children through college, and they do Japanese college students, therefore, work part-time to earn extra money for enjoyment They may buy small used cars, motor scooters, sporting goods, or go

on trips abroad.

Job lnterviews

hen looking for a part-time job, an American student in Japan may be expected to speak in Japanese, depending on the type of work he/she wants When interviewed

in Japanese, either face-to-face or over the phone, you must speak very politely, using il#.

There have been cases of Americans selected over their competitors only because their ff#

was better Therefore, learn to use expressions such as tTLCdl)t and, above all, never refer

to the interviewer as 6f¿f¿ !

oooaa

7c t, å'e#:*#WÊfrþWL( u' 6 o t- + â LF=l¿Ø{" tá€fifru'È L * L

/q o

+-bb 4{LIt t" i ò " ã.t, t'c-wL{u âØtå, +ÉäffæØ, ) 7þw.

À:t{LâfiûH-CTùr ffiffi¿*ô b *1å'.

7 r ' rtî_ ElaÈ" È,ØHffiffi+ä¿:+-I vî.t 7î#.L/¿ ( à_!_lf_I_Èì.

4 ) 1îù." 4 {Lîlt *rEl ütÈ¡È¡: {# L!' : ¿ k rôffi|-'|,î¿t' ¿,8't.' * 1øl E¿ Ë à,-1 ttl-'Cu.Èt'ùl*Tà".

N-c'c â )vt:frÊTsø fr#t tJ-þ'7)W+#.i¿t' ù:Ëf,u.( ô.1¿ t> ? 4 tLù.

È ñx þ 7 r i I -ù: öÉEÂ,r"*a ( å u.u-Â,Dç/¡¡.þ./¡" Xffi.øFn->-c å^ç#ffiÌ¡À,ù"î- #àffiØfu\frþp b tu.¡¿s¿f u.å t:"t" ffLòËE

1r{- l.'C- +¡ v l2 v-Zt¿tÃ-c-C < {L6LþWL{u âÀ,'Aîùr

yt-4 /v åÂ,/¡ 6ic0t b t'å,Hr,.*-l-Ì " -E-nã+H{" f^Hrãrì4 )

o);tÈ-þLX ffi¿i,Ë å'e

trffi k+I¿.m É,Ê

*Ø+1L ÐX 'c*^À,ffi lIr" Ø ri F- Ë¿ië

Ftts ffi++

¿ìþØ L

E t¿H )KØÙ:

1P.? È

ü, t" ffi

/¡ f * b)vñ!

FrlÉiÉ tr - t u - t = ) t¿ & 2<ËtlËîFf EtÊ< 5 frt¿.

= T tb l: < t t:t lV ¡.ø=.¿H# (memoria l)

(5ÊtEH : FilËÊ tr- t t) - t.))

¡i:È Ê.i'¡

used for names of schoolsl

teacher l:rÊe)

person who handles a

patttc;lslat business mattü [ã is generally

to meet lhumble form

of à )l lu.i.l detailed

to keep company with;

to be a companion to

housewife female office worker(s)

special talent; ski11

r'f

+l'v4f å-z SantaClaus ü'-t¿- b (/¡) perfect flt

tr f,., Lfu

e ù7vlL

¡¡t( u ÀÊ^

r:ç'i; (

^EX

Dutch (person) Caucasian

to enter a country [:El

- Q ) t¡,F,¡tT â to feel as if +';t¡r before long; soon

-€.v¡' (- å ) l*,ù'T 6 to be determined to

ffifr-r â

z\- ø tn

36 XZWJ

lthe biggest island in

the north of Japan : E

to be surprised [the name of one of the four major islands of Japan)

to open up the country

(to foreigners) t:El?ffi

( ¿lEdo Bay Commodore Perry

to return [u.i.]

treaty negotiation splendidly

to be useful; to behelpful l:'tÉ.t:-v'>l

to appear lu.i.)

to be shipwrecked interpreter inconvenient

zs.ffim,

s.ffiE ro.ffi&

ts.tÐL 6

z0.lpJ/Jr ) zs.ìÉÉR so.Xf,

zo.WIfu zs.H-ff

so.*fr!

This radical stands for a rice plant and is generally used for charactersrepresenting kinds of plant, states of, or uses foç the rice plant, etc

t_fÄJ tfxj [ril fd¿

t "' Xf*Y< ợr?T='Y is about the only X.' lê#t > t t z >>> ôđ.Í< Surrttrt]

This expression is used when Y is about the only case where X holds true X and Y are both

a) Elê^r)ìØ Ă"(ìt ('.Ỉ 6Off 7t+ôØffi< ơrrơ¡ü Ltrlcrl.

(College years might be the only time when the Japanese can relax.)

b) rF.Răìffi21.Ì:rÌ, đ Øß_ t6ƯØ ¿ ô < ăü\rr"

(,{bout the only time Tbkyo becomes quiet is around Llre Bon festival.)

c) #.Lt¿fr&wt fr7 v7 4 7 r"fA¿:E^ffiþw.i-l¿( ợr?"T.

(about the only teaching experience [I have] is teaching Japanese to children as a volunteer.)

/r* f pHfJ ='as expected; also; aga¡n' [đ#2 >r.3]

t.z,lf ,Þ is aconversatio¡alform,of Siơ,þ.,¡L¡ an erb,ry,liich,indicp!ỉs,thđfwþatisbíing.

said is what is expected from our general or specific knowledge.

a) I a y T i1 ¿ ltWđ*.Tì ->T¿"'tÍ.0) ffi I¿t, ö \¡lf U&yđXl:t¡, ol¿"

(John Kennedy was a politician His brothers also became politicians.)

b) Ị+¿rffiĨt 6 f Ỉì 1up tf U HLa Ø¿:ffiH7)ră.Ỉ b * j-"

(Kan¡i arc interesting, but las might be expected] they take a long time to learn.)

J ott -Ịơ-f{='lf onlyVou -'

This expression states a sufficient condition for attaining a desired result ð ơ

lă#z > ¿ s >>> FFỈê L rr *nnHl

' ,, .r:V.(1-.€,rfeijln)'ð'ơ-¡,1Ùuls:'l.' .:,(:,,Tþ'þ ffih ị,Z,t1thlf'.'.-,,.:'.,,

fr'P.fficles' z:t'' ¿,'¡¿',*¿, ò,,are.droþþed.,ú.hỉn ơ ơ is attached;

i',1i!::',i':i'¡ |:Ỉ ffitr¿IS;,I*Ì'is'acc itio f'o'ry,

, ,cèita,inty .It',follows INø], [/¡-adjectiíe+,rr'],;¡anOtþtain foJms gf -vgrbq anaÉ,,

(If it's a used one, it should be cheap.)

d) 2'<4 vffiþFflcÍt.åz\l: å o1- 4, y 7ætjffiL ( r¡r.f*f (.T.

(For people who know Spanish, It¿lian is not supposed to be dífficuit.)

(It looks like lhel is going to get married next year.)

$ trr N ë tr?='as -' lffia#t > ¿ t s >>>ÊâË¿ t,(]

a) ##Ø#En¿Lf ElÄ,-frr <7 t yr^¿1 W",tWzr!'åJ i/ì.

(It seems that the number of Americans who go to Japan as English teachers is increasing everyyear.)

d,.1,],,+-.:.:i,, r.i : : : , -r:i.:i:.-: ::; ,.: r ,

t' tr:r:11:: 1':: :'.i::r', i::tr::r

:ì:.:itt:,::.;:,1

b) 1= à7+-ll ãffi+å¿l'T À b öDIiÊìEø("ä^ñtt'È> LþlJ!'"

(Chomsky is perhaps more famous for his political activities than as a linguist.)

| ," N/¿Þ (lI) ='because (of); due to'

-l¿Ð(t:) follows [Nø], lt¡-adjective*t¡1, and plain forms of

adjectives It indicates the reason or câuse for the following clause -l¿ Ð

pression, and hence is used in writing or in formal iitoátioos.

(fan3i take a long time to learn because of their complexity.)

c ) #ffiø'e È 6 )BilÈìt /J r, É &)- #rcåftÆõEl:Æ D ( t /¿.

(Because there was no interpreter who could handle English, the Shogunate was greatTyinconvenienced )

(Because of the deteriorating economic conditions, many people havebeen laid off.)

(He went to Japan in order to study Japanese.)

E#ffiþfu,ffiU r¿l¡ e) (E) - BA^õa l¿"

(He went to Japan because he studied Japanese.)

L !' ¿ L þ *6ffi1- Ur¿ r' t E!'* Tờ- pñHø

tify themselves by saying, for

example, H+'Cî Business

es-tablishments normally identify

themselves immediately, outsayingtLöL.

with-2 : The caller must first identify

himself/herself by saying - Ỉ F

L * -t- If you forget to identifyyourself, the person answeringwould ask

sen-3: Once the caller idenúfies

him-self/herself, he/she normally asks

for the person he/she wishes totalk to, e.g., ffirlrJhôr ù -¡ l- +

r * T Ỉ In the above

conversa-tion, the caller instead states thereason for the call by saying -o)

¿ ¿ -eỈ I ¡ ơ,lElì.-lc r t,îTăr

or ? l, Ỉr1-þ#1.-C r, 6 c L

+ đ Lñ->ltØf btêffiI.i¡ L

* Ll¡.

4: If the party that picks up a phone

does not identify self, then, you can ask by saying-o)*;4 (polite for 8) îL ¡ i

himself/her-Ð if you are calling someone's

home

5 : When you want to leave a

mes-sage, you can use formal

bo) i tÞ¿ÌđỈ r e ơ HỈ û'c.iô b * T¿ì.

ó 4iîTù," lEIffi¡at6')ñ\ Í' Lt iỈ.,

,{7i: Ì¡ b /¡ð t -Å¿lBä¿: u- aHYE.t_ Hæþ#.2 â7 y.,s 4 | þ LÈ t.Øf".

!' å ! ô tÃ#¡#+ffi.Effi#þ tr.ti'Cr, * 1" ù i -^¿t'< î ¡ y y#à##nriift'.

a Ø+ffiÓ¿Ì âË ¡ ) Efr,EþWv" ! * T" î- Ø- /\Øàffi?ffiH L /¡ ð r, âffi

ØffiI¿.t ffi (detail) ùlÉÉ.

e '<7 t=àù'{1 -^ÌtB+4 t) i -^ÌÌâ&E¿: Ì¡ b r¡ è t." B++.ù:rtJÐ tâ?{F

l:É#þlt,ttJ'C.- ##øvy Tvtt:t r.{ffUãiàffiþffiHL/J ð r,.o 4.ø:- L þffi

a) When should theybegin?

b) How many times a week should they meet?

c ) Where should they rneet?

d) From what time to wlnattime?

e) How much should the tuitionbe?

J "' E-rVJVl

e,{z¿:t¡ D t¡ð r." âff 3 Ø, r.4 y vttt._ l9€?ffEf,¿:Êffiþ t c ô,r¿l åË={r.*

TTJt- 'ffi.ùttrFffiËf,¿:€ffiþ¡" ùll¡ffiØâffiþëì,- *^¿r, t4 f y- ù i-^Èì#

O ^e7¿: /J b âh'Ø+Xf"f"-*É#l-ù.->/¡ (* /; ù*-Ér,.t/¿'o r:) T )v)t 4 l ù::

t { ffi Lât /J ð !.o

ti '{.''r

'lI

w

-si 4 -àìFlai:Ë#l-r ơ': ( b t-I¿ a ¿ Ø-? ¿i, E#)ỳ17 y l-Í0,,

lfu/¿-.lÈ BA^fi ( ffi- 'hx l 7 r \ t)

(' ( Ìt Èàì *rËð À,È.b *., l tLl- Q i t¡ffiþ Ur¡.ù.->l¿" 4 Ø.,,y t"rìy

ìti- ffifrßØWØ7 - | 7 ¡-7 (.'Ë: r¿#(F b o),s v ìt- trJ.t z iHu-PVlÈ

-cÌ¿lt, å -ì7 ¿ -iÌàì: ù, b U{ L * oÌ¿" ã¡ ¿ ( fáËð À"øt#o{ ! å

,) y r* *'C Cr-;v - fi tvl"y øđø),.->f¿11 y l-tùr¡Ø{"- ^ìi ¿ -iÌ l

4 vtË)yä È e¡¿: tá.t- ( AW -C l, * -cl¿"

O ì*Ø9ãfr,Á,e iE U tìÐ ú) lr O F5Ë : Ctt õ b 0) l- x ä? Itf¿Í Ë Ur"

a ) -ri 4 -¿* BYỵ6Èi¿:,r7 | 7 z ì t/ - t,-/vÈy b þå.cÌ¿" b) 'hà þ 7 7 : t)

-ØtơËð hti.- ÊÀ,"Õ( {t,r¡zJ.-tI¿o

c ) ¿ Ø*?'Eð À"tt- blff¿Vl\t, Bä¿:Ër, á t¡H,l:vVJlì ->I¿"

IJRE No

aaooa

hen one gives a gift in Japan, one uses an expression that minimizes its importance: )t.ịT&V\V)C175ì (lit., it'sjust something insignificant) The spirit of humbleness has

always been valued in japan lt is the same spirit that makes Japanese speakers say {EIÐõ'd

tìtttfu75ì (/it, there's nothing worthwhile) when they serve a meal to guests, or LìUìZ, å lvCþõDtËl\',/¿lvCtcrdtl (Cl) (lit., it's far from the truth) when they are complimented,

for example, on a member of their family 2ãịl'a!\+r)elđì, howeveç is a fairly formal

ex-pression So, when you give a gift to your homestay family, a less formal expression such as

t t,fcbo) U t ldLìfu Cdäì wil I suff ice

Gift-giving

hen one receives a gift in Japan, one is not supposed to open it right away wanting

to open a gift immediately has traditionally been interpreted as a sign of beíng materialistic Don't be surprised, therefore, if someone you give a gift to in Japan does not open it in your presence Likewise, if you receive a gift, thank the giver profusely, but do

not look too eager to know what ís insíde Like so many things in Japan, howeveç this custom, too, is perhaps in the process of changing some young people nowadays may askyou to open what they give you at once.

Another difference in gift-giving between the U.5 and Japan is that when one receives a

gift in Japan, one often starts worrying about what gift to give back For example, if one receives an Aäiur 0.e., gift for special occasions) from a neighbon one must give back a gift (r.e., an AffiUl of equal or near-equal value When you are in a student-teacher situation where you are the teacheç however, you do not have to worry about this ln other words,

if you receive a year-end gift from a student you have been tutoring, you are not expected

to give anything back

Since an average middle-class Japanese family is accustomed to receiving so many gifts, they are not easily surprised these days lt may be difficult to give them the kind of present

they might find extraordinary The best kind of gift for a H#Ë to take to Japan for his/her

host family, therefore, would be something that would be hard to obtain in Japan Takewith you, for example, T-shirts from your college if there are teenagers in the family Picture books with beautiful color photos of your city or state might be another good choice

oooao

:ØFÆ-t€ffiØilffiøÈi¿-f u.ÀÂ,äå( ò È' ol¿zl, È' - 4 øla4Lt¡À'Iì"

1 þ FỊ o B L k ù: þr Ỉ b FfJ{Ị /¿ v l, ÐrWù:ry¿:at'E"AETvX '7 b a¿{4 1Ỉ,0)đ ù:ờb¿;i ) r þ

t-¡'fr

lcontraction of -t¡I] {t

¿fl

-/JÈ+

to help each other original

ttr¡rJ<

HùR(r¡).tr

UùÒ )

#îËFü¿sffihñ

uJit.

tH'r#t 6

*'.*

¡-a'JEll å È ¿:

ttt< v vt/,,¡'lu

mffiæ

¿['*r;

ffiw ,'ìzlrv

exftavagant; luxurious

groom búde

to invite

increasinglyl:ò-lÈl

clearly vicious circle influence Christian church just; only [>>>*tÊ,/-t'e]

28 29

30 tl

È¡9¿'n

#,à

34 /C'lì_t

tz taS:Ë 22.ffiffi

z+.8Ã 6lt'

5.7J5

ro -Ë'

ts.ffiIT 6 zo.õf¡,ffi

t2.ffi,ft

s.WffiH e.ffiË

ts.ffi#

this radical comes from ñ and is generally used for characters senting god-related objects and activities

repre-l+Ll l+tl f?fijld¿

,,,,, uo* I

(ttdþd vs tf :är()

ir Ë"ir ð" denotes doine something in a way that takes more timæ and effort than o"""r.ury, o, purposely doing something that is not necessary So, in general, there are at least two alternatives and you choose the one which takes more time, effort, etc 'tà: È, ( , on the other

(Do you think I should rewrite this composition?)

ftE.: þê^bë"ËÈÉ¡r¡ ( ( ü r,-u-Â,Dsä!.fîÈ."

(I don't think you have to take the trouble to rewrite it.)

b)

c)

d)

hand, is used to indicate that one has spent time, made an effort, or ,

obtain something, or to reach a certain state It is often used with expressions such as Ø ¿:

and Ì14'¿ È'

Ëc/t,< BAffi?BoI¿0)ù: æb/Jr,- å T fËþf L* i.

(You learn Japanese with a great deal of effort, but ifyou don't use it, you forget it very quickly.)

t2 ë"t? ð'X¡¡ ( ( ò L t.f"T J.

(You don't have to take the trouble of coming.)

f ,r,Xå,Ultfrl$ftlr='1s have no choice but to -'

lãffi2 > ¿ t t >>> uflãñfzLì< e D Êãä%urr)'Ë]

T,hiç,s¡prossion, means that X,,is.notr what one normally

táâÈìä t.ffiù1 7 tv.,¡ 4 t 31 â J, t)ltã'r)rr¡u'"

(When one does not have any money, one does not have any choice but to work part-time.)

IFàrä t'È 6 _ Ë!.'C.ft < e ú) llfi þtt¿çt"

(Since I don'thave a car,lTtave no alternative but to go on foot.)

J rrr Vnâ,/ önâ lã#: > t t t >>>.' eean*at']

.' ,r¡èVd¿.á / ù {L â fonri,which is,homophonousto'lhe sivè,ffi'-ày-,bð; ffi#t ''

(honorific forrn), as in the following examples

a)

b)

ft+^ &þÊlt'ltt¿? i îîtrt, t.: ¿'HH[ø ¿.7Ë(" L & ) È

(Professor, I hear you have written a book When is it scheduled to be published?)

ft+ùt7 t y rt ^)Fà tLt¿i.6lt- + ¿ T.r-Jì.LËaf I'l¿ À,'e l, ¡ 1tt"

( lfalking to a professor] When you came to {merica, things were very different from what they are

now, weren't they?)

Qr>r> ËÐ"< (-f*) ='at least' lã#3 > ¿ z >>> ttþ)<-El#Í¡ïaÊ ì5 t¿e)r¿]

/J b Ì¡ 1."

(I want to learn lots of kanji, but I don't have much time I would like to be able to read and write atleast Kyoiku Kanji, though.)

Ëb< -Ê.If Bä^ffa r r>I¿ L ¿ ,B i ¡¡sþr",ïì 6 i "

(There must be lots of people who would like to visit Japarr at least once.)

EWËÐT -HFd <'å trl* E#ffiþfutfrL-c {, å !./¿ t ð ØÈ.

(I would like lthem] to spend at least one hour every night studying Japanese.)

(There must be many wives who want their husbands to wash dishes, at least.)

S t"t -åäfl='so that -' lffiaryt > t a >>># uo a * ; tr]

tX À , t: Yl means [Y so that X] In this constructiol, X often contains a poterntial verb,

negative form or stative verb, which normally canlt be controlled by one's will.

*uo* I

]¡?À,

e) ffiL!.HÈìF zâ e.Ò|;W#.þ Ltt.* T"

(I am saving money so that I can buy a new car.)

f ) ffiLt,#þHÒ t¿ütlzw#.þ l-( !- * 1.

(I am saving money in order to buy a new car.)

, i.No,tlc-é thatine)', th9.verblis,4po-t9nti-.yèrb, whilè in f), the veú!s' an a9ti9-n,v , '

$ tt *JZ,/ 1Eã-â='seems -; appears -' lffi¿*t > t z o >>> rFñEËtcEz az ;-e øaf

-,,,/jiadjectives'and ,t,::adjeêtivês both:aþþearinæ;adù ial:foim as follows.

a) t., ò fr-ã"IZE,Z6"

( [Hel always seems to be in good heaith.)

b) BA^rr+J bã<Eà6"

(Japanese look younger than their age.)

r, 4 emphasizes the preceding noun or phrase

a) BÄffiùrË+ùrb âù, ù Zz ffiÉ!.Øf.T.

(Japanese is interesting preciselybecause it has kanji.)

b) )FS¿ ? BA^õÈ Ì¿ l' å Ha { !'* T.

(I do wânt to go to Japan next year lfor surel )

,.,:,Thè¡e:s.eems: to:he;some.ré3son.why.,,orie has 1o emphasiz-e ap-arti.cBlag:,tl.o.ri r¡$rlpå¡ase ,

Sentence a), for example, would be used when someone has said that kanji is troublesome or

that he wishes there were no kanji The speakei then rejects that idea by emphasizing the

,"u.on clause i4 generally replaces particles lJì/k,/lr,/lt, but is attached to other

particles, as in,r ¿ 4, L i ?, etc

$ >>o XåËplüY='tt's true that X, but Y; Although I said X, Y'

l#aM > æ z >>> t u z< z ¿Ë : <b]

i:,, È ffcf Ìr'followslplain forms, but a copula /i is generally:omitted In ttris expresqion, Y is

grven to qualfy X.

o J s,,,,,

a) , y 7?7¿ÊcT ú EIAI:È.? y zlr vl|b * b r,.*rù¿,"

(although I said Christmas, there are very few Christians in Japan.)

b) *u- å EcT g ltr¿rHa ¿ ¿, u b b *,È À,"

(Although I said it's cold, the lakes never fueeze.)

$,r,7-f=Just; only' læa$¡>t.z¿l

a) Ê/¡t'r.Flffi¿må aLlrìr,ëLf r.lJr,-J I¡¡YätxEb *T.

(A student who is oniy concerned about getting good grades is problematic.)

b) ï¿tiæ.Øft#/¿ùÌ L( t- â 0)Ìt c* å r¡L- ¿,8,!.* T.

(I think it's boring to be doing just housework.)

c ) Ê/c'€ffiÈrffri6 J i ¿r¡â ¿ LrìtIttìElffi{hDçó b *r¿,"

(Internationalization is not just to become able to speak English.)

f O -" N (Of NP) EFå/¡(rt='¡s1 limited to -' l#a¡v¡>¿:z>>>ff,,ucmael

a) E#ffiþfutfrLf r,- å+ä¿r Bäffi€4t=Wt) *,Ë Å."

(Students who study Japanese are îot iimited to Japanese majors.)

b) &tú.- / e ØtEæz))JlrlÌ BA^EF ò tuT Lr/rüro

(These days, professional sumo players are no| confined to Japanese.)

t:

This expression can also be used in the affirmative, as in d.

c ) *+Wt:fttl 6 Øttx+þ+XL /cåEE à n< t\6

"

(Only those who have graduated from college/universit¡r can go to a graduate school.)

f 1 *' ë¿lt¡lu (* particle) Tt='âny -' l#ævt>t æ>>> eruart;tt]

, G- 9terally,,p4r-tiè1es- àì and ? are.'de-letedì.whç¡.they,rare,.fqjlõ,wqd ,t:'.òtr,':\i{il :étliêrÐarti- ]

cles such as L ,/ù' Èt,/ t:,etc., remain

tr<

a) Elvt¿HtlUT' t !.!.tT"

(Any present will do.)

b) Elvr¿),.tt' å?'t,r- ¡^?ù à ) L )ttl,u,"

(It's nice to receive a cardno matler who it is from.)

(A person wtio canbe friends with anyone is lucky.)

d) t ¡-t¿ffi:cü {Èe)¿x-'ffiri"

(Any place is a home once you live there [:There is no place like home.] )

a) "o #umdỉt >>>>>[âËÊt.:]

1 : When you give a present, it iscustomary to say ¿ fuÌtl.l¿t¡o¡

D + à t 1,'e ỵ ül Ð, ¿ Ìv.t * tt

tJ r ị o)ỵT It E, ¿ lLl!.À,ØÞ

L'fỵùl å', etc

2: W1len you want to state a reason

for a gift, you can say, for

ex-ample, -f t t È"t l¡ *¿T111,

-f ù È:/c*¡lL"fTor ì,.a{¡ toËff|: t¡: .c r, * 1o)ỵ.

Ì¿ À,1-T " '&f-t*ffia+rJ (knitting) ¿ìT+-C' fi ị ffi¿,È: ¿ ¿ìä ù,->I¿Øtt:- [X0)

3,,"iii.7tv-J7- j

t¿4Ø å Èøffiffi¿:rr.{ì ór, ôHFãLlJð !.o (l> l-Q )\.- i++.7Jsr./JùlÌ}iå" it är-ffi¡fia 6.¡

It,.:6¡ * L /¿å.1 l/ìir¿ìffifF Ur¿ À,"e1 ù.)

b) EÆnTr-> /¿ L å 0)b â++.þ F,ù.ü:zJr2,,v-/þ(Fb , 4 ø44l:- BAt" ÐÂ,¡¡ffi

to wrap

Z o)il'tơ OL -C" frl^øH#øôl^t"c'3'Ỉr t+Øffiă ă Ø,$- 4 z v v l'" ơffiflđ

t I¿Ø'f î" B^{.'ö - ă./J b Ỉi¿ ă Eđu.ffiíìF} b r#FfiĨfrÍøfrùttt ( /¡of

t-đ4 i.r"Tdđ" L ¡o ơCI'c < tl,l¿Øù* ffiƯwưHù:+Ịf+ðf¿l¿lìùl{.'

=ì

¿: ¿*fEf#ð {t Ì¡,ù.-> l; : ơ {" Lt Elô-c"¿x, XffiP#ffi,z¡ Ð A5ù:lf L.H{fiØ

Ô/¿Ị Lơ.=t¿:ff¿Sùu¡¡¡ t ffit.{HỈ * L/; 4{L7r'b *6#þ++-r{l ơ./Jüld'uùsu ùl /J u ơ u ) : ơ ð fl,¿: ttt+IJÐ'c.Øl#w'e L/¡ *ùt xE ò E#)',øF.

)ĨØF"ffiWffiF¿:ry¿x-fr,{ r, đ Ă,11ùt fÂùÌđsdíăìƯ b ô ( {wo'c !- ơ

Ø{"-¿i Lt ău.r,.t'ơ )ù'L,E,.'{ì *T" 4{Lù' ă -ôóN: < b I-I¿øIJ'- Wffi F¿ì6{b -¡ -C'Jft 6ffi ü: fâê ð ơ,Ỉ tr zJ; Z> Ă,r¡ / v ị v | þ ò 6 -r Ỉ L ơ -C L /¡.

Kn'R-'CfÊtJ'C ô-I¿ù ê4 i ô*âXllơr-fk]',"t(t,'* Lt" S olf,b T ) Y rt

{"tt í {tù Ùffiffiþ Lô ùttrrùx-'ô 6 /J u Ø'a- +Hùt, : fr{"ftlLL * T Ð i đơ.tf'/¡ ¿'*âôỈ ù:/¡ ă/J[.] ? tôt$ù:/Jð o-C ( Ỉð t

lE10B

ă.Ll z-+fv - 1-+.>

LT URB No

aaaao

ULþLÈL

Shinkansen (trËf,ffi)

tTt h" Shinkansen, or the Bullet Train, started as one line in the 60's, but has since

I expanded to a few lines running the length of Honshu, Japan's main ísland, as well as

part of Kyushu lt is not inexpensive, yet it is a fast, safe, and comfortable way to travel.

Trains are on time 99% of the time, and even if you miss one, you don't have to wait very long for the next one.

R¡okan (ffifr)

I here are enough hotels throughout Japan, but if you really want to relax, go to a ffiÊE,

I a Japanese-style inn lt is expensive, but if you wish to experience part of traditional Japan, splurge one night and stay at an above-average fftÊE in a hot-spring town Soakyourself in the hot tub, eat the food they serve, and get good night's sleep on a futon.

Hopefully you will feel all refreshed the next morning.

Travelling

T apan is a populous country and everyone loves to travel, which means wherever you go,

J it is usually crowded ln the spring and in the fall, many schools have so-called iäVffii+, teacher-led trips for elementary through high school students Although it is impossible to

avoid these crowds completely, you should at least try to find out from travel agencies

when the peak times for school excursions are so that you can enjoy at least some blance of privacy and quietude.

sem-aaoaa